[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:28":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":15,"sigelements":20,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":21,"strunz10ed2":21,"strunz10ed3":21,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":21,"dana8ed2":21,"dana8ed3":21,"dana8ed4":21,"csystem":22,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":21,"a":8,"b":8,"c":8,"alpha":8,"beta":8,"gamma":8,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":21,"vhnmax":21,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":21,"dmeas2":21,"dcalc":21,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":8,"colour":8,"commentcolor":8,"colors":8,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":8,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":8,"opticalalpha2":21,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":8,"opticalbeta2":21,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":8,"opticalgamma2":21,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":8,"opticalomega2":21,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":8,"opticalepsilon2":21,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":8,"opticaln2":8,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":8,"optical2vcalc2":8,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":8,"optical2vmeasured2":8,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":23,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":24,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":25,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":8,"varieties":26,"group_members":31,"associates":32,"confused_with":33,"type_localities":34,"occurrence_total":35,"citations":36,"images":59,"structures":269,"synonyms":270,"language_names":276,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":277},28,"1:1:28:0","9d165ccf-37b9-4f20-8590-677f6a476da8","Adularia",null,2,"variety",9581,20200,false,"KAlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",[16,17,18,19],"Al","Si","O","K",[16,17,18,19],"0","Monoclinic","Named in 1780 by Ermenegildo Pini for the type locality, the Adula Massif (part of the Gotthard massif), Switzerland.",0,"2026-01-31 14:57:00",[27],{"id":28,"name":29,"entrytype":9,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":21,"dcalc":21,"primary_image_id":30},4134,"Valencianite",31281,[],[],[],[],1875,[37,41,45,50,55],{"id":38,"year":39,"html":40,"doi":8},16099403,1781,"Pini, E. (1781) Osservazioni mineralogiche sulla montagna di S. Gottardo. In: Opuscoli scelti sulle scienze e sulle arti, 4. (first description of adularia)",{"id":42,"year":43,"html":44,"doi":8},18129774,1921,"Kozu, Shukusuke (1921) \u003Ci>X-ray analysis of adularia and moonstone, and the influence of temperature on the atomic arrangement of these minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, Tohoku Imperial University.  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002FXRayAnalysisAdulariaMoonstone\u002Fkozu-s-xray-1921-RTL014057.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":46,"year":47,"html":48,"doi":49},204862,1978,"Dal Negro, A., De Pieri, R., Quareni, S., Taylor, W. H. (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (9) 2699-2707 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs056774087800905x'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs056774087800905x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs056774087800905x",{"id":51,"year":52,"html":53,"doi":54},403398,1984,"Černý, Petr, Chapman, Ronald (1984) Paragenesis, chemistry and structural state of adularia from granitic pegmatites. \u003Ci>Bulletin de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  107 (3) 369-384 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1984.7767'>doi:10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1984.7767\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1984.7767",{"id":56,"year":57,"html":58,"doi":8},15996775,2006,"Roth, P. (2006) The early history of tremolite. Axis: 2(3): 1-10. (http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minrec.org\u002Fpdfs\u002FTREMOLITE%20Edited.pdf)",[60,70,80,88,98,106,113,122,132,141,149,156,163,171,178,186,195,204,211,216,225,232,239,246,253,261],{"id":61,"source_url":62,"license_code":63,"credit_html":64,"title":65,"description":66,"author":67,"original_width":68,"original_height":69},31289,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=49926881","CC BY-SA 4.0","user : Lamiot, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=49926881\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adulaire provenanceInconnue Ref2010.34.646 MuséumHistoireNaturelleLille GLAM2016 Photo.F.Lamiot 4.jpg","Adularia,\nunknown origin ; Fonds du \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMus%C3%A9e_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Lille\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Musée d'histoire naturelle de Lille\">Muséum de Lille\u003C\u002Fa>, n°2010.34.646","user : Lamiot",5060,3030,{"id":71,"source_url":72,"license_code":73,"credit_html":74,"title":75,"description":76,"author":77,"original_width":78,"original_height":79},2532,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177522","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177522\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adularia-Chlorite-Group-260072.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorite_group\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chlorite group\">Chlorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRh%C3%B4ne_Glacier\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rhône Glacier\">Rhône Glacier\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFurka\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Furka\">Furka\u003C\u002Fa>, Furka pass area, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGoms\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Goms\">Goms\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWallis\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wallis\">Wallis (Valais)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-107734.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 10.0 x 8.8 x 6.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic, older cabinet specimen from the Rhone Glacier of Switzerland. This aesthetic, two-sided specimen features a stacked cluster of sharp, twinned orthoclase variety adularia crystals coated with chlorite on a plate of adularia. The large twin is 6.1 cm across. Nearly pristine. Uncommonly fine quality from this noted locale. Ex. Robert Sullivan Collection and comes with his faded label.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",750,626,{"id":81,"source_url":82,"license_code":73,"credit_html":83,"title":84,"description":85,"author":77,"original_width":86,"original_height":87},75279,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176158","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176158\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Quartz-Adularia-160071.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSmoky_quartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Smoky quartz\">Smoky Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: St Gotthard pass area, Central St Gotthard Massif, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLeventina_(district)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Leventina (district)\">Leventina\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTicino\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ticino\">Ticino (Tessin)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-133201.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.4 x 6.3 x 3.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A simply classic Swiss smoky, but ON MATRIX which is not so common. This is a really well-balanced piece with robust, upright crystals. Notice the chlorite frosting oriented on selected faces, typical of many Swiss quartzes. From the Schortmann's famous Hotel Lexington exhibitions held in NYC yearly, 1952. Ex. Richard Hauck Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",770,800,{"id":89,"source_url":90,"license_code":91,"credit_html":92,"title":93,"description":94,"author":95,"original_width":96,"original_height":97},84712,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5253079","CC BY 3.0","Density, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5253079\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adular.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa> from Gotthard-Straßentunnel, Uri, Switzerland","Density",1567,1245,{"id":99,"source_url":100,"license_code":73,"credit_html":101,"title":102,"description":103,"author":77,"original_width":104,"original_height":105},84713,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175060","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175060\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adularia-32332.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Alchuri (Alchori; Aschudi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FShigar_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Shigar Valley\">Shigar Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2528.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This very strange crystal has a faden line running down the middle, something I thought only happened with quartz!? It is a complete, very gemmy crystal and has a lot of appeal for the sharp crystal habit, even aside from the internal faden line. Better in person! 5.6 x 2.3 x 1.1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",268,600,{"id":107,"source_url":108,"license_code":63,"credit_html":109,"title":110,"description":66,"author":67,"original_width":111,"original_height":112},84718,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=49926875","user : Lamiot, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=49926875\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adulaire provenanceInconnue Ref2010.34.646 MuséumHistoireNaturelleLille GLAM2016 Photo.F.Lamiot 2.jpg",6000,3789,{"id":114,"source_url":115,"license_code":63,"credit_html":116,"title":117,"description":118,"author":119,"original_width":120,"original_height":121},84720,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155625861","Jana Sekyrová, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155625861\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adulár, Rudolfov (01).jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcs.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdul%C3%A1r\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"cs:Adulár\">Adulár\u003C\u002Fa> z \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcs.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRudolfov\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"cs:Rudolfov\">Rudolfova\u003C\u002Fa> v geologické sbírce \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcs.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJiho%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_%C4%8Cesk%C3%BDch_Bud%C4%9Bjovic%C3%ADch\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"cs:Jihočeské muzeum v Českých Budějovicích\">Jihočeského muzea\u003C\u002Fa> v \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcs.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"cs:České Budějovice\">Českých Budějovicích\u003C\u002Fa>.","Jana Sekyrová",2837,2123,{"id":123,"source_url":124,"license_code":125,"credit_html":126,"title":127,"description":128,"author":129,"original_width":130,"original_height":131},31278,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2636313","CC BY-SA 2.0","Rama., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2636313\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adularia with Pyrite mg 7940.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa> with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrite\">pyrite\u003C\u002Fa>. Photographed at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGotthard_Base_Tunnel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gotthard Base Tunnel\">Gotthard Base Tunnel\u003C\u002Fa> exhibition.","Rama.",4368,2912,{"id":133,"source_url":134,"license_code":73,"credit_html":135,"title":136,"description":137,"author":138,"original_width":139,"original_height":140},31279,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7642744","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7642744\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","AdulaireSuisse2.jpg","Adularia (Moonstone)- Adularia showing adularescence - Deposit topotype - Adula Mts, Ticino (Tessin), Switzerland (7 cm × 6.5 cm (2.8 in × 2.6 in))","Didier Descouens",4592,3056,{"id":142,"source_url":143,"license_code":73,"credit_html":144,"title":145,"description":146,"author":138,"original_width":147,"original_height":148},31280,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7643584","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7643584\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","AdulaireSuisse3.jpg","Adularia (Orthoclase)- Manebach Twin - Adula Mts, Ticino (Tessin), Switzerland (7x6.5cm)",3109,2979,{"id":150,"source_url":151,"license_code":73,"credit_html":152,"title":153,"description":154,"author":77,"original_width":155,"original_height":87},31283,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175142","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175142\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-Adularia-37787.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Binn Valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWallis\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wallis\">Wallis (Valais)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3235.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This superb crystal is lustrous and razor sharp (and 1.7 cm long) – as good a Magnetite as you can reasonably hope to find. The crystal is complete all around save for a contact on the backside, and is definitely of competition quality! Alpine magnetites of this quality are highly desirable, extremely rare, and valued very highly in Europe. For a thumbnail, it is particularly well-balanced aesthetically. Add in the associations and matrix, and you have a fantastic specimen here. 2.7 x 2.2 x 1.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",720,{"id":157,"source_url":158,"license_code":73,"credit_html":159,"title":160,"description":161,"author":77,"original_width":105,"original_height":162},31284,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176282","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176282\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adularia-Titanite-Chlorite-Group-172296.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorite_group\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chlorite group\">Chlorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7103.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.0 x 4.4 x 3.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Adularia is classic from the Swiss Alps, and it is often included or coated with green chlorite microcrystals, as this specimen is. But, you do NOT often have these fine little sphene (titanite) crystals intergrown with the adularia! They are GEMMY, too! The sphenes measure to one centimeter in length, the adularia rhombs to just over one centimeter along the edge.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",581,{"id":164,"source_url":165,"license_code":73,"credit_html":166,"title":167,"description":168,"author":77,"original_width":169,"original_height":170},31285,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176736","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176736\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-Actinolite-Adularia-210676.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActinolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Actinolite\">Actinolite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActinolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Actinolite\">Byssolite\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Arondu (Arundu; Arandu), Basha Valley (Basha Nala; Basna), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu district\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8263.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.0 x 2.1 x 2.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Pakistan has produced a great variety of Titanite specimens, in a great range of colors and habits. Some of the varying finds include disc-like, tabular pinkish crystals and steep, honey colored wedge shaped crystals, but the most popular and attractive of all the habits of Titanite from this locality would have to be the green crystals with Orthoclase (var: Adularia). These are \"Alpine-type\" Titanite crystals. In fact, these specimens are so indicative of true Alpine pieces, one can sometimes have a great deal of difficulty trying to discern which pieces are from Pakistan and which are from the Alps. This specimen features a few sharp, highly lustrous, green color, flattened crystal of Titanite associated with sharp, lustrous Orthoclase (var: Adularia) crystals and acicular \"Byssolite\" matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",450,432,{"id":172,"source_url":173,"license_code":73,"credit_html":174,"title":175,"description":176,"author":77,"original_width":177,"original_height":105},31286,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177480","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177480\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fluorite-Adularia-258219.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Fluorite\">Fluorite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChamonix\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chamonix\">Chamonix\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHaute-Savoie\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Haute-Savoie\">Haute-Savoie\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRh%C3%B4ne-Alpes\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rhône-Alpes\">Rhône-Alpes\u003C\u002Fa>, France (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-23503.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.0 x 3.0 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A stunning fluorite miniature from a very special, small pocket found at Pointe Kurtz in the early 1990s (before the more well-known \"red pocket\" was found in around 1996 or 1997). As far as I know, most of this pocket was offered to Richard Kosnar for his collection, and there they stayed until he passed away recently. A piece from this pocket, from the Kosnar collection, was on a recent Min Record cover, and this piece comes from the same lot, having identical color in person. The color is an intense red-maroon hue, with a touch of purple at the barest edges of the crystals as you can see in the photo...really deeper than red or pink fluorite from other locales. These crystals are pristine and complete. This is a well-balanced miniature, with the crystals perched on crystallized adularia.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",587,{"id":179,"source_url":180,"license_code":73,"credit_html":181,"title":182,"description":183,"author":77,"original_width":184,"original_height":185},31287,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177490","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177490\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adularia-Quartz-Actinolite-258319.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActinolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Actinolite\">Actinolite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActinolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Actinolite\">Byssolite\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tormiq valley (Tormic; Tormik; Tormig; Turmiq), Haramosh Mts., \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5734.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 10.6 x 9.2 x 9.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A fine cabinet combination specimen of large, sharp orthoclase (variety adularia) crystals set on a glassy quartz crystal shard from recent finds in the Tormiq Valley of Pakistan. The translucent and lustrous crystals are included-with and preferentially coated with green chlorite. The smaller, right-hand crystal has an interesting small tuft of soft, hair-like byssolite fibers on the termination. Byssolite is a variety of actinolite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",601,700,{"id":187,"source_url":188,"license_code":63,"credit_html":189,"title":190,"description":191,"author":192,"original_width":193,"original_height":194},31295,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132610883","Eric Polk, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132610883\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase var Adularia with Chlorite inclusions NHMLA.png","Sample of Adularia with Chlorite inclusions collected from Grisons, Switzerland. On display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.","Eric Polk",2670,1806,{"id":196,"source_url":197,"license_code":73,"credit_html":198,"title":199,"description":200,"author":201,"original_width":202,"original_height":203},31296,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147227257","HolDu, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147227257\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Milarit, Adular, Chlorit (OM1-365A).JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMilarite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Milarite\">Milarite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa> (variety \u003Ci>Adularia\u003C\u002Fi>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorite_group\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chlorite group\">Chlorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Giuv Valley, Grisons, Switzerland\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Weight: 12.0 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>RGB collection Geipel\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","HolDu",5184,3888,{"id":205,"source_url":206,"license_code":73,"credit_html":207,"title":208,"description":209,"author":77,"original_width":169,"original_height":210},22950,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175991","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175991\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Stilpnomelane-Adularia-Epidote-139299.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStilpnomelane\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Stilpnomelane\">Stilpnomelane\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEpidote\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Epidote\">Epidote\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWallis\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wallis\">Wallis (Valais)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3234.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.8 x 5.7 x 3.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Lustrous, black plates of stilpnomelane to 9 mm are aesthetically grouped together around a contrasting cluster of off-white adularia crystals on matrix richly covered with olive-green epidote crystals on this showy and fine specimen from Switzerland. Stilpnomelane is an uncommon layered silicate, related to mica and chlorite group minerals and this is a very highly representative specimen, with nice association. One end has been sawed to enhance display. Ex. Steve Smale Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",427,{"id":212,"source_url":213,"license_code":63,"credit_html":214,"title":7,"description":8,"author":8,"original_width":215,"original_height":78},29086,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127907","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127907\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,{"id":217,"source_url":218,"license_code":63,"credit_html":219,"title":220,"description":221,"author":222,"original_width":223,"original_height":224},55368,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41268304","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41268304\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fluorite, adularia, quartz 7100.0358.jpg","fluorine var. pink fluorine, feldspar var. adularia, quartz : Les Périades, Mont Blanc Massif (Monte Bianco Massif), Région Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Savoie, Chamonix, France","Géry PARENT",2485,1661,{"id":226,"source_url":227,"license_code":73,"credit_html":228,"title":229,"description":230,"author":77,"original_width":231,"original_height":105},67726,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177033","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177033\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Milarite-Adularia-232946.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMilarite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Milarite\">Milarite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Valencianite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Valenciana Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuanajuato\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Guanajuato\">Guanajuato\u003C\u002Fa>, Municipio de Guanajuato, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuanajuato\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Guanajuato\">Guanajuato\u003C\u002Fa>, Mexico (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2326.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 14.5 x 12.2 x 4.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The milarite crystals here, hexagonal crystals topped with flat yellow terminations, measure up to 6mm across. Their size for this locality is pretty good, but it is the richness and overall size of the specimen that makes the piece significant. Such pieces are few and far between, and quite old. Another such is illustrated in the Bancroft book, Gem and Crystal Treasures, from the mid-1980s. These Mexican pieces are unique for their association with beautiful contrasting crystallized matrix of porcelain-like adularia feldspar, referred to as valencianite until recently. Ex. Martin Zinn Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",566,{"id":233,"source_url":234,"license_code":73,"credit_html":235,"title":236,"description":237,"author":77,"original_width":238,"original_height":170},67727,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177315","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177315\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Milarite-Adularia-251120.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMilarite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Milarite\">Milarite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Valencianite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Valenciana Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuanajuato\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Guanajuato\">Guanajuato\u003C\u002Fa>, Municipio de Guanajuato, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuanajuato\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Guanajuato\">Guanajuato\u003C\u002Fa>, Mexico (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2326.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.1 x 2.2 x 2.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic Milarite specimen from the Valenciana Mine in Mexico. This specimen hosts a few rather lustrous, hexagonal, soft yellow-green color crystals of Milarite sitting atop porcelain-like, lustrous, sharp crystals of Adularia (var: Valencianite) with Quartz. The Adularia from this mine was distinctive enough that it earned a honor of being named after the locality. The Milarite crystals measure up to 8 mm across, which is good sized for this locality in my experience. Ex. Brian Kosnar Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",466,{"id":240,"source_url":241,"license_code":73,"credit_html":242,"title":243,"description":209,"author":77,"original_width":244,"original_height":245},80866,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175990","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175990\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Stilpnomelane-Adularia-Epidote-139298.jpg",602,544,{"id":247,"source_url":248,"license_code":73,"credit_html":249,"title":250,"description":251,"author":77,"original_width":252,"original_height":170},83120,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177713","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177713\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-Adularia-Clinochlore-275128.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FClinochlore\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Clinochlore\">Clinochlore\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tormiq valley (Tormic; Tormik; Tormig; Turmiq), Haramosh Mts., \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5734.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.7 x 4.7 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Tormiq is one of the classic Titanite localities in Pakistan, and this area has produced some superb crystals of the species, especially some outstanding twins. These are \"Alpine-type\" Titanite crystals. This specimen features a very pronounced, sharp, lustrous, bright green, twinned crystal of Titanite with Adularia and minor Clinochlore on matrix. This specimen is a very attractive miniature and these pieces are some of the most difficult to obtain from Pakistan.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",476,{"id":254,"source_url":255,"license_code":73,"credit_html":256,"title":257,"description":258,"author":77,"original_width":259,"original_height":260},84715,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176684","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176684\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Prehnite-Adularia-Epidote-205923.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPrehnite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Prehnite\">Prehnite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEpidote\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Epidote\">Epidote\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Gneiss quarries, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArvigo\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arvigo\">Arvigo\u003C\u002Fa>, Calanca Valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVal_Mesolcina\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Val Mesolcina\">Misox (Mesolcina Valley)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGraub%C3%BCnden\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Graubünden\">Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7685.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.5 x 5.8 x 3.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A fine combination specimen from the gneiss quarries at Arvigo, Switzerland. An attractive cluster of lustrous and translucent, helmet-shaped, pastel-green prehnite crystals is well-placed on a matrix plate covered with snow-white orthoclase variety adularia. The plate is richly sprinkled with gemmy, acicular, olive-green epidote crystals. Collecting is now forbidden at the quarries. Ex. Rolf Wein Collection, acquired in 1967.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",596,569,{"id":262,"source_url":263,"license_code":63,"credit_html":264,"title":265,"description":266,"author":222,"original_width":267,"original_height":268},84717,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=35121759","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=35121759\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fluorite, quartz, adularia 300.2.0979.JPG","fluorite, quartz var. smoky quartz, feldspar var. adularia : Glacier de l’Argentière, Massif du Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco Massif), Région Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Savoie, Chamonix, France",1981,1315,[],[271,272,273,274,275],"Adulaari","Adulaire","Adular","Adulare","Hystatischer Monophan",[],{"history":278,"applications":282},{"markdown":279,"model_version":280,"prompt_version":281,"reviewed_at":8},"Long before the mineral had a name, the gemstone made from it already did. The Romans admired translucent feldspar with a floating bluish sheen and believed it was condensed moonlight — the origin of the word **moonstone**[1]. The stone they prized was, in mineralogical terms, a clear variety of potassium feldspar with a particular optical trick: a soft, milky-bluish glow that drifts across the surface as the gem is tilted[1].\n\nThe mineral itself was named in **1780** by **Ermenegildo Pini**, an Italian Barnabite priest and naturalist who studied the rocks of the Saint Gotthard region in the Swiss Alps[2]. Pini drew the name from the **Adula Alps**, the mountain group around the pass where he collected his first specimens[2]. He published his findings the following year as *Osservazioni mineralogiche sulla montagna di S. Gottardo* — *Mineralogical Observations on the Mountain of St. Gotthard*. The paper appeared in the Milanese review *Opuscoli scelti sulle scienze e sulle arti*[2].\n\nPini described adularia as a varietal name for a low-temperature habit of potassium feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈), not a separate mineral species — historically classed with **orthoclase**, the common potassium feldspar of granites[3]. What sets it apart is where it forms. The crystals grow in the cracks and cavities of Alpine schists, deposited from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids rather than from cooling magma, and they appear as clear, glassy, sharply twinned prisms[4].\n\nThrough the 19th and 20th centuries, mineralogists worked out where adularia sat in the K-feldspar family. The visible crystals are **pseudo-orthorhombic** — they look as if they belong to the orthorhombic crystal system, but a closer look at their optics shows a slight monoclinic or triclinic distortion[5]. Modern work places adularia as a more ordered low-temperature form of orthoclase, sometimes shading into partially-disordered microcline depending on how the crystal cooled and on its trace-element content[6].\n\nThe same century also fixed the cause of the moonstone glow. The phenomenon was given the name **adularescence**, after the variety it travels with[7]. Its cause is structural rather than chemical: inside the crystal sit microscopically thin alternating layers — exsolution **lamellae** — of orthoclase and the sodium feldspar **albite**, and light scattering between those layers produces the floating sheen[7]. Around 1900 the French Art Nouveau jeweller **René Lalique** used the cabochon-cut variety extensively in his work, alongside many of his contemporaries[8].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":283,"model_version":280,"prompt_version":281,"reviewed_at":8},"Adularia has no bulk industrial use. The variety matters in two narrower ways: as the source of one of the world's most distinctive gemstones, and as a marker mineral that geologists read when they hunt for precious-metal ore.\n\nThe gem side is **moonstone**. Crystals that show **adularescence** — the soft, floating bluish glow — are polished into smooth-domed cabochons and set in fine jewellery[1]. In the United States, moonstone is the **state gemstone of Florida**. The designation was passed in 1970 to commemorate the Apollo lunar landings, even though the gem does not occur naturally in the state[2].\n\nThe geological side is invisible to the public but commercially important. Many modern precious-metal mines exploit **low-sulfidation epithermal** gold-and-silver veins — low-temperature deposits laid down by ancient hot-spring systems. Around the ore, these deposits carry a distinctive set of gangue and alteration minerals: quartz, **sericite** (a fine-grained white mica), illite, pyrite, calcite, and adularia[3]. The combination is named after two of those minerals: **adularia-sericite alteration**[4]. When exploration geologists sample altered rock and find adularia in the right context, it works as a signal. They may be standing over the upper levels of a former hot-spring system that once carried gold and silver[4].\n\nBeyond the gem trade and the exploration map, adularia is mostly a collector's mineral. The clear, glassy, sharply-twinned crystals from Alpine clefts are prized for their geometry and provenance rather than for any commercial yield[5]."]