[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:188":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":8,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":11,"nolocadd":12,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":8,"mindat_formula_note":14,"ima_formula":8,"elements":8,"sigelements":8,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":15,"strunz10ed2":8,"strunz10ed3":8,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":15,"dana8ed2":15,"dana8ed3":15,"dana8ed4":15,"csystem":8,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":15,"a":15,"b":15,"c":15,"alpha":15,"beta":15,"gamma":15,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":12,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":16,"hmax":17,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":15,"vhnmax":15,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":15,"dmeas2":15,"dcalc":15,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":8,"colour":18,"commentcolor":8,"colors":8,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":8,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":15,"opticalalpha2":15,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":15,"opticalbeta2":15,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":15,"opticalgamma2":15,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":15,"opticalomega2":15,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":15,"opticalepsilon2":15,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":15,"opticaln2":15,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":15,"optical2vcalc2":15,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":15,"optical2vmeasured2":15,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":19,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":20,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":21,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":8,"varieties":22,"group_members":36,"associates":37,"confused_with":38,"type_localities":39,"occurrence_total":40,"citations":41,"images":94,"structures":95,"synonyms":96,"language_names":142,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":143},188,"1:1:188:3","5ad35c00-487e-4116-b57c-1409e81f9f8f","Amber",null,3,"mixture",4053,false,true,"Approximate bulk formula.","0",2,2.5,"Yellow-orange-brown, pale lemon yellow, red, brown, nearly black; rarely blue or green","From https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmber#Etymology:\r\n\r\nThe English word \u003Cem>amber\u003C\u002Fem> derives from Arabic \u003Cem>ʿanbar\u003C\u002Fem> عنبر (ultimately from Middle Persian \u003Cem>ambar\u003C\u002Fem>) via Middle Latin \u003Cem>ambar\u003C\u002Fem> and Middle French \u003Cem>ambre\u003C\u002Fem>. The word referred to what is now known as \u003Cem>ambergris\u003C\u002Fem> (\u003Cem>ambre gris\u003C\u002Fem> or \"gray amber\"), a solid waxy substance derived from the sperm whale. The word, in its sense of \"ambergris,\" was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century.\r\n\r\nIn the Romance languages, the sense of the word was extended to Baltic amber (fossil resin) from as early as the late 13th century. At first called white or yellow amber (\u003Cem>ambre jaune\u003C\u002Fem>), this meaning was adopted in English by the early 15th century. As the use of ambergris waned, this became the main sense of the word.\r\n\r\nThe two substances (\"yellow amber\" and \"gray amber\") conceivably became associated or confused because they both were found washed up on beaches. Ambergris is less dense than water and floats, whereas amber is too dense to float, though less dense than stone.\r\n\r\nThe classical names for amber, Latin \u003Cem>electrum\u003C\u002Fem> and Ancient Greek ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), are connected to a term ἠλέκτωρ (ēlektōr) meaning \"beaming Sun\". According to myth, when Phaëton son of Helios (the Sun) was killed, his mourning sisters became poplar trees, and their tears became elektron, amber. The word \u003Cem>elektron\u003C\u002Fem> gave rise to the words electric, electricity, and their relatives because of amber's ability to bear a charge of static electricity.\r\n\r\nPliny the Elder says that the German name of amber was \u003Cem>glæsum\u003C\u002Fem>, \"for which reason the Romans, when Germanicus commanded the fleet in those parts, gave to one of these islands the name of Glæsaria, which by the barbarians was known as Austeravia\". This is confirmed by the recorded Old High German word \u003Cem>glas\u003C\u002Fem> and by the Old English word \u003Cem>glær\u003C\u002Fem> for \"amber\" (compare \u003Cem>glass\u003C\u002Fem>). In Middle Low German, amber was known as \u003Cem>berne-\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>barn-\u003C\u002Fem>, \u003Cem>börnstēn\u003C\u002Fem> (with etymological roots related to \"burn\" and to \"stone\"). The Low German term became dominant also in High German by the 18th century, thus modern German \u003Cem>Bernstein\u003C\u002Fem> besides Dutch \u003Cem>barnsteen\u003C\u002Fem>. In the Baltic languages, the Lithuanian term for amber is \u003Cem>gintaras\u003C\u002Fem> and the Latvian \u003Cem>dzintars\u003C\u002Fem>. These words, and the Slavic \u003Cem>jantar\u003C\u002Fem> and Hungarian \u003Cem>gyanta\u003C\u002Fem> ('resin'), are thought to originate from Phoenician \u003Cem>jainitar\u003C\u002Fem> (\"sea-resin\").",0,"2026-04-21 18:04:27",[23,27,30,33],{"id":24,"name":25,"entrytype":16,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":26,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":15,"dcalc":15,"primary_image_id":8},27129,"Burmite","C\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>H\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>O + (H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S)",{"id":28,"name":29,"entrytype":16,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":26,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":15,"dcalc":15,"primary_image_id":8},29122,"Duxite",{"id":31,"name":32,"entrytype":16,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":26,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":8,"dcalc":8,"primary_image_id":8},38739,"Plaffeiite",{"id":34,"name":35,"entrytype":16,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":26,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":8,"dcalc":8,"primary_image_id":8},43472,"Simetite",[],[],[],[],151,[42,46,50,53,57,61,65,69,73,77,81,85,90],{"id":43,"year":44,"html":45,"doi":8},16141586,1974,"Flamini A., Graziani G., Grubessi O. (1974) Inclusi di solfuro di ferro nelle ambre baltiche. Periodico di Mineralogia: 331-338.",{"id":47,"year":48,"html":49,"doi":8},15966831,1992,"Poinar, George O. Jr (1992) \u003Ci>Life in Amber\u003C\u002Fi>. Stanford University Press. 368 pp.",{"id":51,"year":48,"html":52,"doi":8},16141587,"Anderson, Ken B, Winans, RE, Botto, RE (1992) The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere—II. Identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites. \u003Ci>Organic Geochemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (6) 829-841",{"id":54,"year":55,"html":56,"doi":8},12962216,1994,"Poinar, George, Poinar, Roberta (1994) \u003Ci>The Quest for Life in Amber\u003C\u002Fi>. Helix Books.",{"id":58,"year":59,"html":60,"doi":8},16376403,1995,"Anderson, Ken B., Crelling, John C. (1995) \u003Ci>Amber, Resinite, and Fossil Resins\u003C\u002Fi> - ACS Symposium Series No. 617. American Chemical Society.",{"id":62,"year":63,"html":64,"doi":8},15524594,1999,"Poinar, George Jr., Poinar, Roberta (1999) \u003Ci>The Amber Forest\u003C\u002Fi>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.",{"id":66,"year":67,"html":68,"doi":8},16141590,2004,"en.wikipedia.org (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmber'>https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmber\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":70,"year":71,"html":72,"doi":8},16141591,2005,"en.wikipedia.org (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBlue_amber'>https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBlue_amber\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":74,"year":75,"html":76,"doi":8},16141592,2014,"www.gia.edu (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fgems-gemology\u002Fsummer-2014-liu-color-phenomena-blue-amber'>http:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fgems-gemology\u002Fsummer-2014-liu-color-phenomena-blue-amber\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":78,"year":79,"html":80,"doi":8},16141588,2019,"Libowitzky, E. & Giester, G. (2019): Non-destructive investigation of natural, treated, and synthetic amber by handheld XRF and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. 9th European Conference on Mineralogy and Spectroscopy, ECMS2019, Prague, Czech Republic, September 11-13, Book of Abstracts, https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecms2019.eu\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FAbstract%20book%20ECMS2019%20web.pdf.",{"id":82,"year":83,"html":84,"doi":8},16141589,2020,"www.amber.org.pl (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amber.org.pl\u002Fen'>https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amber.org.pl\u002Fen\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":86,"year":87,"html":88,"doi":89},16599005,2023,"Chang, Su-Chin, Li, Yuling, Zheng, Daran (2023) Dating Amber: Review and Perspective. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (7)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13070948'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13070948\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13070948",{"id":91,"year":87,"html":92,"doi":93},15682672,"Shi, Zhaotong, Xin, Chenxing, Wang, Yamei (2023) Spectral Characteristics of Unique Species of Burmese Amber. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 13 (2) 151 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13020151'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13020151\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F13\u002F2\u002F151\u002Fpdf?version=1675044924' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13020151",[],[],[97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141],"Agstein","Aidstein","Allingit","Allingita","Allingite","Ámbar","Âmbar","Ambar","Ambr","Ambra","Ambre","Ambroid","Ambroit","Ambroita","Ambroite","Barnsteen","Bärnsten","Bernstein","Borostyán","Bursztyn","Chihlimbar","Chryselectrum","Ćilibar","Dzintars","Gintaras","Glessum","Glesum","Grabstein","Hổ phách","Jantar","Jantár","Kehribar","Lynx-stone","Merevaik","Meripihka","Raf","Rav","Succinit","Succinita","Succinite","Succinum","Sucino","Sukceno","Κεχριμπάρι","அம்பர்",[],{"history":8,"applications":8}]