[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:289":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":8,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":8,"sigelements":8,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":14,"strunz10ed2":14,"strunz10ed3":14,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":14,"dana8ed2":14,"dana8ed3":14,"dana8ed4":14,"csystem":8,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":14,"a":8,"b":8,"c":8,"alpha":8,"beta":8,"gamma":8,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":14,"vhnmax":14,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":14,"dmeas2":14,"dcalc":14,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":15,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":16,"colour":17,"commentcolor":18,"colors":19,"streak_colors":21,"luminescence":23,"uv":8,"cleavage":24,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":8,"opticalalpha2":14,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":8,"opticalbeta2":14,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":8,"opticalgamma2":14,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":8,"opticalomega2":14,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":8,"opticalepsilon2":14,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":8,"opticaln2":8,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":8,"optical2vcalc2":8,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":8,"optical2vmeasured2":8,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":25,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":26,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":27,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":28,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":29,"varieties":39,"group_members":43,"associates":44,"confused_with":64,"type_localities":65,"occurrence_total":66,"citations":67,"images":91,"structures":238,"synonyms":239,"language_names":260,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":261},289,"1:1:289:1","e2bc20ec-6459-403d-b3d3-40cbf6dac2dd","Aquamarine",null,2,"variety",819,56122,false,"0","Vitreous - Resinous","White","Blue","Brazilian aquamarine, systematically investigating its compositional characteristics, coloration mechanisms, and chromatic properties. Experimental results demonstrate that this batch of aquamarine exhibits sodium-rich, magnesium-rich, potassium-rich, and low-vanadium features, classifying as high-alkali low-vanadium beryl. Aquamarine with higher Fe content shows bluer coloration. Different substitution degrees of TFe for Al change the color of aquamarine. A small amount of TFe substituting for Al, and a large amount of TFe forming Fe3+-Fe2+, make the aquamarine color bluer. [[1]]",[20],"blue",[22],"white","Non-fluorescent","Imperfect","pegmatites","The name aquamarine comes from aqua (Latin for 'water'), and marine, deriving from marina (Latin for 'of the sea'). The first reference in English to \"Aquamarina\" appears in Anselmus Boetius De Boot book GEMMARUM ET LAPIDUM HISTORIA (1609, in Latin). It was later cited in \"A Lapidary History or History of Precious Stones\" by Thomas Nicols, Cambridge (1652, page 114), where it states that the name was used by the Italians for blue-green varieties of beryl.",0,"2026-02-23 12:54:21",{"id":11,"name":30,"entrytype":27,"csystem":31,"ima_formula":32,"mindat_formula":33,"hmin":34,"hmax":35,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":14,"strunz10ed1":37,"primary_image_id":38},"Beryl","Hexagonal","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)",7.5,8,"2.63","9",3157,[40],{"id":41,"name":42,"entrytype":9,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":33,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":8,"dcalc":8,"primary_image_id":8},472129,"Vanadium-bearing beryl",[],[45,55],{"id":46,"name":47,"entrytype":27,"csystem":48,"ima_formula":49,"mindat_formula":50,"hmin":51,"hmax":51,"dmeas":52,"dcalc":53,"primary_image_id":54},2815,"Muscovite","Monoclinic","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al)O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"2.77","2.83",30243,{"id":56,"name":57,"entrytype":27,"csystem":58,"ima_formula":59,"mindat_formula":59,"hmin":60,"hmax":60,"dmeas":61,"dcalc":62,"primary_image_id":63},3578,"Schorl","Trigonal","NaFe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)",7,"3.18","3.244",30685,[],[],594,[68,72,76,81,86],{"id":69,"year":70,"html":71,"doi":8},18709465,2014,"Fridrichová, Jana; Bačík, Peter; Rusinová, Petra; Miglierini, Marcel; Bizovská, Valéria; Antal, Peter (2014) Crystal-chemical effects of heat treatment on aquamarines and yellow beryl from Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, in \u003Ci>Abstract Book\u003C\u002Fi>. \u003Ci>4th Central-European Mineralogical Conference (CEMC), 23-26 April 2014, Skalský Dvůr (Česká republika)\u003C\u002Fi>, Masaryk University . 39",{"id":73,"year":74,"html":75,"doi":8},16100997,2017,"Danielle Gomides Alkmim, Frederico Ozanan Tomaz de Almeida, Fernando Soares Lameiras (2017): FTIR study of aquamarines after gamma irradiation, heat treatment and electrodiffusion. Revista Escolad de Minas, Int. Eng. J. (Ouro Preto), 70, 289-292. [http:\u002F\u002Fwww.scielo.br\u002Fpdf\u002Fremi\u002Fv70n3\u002F2448-167X-remi-70-03-0289.pdf]",{"id":77,"year":78,"html":79,"doi":80},65583,2019,"Andersson, Lars Olov (2019) Comments on Beryl Colors and on Other Observations Regarding Iron-containing Beryls. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (4) 551-566 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1900021'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1900021\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1900021",{"id":82,"year":83,"html":84,"doi":85},16879683,2023,"Cui, Shiyuan, Xu, Bo, Shen, Jiaqi, Miao, Zhuang, Wang, Zixuan (2023) Gemology, Spectroscopy, and Mineralogy Study of Aquamarines of Three Different Origins. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (10)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst13101478'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst13101478\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst13101478",{"id":87,"year":88,"html":89,"doi":90},18879749,2025,"Zhang, Zheng; Zu, Endong; He, Xiaohu; Wang, Zixuan; Wang, Die; Sun, Yicong; Wang, Yigeng; Yang, Siqi (2025) Chromogenic Mechanism and Chromaticity Study of Brazilian Aquamarine. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (9).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst15090775'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst15090775\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst15090775",[92,102,109,119,128,138,147,154,163,172,182,187,192,197,205,213,222,228],{"id":93,"source_url":94,"license_code":95,"credit_html":96,"title":97,"description":98,"author":99,"original_width":100,"original_height":101},33434,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=423370","CC BY-SA 3.0","Werner Lang(Wela49~commonswiki), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=423370\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aquamarin cut.jpg","12 carat cut aquamarine gem","Werner Lang(Wela49~commonswiki)",402,288,{"id":103,"source_url":104,"license_code":105,"credit_html":106,"title":7,"description":8,"author":8,"original_width":107,"original_height":108},87648,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127819","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127819\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",778,1000,{"id":110,"source_url":111,"license_code":112,"credit_html":113,"title":114,"description":115,"author":116,"original_width":117,"original_height":118},32418,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3843224","CC BY-SA 2.5","Gunnar Ries Amphibol, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3843224\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aquamarine P1000141.JPG","Aquamarine on Muscovite, Nagar Hunza Valley, Pakistan","Gunnar Ries Amphibol",3648,2736,{"id":120,"source_url":121,"license_code":95,"credit_html":122,"title":123,"description":124,"author":125,"original_width":126,"original_height":127},33436,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10160380","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10160380\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-209736.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNagar\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nagar\">Nagar (Nagir)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHunza_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hunza Valley\">Hunza Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit District\">Gilgit District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8909.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 12.7 x 11.6 x 8.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This piece has a vibrant, beautiful \"aqua blue\" color to it that is at the top of the spectrum for an aquamarine from this particular locality. The largest crystal is 6 cm, flat-laying. More interesting are the broad, gemmy, terminations which are 2-3 cm across, and where you can look down into the crystal core. The lustre is glassy and bright. Weighs 1369 grams.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,520,{"id":129,"source_url":130,"license_code":131,"credit_html":132,"title":133,"description":134,"author":135,"original_width":136,"original_height":137},33444,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=154442026","CC BY 4.0","Lech Darski, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=154442026\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Akwamaryn na skaleniu - Skardu, Pakistan.jpg","Akwamaryn na skaleniu. Skardu, Pakistan","Lech Darski",4479,2986,{"id":139,"source_url":140,"license_code":105,"credit_html":141,"title":142,"description":143,"author":144,"original_width":145,"original_height":146},33446,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158420364","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158420364\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fancy cut aquamarine 1.jpg","Fancy cut aquamarine. Studio photography in Visby, Gotland, Sweden.","W.carter",2097,1398,{"id":148,"source_url":149,"license_code":105,"credit_html":150,"title":151,"description":143,"author":144,"original_width":152,"original_height":153},33447,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158420367","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158420367\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fancy cut aquamarine 2.jpg",3046,1713,{"id":155,"source_url":156,"license_code":105,"credit_html":157,"title":158,"description":159,"author":160,"original_width":161,"original_height":162},33448,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163809274","Motekov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163809274\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","AQUAMARINE, LATINKA FROM 'EARTH AND MAN' NATIONAL MUSEUM - SOFIA, BULGARIA.jpg","AQUAMARINE, LATINKA FROM 'EARTH AND MAN' NATIONAL MUSEUM - SOFIA, BULGARIA","Motekov",1113,1318,{"id":164,"source_url":165,"license_code":131,"credit_html":166,"title":167,"description":168,"author":169,"original_width":170,"original_height":171},33450,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181778424","AdamStejskal, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181778424\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aquamarine from Nyet Bruk Pakistan.jpg","fully terminated gemmy crystal of Aquamarine from Nyet Bruk Pakistan","AdamStejskal",6960,4640,{"id":173,"source_url":174,"license_code":175,"credit_html":176,"title":177,"description":178,"author":179,"original_width":180,"original_height":181},33451,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186625793","CC0 1.0","EmbodimentofAlterity, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186625793\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","AquamarineYalePeabodyYampolLoan.jpg","From the Yale Peabody Museum in New Haven, CT, USA. The label on it said: Beryl variety aquamarine. From Pedra Azul pegmatite district. Minas Gerais, Brazil. On loan from the Yampol Family and the Mineral Trust.","EmbodimentofAlterity",1536,2048,{"id":183,"source_url":184,"license_code":175,"credit_html":185,"title":186,"description":178,"author":179,"original_width":180,"original_height":181},33452,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186625911","EmbodimentofAlterity, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186625911\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","AquamarineYalePeabodyYampolLoan2.jpg",{"id":188,"source_url":189,"license_code":175,"credit_html":190,"title":191,"description":178,"author":179,"original_width":180,"original_height":181},33453,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186625982","EmbodimentofAlterity, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186625982\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","AquamarineYalePeabodyYampolLoan3.jpg",{"id":193,"source_url":194,"license_code":175,"credit_html":195,"title":196,"description":178,"author":179,"original_width":180,"original_height":181},33454,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186626051","EmbodimentofAlterity, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=186626051\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aquamarine6.jpg",{"id":198,"source_url":199,"license_code":95,"credit_html":200,"title":201,"description":202,"author":125,"original_width":203,"original_height":204},33437,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10447870","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10447870\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Schorl-aqu12a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTourmaline\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tourmaline\">Schorl\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.6 x 4.4 x 2.9 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Aquamarine with Schorl\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A triangular-shaped cluster of glassy and gemmy aquas to 2.8 cm in length, perched on a matrix of white feldspar along with splendent, black crystals of schorl, to 1.5 cm across. The terminations of the aquas are transparent and nearly pristine.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",1800,1468,{"id":206,"source_url":207,"license_code":95,"credit_html":208,"title":209,"description":210,"author":125,"original_width":211,"original_height":212},35619,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80624132","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80624132\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bertrandite, Beryl (variety Aquamarine)-396688.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBertrandite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bertrandite\">Bertrandite\u003C\u002Fa>; Beryl, variety \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mount Antero, Chaffee County, Colorado, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.6 cm x 1.7 cm x 1.3 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A historic, old-time and rare Colorado combination thumbnail from the Columbia University and Richard Hauck Collections. Glassy, tabular bertrandite crystals to 4 mm are richly clustered on two sides of the lustrous, blue-green aquamarine crystal. This is a rare, classic and representative Mt. Antero combination piece. One old label has Thomas Egleston named on the back. Thomas Egleston founded the School of Mines at Columbia University in 1864 and was Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy until he retired in 1897. The rare mercury oxyhalide, eglestonite, is named after him.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",465,547,{"id":214,"source_url":215,"license_code":216,"credit_html":217,"title":218,"description":219,"author":220,"original_width":221,"original_height":221},56853,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258775","CC BY 3.0","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258775\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryllium (Be).jpg","Beryllium is a relatively inert, hard, medium grey metal, which is very light. It is nearly transparent for X-rays. Beryllium is not often used, as it is quite expensive and very toxic, in its elemental form as in many of its compounds. However, it is an important ingredient in many valuable gemstones, like beryl, aquamarine and emerald. Clear beryl was used for optical lenses in former times.\nThe extremely unstable isotope beryllium 8, which has a half-life of 67 quintillionths of a second, plays an important role in the universe. Advanced stars fusion helium 4 to carbon 12 via this isotope","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements",840,{"id":223,"source_url":224,"license_code":216,"credit_html":225,"title":226,"description":219,"author":220,"original_width":227,"original_height":227},56854,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258777","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258777\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryllium metal.jpg",668,{"id":229,"source_url":230,"license_code":231,"credit_html":232,"title":233,"description":234,"author":235,"original_width":236,"original_height":237},71903,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11990945","Public domain","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11990945\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aigue-marine et tourmaline noire sur orthose (Namibie).jpg","crystals of beryl var. aquamarine, crystals of tourmaline var. schorl, crystal of feldspar var. orthoclase : Erongo Mts, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, Erongo, Namibia","Parent Géry",2692,2000,[],[240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259],"Acquamarina","Acvamarin","Água-marinha","Aguamarina","Aigue-marine","Aigue-marine de Sibérie","Akuamarin","Akuamarina","Akvamariin","Akvamariini","Akvamarín","Akvamarin","Akvamarinas","Akvamarīns","Akwamaryn","Aquamarijn","Aquamarin","Aquamarina","Augamariña","Ngọc berin",[],{"history":262,"applications":266},{"markdown":263,"model_version":264,"prompt_version":265,"reviewed_at":8},"The name **aquamarine** is a small piece of Latin set in plain sight: *aqua* — water — joined to *marina* — of the sea. The compound describes the pale blue-green tint that distinguishes this variety of beryl from its sibling gems[1].\n\nLong before the word existed, the stone itself was prized. Ancient Greek lapidaries cut it into *intaglios* — gems carved with a sunken design, used as seal stones[2]. Roman writers credited it with healing virtues — a reputation often tied to a small visual trick. A polished aquamarine almost vanishes when dropped into water[2]. Sailors carried small pieces as charms against shipwreck, believing the stones came from the treasure hoards of mermaids[2]. The lore travelled east as well as west. Chinese craftsmen worked aquamarine into seals and small figurines. Japanese carvers fashioned it into *netsuke* — the small toggles that once fastened pouches to a kimono sash[2].\n\nThe name in its modern form is later. The first appearance of *\"Aquamarina\"* in print comes in Anselmus Boetius De Boot's *Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia*, published in Latin in 1609[3]. The English antiquary Thomas Nicols picked it up half a century later, in *A Lapidary History or History of Precious Stones* (Cambridge, 1652). He noted there that the name was used by the Italians for blue-green varieties of beryl[3]. From that point the term spread through European jewellery and mineralogical writing, displacing older catch-all names for blue beryl.","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":267,"model_version":264,"prompt_version":265,"reviewed_at":8},"Aquamarine's modern life is almost entirely lapidary. The stone is cut and set into rings, earrings, necklaces and bracelets — and that is the whole of its commerce[1].\n\nThe colour the market wants is a clean, pale-to-medium blue, and most rough does not arrive that way. Many crystals carry a greenish or yellow undertone — the contribution of ferric iron (Fe³⁺) in the lattice. Gentle heating between 400 °C and 500 °C drives those tones off, leaving behind the pure blue of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺)[2]. The treatment is stable and effectively permanent.\n\nSupply is concentrated, then diffuse. Brazil is the chief producer, with mines across the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Bahia; the Urals in Russia, Madagascar, Pakistan's Skardu region and several African countries — Mozambique, Zambia, Nigeria, Namibia, Tanzania, Kenya — fill out the rest of the world's output[3]. The headline specimens come from the Brazilian fields. One transparent crystal recovered there weighed 110 kg[4]. Another, found near Pedra Azul in Minas Gerais around 1980, started as a rough piece of roughly 27 kg. The German lapidary Bernd Munsteiner carved it into the *Dom Pedro* obelisk — at 10,363 carats the largest cut aquamarine in the world. It is now held by the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History[5].\n\nIn the calendar of jewellery, aquamarine is the birthstone of March[1]."]