[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:819":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":22,"key_elements":23,"impurities":24,"cim":25,"ima_status":26,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":34,"dana8ed2":35,"dana8ed3":35,"dana8ed4":35,"csystem":36,"cclass":37,"spacegroup":38,"spacegroupset":39,"a":40,"b":39,"c":41,"alpha":39,"beta":39,"gamma":39,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":42,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":43,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":11,"tlform":11,"hmin":44,"hmax":45,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":39,"vhnmax":39,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":46,"dmeas2":47,"dcalc":39,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":48,"lustretype":49,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":11,"streak":50,"colour":51,"commentcolor":52,"colors":53,"streak_colors":60,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":61,"cleavagetype":62,"fracturetype":63,"tenacity":64,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":65,"opticalsign":66,"opticalalpha":39,"opticalalpha2":39,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":39,"opticalbeta2":39,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":39,"opticalgamma2":39,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":67,"opticalomega2":68,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":69,"opticalepsilon2":70,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":39,"opticaln2":39,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":39,"optical2vcalc2":39,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":39,"optical2vmeasured2":39,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":71,"rimax":72,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":73,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":74,"aboutname":75,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":76,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":77,"group_members":109,"associates":142,"confused_with":217,"type_localities":220,"occurrence_total":221,"citations":222,"images":482,"structures":784,"synonyms":811,"language_names":817,"wikidata_qid":1192,"texts":1193},819,"1:1:819:6","c1541908-9337-4779-b66e-b718f8e79388","Beryl","Brl",0,"mineral",null,40374,42553,false,"Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>",[18,19,20,21],"Al","Be","Si","O",[18,19,20,21],[19],"Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Cr, Na, Li, Cs, O, H, OH, H2O, K, Rb","16.6.1",[27,28],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","77","9","C","J","05","61","1","Hexagonal",20,123,"0","9.21","9.19",2,"Observed ranges: a = 9.205-9.274, c = 9.187-9.249 Å.",7.5,8,"2.63","2.92","Vitreous","Vitreous,Sub-Vitreous,Waxy,Greasy","White","Colorless, green, blue, yellow, white, pink, etc.","green (Cr3+, ±V3+; emerald) to yellow (Fe2+; heliodor), light blue (Fe3+; aquamarine), sea-green (Fe2+ and Fe3+; beryl), pink (Mn2+; morganite), red (Mn3+; red beryl), colorless (goshenite), and white.\u003Cbr>\r\n\r\n[[1]]The d–d transition of Fe3+ with six-fold coordination, the O2−→Fe3+ charge transfer, and the charge transition of binuclear metal M–M complexes formed by [Fe2(OH)4]2+ in the channel caused a yellow tone, whereas the charge transfer of Fe2+\u002FFe3+ with six-fold coordination caused a blue-green tone. The chroma of blue-green beryl was negatively correlated with the ratio of Cs+Mn to Fe contents. The lightness of blue-green beryl was negatively correlated with the total content of transition metal ions.\r\n\r\nThe experimental results indicate that heat treatment under both atmospheres can lead to the transformation of yellow-green beryl into blue, with 500–600 °C under a reducing atmosphere identified as the optimal treatment condition. With increasing temperature, beryl gradually dehydrates, resulting in a faded blue color and reduced transparency. Even after treatment at 700 °C, no significant changes in unit cell parameters were observed, and both type I and type II water were retained, indicating that the color change is not attributed to crystal structure transformation or phase transitions. The study reveals that the essential mechanism of color modification through heat treatment lies in the valence change between Fe2+ and Fe3+ occupying channel and octahedral sites. The observed color variation is attributed to changes in absorption band intensity resulting from charge transfers of O2− → Fe3+ and Fe2+ → Fe3+. [[2]]",[54,55,56,57,58,59],"colorless","green","blue","yellow","white","pink",[58],"{0001}","Imperfect\u002FFair","Conchoidal","brittle","Uniaxial","-","1.568","1.602","1.564","1.595",1.564,1.602,"Commonly found in pegmatites. Red beryl is found in topaz rhyolites.","May be confused with apatite.\r\n\r\nThe largest beryl crystal reported was 18 m long and 3.5 m wide from Malakialina, Madagascar, but in the absence of anything more than a personal communication, the report is doubtful.\r\n\r\nMicroporous beryl (and cordieri...","Possibly from the Greek \"beryllos\" which referred to a number of blue-green stones in antiquity.","2026-04-26 18:05:25",[78,82,86,89,93,97,101,105],{"id":79,"name":80,"entrytype":42,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":81},120,"Alkali-beryl",31912,{"id":83,"name":84,"entrytype":42,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":11,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":39,"primary_image_id":85},289,"Aquamarine",33434,{"id":87,"name":88,"entrytype":42,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":39,"primary_image_id":11},10019,"Blue Beryl (Maxixe)",{"id":90,"name":91,"entrytype":42,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":39,"primary_image_id":92},1375,"Emerald",53252,{"id":94,"name":95,"entrytype":42,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":96},7555,"Goshenite",57181,{"id":98,"name":99,"entrytype":42,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":39,"primary_image_id":100},6727,"Heliodor",35637,{"id":102,"name":103,"entrytype":42,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":39,"primary_image_id":104},2783,"Morganite",88788,{"id":106,"name":107,"entrytype":42,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":11,"hmin":44,"hmax":45,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":39,"primary_image_id":108},690,"Red Beryl",76498,[110,120,126,135],{"id":111,"name":112,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":113,"mindat_formula":114,"hmin":115,"hmax":116,"dmeas":117,"dcalc":118,"primary_image_id":119},586,"Bazzite","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Sc,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub> · Na\u003Csub>0.32\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Sc\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)",6.5,7,"2.77","2.82",2915,{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":124,"dcalc":125,"primary_image_id":11},53764,"Johnkoivulaite-(Cs)","Cs[Be\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>B]Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.01","3.117",{"id":127,"name":128,"entrytype":9,"csystem":129,"ima_formula":130,"mindat_formula":131,"hmin":45,"hmax":45,"dmeas":132,"dcalc":133,"primary_image_id":134},25652,"Pezzottaite-(Cs)","Trigonal","CsLiBe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>","Cs(Be\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Li)Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)","2.97","3.06",19205,{"id":136,"name":137,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":138,"mindat_formula":139,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":140,"dcalc":141,"primary_image_id":11},7315,"Stoppaniite","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub> · H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.79","2.811",[143,153,162,169,176,185,193,202,210],{"id":144,"name":145,"entrytype":9,"csystem":146,"ima_formula":147,"mindat_formula":148,"hmin":149,"hmax":149,"dmeas":150,"dcalc":151,"primary_image_id":152},1002,"Chiavennite","Monoclinic","CaMn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(BeOH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>13\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CaMnBe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>13\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",3,"2.64","2.657",5388,{"id":154,"name":155,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":157,"mindat_formula":157,"hmin":158,"hmax":158,"dmeas":159,"dcalc":160,"primary_image_id":161},1039,"Chrysoberyl","Orthorhombic","BeAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",8.5,"3.75","3.69",29467,{"id":163,"name":164,"entrytype":9,"csystem":165,"ima_formula":166,"mindat_formula":166,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":167,"primary_image_id":168},1792,"Hafnon","Tetragonal","Hf(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","6.97",10681,{"id":170,"name":171,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":172,"mindat_formula":172,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":173,"dcalc":174,"primary_image_id":175},1811,"Hambergite","Be\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","2.347","2.365",10798,{"id":177,"name":178,"entrytype":9,"csystem":129,"ima_formula":179,"mindat_formula":180,"hmin":181,"hmax":181,"dmeas":182,"dcalc":183,"primary_image_id":184},2391,"Liandratite","U\u003Csup>6+\u003C\u002Fsup>Nb\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","U(Nb,Ta)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"7.0","6.87",14460,{"id":186,"name":187,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":188,"mindat_formula":189,"hmin":190,"hmax":190,"dmeas":191,"dcalc":192,"primary_image_id":11},2420,"Lithiophosphate","Li\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","Li\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",4,"2.46","2.479",{"id":194,"name":195,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":196,"mindat_formula":197,"hmin":198,"hmax":198,"dmeas":199,"dcalc":200,"primary_image_id":201},3302,"Pseudobrookite","(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti)O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,"4.33","4.39",20077,{"id":203,"name":204,"entrytype":9,"csystem":146,"ima_formula":205,"mindat_formula":206,"hmin":207,"hmax":207,"dmeas":208,"dcalc":117,"primary_image_id":209},3448,"Roscherite","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Be\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Be\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",4.5,"2.90",21123,{"id":211,"name":212,"entrytype":9,"csystem":146,"ima_formula":213,"mindat_formula":213,"hmin":115,"hmax":116,"dmeas":214,"dcalc":215,"primary_image_id":216},3733,"Spodumene","LiAlSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.1","3.184",22683,[218,219],{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":124,"dcalc":125,"primary_image_id":11},{"id":136,"name":137,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":138,"mindat_formula":139,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":140,"dcalc":141,"primary_image_id":11},[],3777,[223,227,231,236,241,245,250,255,259,263,267,272,276,280,283,288,292,297,301,305,309,313,316,321,326,331,336,341,345,349,353,357,361,365,370,373,377,382,386,390,394,398,403,407,411,415,419,424,428,432,436,440,445,450,454,458,463,467,472,477],{"id":224,"year":225,"html":226,"doi":11},16104246,1565,"Gesner, C. (1565) Gemmis, quae erant in veste Aaronis, Liber Graecus, & e regione Latinus, Iola Hierotarantino interprete: cum Corollario Conradi Gesneri. in Sancti Patris Epiphanii Episcopi Cypri ad Diodorum Tyri episcopum, De XII, 1-29.",{"id":228,"year":229,"html":230,"doi":11},16104247,1798,"Vauquelin, L.N. (1798) Sur une nouvelle terre tirée de l'aigue marine, ou beril. Observations sur la Physique, sur l’Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts: 46: 158-158.",{"id":232,"year":233,"html":234,"doi":235},102936,1907,"Ford, W.E. (1907) Einige interessante Beryllkrystalle und deren Begleiter. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (1-6). 12-17 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1907.43.1.12'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1907.43.1.12\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1907.43.1.12",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":240},2056455,1967,"Wood, D. L., Nassau, K. (1967) Infrared Spectra of Foreign Molecules in Beryl. \u003Ci>The Journal of Chemical Physics\u003C\u002Fi>,  47 (7) 2220-2228 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.1703295'>doi:10.1063\u002F1.1703295\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1063\u002F1.1703295",{"id":242,"year":238,"html":243,"doi":244},4082798,"MUNSON, RONALD A. (1967) High-Temperature Behavior of Beryl and Beryl Melts at High Pressure. \u003Ci>Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 50 (12). 669-670 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1967.tb15026.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1967.tb15026.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1967.tb15026.x",{"id":246,"year":247,"html":248,"doi":249},265740,1968,"Gibbs, G.V.; Breck, D.W.; Meagher, E.P. (1968) Structural refinement of hydrous and anhydrous synthetic beryl, Al2(Be3Si6)O18 and emerald, Al1.9Cr0.1 (Be3Si6)O18. \u003Ci>Lithos\u003C\u002Fi>,  1 (3). 275-285 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0024-4937(68)80044-1'>doi:10.1016\u002Fs0024-4937(68)80044-1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fs0024-4937(68)80044-1",{"id":251,"year":252,"html":253,"doi":254},16104250,1974,"Adams, David M.; Gardner, Ian R. (1974) Single-crystal vibrational spectra of beryl and dioptase. \u003Ci>Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions 14\u003C\u002Fi>, 1502-1505 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1039\u002Fdt9740001502'>doi:10.1039\u002Fdt9740001502\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1039\u002Fdt9740001502",{"id":256,"year":257,"html":258,"doi":11},16104252,1976,"Černý, P., Hawthorne, F.C. (1976) Refractive indices versus alkali contents in beryl: General limitations and applications to some pegmatitic types. The Canadian Mineralogist: 14: 491-497.",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":11},16104253,1977,"Hawthorne, F.C., Černý, P. (1977) The alkali-metal positions in Cs-Li beryl. The Canadian Mineralogist: 15: 414-421.",{"id":264,"year":265,"html":266,"doi":11},527078,1978,"Burt, Donald M. (1978) Multisystems analysis of beryllium mineral stabilities: the system BeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (7-8) 664-676 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM63\u002FAM63_664.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":271},467272,1979,"Scandale, E., Scordari, F., Zarka, A. (1979) Etude des défauts dans des monocristaux naturels de béryl. I. Observations des dislocations. \u003Ci>Journal of Applied Crystallography\u003C\u002Fi>,  12 (1) 70-77 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0021889879011808'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0021889879011808\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0021889879011808",{"id":273,"year":269,"html":274,"doi":275},467274,"Scandale, E., Scordari, F., Zarka, A. (1979) Etude des défauts dans des monocristaux naturels de béryl. II. Etude de croissance. \u003Ci>Journal of Applied Crystallography\u003C\u002Fi>,  12 (1) 78-83 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs002188987901181x'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs002188987901181x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs002188987901181x",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},16108764,1986,"Hazen, R.M., Au, A.Y., Finger, L.W. (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) and euclase (BeAlSiO4OH). American Mineralogist: 71(7-8): 977-984.",{"id":281,"year":278,"html":282,"doi":11},17094720,"Hemingway, Bruce S., Barton, Mark D., Robie, R. A., Haselton, H. T. (1986) Heat capacities and thermodynamic functions for beryl, Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>, phenakite, Be\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>, euclase, BeAlSiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH), bertrandite, Be\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>, and chrysoberyl, BeAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  71 (3-4) 557-568 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM71\u002FAM71_557.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":284,"year":285,"html":286,"doi":287},151581,1987,"Hofmeister, A. M., Hoering, T. C., Virgo, D. (1987) Vibrational spectroscopy of beryllium aluminosilicates: Heat capacity calculations from band assignments. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (3) 205-224 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00307985'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00307985\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00307985",{"id":289,"year":290,"html":291,"doi":11},16104256,1989,"Manier-Glavinaz, V., Couty, R., Lagache, M. (1989) The removal of alkalis from beryl: Structural adjustments. 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(2016) Quantum Tunneling of Water in Beryl: A New State of the Water Molecule. \u003Ci>Physical Review Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  116 (16). 167802 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.116.167802'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.116.167802\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.116.167802",{"id":459,"year":460,"html":461,"doi":462},65583,2019,"Andersson, Lars Olov (2019) Comments on Beryl Colors and on Other Observations Regarding Iron-containing Beryls. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (4) 551-566 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1900021'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1900021\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1900021",{"id":464,"year":465,"html":466,"doi":11},16104251,2020,"Gilles-Guéry, L. (2020) Étude spectroscopique de la couleur des minéraux-gemmes: euclase et béryl. Doctoral dissertation, Sorbonne Université, France.",{"id":468,"year":469,"html":470,"doi":471},13421130,2022,"Wang, Hui, Guan, Qiyun, Liu, Yuchong, Guo, Ying (2022) Effects of Transition Metal Ions on the Colour of Blue-Green Beryl. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 12 (1) 86 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin12010086'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin12010086\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F12\u002F1\u002F86\u002Fpdf?version=1642135765' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin12010086",{"id":473,"year":474,"html":475,"doi":476},15916508,2023,"Taran, M.M., Vyshnevskyi, O.A. (2023) Spatial Distribution of Fe2+ in the Tetrahedral Structural Position of Be2+ in Crystals of Natural Beryl. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Journal\u003C\u002Fi>, 45 (2) 16-31 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15407\u002Fmineraljournal.45.02.016-d'>doi:10.15407\u002Fmineraljournal.45.02.016-d\u003C\u002Fa>","10.15407\u002Fmineraljournal.45.02.016-d",{"id":478,"year":479,"html":480,"doi":481},17429561,2024,"Hanser, C. S.; Häger, T.; Botcharnikov, R. (2024) Incorporation and substitution of ions and H₂O in the structure of beryl. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (3). 449-472 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-36-449-2024'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-36-449-2024\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-36-449-2024",[483,493,500,510,520,529,536,544,553,562,567,572,578,583,592,597,602,612,620,628,637,642,650,660,668,676,682,689,697,703,710,716,723,729,736,743,750,757,764,771,777],{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":486,"credit_html":487,"title":488,"description":489,"author":490,"original_width":491,"original_height":492},3157,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10442455","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10442455\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-0128-01a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Oceanview Mine (MS 6452; MS 6848; Ocean View), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChief_Mountain\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chief Mountain\">Chief Mountain\u003C\u002Fa>, Pala District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSan_Diego_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:San Diego County, California\">San Diego County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-17155.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 10 x 8 x 7 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Beryl var. Aquamarine with Morganite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A robust 7 x 6 x 4.5-cm crystal of beryl, perched without repairs on a very well trimmed matrix, makes this a superb, aesthetic example from the late 2007 finds here. These are some of the best matrix beryls we have seen since the 1990s, and they have a distinct barrel shape and multihued color to them. This single crystals is blue, pink, and clear all at the same time, in different zones. It is glassy, and has a good termination. Bill Larson helped the miners clean and prepare the pieces from this pocket; and this specimen, and one larger example as well, were his choices from that pocket to keep. This was actually one of the last 2 specimens added to the Pala San Diego collection, just a few months before its sale to me. Ex. William Larson Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",699,800,{"id":494,"source_url":495,"license_code":496,"credit_html":497,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":498,"original_height":499},29204,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114965","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114965\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":501,"source_url":502,"license_code":503,"credit_html":504,"title":505,"description":506,"author":507,"original_width":508,"original_height":509},35626,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2618557","CC BY-SA 2.5","Gia.cossa, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2618557\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Berillo.jpg","Berillo from Gilgit, Pakistan.","Gia.cossa",2592,1944,{"id":511,"source_url":512,"license_code":513,"credit_html":514,"title":515,"description":516,"author":517,"original_width":518,"original_height":519},3159,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88345393","CC BY-SA 4.0","掬茶, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88345393\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University.jpg","Beryl displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University","掬茶",2401,1800,{"id":521,"source_url":522,"license_code":513,"credit_html":523,"title":524,"description":525,"author":526,"original_width":527,"original_height":528},3161,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129625252","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129625252\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl. Brazil-8873.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> - Place of discovery: Brazil","Raimond Spekking",6524,3670,{"id":530,"source_url":531,"license_code":513,"credit_html":532,"title":533,"description":525,"author":526,"original_width":534,"original_height":535},3162,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129625258","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129625258\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl. Brazil-8874.jpg",4342,4010,{"id":537,"source_url":538,"license_code":513,"credit_html":539,"title":540,"description":541,"author":526,"original_width":542,"original_height":543},3163,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129625798","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129625798\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-8881.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>",6615,3721,{"id":545,"source_url":546,"license_code":513,"credit_html":547,"title":548,"description":549,"author":550,"original_width":551,"original_height":552},3164,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129838810","Kaethe17, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129838810\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wolframit-beryll.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWolframite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wolframite\">Wolframite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Weight: 1675 g) – Place of discovery: Adun-Cholon Range, Transbaikalia (Zabaykalsky Krai), Far Eastern, Russia","Kaethe17",5023,3348,{"id":554,"source_url":555,"license_code":513,"credit_html":556,"title":557,"description":558,"author":559,"original_width":560,"original_height":561},35630,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717377","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717377\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 075 - Béryl.jpg","Béryl, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",4272,2848,{"id":563,"source_url":564,"license_code":513,"credit_html":565,"title":566,"description":558,"author":559,"original_width":560,"original_height":561},35631,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717382","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717382\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 077 - Béryl.jpg",{"id":568,"source_url":569,"license_code":513,"credit_html":570,"title":571,"description":558,"author":559,"original_width":560,"original_height":561},35632,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717383","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717383\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 076 - Béryl.jpg",{"id":573,"source_url":574,"license_code":513,"credit_html":575,"title":576,"description":577,"author":559,"original_width":560,"original_height":561},35634,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720744","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720744\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 229 - Béryl (Madagascar).jpg","Béryl, en provenance de Madagascar, au Muséum de Nantes",{"id":579,"source_url":580,"license_code":513,"credit_html":581,"title":582,"description":577,"author":559,"original_width":560,"original_height":561},35636,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720750","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720750\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 231 - Béryl (Madagascar).jpg",{"id":584,"source_url":585,"license_code":513,"credit_html":586,"title":587,"description":588,"author":589,"original_width":590,"original_height":591},35638,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149014002","Fernando Losada Rodríguez, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149014002\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Berilo.001 - Río Sor.jpg","Muestra de berilo. Foto sacada cerca del Río Sor, entre los Municipios de Mañón (A Coruña) y O Vicedo (Lugo), en Galicia, España.","Fernando Losada Rodríguez",3264,1836,{"id":593,"source_url":594,"license_code":513,"credit_html":595,"title":596,"description":588,"author":589,"original_width":590,"original_height":591},35639,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149014004","Fernando Losada Rodríguez, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149014004\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Berilo.003 - Río Sor.jpg",{"id":598,"source_url":599,"license_code":513,"credit_html":600,"title":601,"description":588,"author":589,"original_width":590,"original_height":591},35640,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149014005","Fernando Losada Rodríguez, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149014005\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Berilo.002 - Río Sor.jpg",{"id":603,"source_url":604,"license_code":605,"credit_html":606,"title":607,"description":608,"author":609,"original_width":610,"original_height":611},52673,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84652488","CC BY 2.0","Mike Beauregard from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84652488\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Brilliant blue beryl (36633232346).jpg","Crystalline combinations of water-blue beryl on black tourmaline from Erongo, Namibia on display at the AE Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, USA","Mike Beauregard from Canada",2400,1849,{"id":613,"source_url":614,"license_code":513,"credit_html":615,"title":616,"description":617,"author":618,"original_width":619,"original_height":619},56859,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64061234","حسین پهنائیان, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64061234\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryllium-in-Black.jpg","عکس فلز بریلیم","حسین پهنائیان",500,{"id":621,"source_url":622,"license_code":486,"credit_html":623,"title":624,"description":625,"author":490,"original_width":626,"original_height":627},60298,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10131773","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10131773\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Microlite-Beryl-43622.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMicrolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Microlite\">Microlite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKunar_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kunar Province\">Konar (Kunar; Konarh; Konarha; Nuristan) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.2 x 1.7 x 1.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>One of two highly unusual association pieces I got in a recent shipment, featuring a 1.1-centimeter octahedral microlite perched on a gemmy and lustrous, hexagonal goshenite beryl with a blue-green core. The ends of the aquamarine appear to be broken and then naturally rehealed. The microlite is missing part of one corner in the rear, but otherwise is in excellent shape and displays well frontally, particularly for being so exposed. Most unusual and unique, as I cannot think of seeing another microlite directly on aquamarine from these localities, or from anywhere.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",645,750,{"id":629,"source_url":630,"license_code":631,"credit_html":632,"title":633,"description":634,"author":635,"original_width":636,"original_height":561},72786,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5614681","Public domain","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5614681\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl, parisite 1.jpg","beryl var. emerald, parisite-(Ce), calcite : Muzo Mun. Mine, Muzo Mine, Vasquez-Yacopí District , Boyacá Department, Colombia","Géry PARENT",4288,{"id":638,"source_url":639,"license_code":631,"credit_html":640,"title":641,"description":634,"author":635,"original_width":561,"original_height":636},72787,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5614708","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5614708\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl, parisite.jpg",{"id":643,"source_url":644,"license_code":486,"credit_html":645,"title":646,"description":647,"author":490,"original_width":648,"original_height":649},76500,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10125939","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10125939\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-37435.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJuab_County,_Utah\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Juab County, Utah\">Juab County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FUtah\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Utah\">Utah\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-19295.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An exquisite miniature with a wonderfully-perched, nearly 2 cm crystal just sitting there staring at you, fully exposed and yet firmly anchored at the same time . This is a superb miniature of a mineral that can only go up and up oin valaue as it came from one locality, now defunct. 4.1 x 3.8 x 1.9 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,512,{"id":651,"source_url":652,"license_code":653,"credit_html":654,"title":655,"description":656,"author":657,"original_width":658,"original_height":659},35629,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83968834","CC0 1.0","Daderot, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83968834\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl, Kunar Province, Afghanistan - University of Arizona Mineral Museum - University of Arizona - Tucson, AZ - DSC08518.jpg","Beryl from Kunar Province, Afghanistan. Exhibit in the University of Arizona Mineral Museum - University of Arizona - Tucson, Arizona, USA.","Daderot",3262,4345,{"id":661,"source_url":662,"license_code":496,"credit_html":663,"title":664,"description":665,"author":666,"original_width":667,"original_height":667},35641,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=170311546","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=170311546\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pale turquoise beryl crystal 2.jpg","Pale turquoise beryl crystal. Studio photography in Tuntorp, Brastad, Lysekil Municipality, Sweden.","W.carter",2189,{"id":669,"source_url":670,"license_code":486,"credit_html":671,"title":672,"description":673,"author":490,"original_width":674,"original_height":675},501,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477809","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477809\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Chamosite-tmu51c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChamosite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chamosite\">Chamosite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Hupei Mine (Qinjiafang Mine), Pingjiang Co., Yueyang Prefecture, Hunan Province, China\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7.7 x 6.1 x 4.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Chamosite with Emerald\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A highly unusual specimen featuring mediocre but colorful emerald, which serves as the background for superb, sharp crystals of chamosite, the iron analogue of clinochlore. The sharpest crystal here is a doubly-terminated , razor-sharp crystal measuring 1.7 cm across. I had not seen these before from this productive emerald locality and was suspicious when first shown this piece as an \"axinite\" which generally would not occur with emerald. The identity was confirmed by RAMAN and XRAY analysis in the lab of Dr Robert Downs at University of Arizona. I think this is a quite good example of the species, and one wonders how many such crystals have been thrown away as rubbish in the mad search for crumpled green emeralds!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",629,313,{"id":677,"source_url":678,"license_code":486,"credit_html":679,"title":680,"description":673,"author":490,"original_width":491,"original_height":681},502,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477812","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477812\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Chamosite-tmu51b.jpg",494,{"id":683,"source_url":684,"license_code":486,"credit_html":685,"title":686,"description":673,"author":490,"original_width":687,"original_height":688},5272,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477808","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477808\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Chamosite-tmu51d.jpg",1132,763,{"id":690,"source_url":691,"license_code":486,"credit_html":692,"title":693,"description":694,"author":490,"original_width":695,"original_height":696},21743,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419506","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419506\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Schiavinatoite-Strontiumapatite-t07-106c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSchiavinatoite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Schiavinatoite\">Schiavinatoite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FApatite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Apatite\">Apatite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Antsongombato gem mine, FKT Antsentsindrano, Andrembesoa Commune, Betafo District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVakinankaratra\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Vakinankaratra\">Vakinankaratra Region\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAntananarivo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Antananarivo Province\">Antananarivo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2262.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.3 x 3.0 x 2.6 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Schiavinatoite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen is highlighted by a crystal of very rare, lustrous, black schiavinatoite, 1.0 cm across, a niobium, tantalum borate. The matrix is quartz and rubellite. This crystal is the most lustrous example of the species I have seen, as most are very dull in lustre. This is a newly named, extremely rare mineral from Madagascar. I obtained this in exchange from Dr. Pezzotta, who specializes in the minerals of Madagascar and I think could be safely considered the authority on finely crystallized rarities here...he told me these are among the largest fine crystals known for the species.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",370,400,{"id":698,"source_url":699,"license_code":486,"credit_html":700,"title":701,"description":694,"author":490,"original_width":702,"original_height":492},21744,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419508","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419508\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Schiavinatoite-Strontiumapatite-t07-106b.jpg",599,{"id":704,"source_url":705,"license_code":486,"credit_html":706,"title":707,"description":708,"author":490,"original_width":681,"original_height":709},35608,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145619","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145619\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bertrandite-Beryl-Quartz-148304.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBertrandite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bertrandite\">Bertrandite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSmoky_quartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Smoky quartz\">Smoky Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMount_Antero\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mount Antero\">Mt Antero\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChaffee_County,_Colorado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chaffee County, Colorado\">Chaffee County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FColorado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Colorado\">Colorado\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3597.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.5 x 4.7 x 4.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An historic, old-time Colorado combination specimen from the Harvard University and George Elling Collections. Water-clear bertrandite blades to 5 mm are adjacent to smoky quartz crystals in a smoky quartz matrix with sea-green aquamarine fragments. A RARE, classic and representative Mt. Antero combo piece.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",562,{"id":711,"source_url":712,"license_code":486,"credit_html":713,"title":714,"description":673,"author":490,"original_width":519,"original_height":715},37293,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477816","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477816\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Chamosite-tmu51a.jpg",1427,{"id":717,"source_url":718,"license_code":486,"credit_html":719,"title":720,"description":721,"author":490,"original_width":619,"original_height":722},59855,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171235","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171235\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Orthoclase-Opal-272669.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal-AN\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8 x 6 x 4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a fine matrix piece of superb Aquamarines with gemmy lustre and intense Erongo-blue color. They stand upright and stark against a matrix of partially etched Orthoclase, capped in places by highly fluorescent Hyalite Opal overgrowth. The Aquamarines are terrific - excellent color and luster, gemmy terminations, and the largest is 5 cm tall. The termination, on its right side, shows a secondary growth: a thin layer of slightly different colored aquamarine atop the main core. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",465,{"id":724,"source_url":725,"license_code":486,"credit_html":726,"title":727,"description":721,"author":490,"original_width":619,"original_height":728},59856,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171236","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171236\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Orthoclase-Opal-272670.jpg",479,{"id":730,"source_url":731,"license_code":486,"credit_html":732,"title":733,"description":734,"author":490,"original_width":722,"original_height":735},59858,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10174296","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10174296\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Opal-290188.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal-AN\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.8 x 2.6 x 2.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A gemmy, highly lustrous Aquamarine with great color. The upper 2 cm is gem-clear and architecturally indented. This form is totally a matter of growth, and is intricate in person. At 41 g, this is a large, impressive, and quality gem Erongo aquamarine. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",354,{"id":737,"source_url":738,"license_code":486,"credit_html":739,"title":740,"description":741,"author":490,"original_width":742,"original_height":696},59861,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450349","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450349\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Opal-k-168b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.0 x 3.8 x 3.6 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Hyalite Opal on Goshenite Beryl\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen is notable both for the doubly-terminated goshenite and also for the richness of the hyalite opal, which glows intensely in ultraviolet light and is quite rare from here.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",396,{"id":744,"source_url":745,"license_code":486,"credit_html":746,"title":747,"description":748,"author":490,"original_width":492,"original_height":749},60301,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10138239","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10138239\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Quartz-Microlite-83189.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMicrolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Microlite\">Microlite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FShigar_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Shigar Valley\">Shigar Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5420.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>WOW. This incredible dramatic specimen, about 13 inches across, is just amazing to me in that it survived the aeons. I think the aesthetics speak for itself. The small inclusions you see are casued by microlite, taken into the crystals during growth. The piece has one repair about the midpoint, and I actually purchased it in two portions - and we only then found they went together in somewhat of a minor miracle! The two portions had come apart in geologic time, and were separated in the pocket when it was found, not realized to connect. There is a small discontinuity to the smoothness at the join because, over time, aquamarine recrystallized minutely over the break and so each half has a few millimeters of extra growth added after the break. When they were rejoined, we left this slight dip at the join as illustrative of the natural processes which form such impressive large pegmatite specimens, rather than grind down the secondary growth to make a perfectly smooth fit. Elsewhere, the pieces fit together semalessly, and you would not even know it was repaired if I did not tell you. It is a LARGE and very striking piece, geometrically, and I think one of the more impressive beryls to come out of here, for sheer visual appeal. 32.5 x 22.9 x 12.8 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",576,{"id":751,"source_url":752,"license_code":486,"credit_html":753,"title":754,"description":755,"author":490,"original_width":619,"original_height":756},62581,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145682","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145682\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Kesterite-149219.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FK%C3%ABsterite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kësterite\">Kësterite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mt Xuebaoding, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPingwu_County\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pingwu County\">Pingwu County\u003C\u002Fa>, Mianyang Prefecture, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSichuan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sichuan\">Sichuan Province\u003C\u002Fa>, China (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-155731.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.1 x 4.3 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An AESTHETIC and VERY RARE combination piece of gemmy and glassy, tabular, light blue aquamarine crystals 2.7 cm highlighted by a cluster of lustrous, greenish-black kesterite crystals. The matrix is sparkly lepidolite. This is simply an outstanding specimen, with the aesthetic, free-standing aquas, but ESPECIALLY in the association with the kesterite. Kesterite is a rare copper, zinc, iron, tin sulfide and this is a super combo piece from Mt. Xuebaoding, China.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",363,{"id":758,"source_url":759,"license_code":486,"credit_html":760,"title":761,"description":755,"author":490,"original_width":762,"original_height":763},62582,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145683","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145683\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Kesterite-149220.jpg",450,472,{"id":765,"source_url":766,"license_code":486,"credit_html":767,"title":768,"description":769,"author":490,"original_width":770,"original_height":648},73727,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10134352","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10134352\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phenakite-Beryl-51166.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhenakite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phenakite\">Phenakite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mimoso do Sul Mine, Mimoso do Sul, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEsp%C3%ADrito_Santo\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Espírito Santo\">Espírito Santo\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-410.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A unique combination piece, totally unprecedented in my book, that really is also a cute display piece as much as a fascinating beryl association specimen 3.4 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",537,{"id":772,"source_url":773,"license_code":486,"credit_html":774,"title":775,"description":694,"author":490,"original_width":776,"original_height":696},78429,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419510","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419510\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Schiavinatoite-Strontiumapatite-t07-106a.jpg",339,{"id":778,"source_url":779,"license_code":486,"credit_html":780,"title":781,"description":782,"author":490,"original_width":492,"original_height":783},81971,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441957","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441957\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Manganotantalite-pala07f.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganotantalite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganotantalite\">Manganotantalite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Elizabeth R. Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChief_Mountain\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chief Mountain\">Chief Mountain\u003C\u002Fa>, Pala District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSan_Diego_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:San Diego County, California\">San Diego County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-10921.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 11.3 x 7.0 x 5.6 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Tantalite with Morganite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A surprising, very rare specimen featuring a very sharp, fine, 2-cm tantalite crystal in matrix with associated lepidolite and morganite. Tantalite crystals are rare, and of this quality extremely rare, from the County. The morganite is a bonus at the other end of the specimen. Ex. William Larson Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",748,[785,791,796,801,806],{"id":786,"url":787,"label":788,"formula":789,"spacegroup":790,"year":405},1456,"\u002Fcif\u002F1456.cif","Groat 2010 · Be3 Al1.356 Mg.258 Fe.384 Si6 O18.912 Na.425 H10.944","Be3 Al1.356 Mg.258 Fe.384 Si6 O18.912 Na.425 H10.944","P 6\u002Fm c c",{"id":792,"url":793,"label":794,"formula":795,"spacegroup":790,"year":405},1457,"\u002Fcif\u002F1457.cif","Groat 2010 · Be3 Al1.356 Mg.258 Fe.384 Si6 O18.912 Na.432 H10.944","Be3 Al1.356 Mg.258 Fe.384 Si6 O18.912 Na.432 H10.944",{"id":797,"url":798,"label":799,"formula":800,"spacegroup":790,"year":400},1458,"\u002Fcif\u002F1458.cif","Yakubivich 2009","Cs.079 O18.19 Na.419 (Li.66 Be2.34) Al2 Si6 H.38",{"id":802,"url":803,"label":804,"formula":805,"spacegroup":790,"year":388},1459,"\u002Fcif\u002F1459.cif","Adamo 2008 · (Be2.859 Cu.141) (Al1.884 Fe.116) Si6 O18.44 Li.12 H.88","(Be2.859 Cu.141) (Al1.884 Fe.116) Si6 O18.44 Li.12 H.88",{"id":807,"url":808,"label":809,"formula":810,"spacegroup":790,"year":388},1460,"\u002Fcif\u002F1460.cif","Adamo 2008 · (Be2.856 Cu.144) (Al1.882 Fe.118) Si6 O18.49 Li.12 H.98","(Be2.856 Cu.144) (Al1.882 Fe.118) Si6 O18.49 Li.12 H.98",[812,813,814,815,816],"Berylit","Berylita","Berylite","Berylle","Berylls",[818,822,826,830,835,839,842,846,851,854,858,861,865,869,872,876,879,883,887,890,894,898,901,906,911,916,920,923,927,930,933,937,941,944,947,953,961,966,969,973,976,979,982,986,989,993,996,999,1003,1007,1011,1015,1018,1022,1026,1030,1034,1039,1042,1045,1048,1051,1055,1058,1061,1064,1068,1079,1084,1089,1092,1095,1099,1102,1105,1109,1112,1115,1118,1122,1126,1129,1136,1139,1142,1146,1149,1153,1156,1159,1163,1167,1171,1174,1177,1180,1183,1186,1189],{"lang":819,"names":820},"af",[821],"Beril",{"lang":823,"names":824},"an",[825],"Berilo",{"lang":827,"names":828},"anp",[829],"बेरिल",{"lang":831,"names":832},"ar",[833,834],"بريل","بيريل",{"lang":836,"names":837},"ast",[838],"berilu",{"lang":840,"names":841},"az",[821],{"lang":843,"names":844},"be",[845],"Берыл",{"lang":847,"names":848},"be-tarask",[849,850],"Бэрыл","Бэрыль",{"lang":852,"names":853},"be-x-old",[850],{"lang":855,"names":856},"bg",[857],"Берил",{"lang":859,"names":860},"bs",[821],{"lang":862,"names":863},"ca",[864],"beril",{"lang":866,"names":867},"cs",[868],"beryl",{"lang":870,"names":871},"csb",[821],{"lang":873,"names":874},"cv",[875],"Берилл",{"lang":877,"names":878},"da",[7],{"lang":880,"names":881},"de",[882],"Beryll",{"lang":884,"names":885},"el",[886],"βήρυλλος",{"lang":888,"names":889},"eo",[825],{"lang":891,"names":892},"es",[893],"berilo",{"lang":895,"names":896},"et",[897],"berüll",{"lang":899,"names":900},"eu",[825],{"lang":902,"names":903},"fa",[904,905],"بریل","گوشنیت",{"lang":907,"names":908},"fi",[909,910],"Berylli","Beryllit",{"lang":912,"names":913},"fr",[914,915],"Béril","béryl",{"lang":917,"names":918},"ga",[919],"beiril",{"lang":921,"names":922},"gl",[825],{"lang":924,"names":925},"he",[926],"בריל",{"lang":928,"names":929},"hi",[829],{"lang":931,"names":932},"hr",[864],{"lang":934,"names":935},"hu",[936],"berill",{"lang":938,"names":939},"hy",[940],"Բերիլ",{"lang":942,"names":943},"id",[864],{"lang":945,"names":946},"io",[825],{"lang":948,"names":949},"it",[950,951,952],"Acquamarina","berillo","Smeraldo",{"lang":954,"names":955},"ja",[956,957,958,959,960],"ゴーシェナイト","ゴシェナイト","ヘリオドール","ベリル","緑柱石",{"lang":962,"names":963},"ka",[964,965],"ბერილი","ბივრილი",{"lang":967,"names":968},"kk",[875],{"lang":970,"names":971},"kk-arab",[972],"بەرىيلل",{"lang":974,"names":975},"kk-cn",[972],{"lang":977,"names":978},"kk-cyrl",[875],{"lang":980,"names":981},"kk-kz",[875],{"lang":983,"names":984},"kk-latn",[985],"Berïll",{"lang":987,"names":988},"kk-tr",[985],{"lang":990,"names":991},"ko",[992],"녹주석",{"lang":994,"names":995},"kw",[868],{"lang":997,"names":998},"ky",[875],{"lang":1000,"names":1001},"la",[1002],"Beryllus",{"lang":1004,"names":1005},"lt",[1006],"Berilas",{"lang":1008,"names":1009},"lv",[1010],"Berils",{"lang":1012,"names":1013},"mg",[1014],"Berila",{"lang":1016,"names":1017},"mk",[857],{"lang":1019,"names":1020},"ml",[7,1021],"അക്വാമറൈൻ",{"lang":1023,"names":1024},"mn",[1025],"Берилий",{"lang":1027,"names":1028},"my",[1029],"မျက်ရွဲ",{"lang":1031,"names":1032},"mzn",[1033],"بریلو",{"lang":1035,"names":1036},"nb",[1037,1038],"beryll","Beryllfamilien",{"lang":1040,"names":1041},"nds",[882],{"lang":1043,"names":1044},"nl",[864,7],{"lang":1046,"names":1047},"nn",[1037],{"lang":1049,"names":1050},"no",[882],{"lang":1052,"names":1053},"pl",[868,1054],"Maksiks",{"lang":1056,"names":1057},"pt",[893],{"lang":1059,"names":1060},"pt-br",[825],{"lang":1062,"names":1063},"rki",[1029],{"lang":1065,"names":1066},"ro",[864,1067],"Berile",{"lang":1069,"names":1070},"ru",[1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078],"Августит","Баццит","берилл","Воробьевит","Гошенит","Педзоттаит","Пеццоттаит","Ростерит",{"lang":1080,"names":1081},"sah",[875,1082,1074,1075,1083],"Биксбит","Морганит",{"lang":1085,"names":1086},"scn",[1087,1088],"berillu","birillu",{"lang":1090,"names":1091},"sco",[868],{"lang":1093,"names":1094},"sh",[821],{"lang":1096,"names":1097},"si",[1098],"තරිප්පු",{"lang":1100,"names":1101},"sk",[7],{"lang":1103,"names":1104},"sl",[864],{"lang":1106,"names":1107},"sr",[1108],"берил",{"lang":1110,"names":1111},"sr-ec",[857],{"lang":1113,"names":1114},"sr-el",[821],{"lang":1116,"names":1117},"sv",[1037],{"lang":1119,"names":1120},"ta",[1121],"பெரில்",{"lang":1123,"names":1124},"tcy",[1125],"ಪಚ್ಚೆ",{"lang":1127,"names":1128},"tg",[875],{"lang":1130,"names":1131},"th",[1132,1133,1134,1135],"เบริล","เบริล(Berly)","เบริลไร้สี","เบรีล",{"lang":1137,"names":1138},"tr",[864],{"lang":1140,"names":1141},"udm",[1073],{"lang":1143,"names":1144},"ug",[1145],"يېشىل ياقۇت",{"lang":1147,"names":1148},"uk",[1108],{"lang":1150,"names":1151},"uz",[1152],"Berill",{"lang":1154,"names":1155},"vi",[7],{"lang":1157,"names":1158},"wo",[821],{"lang":1160,"names":1161},"wuu",[1162],"绿柱石",{"lang":1164,"names":1165},"yue",[1166],"綠柱石",{"lang":1168,"names":1169},"zh",[1166,1170],"绿玉",{"lang":1172,"names":1173},"zh-cn",[1162],{"lang":1175,"names":1176},"zh-hans",[1162],{"lang":1178,"names":1179},"zh-hant",[1166],{"lang":1181,"names":1182},"zh-hk",[1166],{"lang":1184,"names":1185},"zh-sg",[1162],{"lang":1187,"names":1188},"zh-tw",[1166],{"lang":1190,"names":1191},"zh-yue",[1166],"Q103480",{"history":1194,"applications":1198},{"markdown":1195,"model_version":1196,"prompt_version":1197,"reviewed_at":11},"The name **beryl** travelled a long way before it reached us. It came into Middle English as *beril*, through Old French and Latin *beryllus*, from the Ancient Greek *bḗryllos* — a word the Greeks used loosely for a range of blue-green stones[1]. Further back the trail leads east, possibly to the Prakrit *veruḷiya* or *veḷuriya* — meaning \"beryl\" — and from there, by one well-supported guess, to the name of Belur, a town in Karnataka in southern India[1].\n\nIn antiquity the stone was prized as a gem rather than studied as a mineral. The deep green variety we now call emerald was mined in Egypt from around 1500 BCE at a place the Romans named Mount Smaragdus, in the eastern desert[2]. The Egyptian workings were later run on an industrial scale by the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and again by Islamic conquerors after them; mining there ceased only when Spanish ships brought back the much richer Colombian deposits[2]. Pliny the Elder described these green stones in his *Natural History*, finished in 77 CE — the date the page header records for beryl's earliest written notice.\n\nFor nearly two more millennia, emerald, aquamarine, and the colourless and yellow stones we now group together were treated as separate gems. They were sorted by colour, not by chemistry.\n\n### Beryllium found inside beryl\n\nThe unification came in 1798, in Paris. The French crystallographer René Just Haüy had noticed that emerald and beryl crystals were geometrically identical, and asked the chemist Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin to analyse them. In a paper read that year before the Institut de France, Vauquelin reported a new \"earth\" extracted from emerald and beryl[3]. The earth was the oxide of a previously unknown element — the metal we now call **beryllium**, named for the mineral that gave it up. Vauquelin's element stayed an oxide for another thirty years. Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated metallic beryllium in 1828, by reacting potassium with beryllium chloride[3].\n\n### The named varieties\n\nThe 19th and early 20th centuries filled in the rest of the family. **Aquamarine** — the pale blue-green variety coloured by iron — kept its old Latin name (*aqua marina*, sea water). **Heliodor**, golden yellow, and **goshenite**, colourless, joined the list as colour-distinct varieties of the same species. **Red beryl**, the rarest of all, was first described in 1904 from Maynard's Claim in the Thomas Range of Juab County, Utah[1]. The pink variety was named six years later, and named precisely. On 5 December 1910 the American gemmologist George F. Kunz proposed the name **morganite** at a meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences[4]. The choice honoured the financier J. Pierpont Morgan for his support of the arts and sciences[4]. Morgan had given important gem collections to the American Museum of Natural History in New York and to the Museum of Natural History in Paris; the pink colour itself comes from manganese[4].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":1199,"model_version":1196,"prompt_version":1197,"reviewed_at":11},"Beryl is the world's principal ore of **beryllium** — a light, stiff, structural metal whose properties are so unusual that the small global supply finds its way into satellites, particle detectors, and the springs inside connector pins[1]. Industrial use of beryl divides cleanly along that line: the mineral is mined either as a gemstone, where it stays beryl, or as feed for the beryllium industry, where it is broken down into the element and its compounds.\n\n### As an ore of beryllium\n\nThe most common alloy is **beryllium copper**, made by mixing about 2% beryllium into copper. The result is around six times stronger than copper alone, and — because it does not produce sparks when struck — it is shaped into hand tools used near flammable gases in refineries and on offshore rigs[1]. The same alloy makes precision springs in electrical connectors and the strike-plates of percussion instruments.\n\nPure beryllium metal is far more specialised. Its low atomic number makes it almost transparent to X-rays. That property has driven the oldest and still one of the largest uses of the metal: the thin windows of X-ray tubes are routinely made of beryllium[1]. In nuclear reactors the same element serves as a neutron reflector and neutron moderator — a material that bounces and slows neutrons so the chain reaction stays going[1].\n\nBeryllium is also a structural material for precision optics. Its high elastic stiffness means a mirror or gyroscope made of beryllium flexes less under load than one made of any common alternative. The metal is now standard in inertial guidance systems and in the support mechanisms for optical instruments[1]. The eighteen hexagonal mirror segments of the James Webb Space Telescope are machined from beryllium and plated with a thin layer of gold[1]. Beryllium was chosen because it contracts and deforms less than glass at the telescope's 33 K operating temperature[1]. The United States is one of only three countries that process beryllium ores and concentrates into beryllium products, and it supplies most of the rest of the world[2].\n\nThe use comes with a hazard. Beryllium-containing dust, inhaled, can cause **berylliosis** — a chronic, sometimes fatal allergic lung disease. The lung tissue scars with granulomas; in severe cases the disease leads to right-sided heart failure[1]. Commercial production therefore runs under tight dust-control and industrial-hygiene regulation at every step from ore to finished part.\n\n### As a gemstone\n\nBeryl's other industry is gem cutting. The species is the host of several of the most valuable coloured stones on Earth: emerald, green from traces of chromium and vanadium; aquamarine, blue-green from iron; morganite, pink from manganese; heliodor, golden yellow; and goshenite, colourless. Each is mined, cut and traded as its own gem variety rather than as \"beryl\", but the underlying crystal is the same beryllium-aluminium ring silicate in every case."]