[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:680":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":23,"key_elements":11,"impurities":24,"cim":25,"ima_status":26,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":29,"discovery_year":30,"strunz10ed1":31,"strunz10ed2":32,"strunz10ed3":33,"strunz10ed4":34,"dana8ed1":35,"dana8ed2":36,"dana8ed3":37,"dana8ed4":38,"csystem":39,"cclass":40,"spacegroup":41,"spacegroupset":42,"a":43,"b":44,"c":45,"alpha":46,"beta":47,"gamma":46,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":48,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":49,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":50,"tlform":51,"hmin":52,"hmax":52,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":46,"vhnmax":46,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":37,"dmeas2":37,"dcalc":53,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":54,"lustre":11,"lustretype":55,"commentluster":56,"diapheny":57,"streak":58,"colour":59,"commentcolor":11,"colors":60,"streak_colors":63,"luminescence":11,"uv":64,"cleavage":65,"cleavagetype":11,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":66,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":67,"opticalsign":68,"opticalalpha":46,"opticalalpha2":46,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":46,"opticalbeta2":46,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":46,"opticalgamma2":46,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":69,"opticalomega2":46,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":70,"opticalepsilon2":46,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":46,"opticaln2":46,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":46,"optical2vcalc2":46,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":46,"optical2vmeasured2":46,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":71,"rimax":72,"opticaldispersion":73,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":74,"opticalcomments":75,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":76,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":77,"otheroccurrence":78,"type_specimen_store":79,"description_short":80,"aboutname":81,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":82,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":83,"group_members":84,"associates":104,"confused_with":113,"type_localities":116,"occurrence_total":123,"citations":124,"images":279,"structures":389,"synonyms":417,"language_names":422,"wikidata_qid":479,"texts":480},680,"1:1:680:6","a748d30f-abce-4e6a-b5b3-8734d68f41ab","Birnessite","Bir",0,"mineral",null,35538,1088,false,"(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·1.5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca,K)\u003Csub>0.6\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 1.5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",[18,19,20,21,22],"Ca","Mn","Na","O","H",[19,20,21,22],"Cl,Co,Cu,Fe,K,Ni,Mg,S,Si","7.18.11",[27,28],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED",1956,"1956","4","F","L","45","7","5","3","1","Monoclinic",5,11,"C2\u002Fm ","5.175","2.850","7.337","0","103.18",1,"Z also given as 0.5","Rarely in platelets, to 50 µm; commonly extremely finely crystalline, spherulitic, cellular. Rarely as divergent sprays of acicular crystals.","Black coating or cement on pebbles.",1.5,"3.4","Usually earthy","Sub-Vitreous,Resinous,Waxy,Sub-Metallic,Dull,Earthy","Usually fine-grained massive","Opaque","Dark brown to brown","Black; dark brown in transmitted light",[61,62],"black","brown",[62],"Not fluorescent in UV","Structure suggests a cleavage might be observable on","brittle","Uniaxial","-","1.73","1.69",1.69,1.73,"weak to moderate","0.040","The mineral is pseudo-uniaxial (-); an identification by optical properties is impossible.","Parallel. Refractive indices not far from pyrochroite.","Concretion in an unconsolidated glacial sedimentary deposit.","A major manganese-bearing mineral of many soils; a common alteration product of manganese-rich mineral deposits; a component of bacterially-precipitated manganese oxides; an important constituent of \"desert varnish\" and marine manganese nodules.","No designated type material.","Generally massive, either earthy or as a resinous to dull fine-grained deposit. Sometime is a replacing material of manganese minerals, including silicates. Occurs in some manganese oxide dendrites. Rarely as dark brown needle crystals.\r\nSee also verna...","Named in 1956 by Lloyd Hugh Parker Jones and Angela Alice Milne for the type locality at Birness, Scotland, UK. Earlier called \"manganous manganite\" by McMurdie (1944).","2025-08-11 12:14:18",[],[85,95],{"id":86,"name":87,"entrytype":9,"csystem":88,"ima_formula":89,"mindat_formula":90,"hmin":91,"hmax":92,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":46,"primary_image_id":94},3360,"Ranciéite","Trigonal","(Ca,Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>0.2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 0.6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Ca,Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>0.2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·0.6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",2.5,3,"3.20",20550,{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":9,"csystem":98,"ima_formula":99,"mindat_formula":100,"hmin":40,"hmax":40,"dmeas":101,"dcalc":102,"primary_image_id":103},3871,"Takanelite","Hexagonal","(Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Ca)\u003Csub>2x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 0.7H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Mn,Ca)Mn\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3.41","3.98",23480,[105],{"id":106,"name":107,"entrytype":9,"csystem":39,"ima_formula":108,"mindat_formula":109,"hmin":52,"hmax":52,"dmeas":110,"dcalc":111,"primary_image_id":112},3988,"Todorokite","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn,Mg,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3-4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn,Mg,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>·3-4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3.67","3.65",24311,[114,115],{"id":86,"name":87,"entrytype":9,"csystem":88,"ima_formula":89,"mindat_formula":90,"hmin":91,"hmax":92,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":46,"primary_image_id":94},{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":9,"csystem":98,"ima_formula":99,"mindat_formula":100,"hmin":40,"hmax":40,"dmeas":101,"dcalc":102,"primary_image_id":103},[117],{"id":118,"txt":119,"latitude":120,"longitude":121,"country":122},2835,"Birness, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, UK",57.4032171,-1.9929065,"UK",195,[125,129,134,138,142,146,150,154,158,162,166,170,175,179,183,188,193,197,201,206,211,215,219,224,229,233,238,243,247,252,256,261,265,269,274],{"id":126,"year":127,"html":128,"doi":11},16103256,1944,"McMurdie, H.F. (1944) Microscopic and diffraction studies on dry cells and their raw materials. Transactions of the Electrochemical Society: 86: 313. [M.A. 9-227.]",{"id":130,"year":131,"html":132,"doi":133},3263724,1945,"Feitknecht, W., Marti, W. (1945) Über die Oxydation von Mangan(II)-hydroxyd mit molekularem Sauerstoff. \u003Ci>Helvetica Chimica Acta\u003C\u002Fi>, 28 (1). 129-148 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fhlca.19450280113'>doi:10.1002\u002Fhlca.19450280113\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fhlca.19450280113",{"id":135,"year":136,"html":137,"doi":11},16103257,1948,"McMurdie, H.F., Golovato, E. (1948) Study of the modifications of manganese dioxide. Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards: 41: 589-600.",{"id":139,"year":29,"html":140,"doi":141},3960,"Jones, L. H. P., Milne, Angela A. (1956) Birnessite, a new manganese oxide mineral from Aberdeenshire, Scotland. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (235) 283-288 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1956.031.235.01'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1956.031.235.01\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_31\u002F31-235-283.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1956.031.235.01",{"id":143,"year":144,"html":145,"doi":11},522934,1957,"Fleischer, M. (1957) New mineral names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  42 (5-6). 440-444 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM42\u002FAM42_440.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":147,"year":148,"html":149,"doi":11},523413,1960,"Frondel, C., Marvin, U. B., Ito, J. (1960) New data on birnessite and hollandite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  45 (7-8) 871-874 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM45\u002FAM45_871.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":151,"year":152,"html":153,"doi":11},525648,1971,"Brown, F. H., Pabst, A., Sawyer, and D. L. (1971) Birnessite on colemanite at Boron, California. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (5-6) 1057-1064 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM56\u002FAM56_1057.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":155,"year":156,"html":157,"doi":11},526822,1977,"Glover, E. D. (1977) Characterization of a marine birnessite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  62 (3-4) 278-285 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM62\u002FAM62_278.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":159,"year":160,"html":161,"doi":11},527338,1979,"Potter, Russell M., Rossman, George R (1979) The tetravalent manganese oxides: identification, hydration, and structural relationships by infrared spectroscopy. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (11-12) 1199-1218 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002FAmMin\u002FAM64\u002FAM64_1199\u002FAM79-117_wavenumbers.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":163,"year":164,"html":165,"doi":11},16103265,1980,"Kim, S.J. (1980) Birnessite and rancieite problem: their crystal chemistry and new classification. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea: 16: 105-113.",{"id":167,"year":164,"html":168,"doi":169},145710,"Chukhrov, F. V., Gorshkov, A. I., Rudnitskaya, E. S., Beresovskaya, V. V., Sivtsov, A. V. (1980) Manganese Minerals in Clays: A Review. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  28 (5). 346-354 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1980.0280504'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1980.0280504\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1980.0280504",{"id":171,"year":172,"html":173,"doi":174},8428957,1981,"Kim, S. J. (1981) Layer structure in poorly crystalline manganese hydroxides: birnessite and rancieite. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography\u003C\u002Fi>,  37 (a1). C186 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108767381093999'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108767381093999\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108767381093999",{"id":176,"year":177,"html":178,"doi":11},527819,1983,"Burns, Roger G., Burns, Virginia Mee, Stockman, Harlan W. (1983) A review of the todorokite-buserite problem: implications to the mineralogy of marine manganese nodules. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  68 (9-10) 972-980 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM68\u002FAM68_972.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":180,"year":181,"html":182,"doi":11},527973,1984,"Dunn, Pete J., Fleischer, Michael, Francis, Carl A., Langley, Richard H., Kissin, Stephen A., Shigley, Hames E., Vanko, David A., Zilczer, Janet A. (1984) New mineral names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  69 (7-8) 810-815 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM69\u002FAM69_810.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":184,"year":185,"html":186,"doi":187},146237,1986,"Golden, D. C. (1986) Ion Exchange, Thermal Transformations, and Oxidizing Properties of Birnessite. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (5) 511-520 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1986.0340503'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1986.0340503\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1986.0340503",{"id":189,"year":190,"html":191,"doi":192},146310,1987,"Golden, D. C. (1987) Transformation of Birnessite to Buserite, Todorokite, and Manganite under Mild Hydrothermal Treatment. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (4) 271-280 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404",{"id":194,"year":195,"html":196,"doi":11},528867,1990,"Post, Jeffrey E., Veblen, David R. (1990) Crystal-structure determinations of synthetic sodium, magnesium, and potassium birnessite using TEM and the Rietveld method. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  75 (5-6) 477-489 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM75\u002FAM75_477.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":198,"year":199,"html":200,"doi":11},529377,1992,"Manceau, Alain, Gorshkov, Anatolii I., Drits, Victor A. (1992) Structural chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in manganese hydrous oxides: Part II. Information from EXAFS spectroscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  77 (11-12) 1144-1157 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM77\u002FAM77_1144.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":202,"year":203,"html":204,"doi":205},394231,2000,"Lanson, Bruno, Drits, Victor A., Silvester, Ewen, Manceau, Alain (2000) Structure of H-exchanged hexagonal birnessite and its mechanism of formation from Na-rich monoclinic buserite at low pH. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  85 (5) 826-838 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2000-5-625'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2000-5-625\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2000-5-625",{"id":207,"year":208,"html":209,"doi":210},147687,2002,"Yang, Deng S., Wang, Ming K. (2002) Syntheses and Characterization of Birnessite by Oxidizing Pyrochroite in Alkaline Conditions. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (1) 63-69 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002F000986002761002685'>doi:10.1346\u002F000986002761002685\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002F000986002761002685",{"id":212,"year":208,"html":213,"doi":214},13254150,"Post, Jeffrey E., Heaney, Peter J., Hanson, Jonathan (2002) Rietveld refinement of a triclinic structure for synthetic Na-birnessite using synchrotron powder diffraction data. \u003Ci>Powder Diffraction\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (3). 218-221 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1154\u002F1.1498279'>doi:10.1154\u002F1.1498279\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1154\u002F1.1498279",{"id":216,"year":208,"html":217,"doi":218},394527,"Lanson, Bruno, Drits, Victor A., Gaillot, Anne-Claire, Silvester, Ewen, Plançon, Alain, Manceau, Alain (2002) Structure of heavy-metal sorbed birnessite: Part 1. Results from X-ray diffraction. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  87 (11) 1631-1645 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2002-11-1213'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2002-11-1213\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2002-11-1213",{"id":220,"year":221,"html":222,"doi":223},16109136,2003,"BURFORD, EUAN P., KIERANS, MARTIN, GADD, GEOFFREY M. (2003) Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata. \u003Ci>Mycologist\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (3). 98-107 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs0269915x03003112'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs0269915x03003112\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs0269915x03003112",{"id":225,"year":226,"html":227,"doi":228},395504,2006,"Villalobos, M., Lanson, B., Manceau, A., Toner, B., Sposito, G. (2006) Structural model for the biogenic Mn oxide produced by Pseudomonas putida. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  91 (4) 489-502 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1925'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1925\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol91\u002FAM91_489.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1925",{"id":230,"year":226,"html":231,"doi":232},395521,"Johnson, E. A., Post, J. E. (2006) Water in the interlayer region of birnessite: Importance in cation exchange and structural stability. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  91 (4) 609-618 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2090'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2090\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2090",{"id":234,"year":235,"html":236,"doi":237},395772,2007,"Drits, V. A., Lanson, B., Gaillot, A.-C. (2007) Birnessite polytype systematics and identification by powder X-ray diffraction. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  92 (5) 771-788 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2007.2207'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2007.2207\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2007.2207",{"id":239,"year":240,"html":241,"doi":242},396983,2012,"Aldi, K. A., Cabana, J., Sideris, P. J., Grey, C. P. (2012) Investigation of cation ordering in triclinic sodium birnessite via 23Na MAS NMR spectroscopy. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  97 (5) 883-889 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3933'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3933\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3933",{"id":244,"year":240,"html":245,"doi":246},397039,"Cygan, R. T., Post, J. E., Heaney, P. J., Kubicki, J. D. (2012) Molecular models of birnessite and related hydrated layered minerals. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  97 (8) 1505-1514 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3957'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3957\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3957",{"id":248,"year":249,"html":250,"doi":251},4564514,2020,"Ling, Florence T., Post, Jeffrey E., Heaney, Peter J., Santelli, Cara M., Ilton, Eugene S., Burgos, William D., Rose, Arthur W. (2020) A multi-method characterization of natural terrestrial birnessites. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>, 105 (6). 833-847 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7303'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7303\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7303",{"id":253,"year":254,"html":255,"doi":11},16963254,2021,"(2021) Birnessite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002FBirnessite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":257,"year":258,"html":259,"doi":260},16631008,2023,"Allard, Bert, Sjöberg, Susanne, Sjöberg, Viktor, Skogby, Henrik, Karlsson, Stefan (2023) Metal Exchangeability in the REE-Enriched Biogenic Mn Oxide Birnessite from Ytterby, Sweden. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (8)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13081023'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13081023\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13081023",{"id":262,"year":258,"html":263,"doi":264},16884400,"Chubarov, Victor M. (2023) New Approach for Direct Determination of Manganese Valence State in Ferromanganese Nodules by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (10). 1329 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13101329'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13101329\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13101329",{"id":266,"year":258,"html":267,"doi":268},16949674,"Vermeersch, Eva, Košek, Filip, De Grave, Johan, Jehlička, Jan, Vandenabeele, Peter, Rousaki, Anastasia (2023) Identification of tunnel structures in manganese oxide minerals using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Journal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (11) 1201-1212 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536'>doi:10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536",{"id":270,"year":271,"html":272,"doi":273},17234885,2024,"Tani, Yukinori, Kumagai, Hanako, Tamari, Mako, Umezawa, Kazuhiro, Gotore, Obey, Miyata, Naoyuki (2024) Mineralization of Ni2+-Bearing Mn Oxide through Simultaneous Sequestration of Ni2+ and Mn2+ by Enzymatically Active Fungal Mn Oxides. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (4) 330 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin14040330'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin14040330\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin14040330",{"id":275,"year":276,"html":277,"doi":278},18508809,2025,"Feng, Yuzhou; Chen, Huayong; Pan, Yuanming; Deevsalar, Reza; Cheung, Leo Ka Long; Tunc, Ayetullah; Cao, Kenan; Zhu, Yuxiang; Feng, Renfei; Shakouri, Mohsen; et al. (2025) Binding mechanisms of Y and HREE sorption on birnessite: New insights into the formation and sustainable development of regolith-hosted REE deposits. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  110 (6).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2024-9451'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2024-9451\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2024-9451",[280,290,300,306,310,317,324,333,342,350,358,366,375,382],{"id":281,"source_url":282,"license_code":283,"credit_html":284,"title":285,"description":286,"author":287,"original_width":288,"original_height":289},2153,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157233655","CC BY-SA 4.0","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157233655\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite 1.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBirnessite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Birnessite\">Birnessite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAsbolane\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Asbolane\">Asbolane\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVernadite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Vernadite\">Vernadite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Clarion-Clipperton zone, Pacific Ocean\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","J. Patrick Fischer",1455,862,{"id":291,"source_url":292,"license_code":293,"credit_html":294,"title":295,"description":296,"author":297,"original_width":298,"original_height":299},3314,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8913637","Public domain","Strickja, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8913637\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite 01.jpg","Birnessite (black) or aragonite (white) from the 300' Level, Gold Hill Mine, Clifton District, Tooele County, Utah, USA.  Specimen size: 4 cm","Strickja",2240,1680,{"id":301,"source_url":302,"license_code":283,"credit_html":303,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":304,"original_height":305},29220,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F167282","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F167282\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,750,{"id":307,"source_url":308,"license_code":283,"credit_html":309,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":304,"original_height":305},29221,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F167353","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F167353\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":311,"source_url":312,"license_code":283,"credit_html":313,"title":314,"description":286,"author":287,"original_width":315,"original_height":316},2151,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157233652","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157233652\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite 3.jpg",1649,1147,{"id":318,"source_url":319,"license_code":283,"credit_html":320,"title":321,"description":286,"author":287,"original_width":322,"original_height":323},2152,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157233654","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157233654\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite 2.jpg",2370,1243,{"id":325,"source_url":326,"license_code":327,"credit_html":328,"title":329,"description":330,"author":331,"original_width":332,"original_height":332},3318,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181389347","CC BY 4.0","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181389347\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rhodonite with birnessite dendrites Caillois Donation MNHN.jpg","Rhodonite with birnessite dendrites, origin unknown (Russia or Madagascar). Exhibition “Stones and Reveries: The Poetry and Minerals of Roger Caillois“ at the School of Jewelry Arts in Paris (November 6th, 2025—29th, 2026). Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris.","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",4934,{"id":334,"source_url":335,"license_code":293,"credit_html":336,"title":337,"description":338,"author":339,"original_width":340,"original_height":341},3315,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12690750","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12690750\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite, Rancieite - Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Quebec, Canada.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cerite\">Cerite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa> (picture width: 1.3 x 1.6 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Varennes & St-Amable, Lajemmerais RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> This is a pseudomorph of birnessite and ranciéite after serandite. (Thanks to Lazslo Horvath for information regarding the ranciéite.)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Modris Baum",1014,1229,{"id":343,"source_url":344,"license_code":293,"credit_html":345,"title":346,"description":347,"author":339,"original_width":348,"original_height":349},3316,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12690803","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12690803\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite, Rancieite, Microcline, Aegirine - Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Quebec, Canada.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBirnessite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Birnessite\">Birnessite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRancieite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rancieite\">Rancieite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMicrocline\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Microcline\">Microcline\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAegirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aegirine\">Aegirine\u003C\u002Fa> (picture width: 2.6 x 2.8 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Varennes & St-Amable, Lajemmerais RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Pseudomorph of birnessite\u002Francieite after serandite. (Thanks to Laszlo Horvath for information regarding the rancieite.) Most such PS at STA are jet black. Perhaps this one has not yet altered completely. The microcline is white. Aegirine tufts are olive brown.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",471,519,{"id":351,"source_url":352,"license_code":293,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":355,"author":339,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},20549,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12690935","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12690935\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite, Rancieite, Aegirine, Opal, Microcline - Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Quebec, Canada.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBirnessite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Birnessite\">Birnessite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRancieite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rancieite\">Rancieite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAegirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aegirine\">Aegirine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMicrocline\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Microcline\">Microcline\u003C\u002Fa> (picture width: 4.7 x 6.8 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Varennes & St-Amable, Lajemmerais RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Pseudomorph of birnessite\u002Franciéite probably after serandite. (Thanks to Laszlo Horvath for information regarding the ranciéite.) The microcline is white. The olive green \"urchins\" are aegirine - very typical for STA. There are a few small colorless droplets of bright green fluorescent opal on the microcline.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",711,1024,{"id":359,"source_url":360,"license_code":327,"credit_html":361,"title":362,"description":363,"author":331,"original_width":364,"original_height":365},3317,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181223257","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181223257\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rock crystal with birnessite dendrites Caillois Donation MNHN.jpg","Rock crystal with birnessite dendrites, possibly from Sapucaia, Brazil. Exhibition “Stones and Reveries: The Poetry and Minerals of Roger Caillois“ at the School of Jewelry Arts in Paris (November 6th, 2025—29th, 2026). Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris.",4912,4915,{"id":367,"source_url":368,"license_code":283,"credit_html":369,"title":370,"description":371,"author":372,"original_width":373,"original_height":374},35914,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=185427553","Chatsam, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=185427553\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Reverie de pierre quartz cristal de roche a dendrites de birnessite 2.jpg","exposition Rêveries de pierres à l'école des arts joailliers de paris collection Roger Caillois","Chatsam",6000,4000,{"id":376,"source_url":377,"license_code":293,"credit_html":378,"title":379,"description":380,"author":339,"original_width":381,"original_height":357},20553,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=164118411","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=164118411\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite, Ranciéite-447759.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBirnessite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Birnessite\">Birnessite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRanci%C3%A9ite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ranciéite\">Ranciéite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Varennes & St-Amable, Lajemmerais RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> The “sticking up part” of the black pseudomorph is ~ 2 mm tall. Found April 1998. MOB coll. Pseudomorph of birnessite\u002Franciéite perfectly preserving every nook and cranny of the precursor sérandite. (Thanks to László Horváth for information regarding the ranciéite.) Associated with “bleached” orange eudialyte in an extremely weathered and “grungy” miarolitic cavity.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",900,{"id":383,"source_url":384,"license_code":293,"credit_html":385,"title":386,"description":387,"author":339,"original_width":388,"original_height":357},20554,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=164118506","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=164118506\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Birnessite, Ranciéite-447758.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBirnessite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Birnessite\">Birnessite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRanci%C3%A9ite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ranciéite\">Ranciéite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Varennes & St-Amable, Lajemmerais RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> The black pseudomorphs are ~ 4¼ mm tall. Found April 1998. MOB coll. Pseudomorphs of birnessite\u002Franciéite perfectly preserving the shape of precursor sérandite. (Thanks to László Horváth for information regarding the ranciéite.) Associated with “bleached” orange eudialyte in an extremely weathered and “grungy” miarolitic cavity.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",625,[390,397,402,407,412],{"id":391,"url":392,"label":393,"formula":394,"spacegroup":395,"year":396},1572,"\u002Fcif\u002F1572.cif","Lopano 2009 · Mn O4.054","Mn O4.054","C -1",2009,{"id":398,"url":399,"label":400,"formula":401,"spacegroup":395,"year":396},1573,"\u002Fcif\u002F1573.cif","Lopano 2009 · Mn O4.172","Mn O4.172",{"id":403,"url":404,"label":405,"formula":406,"spacegroup":395,"year":396},1574,"\u002Fcif\u002F1574.cif","Lopano 2009 · Mn O4.212","Mn O4.212",{"id":408,"url":409,"label":410,"formula":411,"spacegroup":395,"year":235},1575,"\u002Fcif\u002F1575.cif","Lopano 2007 · Na.29 Mn O2.691 H1.381","Na.29 Mn O2.691 H1.381",{"id":413,"url":414,"label":415,"formula":416,"spacegroup":395,"year":235},1576,"\u002Fcif\u002F1576.cif","Lopano 2007 · K.23 Mn O2.776 H1.552","K.23 Mn O2.776 H1.552",[418,419,420,421],"Birnessiet","Delta-MnO2","Manganous Manganite","δ-MnO2",[423,427,431,435,439,442,445,449,453,457,461,465,468,472,476],{"lang":424,"names":425},"ca",[426],"birnessita",{"lang":428,"names":429},"de",[430],"Birnessit",{"lang":432,"names":433},"es",[434],"Birnessita",{"lang":436,"names":437},"et",[438],"birnessiit",{"lang":440,"names":441},"eu",[434],{"lang":443,"names":444},"fr",[7],{"lang":446,"names":447},"it",[448],"birnessite",{"lang":450,"names":451},"ja",[452],"バーネス鉱",{"lang":454,"names":455},"mk",[456],"Бирнесит",{"lang":458,"names":459},"mn",[460],"Бирнессит",{"lang":462,"names":463},"nb",[464],"birnessitt",{"lang":466,"names":467},"nn",[464],{"lang":469,"names":470},"ru",[471],"Бернессит",{"lang":473,"names":474},"zh",[475],"水钠锰矿",{"lang":477,"names":478},"zh-cn",[475],"Q3640357",{"history":11,"applications":11}]