[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:727":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":19,"key_elements":20,"impurities":21,"cim":22,"ima_status":23,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":26,"strunz10ed1":27,"strunz10ed2":28,"strunz10ed3":29,"strunz10ed4":30,"dana8ed1":27,"dana8ed2":31,"dana8ed3":27,"dana8ed4":32,"csystem":33,"cclass":34,"spacegroup":35,"spacegroupset":36,"a":37,"b":38,"c":39,"alpha":36,"beta":36,"gamma":36,"aerror":40,"berror":41,"cerror":42,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":43,"z":44,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":45,"twinning":46,"tranglide":11,"parting":47,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":48,"tlform":11,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"hardtype":49,"vhnmin":50,"vhnmax":36,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":51,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":52,"dmeas2":53,"dcalc":53,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":54,"lustretype":54,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":55,"streak":56,"colour":57,"commentcolor":11,"colors":58,"streak_colors":64,"luminescence":65,"uv":11,"cleavage":66,"cleavagetype":67,"fracturetype":68,"tenacity":69,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":36,"opticalalpha2":36,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":36,"opticalbeta2":36,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":36,"opticalgamma2":36,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":36,"opticalomega2":36,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":36,"opticalepsilon2":36,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":36,"opticaln2":36,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":36,"optical2vcalc2":36,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":36,"optical2vmeasured2":36,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":70,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":71,"opticalinternal":72,"opticaltropic":73,"opticalanisotropism":70,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":74,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":75,"industrial":76,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":77,"type_specimen_store":78,"description_short":79,"aboutname":80,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":81,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":82,"group_members":83,"associates":84,"confused_with":184,"type_localities":185,"occurrence_total":192,"citations":193,"images":443,"structures":821,"synonyms":851,"language_names":881,"wikidata_qid":1113,"texts":1114},727,"1:1:727:6","8f02f7e9-d7be-476c-84e5-77ec642cb052","Bornite","Bn",0,"mineral",null,20820,false,"Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>FeS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",[16,17,18],"Cu","Fe","S",[16,17,18],[16],",Ag,Ge,Bi,In,Pb,","3.1.23",[24,25],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1725","2","B","A","15","5","1","Orthorhombic",8,61,"0","10.97016","21.8803","10.9637",18,4,2,2631.61,16,"Various, mostly temperature-dependent supercells are known. Cell parameters are from Shu et al. (2021). Koto & Morimoto (1975) give Pbca, and a = 10.950, b = 21.862, c = 10.950 Å. High-temperature forms are cubic.","On {111}, often as penetration twins.","None.","Crystals rare, usually blocky with rough curved faces, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-dodecohedral and rarely pseudo-octahedral.  Forms noted: {001}, {011}, {111}, {112}, {223} and {335}.\r\n\r\nBornite is orthorhombic at 10 degrees K up to 275 degrees K (~ 2 degrees Celsius).",3,"92",100,"5.06","5.09","Metallic","Opaque","Grey-Black","Copper-red to pinchbeck-brown, quickly tarnishing to an iridescent purplish surface.",[59,60,61,62,63],"red","brown","purple","gray","black",[62,63],"None","In traces on {111}.","Poor\u002FIndistinct","Irregular\u002FUneven","brittle","Weak","Copper-red.","Purplish iridescence.","Anisotropic","(19.9) 400,\r\n(18.8) 420,\r\n(17.9) 440,\r\n(17.6) 460,\r\n(18.0) 480,\r\n(18.8) 500,\r\n(20.0) 520,\r\n(21.3) 540,\r\n(22.9) 560,\r\n(24.4) 580,\r\n(26.0) 600,\r\n(27.5) 620,\r\n(28.8) 640,\r\n(30.2) 660,\r\n(31.6) 680,\r\n(32.7) 700","Soluble in nitric acid with separation of sulfur.\r\n\r\nIn the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of sulfur.  In the open tube, yields sulphuric acid, but gives no sublimate.\r\n\r\nBorax bead on charcoal fuses in reducing flame to a brittle magnetic globule.  The roasted mineral gives, with fluxes, the reactions of iron and copper, and with soda, a metallic globule.","A major ore of copper.","Common and widespread in copper ore deposits.  It also occurs in basic intrusives, in dikes, in contact metamorphic deposits, in quartz veins, and in pegmatites.","No designated type material.","An important copper ore, typically found as massive or disseminated metallic grains and patches in sulphide ore deposits; relatively rare as good euhedral crystals.\r\n\r\nIt has a copper-reddish colour on fresh exposures which quickly tarnishes to a pinki...","Originally included with kupferkies in 1725 by Johann Friedrich Henckel. Later assigned various multi-word Latin names by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747 and variously further translated including \"purple copper ore\" and \"variegated copper ore\" in 1802 by Rene Just Haüy. Also called as buntkupfererz by Abraham Gottlieb Werner in 1791. Named \"phillipsite\" in 1832 by Wilhelm Sulpice Beudant. Renamed as bornite in 1845 by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in honor of Ignaz von Born (1742-1791), Austrian mineralogist and invertebrate zoologist.","2025-11-21 18:35:16",[],[],[85,91,101,110,120,126,133,142,150,157,165,170,178],{"id":86,"name":87,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":88,"mindat_formula":88,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":89,"primary_image_id":90},236,"Anilite","Cu\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.68",1446,{"id":92,"name":93,"entrytype":9,"csystem":94,"ima_formula":95,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":97,"hmax":97,"dmeas":98,"dcalc":99,"primary_image_id":100},496,"Balkanite","Monoclinic","Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>HgS\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>HgS\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"6.318","6.421",2552,{"id":102,"name":103,"entrytype":9,"csystem":104,"ima_formula":105,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":107,"hmax":107,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":108,"primary_image_id":109},1186,"Cuproiridsite","Isometric","Cu(Ir\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ir\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>)S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Cu,Fe)Ir\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,"7.24",6647,{"id":111,"name":112,"entrytype":9,"csystem":113,"ima_formula":114,"mindat_formula":115,"hmin":116,"hmax":49,"dmeas":117,"dcalc":118,"primary_image_id":119},1291,"Digenite","Trigonal","Cu\u003Csub>1.8\u003C\u002Fsub>S","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"5.546","5.706",7221,{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":94,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":116,"hmax":49,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":124,"primary_image_id":125},1300,"Djurleite","Cu\u003Csub>31\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.749",7291,{"id":127,"name":128,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":129,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"dmeas":130,"dcalc":131,"primary_image_id":132},1380,"Enargite","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>AsS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.4","4.40",7833,{"id":134,"name":135,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":136,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":137,"hmax":138,"dmeas":139,"dcalc":140,"primary_image_id":141},1527,"Ferroselite","FeSe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,6.5,"7.20","7.139",7558,{"id":143,"name":144,"entrytype":9,"csystem":145,"ima_formula":146,"mindat_formula":146,"hmin":49,"hmax":97,"dmeas":147,"dcalc":148,"primary_image_id":149},1644,"Gallite","Tetragonal","CuGaS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.2","4.35",9613,{"id":151,"name":152,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":153,"mindat_formula":153,"hmin":41,"hmax":154,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":155,"primary_image_id":156},1716,"Godlevskite","(Ni,Fe)\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",5,"5.273",10110,{"id":158,"name":159,"entrytype":9,"csystem":160,"ima_formula":161,"mindat_formula":161,"hmin":41,"hmax":162,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":163,"primary_image_id":164},2264,"Kotulskite","Hexagonal","Pd(Te,Bi)\u003Csub>2-x\u003C\u002Fsub> (x ≈ 0.4)",4.5,"9.18",13606,{"id":166,"name":167,"entrytype":9,"csystem":94,"ima_formula":168,"mindat_formula":168,"hmin":97,"hmax":97,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":169,"primary_image_id":11},10743,"Laflammeite","Pd\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Pb\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","9.41",{"id":171,"name":172,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":173,"mindat_formula":174,"hmin":116,"hmax":49,"dmeas":175,"dcalc":176,"primary_image_id":177},3803,"Stromeyerite","CuAgS","AgCuS","6.2","6.33",23038,{"id":179,"name":180,"entrytype":9,"csystem":113,"ima_formula":181,"mindat_formula":181,"hmin":116,"hmax":116,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":182,"primary_image_id":183},4354,"Yarrowite","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.89",28479,[],[186],{"id":187,"txt":188,"latitude":189,"longitude":190,"country":191},777,"Jáchymov, Karlovy Vary District, Karlovy Vary Region, Czech Republic",50.3661111,12.9233333,"Czech Republic",5808,[194,198,202,206,210,214,218,223,227,231,235,240,245,249,253,257,262,266,269,273,278,282,287,291,296,301,306,311,315,319,322,327,332,336,341,346,351,355,359,363,367,371,376,380,384,388,392,396,401,406,410,415,420,424,429,433,438],{"id":195,"year":196,"html":197,"doi":11},16103660,1845,"Haidinger, W. (1845) Zweite Klasse: Geogenide. XIII. Ordnung. Kiese. V. Kupperkies. Bornit.. in Handbuch der Bestimmenden Mineralogie, Bei Braumüller and Seidel (Wien): 559-562.",{"id":199,"year":200,"html":201,"doi":11},16103661,1859,"Jackson, C. (1859) On Bornite from Dahlonega, Georgia. American Journal of Science and Arts: 27(81): 366.",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":11},16103662,1903,"Harrington, B.J. (1903) On the Formula of Bornite. American Journal of Science: 16(92): 151.",{"id":207,"year":208,"html":209,"doi":11},16103663,1911,"Laney, F.B. (1911) The relation of bornite and chalcocite in the copper ores of the Virgilina district of North Carolina and Virginia. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 40: 513-524.",{"id":211,"year":212,"html":213,"doi":11},16103665,1914,"Kraus, E.H., Goldsberry, J.P. (1914) The chemical composition of bornite and its relation to other sulpho-minerals. American Journal of Science: 4(222): 539-553.",{"id":215,"year":212,"html":216,"doi":217},4911,"Mennell, F.P. (1914) On the occurrence of Bornite nodules in shale from Mashonaland. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (79) 111-113 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1914.017.79.06'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1914.017.79.06\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_17\u002F17-79-111.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1914.017.79.06",{"id":219,"year":220,"html":221,"doi":222},2049869,1915,"Rogers, A. F. (1915) The Chemical Composition of Bornite. \u003Ci>Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  42 (1081) 386-388 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.42.1081.386'>doi:10.1126\u002Fscience.42.1081.386\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1126\u002Fscience.42.1081.386",{"id":224,"year":220,"html":225,"doi":226},2050110,"Wherry, E. T. (1915) The Chemical Composition of Bornite. \u003Ci>Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  42 (1086) 570-571 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.42.1086.570-a'>doi:10.1126\u002Fscience.42.1086.570-a\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1126\u002Fscience.42.1086.570-a",{"id":228,"year":229,"html":230,"doi":11},16103668,1916,"Allen, E.T. (1916) The composition of natural bornite. American Journal of Science: 4(245): 409-413.",{"id":232,"year":233,"html":234,"doi":11},518933,1921,"Walker, T. L. (1921) Cleavable bornite from Usk, B. C. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  6 (1) 3 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM6\u002FAM6_3.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":236,"year":237,"html":238,"doi":239},234509,1928,"Schwartz, George Melvin (1928) Experiments bearing on bornite-chalcocite intergrowths. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (4) 381-397 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.23.4.381'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.23.4.381\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.23.4.381",{"id":241,"year":242,"html":243,"doi":244},233778,1939,"Schwartz, George Melvin (1939) Significance of bornite-chalcocite microtextures. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (4) 399-418 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.4.399'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.4.399\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.4.399",{"id":246,"year":247,"html":248,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":11},16103671,1949,"Adams, C.E. (1949) An Investigation of the X-ray Crystallography of Bornite (Cu5FeS4). Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Geology.",{"id":254,"year":255,"html":256,"doi":11},521973,1950,"Frueh, Alfred J. (1950) Disorder in the mineral bornite, Cu5FeS4. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (3-4) 185-192 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM35\u002FAM35_185.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":258,"year":259,"html":260,"doi":261},87306,1952,"Takeuchi, Tsunehiko, Nambu, Matsuo (1952) Thermal study of bornite. \u003Ci>The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (2) 33-42 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2465\u002Fganko1941.36.33'>doi:10.2465\u002Fganko1941.36.33\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp\u002Farticle\u002Fganko1941\u002F36\u002F2\u002F36_2_33\u002F_pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2465\u002Fganko1941.36.33",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":11},523436,1960,"Kullerud, G., Donnay, G., Donnay, J. D. H. (1960) A second find of euhedral bornite crystals on barite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  45 (9-10) 1062-1068 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM45\u002FAM45_1062.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":267,"year":264,"html":268,"doi":11},16103676,"Morimoto, N., Greig, J.W., Tunnel, J. (1960) Re-Examination of a Bornite from the Carn Brea Mine, Cornwall. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearbook: 59: 122-126.",{"id":270,"year":271,"html":272,"doi":11},523619,1961,"Morimoto, N., Kullerud, G. (1961) Polymorphism in bornite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  46 (11-12) 1270-1282 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM46\u002FAM46_1270.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":274,"year":275,"html":276,"doi":277},232173,1962,"Cuthbert, Margaret E. (1962) Formation of bornite at atmospheric temperature and pressure. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (1) 38-41 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.57.1.38'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.57.1.38\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.57.1.38",{"id":279,"year":275,"html":280,"doi":281},5696,"(1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (258) 260-263 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1962.033.258.09'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1962.033.258.09\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_33\u002F33-258-260.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1962.033.258.09",{"id":283,"year":284,"html":285,"doi":286},619018,1964,"Morimoto, N. (1964) Structure of two polymorphic forms of Cu5FeS4. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (4) 351-360 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0365110x64000846'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0365110x64000846\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0365110x64000846",{"id":288,"year":289,"html":290,"doi":11},16103679,1967,"Manning, P. G. (1967) A study of the bonding properties of sulphur in bornite. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  9 (1) 85-94 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fuploads\u002FCM9_85.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":292,"year":293,"html":294,"doi":295},16596174,1969,"Ramdohr, Paul (1969) \u003Ci>The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths\u003C\u002Fi>. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x'>doi:10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x",{"id":297,"year":298,"html":299,"doi":300},210655,1975,"Koto, K., Morimoto, N. (1975) Superstructure investigation of bornite, Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>FeS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>, by the modified partial Patterson function. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (9) 2268-2273 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0567740875007376'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0567740875007376\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0567740875007376",{"id":302,"year":303,"html":304,"doi":305},74336,1976,"Putnis, A., Grace, John (1976) The transformation behaviour of bornite. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (3) 311-315 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00371341'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00371341\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00371341",{"id":307,"year":308,"html":309,"doi":310},5815744,1977,"Townsend, M.G., Gosselin, J.R., Tremblay, R.J., Ripley, L.G., Carson, D.W., Muir, W.B. (1977) A magnetic and Mössbauer study of magnetic ordering and vacancy clustering in Cu5FeS4. \u003Ci>Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids\u003C\u002Fi>, 38. 1153-1159 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-3697(77)90043-9'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-3697(77)90043-9\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-3697(77)90043-9",{"id":312,"year":313,"html":314,"doi":11},526974,1978,"Pierce, Larry, Buseck, Peter R. (1978) Superstructuring in the bornite-digenite series: a high-resolution electron microscopy study. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (1-2) 1-16 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM63\u002FAM63_1.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":316,"year":313,"html":317,"doi":318},16792323,"Nakai, I., Sugitani, Y., Nagashima, K., Niwa, Y. (1978) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of copper minerals. \u003Ci>Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  40 (5) 789-791 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-1902(78)80152-3'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-1902(78)80152-3\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-1902(78)80152-3",{"id":320,"year":313,"html":321,"doi":11},17111061,"Kanazawa, Y., Koto, K., Morimoto, N. (1978) Bornite (Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>FeS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>): stability and crystal structure of the intermediate form. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  16 (3) 397-404 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Frruff_1.0\u002Fuploads\u002FCM16_397.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":323,"year":324,"html":325,"doi":326},3198,1980,"(1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (332) 1053-1055 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1980.043.332.17'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1980.043.332.17\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_43\u002F43-332-1053.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1980.043.332.17",{"id":328,"year":329,"html":330,"doi":331},14081947,1981,"Jagadeesh, M. S., Nagarathna, H. M., Montano, P. A., Seehra, M. S. (1981) Magnetic and Mössbauer studies of phase transitions and mixed valences in bornite (Cu4.5Fe1.2S4.7) \u003Ci>Physical Review B\u003C\u002Fi>, 23 (5) 2350-2356 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.23.2350'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.23.2350\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.23.2350",{"id":333,"year":329,"html":334,"doi":335},5991016,"Collins, M. F., Longworth, G., Townsend, M. G. (1981) Magnetic structure of bornite, Cu5FeS4. \u003Ci>Canadian Journal of Physics\u003C\u002Fi>, 59. 535-539 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1139\u002Fp81-069'>doi:10.1139\u002Fp81-069\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1139\u002Fp81-069",{"id":337,"year":338,"html":339,"doi":340},8385677,1983,"Buckley, A. N., Woods, R. (1983) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of the tarnishing of bornite. \u003Ci>Australian Journal of Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (9) 1793 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1071\u002Fch9831793'>doi:10.1071\u002Fch9831793\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1071\u002Fch9831793",{"id":342,"year":343,"html":344,"doi":345},14275268,1985,"Robie, Richard A, Wiggins, Lovell B, Barton, Paul B, Hemingway, Bruce S (1985) Low-temperature heat capacity and entropy of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2): estimates of the standard molar enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation of chalcopyrite and bornite (Cu5FeS4) \u003Ci>The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics\u003C\u002Fi>, 17 (5) 481-488 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0021-9614(85)90147-8'>doi:10.1016\u002F0021-9614(85)90147-8\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0021-9614(85)90147-8",{"id":347,"year":348,"html":349,"doi":350},1382,1987,"Vaughan, David J., Tossell, John A., Stanley, Chris. J. (1987) The surface properties of bornite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  51 (360) 285-293 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1987.051.360.11'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1987.051.360.11\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_51\u002F51-360-285.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1987.051.360.11",{"id":352,"year":353,"html":354,"doi":11},16103688,1989,"Kratz, T., Fuess, H. (1989) Simultane Strukturbestimmung von Kupferkies und Bornit an einem Kristall. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 186: 167-169.",{"id":356,"year":357,"html":358,"doi":11},16064101,1996,"Piestrzyński, A. (Main Ed.), Zaleska-Kuczmierczyk, M., Jasiński, A.W., Kotarski, J., Maślanka, W., Siewierski, S., Speczik, S., Śmieszek, Z. (1996): Monografia KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. Lubin., 1204 pp.",{"id":360,"year":361,"html":362,"doi":11},1118654,1997,"Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine W.; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian; Rosenzweig, Abraham; King, Vandall T. (1997) \u003Ci>Dana's New Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. 1872 pp.",{"id":364,"year":365,"html":366,"doi":11},16103691,1998,"Grguric, B.A., Putnis, A. (1998) Compositional controls on phase-transition temperatures in bornite: a differential scanning calorimetry study. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36: 215-227.",{"id":368,"year":365,"html":369,"doi":370},393705,"Grguric, Benjamin A., Putnis, Andrew, Harrison, Richard J. (1998) An investigation of the phase transitions in bornite (Cu5FeS4) using neutron diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  83 (11) 1231-1239 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-1998-11-1211'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-1998-11-1211\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol83\u002FAM83_1231.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-1998-11-1211",{"id":372,"year":373,"html":374,"doi":375},243163,2000,"Grguric, B. A., Harrison, R. J., Putnis, A. (2000) A revised phase diagram for the bornite-digenite join from \u003Ci>in situ\u003C\u002Fi> neutron diffraction and DSC experiments. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (2) 213-231 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002F002646100549319'>doi:10.1180\u002F002646100549319\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002F002646100549319",{"id":377,"year":378,"html":379,"doi":11},16963314,2005,"(2005) Bornite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbornite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":381,"year":378,"html":382,"doi":383},395338,"Ding, Y. (2005) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study of the 4a and 6a superstructure of bornite Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>FeS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  90 (8) 1256-1264 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1517'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1517\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol90\u002FAM90_1256.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1517",{"id":385,"year":378,"html":386,"doi":387},395339,"Ding, Y. (2005) Possible Fe\u002FCu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>FeS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  90 (8) 1265-1269 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1518'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1518\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol90\u002FAM90_1265.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1518",{"id":389,"year":378,"html":390,"doi":391},64196,"Harmer, S. L., Pratt, A. R., Nesbitt, H. W., Fleet, M. E. (2005) Reconstruction of fracture surfaces on bornite. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (5) 1619-1630 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.43.5.1619'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.43.5.1619\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol43\u002FCM43_1619.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.43.5.1619",{"id":393,"year":378,"html":394,"doi":395},16692,"Borgheresi, M., Bernardini, G. P., Cipriani, C., Di Benedetto, F., Romanelli, M. (2005) Electron paramagnetic resonance and electron spin echo spectroscopy study of natural bornite. \u003Ci>Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  85 (1) 3-18 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00710-005-0097-1'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00710-005-0097-1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00710-005-0097-1",{"id":397,"year":398,"html":399,"doi":400},352067,2006,"Goh, Siew Wei, Buckley, Alan N., Lamb, Robert N., Rosenberg, Richard A., Moran, Damian (2006) The oxidation states of copper and iron in mineral sulfides, and the oxides formed on initial exposure of chalcopyrite and bornite to air. \u003Ci>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\u003C\u002Fi>,  70 (9) 2210-2228 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.gca.2006.02.007'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.gca.2006.02.007\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.gca.2006.02.007",{"id":402,"year":403,"html":404,"doi":405},8444166,2007,"Borgheresi, M.; Di Benedetto, F.; Romanelli, M.; Bernardini, G. P.; Lottermoser, W.; Tippelt, G.; Amthauer, G. (2007) Crystal chemistry and magnetic properties of Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>FeS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> (bornite): a Mössbauer study. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (a1). s265 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108767307093981'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108767307093981\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108767307093981",{"id":407,"year":403,"html":408,"doi":409},153378,"Borgheresi, M., Di Benedetto, F., Caneschi, A., Pratesi, G., Romanelli, M., Sorace, L. (2007) An EPR and SQUID magnetometry study of bornite. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (9) 609-619 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-007-0175-5'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-007-0175-5\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-007-0175-5",{"id":411,"year":412,"html":413,"doi":414},354371,2011,"Cook, Nigel J., Ciobanu, Cristiana L., Danyushevsky, Leonid V., Gilbert, Sarah (2011) Minor and trace elements in bornite and associated Cu–(Fe)-sulfides: A LA-ICP-MS study. \u003Ci>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\u003C\u002Fi>,  75 (21) 6473-6496 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.gca.2011.08.021'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.gca.2011.08.021\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.gca.2011.08.021",{"id":416,"year":417,"html":418,"doi":419},237472,2017,"Ciobanu, Cristiana L.; Cook, Nigel J.; Ehrig, Kathy (2017) Ore minerals down to the nanoscale: Cu-(Fe)-sulphides from the iron oxide copper gold deposit at Olympic Dam, South Australia. \u003Ci>Ore Geology Reviews\u003C\u002Fi>,  81.  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2016.08.015'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2016.08.015\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2016.08.015",{"id":421,"year":417,"html":422,"doi":423},3047687,"Zhao, Jing, Brugger, Joël, Grguric, Benjamin A., Ngothai, Yung, Pring, Allan (2017) Fluid-Enhanced Coarsening of Mineral Microstructures in Hydrothermally Synthesized Bornite–Digenite Solid Solution. \u003Ci>ACS Earth and Space Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  1 (8) 465-474 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1021\u002Facsearthspacechem.7b00034'>doi:10.1021\u002Facsearthspacechem.7b00034\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1021\u002Facsearthspacechem.7b00034",{"id":425,"year":426,"html":427,"doi":428},154226,2018,"Borgheresi, M., Di Benedetto, F., Romanelli, M., Reissner, M., Lottermoser, W., Gainov, R. R., Khassanov, R. R., Tippelt, G., Giaccherini, A., Sorace, L., Montegrossi, G., Wagner, R., Amthauer, G. (2018) Mössbauer study of bornite and chemical bonding in Fe-bearing sulphides. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  45 (3) 227-235 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-017-0911-4'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-017-0911-4\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-017-0911-4",{"id":430,"year":426,"html":431,"doi":432},157692,"Li, Kan, Brugger, JoëL, Pring, Allan (2018) Exsolution of chalcopyrite from bornite-digenite solid solution: an example of a fluid-driven back-replacement reaction. \u003Ci>Mineralium Deposita\u003C\u002Fi>,  53 (7) 903-908 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00126-018-0820-6'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00126-018-0820-6\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00126-018-0820-6",{"id":434,"year":435,"html":436,"doi":437},13861645,2021,"Shu, Zhengxiang, Shen, Can, Lu, Anhuai, Gu, Xiangping, Liu, Zhongfa (2021) The Crystal Structure of Bornite Cu5FeS4: Ordered Fe and Split Cu. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>, 11 (12) 1495pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst11121495'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst11121495\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst11121495",{"id":439,"year":440,"html":441,"doi":442},15614911,2022,"Liu, Rui, Zuo, Lei, Zhang, Peng, Tao, Dongping, Shao, Huaizhi, Tao, Gang, Wang, Kun (2022) Spinodal Decomposition in Natural Bornite–Chalcopyrite Intergrowths: A Way of Cu-(Fe)-Sulfide Mineral Growth. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 12 (12) 1636 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin12121636'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin12121636\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F12\u002F12\u002F1636\u002Fpdf?version=1671455552' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin12121636",[444,454,461,466,476,481,490,495,504,509,518,523,532,537,541,550,558,566,575,584,593,599,607,615,622,631,641,648,656,665,673,682,692,701,710,717,724,732,740,748,755,762,768,775,783,790,799,805,814],{"id":445,"source_url":446,"license_code":447,"credit_html":448,"title":449,"description":450,"author":451,"original_width":452,"original_height":453},3648,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6019256","Public domain","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6019256\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite 1.jpg","bornite : Santa Eulalia District, Mun. de Aquiles Serdán, Chihuahua, Mexico","Géry PARENT",4288,2848,{"id":455,"source_url":456,"license_code":457,"credit_html":458,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":460},29266,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61865","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61865\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":462,"source_url":463,"license_code":464,"credit_html":465,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":460},29267,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119084","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119084\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":467,"source_url":468,"license_code":469,"credit_html":470,"title":471,"description":472,"author":473,"original_width":474,"original_height":475},3650,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866419","CC BY-SA 3.0","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866419\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite-105006.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dzhezkazgan Mine (Zhezkazgan Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJezkazgan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Jezkazgan\">Dzhezkazgan\u003C\u002Fa>, Zhezqazghan Oblysy (Dzezkazgan Oblast'; Dzhezkazgan Oblast'; Djezkazgan Oblast'; Jezkazgan Oblast'), Kazakhstan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2214.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Field of view 7 mm. Specimen and photo Leon Hupperichs.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Leon Hupperichs",758,561,{"id":477,"source_url":478,"license_code":457,"credit_html":479,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":480},29268,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198158","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198158\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",761,{"id":482,"source_url":483,"license_code":484,"credit_html":485,"title":486,"description":487,"author":488,"original_width":489,"original_height":187},36506,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4062528","CC BY 3.0","VikSl Exhibit from my own collection ( Viktor Slyotov ), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4062528\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite Kazachstan.jpg","Bornite, 7cm. skeletal cristal. Kazachstan, Dzeskazegan mine.","VikSl Exhibit from my own collection ( Viktor Slyotov )",676,{"id":491,"source_url":492,"license_code":457,"credit_html":493,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":494},29269,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F197474","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F197474\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",924,{"id":496,"source_url":497,"license_code":469,"credit_html":498,"title":499,"description":500,"author":501,"original_width":502,"original_height":503},36507,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7832872","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7832872\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornit - Tsumeb, Namibia.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa> - Locality: Tsumeb, Namibia","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2100,1600,{"id":505,"source_url":506,"license_code":457,"credit_html":507,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":508},29270,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198095","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198095\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",965,{"id":510,"source_url":511,"license_code":464,"credit_html":512,"title":513,"description":514,"author":515,"original_width":516,"original_height":517},3653,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84842425","Photo3.0 (Gianluca Nicoli), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84842425\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Microscopio 00007 Bornite Metodo Piramide (C).jpg","Bornite, Nikon D3000, polarized optical microscope, focus stacking image","Photo3.0 (Gianluca Nicoli)",2892,2060,{"id":519,"source_url":520,"license_code":457,"credit_html":521,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":522},29271,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198103","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198103\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",647,{"id":524,"source_url":525,"license_code":457,"credit_html":526,"title":527,"description":528,"author":529,"original_width":530,"original_height":531},3654,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=109021044","掬茶, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=109021044\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University.jpg","Bornite displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University","掬茶",2400,1800,{"id":533,"source_url":534,"license_code":457,"credit_html":535,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":536},29272,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198114","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F198114\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",769,{"id":538,"source_url":539,"license_code":464,"credit_html":540,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":459,"original_height":460},29273,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F113181","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F113181\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":542,"source_url":543,"license_code":469,"credit_html":544,"title":545,"description":546,"author":547,"original_width":548,"original_height":549},36510,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151906","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151906\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite-177850.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Carn Brea Mine (incl. Tregajorran Mine), Carn Brea and Tincroft United Mine, Carn Brea area, Camborne - Redruth - St Day District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCornwall\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cornwall\">Cornwall\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-971.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.5 x 4.5 x 2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This treelike cluster of 3-dimensional, thick bornites is exceptional for the aesthetics of the piece overall; and the exquisite accent of the complete and sharp bornites crowning the specimen mostly made up of unusual elongated bornite crystals that stand up and splay out like branches. Ex. Russell Jones Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",743,800,{"id":551,"source_url":552,"license_code":469,"credit_html":553,"title":554,"description":555,"author":547,"original_width":556,"original_height":557},36511,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167648","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167648\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite-251577.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dzhezkazgan Mine (Zhezkazgan Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJezkazgan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Jezkazgan\">Dzhezkazgan\u003C\u002Fa>, Zhezqazghan Oblysy (Dzezkazgan Oblast'; Dzhezkazgan Oblast'; Djezkazgan Oblast'; Jezkazgan Oblast'), Kazakhstan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2214.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.2 x 3.7 x 3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A large, quite fine Bornite from this famous locale. The large, complex crystal is 2.5 cm long, and both it and the smaller, more euhedral crystal have that copper-to-blue iridescence that you look for in a classic Bornite. A very good specimen by any standard, and with its isolation and iridescence I would say even a great specimen. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",458,500,{"id":559,"source_url":560,"license_code":469,"credit_html":561,"title":562,"description":563,"author":473,"original_width":564,"original_height":565},36512,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866417","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866417\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite-105005.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dzhezkazgan Mine (Zhezkazgan Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJezkazgan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Jezkazgan\">Dzhezkazgan\u003C\u002Fa>, Zhezqazghan Oblysy (Dzezkazgan Oblast'; Dzhezkazgan Oblast'; Djezkazgan Oblast'; Jezkazgan Oblast'), Kazakhstan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2214.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Field of view 9 mm. Specimen and photo Leon Hupperichs.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",734,513,{"id":567,"source_url":568,"license_code":457,"credit_html":569,"title":570,"description":571,"author":572,"original_width":573,"original_height":574},36514,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=59073214","AyselkaDjabrailova, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=59073214\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite1.jpg","Bornite, 60 mm, Misdag field, Ordubad region, Azerbaijan","AyselkaDjabrailova",953,1170,{"id":576,"source_url":577,"license_code":457,"credit_html":578,"title":579,"description":580,"author":581,"original_width":582,"original_height":583},36515,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=68099893","Leiem, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=68099893\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite from Chu County.jpg","​矿石，信息参见图中标签。","Leiem",2976,3968,{"id":585,"source_url":586,"license_code":457,"credit_html":587,"title":588,"description":589,"author":590,"original_width":591,"original_height":592},36518,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749611","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749611\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 521 - Bornite.jpg","Bornite, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",3360,2644,{"id":594,"source_url":595,"license_code":457,"credit_html":596,"title":597,"description":589,"author":590,"original_width":583,"original_height":598},36519,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749613","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749613\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 522 - Bornite.jpg",2624,{"id":600,"source_url":601,"license_code":447,"credit_html":602,"title":603,"description":604,"author":605,"original_width":606,"original_height":606},36504,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955996","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955996\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite w - chalcopyrite Copper iron sulfide Mount Con Mine Butte Silver Bow County Montana 2319.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",640,{"id":608,"source_url":609,"license_code":469,"credit_html":610,"title":611,"description":612,"author":547,"original_width":613,"original_height":614},3649,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10142134","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10142134\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite-Quartz-135210.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dzhezkazgan Mine (Zhezkazgan Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJezkazgan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Jezkazgan\">Dzhezkazgan\u003C\u002Fa>, Zhezqazghan Oblysy (Dzezkazgan Oblast'; Dzhezkazgan Oblast'; Djezkazgan Oblast'; Jezkazgan Oblast'), Kazakhstan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2214.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.6 x 2.2 x 1.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Lightly iridescent green bornite crystal aesthetically perched upright on a plate of quartz needles. Ex. George Elling Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",428,334,{"id":616,"source_url":617,"license_code":469,"credit_html":618,"title":619,"description":620,"author":621,"original_width":582,"original_height":373},36505,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3396212","“Jonathan Zander (Digon3)", via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3396212\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite Mineral Macro Digon3.jpg","A macro of a Bornite mineral sample, also known as Peacock Ore.","“Jonathan Zander (Digon3)\"",{"id":623,"source_url":624,"license_code":469,"credit_html":625,"title":626,"description":627,"author":628,"original_width":629,"original_height":630},3651,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20548614","Chris857, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20548614\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite with Chalcocite - Flambeau Mine, Ladysmith, Wisconsin.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa> with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fchalcocite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:chalcocite\">chalcocite\u003C\u002Fa> from the  Flambeau Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLadysmith,_Wisconsin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Ladysmith, Wisconsin\">Ladysmith, Wisconsin\u003C\u002Fa>. Held in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FA._E._Seaman_Mineral_Museum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum\">A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum\u003C\u002Fa>.","Chris857",2955,2662,{"id":632,"source_url":633,"license_code":634,"credit_html":635,"title":636,"description":637,"author":638,"original_width":639,"original_height":640},3652,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74845347","CC BY-SA 2.0","GorissM, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74845347\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite (Peacock Copper Ore) (6735665277).jpg","With thanks to 1artygal i was able to find out what this mineral is.","GorissM",3136,2352,{"id":642,"source_url":643,"license_code":469,"credit_html":644,"title":645,"description":646,"author":547,"original_width":557,"original_height":647},36508,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10140360","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10140360\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Siderite-Bornite-120987.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSiderite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Siderite\">Siderite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAggeneys\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aggeneys\">Aggeneys\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Cape\">Northern Cape Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-53702.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 16.5 x 10.2 x 4.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An amazing large specimen of beautiful Siderite blades and balls, associated with gorgeous tiny rosettes of Bornite and other sulfides. The Siderite has a rich brown color, and the blades reach about .8 cm, while the balls are on the order of millimeters. Good luster, too. On the other hand, the small radial crystals of the Bornite and sulfides reach perhaps .4 cm in size, but their luster and color is absolutely incredible.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",345,{"id":649,"source_url":650,"license_code":469,"credit_html":651,"title":652,"description":653,"author":547,"original_width":654,"original_height":655},36509,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149886","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149886\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Silver-Bornite-171549.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilver\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Silver\">Silver\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Noria Mine, San Pantaleón de la Noria (La Noria de San Pantaleón; Noria de la Pentalón), Municipio de Sombrerete, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZacatecas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zacatecas\">Zacatecas\u003C\u002Fa>, Mexico (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-17074.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.5 x 4.3 x 3.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Bornite is a copper iron sulfide, and at this rich mine in Zacatecas, it is an important ore that sometimes had thin fissures that were sometimes found with these veins or leafs of native silver filling them. Here, the silver leaf has been excavated so that it stands up dramatically off the iridescent bornite that served as host, creating quite a dazzling specimen of native silver, from a classic Mexican locality. The silver leaf here measures over 6 cm from end to end. Ex. Martin Zinn Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",424,600,{"id":657,"source_url":658,"license_code":457,"credit_html":659,"title":660,"description":661,"author":662,"original_width":663,"original_height":664},3655,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178807479","Adrian Tync, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178807479\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite & bornite from Lubin.jpg","chalcopyrite and bornite, origin: Lubin; a specimen exhibited in the room next to the Jaskinia Głęboka cave in Podlesice","Adrian Tync",1746,2619,{"id":666,"source_url":667,"license_code":469,"credit_html":668,"title":669,"description":670,"author":547,"original_width":671,"original_height":672},21873,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161572","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161572\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adamite-Schultenite-Bornite-216060.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdamite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adamite\">Adamite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cuprian Adamite), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSchultenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Schultenite\">Schultenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTsumeb\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tsumeb\">Tsumeb\u003C\u002Fa>, Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2428.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.5 x 2.8 x 1.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A rare and fine combination specimen from the Tsumeb Mine. A 2.6 cm, striking vug is lined with gemmy and lustrous, emerald-green cuprian adamite crystals in a matrix of sparkly, peacock-iridescent, copper-red, massive bornite. A real bonus at the end of the vug on this rarity is a 3 mm long lathe of colorless, gypsum-like schultenite. Schultenite is a very rare lead arsenate and Tsumeb is the Type Locality. Combination specimens of this type were found (very few), only once, in the 1970s at Tsumeb, as reported in the 1977 Mineralogical Record TSUMEB special issue. Ex. Prosper Williams Collection – he was a very respected Tsumeb importer specializing in such rarities.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",639,700,{"id":674,"source_url":675,"license_code":457,"credit_html":676,"title":677,"description":678,"author":679,"original_width":680,"original_height":681},36513,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46131456","Geomartin, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46131456\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mt Mulga-magnetite-chalcopyrite-bornite.JPG","Magnetite (light grey), chalcopyrite (yellow) and bornit (brown) ind barite (dark grey, low relief) - quartz (dark grey, high relief) matrix\n\u003Cp>Mt Mulga barite mine, Olary region, South Australia\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nImage width: 2.96mm","Geomartin",2048,1536,{"id":683,"source_url":684,"license_code":685,"credit_html":686,"title":687,"description":688,"author":689,"original_width":690,"original_height":691},36516,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74845554","CC BY 2.0","Zopilote0, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74845554\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornita y Plata (2863023470).jpg","\u003Cp>Bornita con láminas de plata.\nTaxco, México.\n03\u002F2005\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nref: 2BA15_004C","Zopilote0",1280,960,{"id":693,"source_url":694,"license_code":685,"credit_html":695,"title":696,"description":697,"author":698,"original_width":699,"original_height":700},13088,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625707","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625707\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive sulfide (bornite & Pt Pd-rich chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite) (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) (14828837001).jpg","\u003Cp>Massive sulfide from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (4.6 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Platinum- and palladium-bearing pyrrhotite & chalcopyrite in the Stillwater Complex usually occur as intercumulate fills between crystals of plagioclase or pyroxene or olivine\u002Fserpentine.  Occasionally, these sulfide minerals occur in a massive state.  This is a fragment of massive sulfide from the Stillwater Complex’s J-M Reef.  The yellowish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite, and the brownish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite.  There are other minerals present, including bornite (Cu5FeS4) (dark, multicolored areas), and small patches of some silvery-colored mineral (what?).  Several rare sulfide and element and element-alloy minerals have been reported from the Stillwater, including hollingworthite ((Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS), gold (Au), tetraferroplatinum (PtFe), palladobismutharsenide (Pd2(Bi,As)), braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S), keithconnite (Pd3-xTe), moncheite (Pt(Te,Bi)2), vysotskite ((Pd,Ni)S), etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 46W500 stope (4600’ elevation above sea level & 500’ west of shaft), Stillwater Mine, underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA","James St. John",2632,1807,{"id":702,"source_url":703,"license_code":447,"credit_html":704,"title":705,"description":706,"author":707,"original_width":708,"original_height":709},18937,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27833810","Sam Droege from Beltsville, USA, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27833810\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Peacock Ore, NA, NA, 2013-08-19-15.38.47 ZS PMax (9550144642).jpg","Bornite or Peacock Ore, 20mm on long side, sold to me by a 10 year old rock collector, proveneince unknown, experimental shot to see how photographing minerals works in our system","Sam Droege from Beltsville, USA",4493,3744,{"id":711,"source_url":712,"license_code":469,"credit_html":713,"title":714,"description":670,"author":547,"original_width":715,"original_height":716},21874,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161573","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161573\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adamite-Schultenite-Bornite-216061.jpg",400,375,{"id":718,"source_url":719,"license_code":469,"credit_html":720,"title":721,"description":670,"author":547,"original_width":722,"original_height":723},21875,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161574","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161574\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adamite-Schultenite-Bornite-216062.jpg",560,472,{"id":725,"source_url":726,"license_code":685,"credit_html":727,"title":728,"description":729,"author":698,"original_width":730,"original_height":731},23950,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915746","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915746\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 3.jpg","Bornite from Poland. (~6.7 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bornite is a copper iron sulfide mineral (Cu5FeS4).  It's one of several economically significant copper ore minerals (others include chalcocite and chalcopyrite).  On fresh, unweathered surfaces, bornite has a metallic copper-orange appearance.  Fresh surfaces tarnish relatively quickly.  Early-formed bornite tarnish is iridescent, with blues and purples and reds and greens, resulting in the nickname “peacock ore”.  As the tarnish thickens, more blues and purples stand out.  Late-stage bornite tarnish is a dark purplish-blue.  The tarnish material is actually covellite (CuS).  With weathering, oxidation, and breakdown, bornite converts to covellite and chalcocite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bornite is moderately soft (H=3), has no cleavage, and is noticeably heavy for its size.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This bornite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite (Cu2S - copper sulfide), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite, pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of bornite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=727\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",3314,2544,{"id":733,"source_url":734,"license_code":685,"credit_html":735,"title":736,"description":737,"author":698,"original_width":738,"original_height":739},26837,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022799","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022799\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Silver and bornite (Mexico) (16662297224).jpg","\u003Cp>Silver and bornite from Mexico. (public display, Carnegie Mus. of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silver is part of the gold-group of metallic elements.  Silver is a precious metal, but is far less valuable than gold or platinum.  Silver usually occurs as a silver sulfide mineral, but it also occurs in nature in its native state, often in the form of twisted wires.  Silver is moderately soft and has a silvery-white color on fresh surfaces that tarnishes to darker colors.  Elemental silver in nature is often found alloyed with other metals.  Naturally alloyed gold-silver is called electrum.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThe attractive Mexican rock shown above has native silver in its upper part and bluish-purplish iridescent bornite in its lower part.  Bornite is Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide.",1591,1757,{"id":741,"source_url":742,"license_code":469,"credit_html":743,"title":744,"description":745,"author":547,"original_width":746,"original_height":747},27213,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162443","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162443\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriite-Bornite-222506.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FValleriite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Valleriite\">Valleriite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: War Eagle Mine, Whitehorse Copper Belt, Whitehorse Mining District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYukon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yukon\">Yukon Territory\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-16936.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.0 x 1.2 x 0.9 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Valleriite is an uncommon sulfosalt. A centrally located pod of bronze-colored valleriite microcrystals on matrix is very nicely accented by iridescent purple and blue bornite from the War Eagle Mine, Yukon Territory, Canada. The backside is richer in bornite, but still has some valleriite. Older, seldom available from the Dick Jones Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",590,358,{"id":749,"source_url":750,"license_code":469,"credit_html":751,"title":752,"description":745,"author":547,"original_width":753,"original_height":754},27214,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162444","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162444\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriite-Bornite-222508.jpg",539,515,{"id":756,"source_url":757,"license_code":469,"credit_html":758,"title":759,"description":760,"author":547,"original_width":761,"original_height":715},38527,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441260","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441260\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite-Carrollite-md10b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarrollite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carrollite\">Carrollite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Shaba, Zaire\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 2.2 x 1.8 x 1.7 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Carrollite with Bornite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Seldom do you find a combination piece with such nice aesthetics (unless you are dealing with this wonderful collection, of course). The large octahedral Carrollite had a rich metallic luster and very interesting modified edges. The Bornite crystals resting on the Carrollite are highly modified, but the depth of the black color is so perfectly complemented by the velvety texture and the rounded crystal edges that the overall look is extremely pleasing - as well as contrasting to teh carrollite so that both stand out fully. A unique combination piece with incredible aesthetics for a \"black ugly\" ! 2.2 x 1.8 x 1.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",284,{"id":763,"source_url":764,"license_code":469,"credit_html":765,"title":766,"description":760,"author":547,"original_width":767,"original_height":715},38528,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441263","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441263\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite-Carrollite-md10c.jpg",347,{"id":769,"source_url":770,"license_code":469,"credit_html":771,"title":772,"description":773,"author":547,"original_width":655,"original_height":774},53365,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10142166","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10142166\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sphalerite-Bornite-Enargite-135279.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSphalerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sphalerite\">Sphalerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEnargite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Enargite\">Enargite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FButte\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Butte\">Butte\u003C\u002Fa>, Butte District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilver_Bow_County,_Montana\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Silver Bow County, Montana\">Silver Bow County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMontana\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Montana\">Montana\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3873.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.5 x 4.5 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A showy, classic and rich ore specimen from the famed Butte District of Montana. Platy sphalerite is dusted with lightly iridescent bornite. Tiny, bright enargite crystals and needle quartz are accessory minerals. Ex. Gene Meieran and James Zigras Collections.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",362,{"id":776,"source_url":777,"license_code":469,"credit_html":778,"title":779,"description":780,"author":547,"original_width":781,"original_height":782},61406,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167931","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167931\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sphalerite-Bornite-Pyrite-253910.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSphalerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sphalerite\">Sphalerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrite\">Pyrite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJamesonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Jamesonite\">Jamesonite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Estaño Orcko mine (Estaño Orkho mine), Machacamarca District (Colavi District), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCornelio_Saavedra_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cornelio Saavedra Province\">Cornelio Saavedra Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-194724.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.8 x 6.7 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>From the find from about 7 years ago (2002), this is a piece from that great find at the Estano Orcko mine. This small cabinet size specimen features a few good-size, relatively sharp, dark, lustrous, modified dodecahedra of Sphalerite associated with pyritohedral crystals of Pyrite and acicular crystals of Jamesonite. The Sphalerite crystals have a very slight unusual \"peacock blue-green\" patina which is actually a Bornite \"wash\" that is seen on practically every specimen from this find.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",536,533,{"id":784,"source_url":785,"license_code":469,"credit_html":786,"title":787,"description":780,"author":547,"original_width":788,"original_height":789},61407,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167933","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167933\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sphalerite-Bornite-Pyrite-253911.jpg",405,360,{"id":791,"source_url":792,"license_code":634,"credit_html":793,"title":794,"description":795,"author":796,"original_width":797,"original_height":798},76665,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118203849","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118203849\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Renierite with Chalcopyrite and Bornite (47716766532).jpg","Katanga, Zaire","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",4000,6000,{"id":800,"source_url":801,"license_code":634,"credit_html":802,"title":803,"description":804,"author":796,"original_width":798,"original_height":797},84721,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118194555","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118194555\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriite with Magnetite and Bornite (48603494112).jpg","\u003Cp>New Imperial Mines - Whitehorse\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nYukon Territory, Canada",{"id":806,"source_url":807,"license_code":457,"credit_html":808,"title":809,"description":810,"author":811,"original_width":812,"original_height":813},84724,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162673533","Lodewicus de Honsvels, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162673533\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriit-Bornit-Magnetit.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FValleriite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Valleriite\">Valleriite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Weight: 668.5 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Marbridge Mine, Malarctic District, Quebec, Kanada\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Lodewicus de Honsvels",7302,4852,{"id":815,"source_url":816,"license_code":457,"credit_html":817,"title":818,"description":819,"author":811,"original_width":798,"original_height":820},84725,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162674430","Lodewicus de Honsvels, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162674430\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriit-Bornit-Magnetit 2.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FValleriite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Valleriite\">Valleriite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Weight: 152.1 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Little Chief, San Udo, Quebec, Kanada\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3992,[822,828,834,840,846],{"id":823,"url":824,"label":825,"formula":826,"spacegroup":827,"year":378},1765,"\u002Fcif\u002F1765.cif","Ding 2005 · Cu1.375 Fe.275 S","Cu1.375 Fe.275 S","F m -3 m",{"id":829,"url":830,"label":831,"formula":832,"spacegroup":833,"year":378},1766,"\u002Fcif\u002F1766.cif","Ding 2005 · Cu2 Fe S2","Cu2 Fe S2","F -4 3 m",{"id":835,"url":836,"label":837,"formula":838,"spacegroup":839,"year":313},1770,"\u002Fcif\u002F1770.cif","Kanazawa 1978","Cu1.25 Fe.25 S","F m 3 m",{"id":841,"url":842,"label":843,"formula":844,"spacegroup":845,"year":298},1771,"\u002Fcif\u002F1771.cif","Koto 1975","S2 (Cu2.5 Fe.5)","P b c a",{"id":847,"url":848,"label":849,"formula":838,"spacegroup":850,"year":284},1772,"\u002Fcif\u002F1772.cif","Morimoto 1964","R 3 m",[852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880],"Boirnít","Bornite (of Haidinger)","Broket kobber","Broket kopper","Buntkupfererz","Buntkupferkies","Chalcomiklit","Chalcomiklite","Cuivre Panaché","Erubescit","Erubescita","Erubescite","Horse-flesh-ore","IMA1962-s.p.","Kupfer-Lazul","Kupferlasurerz","Kupferlazuerz","Kupferlazurerz","Leberschlag","Lefverslag","Pecho de Paloma","Phillipsine","Phillipsite (of Beudant)","Poikilit","Poikilite","Purple Copper","Purple Copper Ore","Variegated Copper","Variegated Copper Ore",[882,886,890,894,900,904,907,910,914,918,922,926,930,934,939,952,955,959,962,965,968,972,976,980,983,986,989,993,996,1000,1003,1007,1010,1014,1018,1024,1027,1030,1033,1036,1039,1043,1046,1049,1052,1055,1059,1062,1065,1069,1073,1076,1080,1084,1087,1090,1094,1098,1101,1104,1107,1110],{"lang":883,"names":884},"af",[885],"borniet",{"lang":887,"names":888},"ar",[889],"بورنيت",{"lang":891,"names":892},"az",[893],"Bornit",{"lang":895,"names":896},"be",[897,898,899],"Барніт","стракатая медная руда","стракаты медны калчадан",{"lang":901,"names":902},"ca",[903],"bornita",{"lang":905,"names":906},"cs",[893],{"lang":908,"names":909},"de",[893,857,858,861,866,867,875],{"lang":911,"names":912},"el",[913],"Βορνίτης",{"lang":915,"names":916},"eo",[917],"Bornito",{"lang":919,"names":920},"es",[903,921],"erubescita",{"lang":923,"names":924},"et",[925],"borniit",{"lang":927,"names":928},"eu",[929],"Bornita",{"lang":931,"names":932},"fa",[933],"بورنیت",{"lang":935,"names":936},"fi",[937,938],"borniitti","kirjava kuparikiisu",{"lang":940,"names":941},"fr",[942,943,859,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,873,876],"1308-82-3","bornite","Cuivre panaché","Cuivre pyriteux hépatique","Cuivre pyriteux panaché","Double sulfure de fer et de cuivre à cassure de nickel","Érubescite","Mine de cuivre hépatique","Mine de cuivre panachée","Mine de cuivre violette azurée",{"lang":953,"names":954},"gl",[929,862],{"lang":956,"names":957},"he",[958],"בורניט",{"lang":960,"names":961},"hr",[893],{"lang":963,"names":964},"id",[893],{"lang":966,"names":967},"it",[7],{"lang":969,"names":970},"ja",[971],"斑銅鉱",{"lang":973,"names":974},"kk",[975],"Борнит",{"lang":977,"names":978},"kk-arab",[979],"بورنىيت",{"lang":981,"names":982},"kk-cn",[979],{"lang":984,"names":985},"kk-cyrl",[975],{"lang":987,"names":988},"kk-kz",[975],{"lang":990,"names":991},"kk-latn",[992],"Bornït",{"lang":994,"names":995},"kk-tr",[992],{"lang":997,"names":998},"ko",[999],"반동석",{"lang":1001,"names":1002},"ky",[975],{"lang":1004,"names":1005},"lt",[1006],"Bornitas",{"lang":1008,"names":1009},"mk",[975],{"lang":1011,"names":1012},"mn",[1013],"Борнят",{"lang":1015,"names":1016},"nb",[1017],"bornitt",{"lang":1019,"names":1020},"nds",[893,1021,1022,1023],"Buntkopperkies","Kopper-Lazur","Kopperlasurierz",{"lang":1025,"names":1026},"nl",[885],{"lang":1028,"names":1029},"nn",[1017],{"lang":1031,"names":1032},"oc",[929,943],{"lang":1034,"names":1035},"pl",[893],{"lang":1037,"names":1038},"pt",[903,7],{"lang":1040,"names":1041},"ro",[1042],"bornit",{"lang":1044,"names":1045},"ru",[975],{"lang":1047,"names":1048},"sh",[893],{"lang":1050,"names":1051},"sk",[893],{"lang":1053,"names":1054},"sl",[893],{"lang":1056,"names":1057},"sr",[1058],"борнит",{"lang":1060,"names":1061},"sr-ec",[975],{"lang":1063,"names":1064},"sr-el",[893],{"lang":1066,"names":1067},"sv",[893,1068],"Brokig kopparmalm",{"lang":1070,"names":1071},"ta",[1072],"போர்னைட்",{"lang":1074,"names":1075},"tg",[975],{"lang":1077,"names":1078},"th",[1079],"บอร์ไนต์",{"lang":1081,"names":1082},"uk",[1083],"Борніт",{"lang":1085,"names":1086},"uz",[893],{"lang":1088,"names":1089},"vi",[893],{"lang":1091,"names":1092},"zh",[1093],"斑銅礦",{"lang":1095,"names":1096},"zh-cn",[1097],"斑铜矿",{"lang":1099,"names":1100},"zh-hans",[1097],{"lang":1102,"names":1103},"zh-hant",[1093],{"lang":1105,"names":1106},"zh-hk",[1093],{"lang":1108,"names":1109},"zh-sg",[1097],{"lang":1111,"names":1112},"zh-tw",[1093],"Q108694",{"history":1115,"applications":1119},{"markdown":1116,"model_version":1117,"prompt_version":1118,"reviewed_at":11},"Few minerals have carried so many names before settling on one. The mineral now called bornite was first lumped with other copper-iron sulfides in 1725 by the German mineralogist Johann Friedrich Henckel. He grouped it under the catch-all *kupferkies* — German for \"copper pyrite\"[1]. The specimens had come from the Ore Mountains of Bohemia, in what is today the Karlovy Vary region of the Czech Republic[2].\n\nA succession of 18th- and early 19th-century mineralogists tried to give the species a proper identity. In 1747 the Swedish chemist Johan Gottschalk Wallerius assigned it various multi-word Latin descriptors[3]. In 1791 the German geologist Abraham Gottlieb Werner called it *buntkupfererz* — German for \"variegated copper ore\"[4]. The name pointed straight at the mineral's most arresting feature. In 1802 the French crystallographer René Just Haüy translated the name into \"purple copper ore\" and \"variegated copper ore\"[5].\n\nA brief renaming followed in 1832, when the mineralogist Wilhelm Sulpice Beudant proposed the name *phillipsite*[6]. The label did not stick on this species.\n\nThe modern name dates to 1845, when the Austrian mineralogist Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger renamed the species **bornite** in honour of his compatriot Ignaz von Born (1742–1791), an Austrian mineralogist and invertebrate zoologist[7].\n\nBornite has also long carried a folk name in English: **peacock ore**. The label describes a tarnish, not the fresh mineral. Broken cleanly, bornite is a brown to copper-red colour. Exposed to air, the surface tarnishes to iridescent shades of blue and purple. That thin tarnish film is what earned the peacock name[8].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":1120,"model_version":1117,"prompt_version":1118,"reviewed_at":11},"Bornite is a working copper ore. By mass, it is about **63 percent copper**[1]. The species sits in the regular feedstock of the copper industry alongside the more common chalcopyrite[1].\n\nBornite occurs widely in **porphyry copper deposits** — large, low-grade ore bodies in which copper sulfides are scattered through an igneous host rock[2]. Typical occurrences are at Mount Lyell in Tasmania, in Chile and Peru, and at Butte, Montana in the United States[3].\n\nExtraction follows the standard copper-sulfide route. The ore is crushed, ground, and concentrated by **froth flotation**. In flotation the sulfide grains attach to air bubbles and rise into a skimmable foam. The concentrate is then smelted and finally purified by **electrolytic refining** to a pure copper cathode[4]. An increasing share of copper now comes from acid leaching of oxidised ores rather than from the sulfide chain[4].\n\nThe copper that comes out of the smelter ends up almost everywhere electricity travels. Electrical uses — power transmission and generation, building wiring, telecommunication, and electronic products — account for about three-quarters of total copper consumption[5]. Building construction is the single largest market, followed by electronics, transportation, industrial machinery, and consumer products[5]. Globally, copper ranks third in tonnage after iron and aluminium[5].\n\nBeyond the smelter, bornite has a quieter second life on the specimen market. The iridescent blue-to-purple tarnish that earned the name **peacock ore** has made bornite a long-running favourite of mineral collectors[6]."]