[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:751":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":19,"key_elements":20,"impurities":11,"cim":21,"ima_status":22,"ima_notes":24,"ima_history":26,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":27,"discovery_year":28,"strunz10ed1":29,"strunz10ed2":30,"strunz10ed3":30,"strunz10ed4":31,"dana8ed1":29,"dana8ed2":32,"dana8ed3":33,"dana8ed4":34,"csystem":35,"cclass":36,"spacegroup":37,"spacegroupset":38,"a":39,"b":38,"c":40,"alpha":38,"beta":38,"gamma":38,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":41,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":42,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":43,"tlform":44,"hmin":45,"hmax":45,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":46,"vhnmax":47,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":48,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":49,"dmeas2":49,"dcalc":50,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":51,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":52,"streak":11,"colour":11,"commentcolor":11,"colors":11,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":11,"uv":53,"cleavage":11,"cleavagetype":54,"fracturetype":55,"tenacity":56,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":38,"opticalalpha2":38,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":38,"opticalbeta2":38,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":38,"opticalgamma2":38,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":38,"opticalomega2":38,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":38,"opticalepsilon2":38,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":38,"opticaln2":38,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":38,"optical2vcalc2":38,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":38,"optical2vmeasured2":38,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":57,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":58,"opticalanisotropism":59,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":60,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":61,"type_specimen_store":62,"description_short":63,"aboutname":64,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":65,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":66,"group_members":67,"associates":68,"confused_with":97,"type_localities":112,"occurrence_total":119,"citations":120,"images":204,"structures":239,"synonyms":246,"language_names":247,"wikidata_qid":300,"texts":301},751,"1:1:751:3","a5c9f6b3-98c0-45ff-92e3-f9875c340e90","Braggite","Bg",0,"mineral",null,347,false,"PdPt\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",[16,17,18],"Pd","Pt","S",[16,17,18],[16,17],"3.12.45",[23],"APPROVED",[25],"REDEFINED","Grandfathered\r\nRedefined by IMA 2022 (proposal 22-E) as PdPt\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",1932,"1932","2","C","35a","8","5","3","Tetragonal",23,139,"0","6.367","6.561",8,"Sometimes observed","Prisms to 2 cm.","Silvery metallic grains.",5,"946","1064",100,"9.63","9.383","Metallic","Opaque","Not fluorescent in UV","None Observed","Conchoidal","brittle","White","Anisotropic","Distinct in purplish and pinkish shades of gray and brown","(41.3,41.8) 400,\r\n(42.1,43.0) 440,\r\n(42.5,43.8) 480,\r\n(42.7,44.2) 520,\r\n(42.5,44.2) 560,\r\n(42.3,44.1) 600,\r\n(41.9,44.0) 640,\r\n(41.9,43.8) 680,\r\n(41.5,43.8) 700","Norites in mafic layered intrusives.","The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1932,1303–1304.\r\nNational Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 105857.","Braggite-Vysotskite Series.\r\n\r\nBraggite is stabilised by Pd (and Ni) contents, while cooperite (PtS) is not.\r\nThere is a miscibility gap between cooperite and braggite (Merkle & Verryn, 2003).","Named by F.A. Bannister in 1932 in honor of Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862, Wigton, Cumberland, England - 12 March 1942, London, England), physicist, chemist, mathematician at the University of Adelaide, University of Leeds, University College London, and the Royal Institution and his son Sir William Lawrence Bragg (31 March 1890, Adelaide, South Australia - 1 July 1971, Waldringfield, Ipswich, Suffolk, England), physicist and X-ray crystallographer at the University of Manchester and University of Cambridge.\r\n\r\nThis father-son team was awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics, \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\". This revolutionized crystallography and mineralogy.  The mineral braggite was the first new mineral isolated and determined by these x-ray methods.","2025-08-11 12:14:18",[],[],[69,79,87],{"id":70,"name":71,"entrytype":9,"csystem":72,"ima_formula":73,"mindat_formula":74,"hmin":75,"hmax":75,"dmeas":76,"dcalc":77,"primary_image_id":78},303,"Arsenopalladinite","Triclinic","Pd\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>As\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Pd\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(As,Sb)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",4,"10.40","11.028",2080,{"id":80,"name":81,"entrytype":9,"csystem":82,"ima_formula":83,"mindat_formula":83,"hmin":75,"hmax":84,"dmeas":38,"dcalc":85,"primary_image_id":86},2264,"Kotulskite","Hexagonal","Pd(Te,Bi)\u003Csub>2-x\u003C\u002Fsub> (x ≈ 0.4)",4.5,"9.18",13606,{"id":88,"name":89,"entrytype":9,"csystem":90,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":91,"hmin":92,"hmax":93,"dmeas":94,"dcalc":95,"primary_image_id":96},2344,"Laurite","Isometric","RuS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",7,7.5,"6.43","6.39",14084,[98,105],{"id":99,"name":100,"entrytype":9,"csystem":35,"ima_formula":101,"mindat_formula":101,"hmin":75,"hmax":45,"dmeas":102,"dcalc":103,"primary_image_id":104},1123,"Cooperite","PtS","9.5","10.2",6182,{"id":106,"name":107,"entrytype":9,"csystem":35,"ima_formula":108,"mindat_formula":108,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":38,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":111},4221,"Vysotskite","PdS",1.5,"6.705",27682,[113],{"id":114,"txt":115,"latitude":116,"longitude":117,"country":118},3087,"Mokopane, Mogalakwena Local Municipality, Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa",-24.183333,29.016667,"South Africa",119,[121,124,128,132,135,140,144,148,153,158,162,166,171,176,180,185,190,194,199],{"id":122,"year":27,"html":123,"doi":11},16103828,"Bannister, F.A. (1932) Proceedings of societies: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. American Mineralogist: 17: 455-455.",{"id":125,"year":27,"html":126,"doi":127},7145,"Bannister, F. A. (1932) Determination of minerals in platinum concentrates from the Transvaal by X-ray methods. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (138) 188-206 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1932.023.138.05'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1932.023.138.05\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_23\u002F23-138-188.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1932.023.138.05",{"id":129,"year":130,"html":131,"doi":11},16103829,1933,"Foshag, W..F (1933) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 18: 79-79.",{"id":133,"year":130,"html":134,"doi":11},16103830,"Adam, H.R. (1933) A note on the minerals cooperite and braggite occurring in plantiniferous concentrates from the Transvaal. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: 34(4): 132-136.",{"id":136,"year":137,"html":138,"doi":139},105363,1937,"Bannister, F. A. (1937) The Discovery of Braggite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (1). 201 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.201'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.201\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.201",{"id":141,"year":137,"html":142,"doi":143},105364,"Gaskell, T. F. (1937) The Structure of Braggite and Palladium Sulphide. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (1). 203-213 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.203'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.203\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fzk\u002Fvol96\u002FZK96_203.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.203",{"id":145,"year":146,"html":147,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":149,"year":150,"html":151,"doi":152},16596174,1969,"Ramdohr, Paul (1969) \u003Ci>The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths\u003C\u002Fi>. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x'>doi:10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x",{"id":154,"year":155,"html":156,"doi":157},213733,1973,"Childs, J. D., Hall, S. R. (1973) The crystal structure of braggite, (Pt, Pd, Ni)S. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  29 (7) 1446-1451 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs056774087300470x'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs056774087300470x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs056774087300470x",{"id":159,"year":160,"html":161,"doi":11},527105,1978,"Cabri, Louis J., Laflamme, J. H. Gilles, Stewart, John M., Turner, Kent, Skinner, Brian J. (1978) On cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (9-10) 832-839 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM63\u002FAM63_832.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":163,"year":164,"html":165,"doi":11},16770761,1985,"Criddle, Alan J., Stanley, Christopher J. (1985) Characteristic optical data for cooperite, braggite and vysotskite. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (2) 149-162 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Frruff_1.0\u002Fuploads\u002FCM23_149.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":167,"year":168,"html":169,"doi":170},2026,1994,"Verryn, Sabine M. C., Merkle, Roland K. W. (1994) Compositional variation of cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite from the Bushveld Complex. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (391) 223-234 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1994.058.391.05'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1994.058.391.05\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_58\u002F58-391-223.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1994.058.391.05",{"id":172,"year":173,"html":174,"doi":175},16486012,1999,"Merkle, R. K. W., Pikl, R., Verryn, S. M. C., De Waal, D. (1999) Raman spectra of synthetic ‘braggite’, (Pd,Pt,Ni)S. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>, 63 (3) 363-367 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1999.063.3.07'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1999.063.3.07\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1999.063.3.07",{"id":177,"year":173,"html":178,"doi":179},5618157,"Franklyn, C.B, Merkle, R.K.W (1999) Milli-PIXE of coexisting cooperite and braggite – a comparison with electron probe microanalysis. \u003Ci>Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms\u003C\u002Fi>, 158 (1). 550-555 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0168-583x(99)00498-x'>doi:10.1016\u002Fs0168-583x(99)00498-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fs0168-583x(99)00498-x",{"id":181,"year":182,"html":183,"doi":184},16379,2000,"Verryn, S. M. C., Merkle, R. K. W. (2000) Synthetic \"Cooperite\", \"Braggite\", and \"Vysotskite\" in the system PtS-PdS-NiS at 1100°C, 1000°C, and 900°C. \u003Ci>Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  68 (1) 63-73 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs007100050003'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs007100050003\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs007100050003",{"id":186,"year":187,"html":188,"doi":189},156632,2003,"Merkle, Roland K. W., Verryn, Sabine M. C. (2003) Cooperite and braggite from the Bushveld Complex: implications for the miscibility gap and identification. \u003Ci>Mineralium Deposita\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (3) 381-388 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00126-003-0347-2'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00126-003-0347-2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00126-003-0347-2",{"id":191,"year":192,"html":193,"doi":11},16963344,2005,"(2005) Braggite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbraggite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":195,"year":196,"html":197,"doi":198},16096859,2022,"Miyawaki, Ritsuro, Hatert, Frédéric, Pasero, Marco, Mills, Stuart J. (2022) IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) – Newsletter 69. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (5) 463-468 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-34-463-2022'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-34-463-2022\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fejm.copernicus.org\u002Farticles\u002F34\u002F463\u002F2022\u002Fejm-34-463-2022.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-34-463-2022",{"id":200,"year":201,"html":202,"doi":203},16103842,2023,"CABRI, Louis J., McDONALD, Andrew M. (2023) Mineralogy of Pt-Pd sulfides: The Redefinition of Braggite and Vysotskite (with Comments on the Extent of Solid Solution in the PtS–PdS Binary). \u003Ci>The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  61 (1). 167-175 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002F2200058'>doi:10.3749\u002F2200058\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002F2200058",[205,215,225,233],{"id":206,"source_url":207,"license_code":208,"credit_html":209,"title":210,"description":211,"author":212,"original_width":213,"original_height":214},3772,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=78107144","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=78107144\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Braggite-612271.jpg","Braggite is a rare Pt-Pd-Ni sulfosalt and moncheite is a rare Pt-Pd-Te-Bi sulfosalt and are members of rare sulfosalt series. Specimens of any species are very uncommon from the obscure Stillwater Complex of Montana. This polished serpentine slab hosts both species in very rare combination. Splendent brassy braggite laths to about 3 mm are scattered on the sliced and polished serpentine matrix with silvery-bright amoeba-looking moncheite masses to about 1.0 cm. Ex. Josef Vajdak Collection. He was known as one of the top rarities dealers in such things in the second half of the 1900s.","Robert M. Lavinsky",465,423,{"id":216,"source_url":217,"license_code":218,"credit_html":219,"title":220,"description":221,"author":222,"original_width":223,"original_height":224},3774,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625838","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625838\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Braggite (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) (21125462876).jpg","\u003Cp>Braggite in sulfidic serpentinite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery mass at center = braggite.\nBrownish bronze = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite.\nYellow brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite.\nDull greenish gray = serpentinite host rock (formerly a dunite).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Braggite is an extremely rare sulfide mineral having the formula (Pt,Pd,Ni)S - platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide.  It has a metallic luster and a silvery color.  Macroscopic crystals have been reported from only two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, lower part of the Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), southwest of the town of Nye, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of braggite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=751\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=751\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=751<\u002Fa>","James St. John",1743,1336,{"id":226,"source_url":227,"license_code":218,"credit_html":228,"title":229,"description":230,"author":222,"original_width":231,"original_height":232},3773,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84501008","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84501008\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S) in sulfidic serpentinite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) (14808934796).jpg","\u003Cp>Braggite in sulfidic serpentinite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view 1.7 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery area near center = braggite\nBrownish bronze = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite\nYellow brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nDull greenish gray = serpentinite host rock (formerly a dunite)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Shown above is a specimen of the very rare sulfide mineral braggite (= silver-colored patch near the center).  Braggite is platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide - (Pt,Pd,Ni)S.  Macroscopic crystals have been reported from only two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3072,2016,{"id":234,"source_url":235,"license_code":218,"credit_html":236,"title":237,"description":238,"author":222,"original_width":231,"original_height":232},3778,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=124923742","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=124923742\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S) in sulfidic serpentinite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA).jpg","Braggite in sulfidic serpentinite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view: 1.7 centimeters across)\n\u003Cp>Silvery area near center = braggite\nBrownish bronze = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite\nYellow brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nDull greenish gray = serpentinite host rock (formerly a dunite)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Shown above is a specimen of the very rare sulfide mineral braggite (= silver-colored patch near the center).  Braggite is platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide - (Pt,Pd,Ni)S.  Macroscopic crystals have been reported from only two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",[240],{"id":241,"url":242,"label":243,"formula":244,"spacegroup":245,"year":155},1829,"\u002Fcif\u002F1829.cif","Childs 1973","Pd (Pt2.5 Ni.5) S4","P 42\u002Fm",[],[248,252,256,260,264,268,271,274,277,281,285,288,291,295],{"lang":249,"names":250},"af",[251],"Braggiet",{"lang":253,"names":254},"ca",[255],"braggita",{"lang":257,"names":258},"de",[259],"Braggit",{"lang":261,"names":262},"el",[263],"Μπραγκίτης",{"lang":265,"names":266},"es",[267],"Braggita",{"lang":269,"names":270},"eu",[267],{"lang":272,"names":273},"fr",[7],{"lang":275,"names":276},"it",[7],{"lang":278,"names":279},"ja",[280],"ブラッグ鉱",{"lang":282,"names":283},"mk",[284],"Брагит",{"lang":286,"names":287},"nl",[251],{"lang":289,"names":290},"sq",[7],{"lang":292,"names":293},"uk",[294],"Брегіт",{"lang":296,"names":297},"zh",[298,299],"硫砷鉑礦","硫镍钯铂矿","Q2739312",{"history":11,"applications":11}]