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· 15H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (?)","U\u003Csup>6+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>V\u003Csup>5+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>21\u003C\u002Fsub>·15H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (?)",{"id":268,"name":269,"entrytype":9,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":270,"mindat_formula":271,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":272},4149,"Vanoxite","V\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>13\u003C\u002Fsub> · 8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (?)","V\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>V\u003Csup>5+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>13\u003C\u002Fsub>·8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",27269,{"id":274,"name":275,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":276,"mindat_formula":277,"hmin":257,"hmax":257,"dmeas":278,"dcalc":212,"primary_image_id":279},4200,"Volborthite","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>V\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(V\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3.5",27577,[281],{"id":111,"name":112,"entrytype":9,"csystem":113,"ima_formula":114,"mindat_formula":115,"hmin":47,"hmax":47,"dmeas":116,"dcalc":117,"primary_image_id":118},[283],{"id":284,"txt":285,"latitude":286,"longitude":287,"country":288},5921,"Rajah Mine (Big Chief No. 2; Dullan claim), Montrose County, Colorado, USA",38.43779,-108.90648,"USA",1143,[291,294,297,301,306,310,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343,347,351,355,359,363,367],{"id":292,"year":29,"html":293,"doi":11},16104766,"Friedel and Cumenge (1899) Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 128: 532.",{"id":295,"year":29,"html":296,"doi":11},16104767,"Friedel, C., Cumenge, E. (1899) Sur un nouveau minerai d´urane. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie: 22: 26-29.",{"id":298,"year":299,"html":300,"doi":11},16104768,1900,"Hillebrand, W.F., Ransome, F.L. (1900) On Carnotite and Associated Vanadiferous Minerals in Western Colorado. American Journal of Science: 10(56): 120.",{"id":302,"year":303,"html":304,"doi":305},4803,1910,"Crook, T., Blake, G. S. (1910) On Carnotite and an associated mineral complex from South Australia. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (71) 271-284 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1910.015.71.02'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1910.015.71.02\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_15\u002F15-71-271.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1910.015.71.02",{"id":307,"year":308,"html":309,"doi":11},16104769,1918,"Doelter, C. (1918) Handbuch der Mineral-chemie (in 4 volumes divided into parts): 3 [I]: 844.",{"id":311,"year":312,"html":313,"doi":314},647767,1921,"Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 679. US Geological Survey \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb679'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb679\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F0679\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb679",{"id":316,"year":317,"html":318,"doi":11},16104771,1924,"Hillebrand, W.F. (1924) Carnotite and tyuyamunite and their ores in Colorado and Utah. American Journal of Science: 8: 201-216.",{"id":320,"year":321,"html":322,"doi":11},16104772,1927,"Hess and Foshag (1927) Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 72, Art. 12.",{"id":324,"year":325,"html":326,"doi":11},16104773,1931,"Hintze, Carl (1931) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [4B]: 1002.",{"id":328,"year":329,"html":330,"doi":11},16104774,1949,"Sundberg, I., Sillén, L.G. (1949) On the crystal structure of KUO2VO4 (synthetic anhydrous carnotite). Arkiv för Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi, Stockholm: 1(42): 337-351.",{"id":332,"year":329,"html":333,"doi":334},17679660,"Murata, K. J., Cisney, E.A., Stieff, L. R., Zworykin, E.V. (1949) Synthesis, Base Exchange, and Photosensitivity of Carnotite, Tyuyamunite, and Related Minerals. \u003Ci>Trace Elements Investigations\u003C\u002Fi> 107. US Geological Survey \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Ftei107'>doi:10.3133\u002Ftei107\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Ftei\u002F107\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Ftei107",{"id":336,"year":337,"html":338,"doi":11},1118652,1951,"Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.",{"id":340,"year":341,"html":342,"doi":11},16104776,1955,"Donnay, G., Donnay, J.D.H. (1955) Contribution to the crystallography of uranium minerals. in Contribution to the Crystallography of Uranium Minerals, Geological Survey for the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Technical Information Service (Oak Ridge): 1-42.",{"id":344,"year":345,"html":346,"doi":11},16104777,1957,"Appleman, D.E., Evans, H.T. (1957) The crystal structure of carnotite. Acta Crystallographica: 10: 765-765.",{"id":348,"year":349,"html":350,"doi":11},523098,1958,"Barton, Paul B. (1958) Synthesis and properties of carnotite and its alkali analogues. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (9-10) 799-817 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM43\u002FAM43_799.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":352,"year":349,"html":353,"doi":354},595495,"Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 1064. US Geological Survey \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb1064'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb1064\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F1064\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb1064",{"id":356,"year":357,"html":358,"doi":11},524288,1965,"Appleman, Daniel E., Evans, Howard T. (1965) The crystal structures of synthetic anhydrous carnotite, K2(UO2)2V2O8, and its cesium analogue, Cs2(UO2)2V2O8. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (7-8) 825-842 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM50\u002FAM50_825.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":360,"year":361,"html":362,"doi":11},16771790,2000,"Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2000) \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 4 - Arsenates, phosphates, vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.",{"id":364,"year":365,"html":366,"doi":11},16963536,2005,"(2005) Carnotite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fcarnotite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":368,"year":365,"html":369,"doi":370},16726379,"Frost, Ray L., Čejka, Jiří, Weier, Matt L., Martens, Wayde, Henry, Dermot A. (2005) Vibrational spectroscopy of selected natural uranyl vanadates. \u003Ci>Vibrational Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  39 (2) 131-138 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.vibspec.2005.01.005'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.vibspec.2005.01.005\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.vibspec.2005.01.005",[372,379,389,394,403,412,421,430,439,449,457,466,475,483,490,497,504,510,518,525,532,537,544,553,560,566,572],{"id":373,"source_url":374,"license_code":375,"credit_html":376,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":377,"original_height":378},29381,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F168321","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F168321\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,800,{"id":380,"source_url":381,"license_code":382,"credit_html":383,"title":384,"description":385,"author":386,"original_width":387,"original_height":388},38390,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1192443","CC BY-SA 3.0","Pablo Alberto Salguero Quiles, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1192443\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite.jpg","Carnotite from Colorado,USA","Pablo Alberto Salguero Quiles",489,451,{"id":390,"source_url":391,"license_code":375,"credit_html":392,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":377,"original_height":393},29382,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F168320","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F168320\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",726,{"id":395,"source_url":396,"license_code":397,"credit_html":398,"title":399,"description":400,"author":11,"original_width":401,"original_height":402},38391,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4057598","Public domain","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4057598\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-BYU.jpg","Carnotite. Collected from Happy Jack Mine, White Canyon District, Utah. BYU index 9-9041, K_2(UO_2)_2(VO_4)_2 x 2H_2O.\nMineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah. Photograph by Andrew Silver.",1032,1400,{"id":404,"source_url":405,"license_code":382,"credit_html":406,"title":407,"description":408,"author":409,"original_width":410,"original_height":411},38392,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6965068","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6965068\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotit auf fossilisiertem Holz - St-George, Utah.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa> on fossilized wood - Locality: St. George, Utah - Exposed in the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, Germany","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2350,1700,{"id":413,"source_url":414,"license_code":382,"credit_html":415,"title":416,"description":417,"author":418,"original_width":419,"original_height":420},4781,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866241","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866241\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-96140.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Field of view 3 mm. Specimen and photo Leon Hupperichs.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Leon Hupperichs",788,592,{"id":422,"source_url":423,"license_code":382,"credit_html":424,"title":425,"description":426,"author":427,"original_width":428,"original_height":429},38393,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159032","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159032\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-201050.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8 x 3.5 x 3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A very good specimen of rarely crystallized Carnotite from the Mashamba West mine. These where found in the middle 80’s and are considered as the best in the world for crystals of the species. This piece is literally filled with hundreds of sharp crystals sometimes reaching 1.5mm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",400,300,{"id":431,"source_url":432,"license_code":382,"credit_html":433,"title":434,"description":435,"author":436,"original_width":437,"original_height":438},4782,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17050668","GOKLuLe 盧樂, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17050668\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite with a geiger counter.jpg","Carnotite with a geiger counter","GOKLuLe 盧樂",3648,2736,{"id":440,"source_url":441,"license_code":442,"credit_html":443,"title":444,"description":445,"author":446,"original_width":447,"original_height":448},4785,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130480380","CC BY 4.0","Henk Smeets – tomeikminerals.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130480380\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite AZ AndersonMine PvdL-9.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 3 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Anderson Mine, Yavapai County, Arizona, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Henk Smeets – tomeikminerals.com",1920,1280,{"id":450,"source_url":451,"license_code":382,"credit_html":452,"title":453,"description":454,"author":418,"original_width":455,"original_height":456},38399,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866239","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866239\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-96138.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Field of view 9 mm. Specimen and photo Leon Hupperichs.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",811,597,{"id":458,"source_url":459,"license_code":382,"credit_html":460,"title":461,"description":462,"author":463,"original_width":464,"original_height":465},38400,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32980566","Rojinegro81, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32980566\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Luminiscencia Carnotita.jpg","Arriba: Carnotita bajo luz normal\n\u003Cp>Abajo: Carnotita bajo luz UV\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nSe puede apreciar la luminiscencia del Mineral.","Rojinegro81",4608,6912,{"id":467,"source_url":468,"license_code":469,"credit_html":470,"title":471,"description":472,"author":473,"original_width":474,"original_height":361},38404,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84650753","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84650753\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite in quartzose sandstone (Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic; Colorado Plateau, USA) (32485416376).jpg","\u003Cp>Carnotite in quartzose sandstone (uranium ore) from the Jurassic of western USA. (public display, Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum, Golden, Colorado, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Yellow = carnotite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The vanadate minerals all have one or more vanadate ions (VO4 -3).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Carnotite is a radioactive, hydrous potassium uranyl vanadate mineral, K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O.  It is the principal uranium ore mineral in America, but has also been mined as a vanadium ore mineral.  The water component of carnotite varies with atmospheric humidity.  This mineral has a nonmetallic, dull to earthy luster, yellow color and streak, and is quite soft (H=2).  Crystals are rare, but typically have flattened diamond shapes.  Crystals break with one perfect cleavage (micaceous).  Carnotite is typically powdery, massive, or disseminated within host rocks.  The uranium content (U) makes carnotite quite radioactive.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Carnotite is one of several secondary uranium minerals.  It results from the alteration of uraninite (UO2) or other U- or V-bearing minerals.  Uranium-bearing minerals are soluble in water and acids.  Water percolating through uraniferous rocks will end up having dissolved U compounds.  These dissolved compounds precipitate elsewhere as carnotite or other secondary U minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Most carnotite is found disseminated in sandstones and channel sandstones.  Even <1% carnotite content can result in a distinctly yellowish-colored sandstone.  Carnotite is also found associated with carbonized plant fossils, permineralized fossil tree trunks, and calcrete paleosols.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A similar mineral, tyuyamunite, is the calcium equivalent of carnotite.  Tyuyamunite has a slightly greenish yellow color and fluoresces under ultraviolet (UV) light.  Carnotite is typically bright yellow in color and does not fluoresce under UV.  Tyuyamunite & carnotite are usually mixed together in secondary uranium mineral deposits.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed site in the Colorado Plateau, USA","James St. John",2476,{"id":476,"source_url":477,"license_code":469,"credit_html":478,"title":479,"description":480,"author":473,"original_width":481,"original_height":482},38405,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84695907","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84695907\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite in sandstone (Montrose County, Colorado, USA) 3 (23530017065).jpg","\u003Cp>Carnotite in sandstone from the Mesozoic of Colorado, USA. (public display, Minnesota Discovery Center, Chisholm, Minnesota, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The vanadate minerals all have one or more vanadate ions (VO4 -3).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Carnotite is a radioactive, hydrous potassium uranyl vanadate mineral, K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O.  It is the principal uranium ore mineral in America, but has also been mined as a vanadium ore mineral.  The water component of carnotite varies with atmospheric humidity.  This mineral has a nonmetallic, dull to earthy luster, yellow color and streak, and is quite soft (H=2).  Crystals are rare, but typically have flattened diamond shapes.  Crystals break with one perfect cleavage (micaceous).  Carnotite is typically powdery, massive, or disseminated within host rocks.  The uranium content (U) makes carnotite quite radioactive.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Carnotite is one of several secondary uranium minerals.  It results from the alteration of uraninite (UO2) or other U- or V-bearing minerals.  Uranium-bearing minerals are soluble in water and acids.  Water percolating through uraniferous rocks will end up having dissolved U compounds.  These dissolved compounds precipitate elsewhere as carnotite or other secondary U minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Most carnotite is found disseminated in sandstones and channel sandstones.  Even <1% carnotite content can result in a distinctly yellowish-colored sandstone.  Carnotite is also found associated with carbonized plant fossils, permineralized fossil tree trunks, and calcrete paleosols.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A similar mineral, tyuyamunite, is the calcium equivalent of carnotite.  Tyuyamunite has a slightly greenish yellow color and fluoresces under ultraviolet (UV) light.  Carnotite is typically bright yellow in color and does not fluoresce under UV.  Tyuyamunite & carnotite are usually mixed together in secondary uranium mineral deposits.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is a sandstone from Montrose County in western Colorado that is richly infused with carnotite.  The specimen is not accompanied by specific locality or stratigraphic information, but carnotitic sandstone is known from several formations in Montrose County:\n1) Burro Canyon Formation (Lower Cretaceous) - carnotite occurs in conglomeratic sandstones.\n2) Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) - carnotite occurs in fluvial sandstones.\n3) Entrada Sandstone (Middle Jurassic) - carnotite occurs in eolian sandstones.\n4) Kayenta Formation (Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic) - carnotite occurs in fluvial sandstones.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Some info. from:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Page et al. (1956) - Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955.  United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 300.  739 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of carnotite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=907\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=907\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=907<\u002Fa>",2728,2198,{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":469,"credit_html":486,"title":487,"description":480,"author":473,"original_width":488,"original_height":489},38406,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84695908","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84695908\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite in sandstone (Montrose County, Colorado, USA) 1 (23162057079).jpg",2545,2661,{"id":491,"source_url":492,"license_code":469,"credit_html":493,"title":494,"description":480,"author":473,"original_width":495,"original_height":496},38407,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84695909","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84695909\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite in sandstone (Montrose County, Colorado, USA) 2 (23503939706).jpg",3224,2310,{"id":498,"source_url":499,"license_code":382,"credit_html":500,"title":501,"description":502,"author":427,"original_width":378,"original_height":503},4778,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159067","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159067\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-Chrysocolla-201135.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChrysocolla\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chrysocolla\">Chrysocolla\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.5 x 4.5 x 1.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a specimen that combines the 2 forms of the rare mineral Carnotite from Mashamba, the foliated and the crystallized forms. The mineral is accompanied by light blue Chrysocolla that gives a nice color combination. Carnotite was a rare mineral at Mashamba and the specimens where recovered in the mid 1980’s. Here the crystals reaches 2 mm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,{"id":505,"source_url":506,"license_code":382,"credit_html":507,"title":508,"description":502,"author":427,"original_width":428,"original_height":509},38394,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159068","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159068\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-Chrysocolla-201136.jpg",376,{"id":511,"source_url":512,"license_code":382,"credit_html":513,"title":514,"description":515,"author":427,"original_width":516,"original_height":517},38395,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161219","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161219\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Metatyuyamunite-Carnotite-Malachite-214944.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMetatyuyamunite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Metatyuyamunite\">Metatyuyamunite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMalachite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Malachite\">Malachite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHeterogenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Heterogenite\">Heterogenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.0 x 2.2 x 2.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A very interesting combination specimen with Metatyuyamunite crystals gathered together in sheaves up to 3 mm associated with very small Carnotite flakes. The Carnotite is of a paler yellow than the Metatyuyamunite and not well crystallized. The minerals are sitting on a bed of Malachite. The Malachite sits in turn on Heterogenite covering Quartz crystals. Carnotite and Metatyuyamunite were rare minerals at Mashamba and the specimens where recovered in the mid 1980’s. As the Mashamba mine is flooded and most probably exhausted, no specimens will perhaps ever reach the market again.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",700,688,{"id":519,"source_url":520,"license_code":382,"credit_html":521,"title":522,"description":515,"author":427,"original_width":523,"original_height":524},38396,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161220","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161220\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Metatyuyamunite-Carnotite-Malachite-214945.jpg",448,336,{"id":526,"source_url":527,"license_code":382,"credit_html":528,"title":529,"description":530,"author":427,"original_width":378,"original_height":531},38397,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161241","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161241\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-Chrysocolla-214961.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChrysocolla\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chrysocolla\">Chrysocolla\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.0 x 1.6 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An unusually rich specimen of Carnotite crystals up to 1 mm on a bed of blue Chrysocolla. Carnotite is a rare mineral at Mashamba and the specimens where recovered in the mid 1980’s. As the Mashamba mine is flooded and most probably exhausted, no specimens will perhaps ever reach the market again. Crystallized carnotite is rare from any locality, and the aesthetics of this piece are particularly nice.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",404,{"id":533,"source_url":534,"license_code":382,"credit_html":535,"title":536,"description":530,"author":427,"original_width":378,"original_height":503},38398,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161242","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161242\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-Chrysocolla-214962.jpg",{"id":538,"source_url":539,"license_code":382,"credit_html":540,"title":541,"description":542,"author":427,"original_width":378,"original_height":543},27267,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10431280","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10431280\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-Vanoxite-sea16a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVanoxite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Vanoxite\">Vanoxite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Uravan District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMontrose_County,_Colorado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Montrose County, Colorado\">Montrose County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FColorado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Colorado\">Colorado\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24282.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7.5 x 5.7 x 4.2 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Vanoxite in Sandstone with Carnotite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Vanoxite is a vanadium oxide with water that is, I think, the vanadium equivalent of rust or of rust-like mineral species we see commonly with iron and manganese. However, it seems fairly uncommon. Apparently because it does not crystallize, its IMA status is listed as Questionable\u002FDoubtful as a species although that is a supposition. In any case, the material is present here as dark material in the matrix of carnotite (for which this is an excellent reference specimen). Ex. John White Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",605,{"id":545,"source_url":546,"license_code":397,"credit_html":547,"title":548,"description":549,"author":550,"original_width":551,"original_height":552},22087,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34713246","Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34713246\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite, Tyuyamunite, Sengierite-470960.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTyuyamunite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tyuyamunite\">Tyuyamunite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSengierite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sengierite\">Sengierite\u003C\u002Fa> (Size 10 cm x 6 cm x 4.3 cm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Huemul Mine, Pampa Amarilla District, Malargüe Department, Mendoza, Argentina\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Conglomeradic sandstone of the Middle Cretaceous with Sengierite, Carnotite and Tyuyamunite. From \"Huemul\" Uranium Deposit. Collected in 1977. Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry",1024,511,{"id":554,"source_url":555,"license_code":397,"credit_html":556,"title":557,"description":558,"author":550,"original_width":551,"original_height":559},22085,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34713241","Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34713241\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sengierite, Carnotite, Tyuyamunite-470959.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSengierite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sengierite\">Sengierite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarnotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Carnotite\">Carnotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTyuyamunite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tyuyamunite\">Tyuyamunite\u003C\u002Fa> (Size 10 cm x 6 cm x 4.3 cm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Huemul Mine, Pampa Amarilla District, Malargüe Department, Mendoza, Argentina\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Conglomeradic sandstone of the Middle Cretaceous with Sengierite, Carnotite and Tyuyamunite. From \"Huemul\" Uranium Deposit. Collected in 1977. Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",657,{"id":561,"source_url":562,"license_code":397,"credit_html":563,"title":564,"description":549,"author":550,"original_width":551,"original_height":565},22086,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34713245","Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34713245\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite, Tyuyamunite, Sengierite-470961.jpg",814,{"id":567,"source_url":568,"license_code":382,"credit_html":569,"title":570,"description":542,"author":427,"original_width":378,"original_height":571},27268,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10431282","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10431282\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carnotite-Vanoxite-sea16b.jpg",636,{"id":573,"source_url":574,"license_code":382,"credit_html":575,"title":576,"description":515,"author":427,"original_width":378,"original_height":577},67232,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161218","Robert M. 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