[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:959":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":22,"key_elements":23,"impurities":24,"cim":25,"ima_status":26,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":34,"dana8ed2":35,"dana8ed3":30,"dana8ed4":36,"csystem":37,"cclass":38,"spacegroup":38,"spacegroupset":39,"a":40,"b":41,"c":42,"alpha":43,"beta":44,"gamma":45,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":38,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":46,"twinning":47,"tranglide":11,"parting":48,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":49,"tlform":11,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"hardtype":51,"vhnmin":39,"vhnmax":39,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":52,"dmeas2":52,"dcalc":53,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":54,"lustre":55,"lustretype":56,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":57,"streak":58,"colour":59,"commentcolor":11,"colors":60,"streak_colors":65,"luminescence":66,"uv":11,"cleavage":67,"cleavagetype":68,"fracturetype":69,"tenacity":70,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":71,"opticalsign":72,"opticalalpha":73,"opticalalpha2":39,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":74,"opticalbeta2":39,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":75,"opticalgamma2":39,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":39,"opticalomega2":39,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":39,"opticalepsilon2":39,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":39,"opticaln2":39,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":76,"optical2vcalc2":39,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":76,"optical2vmeasured2":39,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":77,"rimax":78,"opticaldispersion":79,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":80,"industrial":81,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":82,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":83,"aboutname":84,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":85,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":86,"group_members":87,"associates":115,"confused_with":142,"type_localities":143,"occurrence_total":150,"citations":151,"images":309,"structures":560,"synonyms":577,"language_names":602,"wikidata_qid":761,"texts":762},959,"1:1:959:3","9e69dcbf-9b83-42ef-910c-1abae1183b41","Chalcanthite","Cct",0,"mineral",null,29280,6613,false,"CuSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Cu(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",[18,19,20,21],"Cu","O","S","H",[18,19,20,21],[18],",Fe,Mg,Co,,","25.2.3",[27,28],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1853","7","C","B","20","29","6","1","Triclinic",2,"0","6.11","10.673","5.95","97.58","107.17","77.55","Non-standard unit cell.","Rarely forms cruciform twins, with the edges [001] and [100] on one crystal respectively parallel to [100] and [001] on the other, and with {010} in common.","None reported.","Crystal short prismatic {001} or less commonly tabular \u003Cmi>{_1_11}\u003C\u002Fmi>. Natural crystals rather rare. Commonly found as stalactic material, massive, granular filling veins (cross-fiber veinlets) and as crusts.",2.5,3,"2.286","2.282","Measured on artificial material.","Vitreous (Glassy)","Vitreous,Resinous","Transparent,Translucent","White","Green, green blue, light blue, or dark blue; colourless to pale blue in transmitted light.",[61,62,63,64],"blue","green","colorless","white",[64],"None","Imperfect on \u003Cmi>{1_10}\u003C\u002Fmi>, Indistinct on {111}; and, {110} in traces.","Imperfect\u002FFair","Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","-","1.514","1.537","1.543","56",1.514,1.543,"r \u003C v","Soluble in water. Dehydrates in dry air forming lighter powder.","On occasion, it is found in sufficient volume to be mined as an ore of copper.","Found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits, usually in arid regions where it is not dissolved by ground water. Commonly associated with other hydrated sulphates of Cu or Fe.","Chalcanthite Group.\r\nCopper analogue of siderotil and pentahydrite.\r\n\r\nChalcanthite is natural, water-soluble copper sulphate pentahydrate. It is a secondary mineral that is formed in arid climates or in rapidly oxidizing copper deposits. It is usually...","From the Greek chalkos, \"copper\" and anthos, \"flower.\"","2026-05-05 19:17:24",[],[88,94,102,109],{"id":89,"name":90,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":92,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},52915,"Belogubite","CuZn(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 10H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CuZn(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·10H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.27",{"id":95,"name":96,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":97,"mindat_formula":98,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":99,"dcalc":100,"primary_image_id":101},2109,"Jôkokuite","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","MnSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.03","2.094",12680,{"id":103,"name":104,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":105,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":107,"dcalc":108,"primary_image_id":11},3153,"Pentahydrite","Mg(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","MgSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","1.896","1.90",{"id":110,"name":111,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":112,"mindat_formula":113,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":39,"dcalc":39,"primary_image_id":114},3643,"Siderotil","Fe(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","FeSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",79490,[116,124,134],{"id":117,"name":118,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":119,"mindat_formula":120,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":121,"dcalc":122,"primary_image_id":123},182,"Amarantite","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 7H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O·7H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.189","2.14",1035,{"id":125,"name":126,"entrytype":9,"csystem":127,"ima_formula":128,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":130,"hmax":130,"dmeas":131,"dcalc":132,"primary_image_id":133},268,"Antlerite","Orthorhombic","Cu\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"3.88","3.93",1621,{"id":135,"name":136,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":137,"mindat_formula":138,"hmin":38,"hmax":50,"dmeas":139,"dcalc":140,"primary_image_id":141},2102,"Johannite","Cu(UO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Cu(UO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3.32","3.44",12651,[],[144],{"id":145,"txt":146,"latitude":147,"longitude":148,"country":149},641,"Chuquicamata Mine, Chuquicamata District, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta, Chile",-22.2894444,-68.9011111,"Chile",886,[152,155,158,162,166,170,174,178,182,186,190,194,197,201,205,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,238,242,246,250,254,258,262,267,271,275,280,284,288,292,296,300,304],{"id":153,"year":11,"html":154,"doi":11},16105239,"Dioscorides, P., [Translated by Cornarius J, 1557] (70) Chalcantum. in De materia medica Libri V., Froben (Basileae): 451-453.",{"id":156,"year":11,"html":157,"doi":11},16105252,"Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 192: 1-53.",{"id":159,"year":160,"html":161,"doi":11},16105240,1826,"Kupffer, A.F. (1826) Ueber die Krystallisation des Kupfervitriols, nebst allgemeinen Betrachtungen über das ein- und eingliedrige oder tetartoprismatische System. Annalen der Physik: 84: 215-230 (217).",{"id":163,"year":164,"html":165,"doi":11},18530121,1832,"Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) \u003Ci>Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition]\u003C\u002Fi> (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume  II]. Chez Verdière. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fbub_gb_XSRCAAAAcAAJ\u002Fbub_gb_XSRCAAAAcAAJ.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":167,"year":168,"html":169,"doi":11},17731447,1853,"von Kobell, Franz [Franz Wolffgang Kobel] (1853) \u003Ci>Die Mineral-Namen und die mineralogische Nomenklatur\u003C\u002Fi>.  J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.no\u002Fbooks\u002Fdownload\u002FDie_Mineral_Namen_und_die_mineralogische.pdf?id=kT2AiKhb1UcC&hl=no&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U3MDv-QCG0uKs5tSjtBGuHBxpYo1w' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":171,"year":172,"html":173,"doi":11},16105243,1874,"Pape (1874) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 6: 35.",{"id":175,"year":176,"html":177,"doi":11},16105244,1889,"Retgers (1889) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 3: 289.",{"id":179,"year":180,"html":181,"doi":11},16105245,1891,"Lavenir (1891) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 14: 115.",{"id":183,"year":184,"html":185,"doi":11},1118647,1892,"Dana, Edward Salisbury; Dana, James Dwight (1892) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",{"id":187,"year":188,"html":189,"doi":11},16105247,1894,"Retgers (1894) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 15: 563.",{"id":191,"year":192,"html":193,"doi":11},16105248,1895,"Retgers (1895) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 16: 583.",{"id":195,"year":192,"html":196,"doi":11},16105249,"Stortenbeker (1895) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 17: 647.",{"id":198,"year":199,"html":200,"doi":11},16105250,1900,"Stortenbeker (1900) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 34: 111.",{"id":202,"year":203,"html":204,"doi":11},16156294,1903,"Schaller, Waldemar Theodore (1903) Minerals from Leona Heights, Alameda County, California. University of California, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin: 3: 191-217.",{"id":206,"year":207,"html":208,"doi":11},16105253,1905,"Boeris (1905) Att. soc. ital. sc. nat. Milan: 44: 73.",{"id":210,"year":211,"html":212,"doi":11},16105254,1907,"Boeris (1907) Rivista di mineralogia e cristallografia italiana, Padua: 33: 5.",{"id":214,"year":215,"html":216,"doi":11},17557086,1908,"Groth, P. (1908) \u003Ci>Chemische Krystallographie\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2. Wilhem Engelmann. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fchemischekrystal02grotuoft\u002Fchemischekrystal02grotuoft.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":218,"year":219,"html":220,"doi":11},16105256,1911,"Tutton, A.E.H. (1911) Crystals 301 pp., London: 301.",{"id":222,"year":223,"html":224,"doi":11},4468627,1918,"(1918) \u003Ci>Atlas Der Krystallformen\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 5 - Text - Band V - Kainit-Margarosanit. Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg.",{"id":226,"year":227,"html":228,"doi":11},16105258,1920,"Haas, M.O. (1920) Sur une prétendue macle du sulfate de cuivre (On an alleged twin of copper sulphate). Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 43(3): 228-232.",{"id":230,"year":231,"html":232,"doi":11},16105259,1922,"Tutton, A.E.H. (1922) Crystallography and Practical Crystal Measurement. 946 pp., London. Second edition: vol. 1 (Form and Structure): 282.",{"id":234,"year":235,"html":236,"doi":237},6220654,1923,"Collins, Henry F. (1923) On some crystallized sulphates from the province of Huelva, Spain. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 20 (100). 32-38 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1923.020.100.05'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1923.020.100.05\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1923.020.100.05",{"id":239,"year":240,"html":241,"doi":11},16105261,1927,"Doelter, C. (1927) Handbuch der Mineral-chemie: 4[2]: 280.",{"id":243,"year":244,"html":245,"doi":11},16105262,1928,"Mélon, J. (1928)  La chalcanthite du Katanga. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 51(3-4): 194-196.",{"id":247,"year":248,"html":249,"doi":11},16105264,1929,"Vavrinecz, G. (1929) Magyar Chemiai Folyóirat, Budapest: 35: 4.",{"id":251,"year":248,"html":252,"doi":253},104088,"Goßner, B.; Brückl, K. (1929) Die Gitterkonstanten von Kupfervitriol. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  69 (1-6). 422-426 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1929.69.1.422'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1929.69.1.422\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1929.69.1.422",{"id":255,"year":256,"html":257,"doi":11},16105265,1933,"Barth, T.F.W., Tunell, G. (1933) The space-lattice and optical orientation of chalcanthite (CuSO4-5H2O); An illustration of the use of the Weissenberg x-ray goniometer in the triclinic system. American Mineralogist: 18: 187-194.",{"id":259,"year":260,"html":261,"doi":11},16105266,1934,"Beevers, C.A., Lipson, H. (1934) The crystal structure of copper sulphate pentahydrate, CuSO4.5H2O. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: 146A(858): 570-582.",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":266},400420,1935,"Ungemach, Henri (1935) Sur certains minéraux sulfatés du Chili. \u003Ci>Bulletin de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (3) 97-221 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1935.4369'>doi:10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1935.4369\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1935.4369",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":11},520815,1938,"Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (11) 669-760 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM23\u002FAM23_669.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":272,"year":273,"html":274,"doi":11},1118652,1951,"Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.",{"id":276,"year":277,"html":278,"doi":279},16591697,1964,"Kohler, K.; Zäske, P. (1964) Beiträge zur Thermochemie der Hydrate. III. Der thermische Abbau von CoSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 7 H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O, FeSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 7 H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O, CuSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 5 H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O und die Isotypiebeziehungen der Abbauprodukte der Epsomit‐ und Melanteritreihe. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie\u003C\u002Fi>,  331 (1-2). p.7-16. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fzaac.19643310103'>doi:10.1002\u002Fzaac.19643310103\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fzaac.19643310103",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":11},16105270,1973,"Lakshman, S.V.J., Reddy, B.J. (1973) Optical absorption spectra of Cu2+ in chalcanthite and malachite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 12: 207-210.",{"id":285,"year":286,"html":287,"doi":11},16105271,1975,"Bacon, G.E., Titterton, D.H. (1975) Neutron-diffraction studies of CuSO4·5(H2O) and CuSO4·5(D2O). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 141: 330-341.",{"id":289,"year":290,"html":291,"doi":11},16105272,1987,"Mestres, L., Martinez, M.L., Rodriguez, A. (1987) The isomorphism between CuSeO4·5H2O and CuSO4·5H2O. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 180: 179-187.",{"id":293,"year":294,"html":295,"doi":11},1118654,1997,"Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine W.; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian; Rosenzweig, Abraham; King, Vandall T. (1997) \u003Ci>Dana's New Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. 1872 pp.",{"id":297,"year":298,"html":299,"doi":11},16963601,2005,"(2005) Chalcanthite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fchalcanthite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":301,"year":302,"html":303,"doi":11},16105274,2017,"Bissengaliyeva, M.R., Bekturganov, N.S., Gogol, D.B., Taimassova, Sh.T. (2017) Low-​temperature heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of natural chalcanthite. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics: 111: 199-206.",{"id":305,"year":306,"html":307,"doi":308},15384076,2022,"Ibrahim, Mukaila A., Boeré, René T. (2022) The copper sulfate hydration cycle. Crystal structures of CuSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> (Chalcocyanite), CuSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (Poitevinite), CuSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (Bonattite) and CuSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (Chalcanthite) at low temperature using non-spherical atomic scattering factors. \u003Ci>New Journal of Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>, 46 (12) 5479-5488 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1039\u002Fd2nj00169a'>doi:10.1039\u002Fd2nj00169a\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1039\u002Fd2nj00169a",[310,320,327,336,341,350,358,364,372,381,389,399,408,417,425,434,441,450,458,464,472,480,485,490,499,506,513,518,527,532,537,545,551],{"id":311,"source_url":312,"license_code":313,"credit_html":314,"title":315,"description":316,"author":317,"original_width":318,"original_height":319},5110,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159424","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159424\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-202061.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcanthite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcanthite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Braden Mine (Teniente Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEl_Teniente\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:El Teniente\">El Teniente\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRancagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rancagua\">Rancagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCachapoal_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cachapoal Province\">Cachapoal Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FO%27Higgins_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:O'Higgins Region\">Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Chile (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8839.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 13.4 x 11.3 x 8.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is the largest and best crystallized natural chalcanthite that I have personally seen. It has a huge complete crystal of neon blue, sticking straight up from matrix. It is pristine, glows when backlit, and is from an old-time locality. Chalcanthite is easily synthesized today and grown in labs all around the world for the gift shop and fake rock markets. Chalcanthite forms as post-mining or manmade crystals from working copper mines such as in Arizona. Aside from the chance that this was post-mining (and I do not think it was), it is highly unlikely these were being made in labs and from gift shop chemistry sets back in the early 1900s in Chile. With as many copper mines as we have around, I have not seen any post-mining chalcanthite formed from the runoff of human workings that reaches this magnitude. So I find it unlikely this was formed in that manner, although it’s a slim outside chance. This is, surely then, natural as the museum its self concluded in the end. The wooden display label with it indicates exhibition in a case of trophies brought back from one of the famous Vaux expeditions of the 1920s, apparently. Ex. Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",794,800,{"id":321,"source_url":322,"license_code":323,"credit_html":324,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},29413,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F55487","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F55487\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,747,{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":313,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":332,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5111,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25284553","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25284553\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite 6.JPG","crystals of chalcanthite : Polkowice Mine, Polkowice District, Legnica, Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie), Poland","Parent Géry",4288,2848,{"id":337,"source_url":338,"license_code":323,"credit_html":339,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":325,"original_height":340},29415,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F190703","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F190703\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",693,{"id":342,"source_url":343,"license_code":313,"credit_html":344,"title":345,"description":346,"author":347,"original_width":348,"original_height":349},39110,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1494117","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1494117\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalkantyt, Almeria, 2Hiszpania.jpg","Chalkantyt,_Almeria,_Hiszpania; autor zdjęcia Paleonet; 10.12.2006 r.","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims).",640,480,{"id":351,"source_url":352,"license_code":313,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":7,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},39111,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1877918","Chmee2, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1877918\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite2.jpg","Chmee2",2816,2112,{"id":359,"source_url":360,"license_code":313,"credit_html":361,"title":362,"description":363,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5114,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26441337","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26441337\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite 7.JPG","crystals of chalcanthite : Majuba Hill Mine (Mylar Mine), Antelope District, Pershing Co., Nevada, USA",{"id":365,"source_url":366,"license_code":313,"credit_html":367,"title":368,"description":369,"author":370,"original_width":349,"original_height":371},39112,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3031808","The original uploader was Baryonyx at English Wikipedia., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3031808\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite.jpg","This is a photo of a sample I purchased from Amethyst Galleries. Since the sample was shattered in shipment, this is the picture I can provide","The original uploader was Baryonyx at English Wikipedia.",360,{"id":373,"source_url":374,"license_code":313,"credit_html":375,"title":376,"description":377,"author":378,"original_width":379,"original_height":380},5115,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32053459","Ra'ike, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32053459\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite - streak color.JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStreak_(mineralogy)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Streak (mineralogy)\">Streak color\u003C\u002Fa> of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcanthite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcanthite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>: White","Ra'ike",3242,2624,{"id":382,"source_url":383,"license_code":313,"credit_html":384,"title":385,"description":7,"author":386,"original_width":387,"original_height":388},39113,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3031830","The original uploader was Shinichi at Galician Wikipedia. (Original text: http:\u002F\u002Fgl.wikipedia.org\u002Fw\u002Findex.php?title=User:Shinichi), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3031830\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calcantita z.jpg","The original uploader was Shinichi at Galician Wikipedia. (Original text: http:\u002F\u002Fgl.wikipedia.org\u002Fw\u002Findex.php?title=User:Shinichi)",1200,884,{"id":390,"source_url":391,"license_code":392,"credit_html":393,"title":394,"description":395,"author":396,"original_width":397,"original_height":398},5116,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88345400","CC BY-SA 4.0","掬茶, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88345400\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University.jpg","Chalcanthite displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University","掬茶",3008,2000,{"id":400,"source_url":401,"license_code":313,"credit_html":402,"title":403,"description":404,"author":405,"original_width":406,"original_height":407},39114,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3948785","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3948785\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-cured.JPG","copper sulfate, Mineral name: Chalcanthite, short time brushed and cleaned under water and on that way cured from dehydration (look also other version)","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2224,1805,{"id":409,"source_url":410,"license_code":392,"credit_html":411,"title":412,"description":413,"author":414,"original_width":415,"original_height":416},5117,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721565","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721565\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 278 - Chalcanthite (Espagne).jpg","Chalcanthite, en provenance d'Espagne, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2412,2016,{"id":418,"source_url":419,"license_code":420,"credit_html":421,"title":422,"description":423,"author":424,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},39115,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5262688","Public domain","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5262688\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite1 .jpg","chalcanthite : Planet Mine (Planet Copper Mine ; New Planet Mine), Planet Mine group (New Planet Mine group ; Great Central Mine), Planet, Santa Maria District (Planet District ; Swansea District ; Bill Williams District), Buckskin Mts, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA]]","Géry PARENT",{"id":426,"source_url":427,"license_code":313,"credit_html":428,"title":429,"description":430,"author":431,"original_width":432,"original_height":433},39116,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7094630","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7094630\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthitefrance.jpg","Chalcanthite - Canaveille mine - Pyrénées Orientales France (20x16cm)","Didier Descouens",4592,3056,{"id":435,"source_url":436,"license_code":313,"credit_html":437,"title":438,"description":439,"author":333,"original_width":440,"original_height":335},39122,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24635674","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24635674\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite 1.JPG","crystals of chalcanthite : Aghbar Mine (Arhbar Mine), Aghbar, Bou Azer District (Bou Azzer District), Tazenakht, Ouarzazate Province, Souss-Massa-Draâ Region, Morocco",3860,{"id":442,"source_url":443,"license_code":313,"credit_html":444,"title":445,"description":446,"author":447,"original_width":448,"original_height":449},39123,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25729257","Usiek22011994, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25729257\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalkantyt.jpg","chalkantyt - Polska, KGHM kop. Lubin Główny","Usiek22011994",960,638,{"id":451,"source_url":452,"license_code":392,"credit_html":453,"title":454,"description":455,"author":414,"original_width":456,"original_height":457},39125,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721564","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721564\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 279 - Chacalcanthite (Espagne).jpg","Chacalcanthite, en provenance d'Espagne, au Muséum de Nantes",3268,2440,{"id":459,"source_url":460,"license_code":313,"credit_html":461,"title":462,"description":463,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5121,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26608798","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26608798\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite, limonite 6.jpeg","crystals of chalcanthite, crystals of limonite : Planet Mine (Planet Copper Mine ; New Planet Mine), Planet Mine group (New Planet Mine group ; Great Central Mine), Planet, Santa Maria District (Planet District ; Swansea District ; Bill Williams District), Buckskin Mts, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA",{"id":465,"source_url":466,"license_code":313,"credit_html":467,"title":468,"description":469,"author":317,"original_width":470,"original_height":471},21091,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159473","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159473\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-Melanterite-Romerite-202117.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcanthite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcanthite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMelanterite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Melanterite\">Melanterite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%B6merite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Römerite\">Römerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCerro_de_Pasco\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cerro de Pasco\">Cerro de Pasco\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDaniel_Alcides_Carri%C3%B3n_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Daniel Alcides Carrión Province\">Daniel Alcides Carrión Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Pasco Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-12249.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 20.8 x 9.5 x 8.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a bizarre columnar Chalcanthite specimen that is coated by a thin layer of the iron sulfate romerite, through which nests of sharp, bladed melanterite crystals to 6mm in size poke out every which way on all sides. According to museum records and the number on the back of the piece (19977), this dates to the time period as the Vaux expeditions of the 1920s and thus was most likely collected by Sam Gordon, then-curator, on one of the early Vaux expeditions (1st or 2nd). Sam Gordon collected the specimen in 1921 (then on the Vaux expeditions). Ex. Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",288,400,{"id":473,"source_url":474,"license_code":475,"credit_html":476,"title":477,"description":478,"author":405,"original_width":479,"original_height":471},39109,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=645295","CC BY 2.5","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=645295\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper sulfate Chalcanthite.jpg","copper sulfate, Mineral name: Chalcanthite",600,{"id":481,"source_url":482,"license_code":313,"credit_html":483,"title":484,"description":463,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5112,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220480","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220480\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite, limonite.JPG",{"id":486,"source_url":487,"license_code":313,"credit_html":488,"title":489,"description":463,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5113,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220485","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220485\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite, limonite 2.JPG",{"id":491,"source_url":492,"license_code":493,"credit_html":494,"title":495,"description":496,"author":431,"original_width":497,"original_height":498},39117,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8792379","CC BY 3.0","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8792379\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","ChalcanthitefranceII.jpg","Chalcanthite and Gypsum - Canaveille mine - Pyrénées Orientales France (20x16cm)",3895,2974,{"id":500,"source_url":501,"license_code":313,"credit_html":502,"title":503,"description":504,"author":317,"original_width":505,"original_height":319},39118,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159452","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159452\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-Copper-202081.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcanthite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcanthite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: New Rambler mine (Rambler Mine; Holmes Mine; Electrolytic Mine; Great Rambler Mine), New Rambler District, Albany County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWyoming\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wyoming\">Wyoming\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7493.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 22.7 x 13.4 x 11.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The Rambler mine was in its heyday by 1900 or so, and continued for a number of years afterwards to dominate copper production in this region. This particular specimen is the only Chalcanthite of any kind that I have personally seen from the state is the only listed locality likely to have produced such a piece, although the label accompanying just says \"chalcanthite - Wyoming - natural\"). The specimen carries an old label from dealer Gary Hansen. Could it be formed from mine run-off? It DOES have the look of deposition from flowing solution, but this could have formed naturally, as the label says, during flow of water through the mine, completely unrelated to human mining. I am disinclined to think these to be manmade fakes. The giveaway is the presence of COPPER-REPLACED wood, embedded in the chalcanthite at the bottom and rear of the specimen. If you knock on it with a key or finger, the slender wood timber clinks like metal. The replacement is not 100% complete, as the wood is still somewhat malleable\u002Fbendable, but it is far enough along that you can say the copper has replaced much of the wood. So, we have a naturally formed example of chalcanthite, not made on a lab table - but formed post-mining from the runoff of the copper-laden waters running over old mine timbers. Ex. Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",585,{"id":507,"source_url":508,"license_code":313,"credit_html":509,"title":510,"description":511,"author":317,"original_width":512,"original_height":471},39119,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10456371","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10456371\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-Copper-pas-178c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcanthite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcanthite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: New Rambler mine (Rambler Mine; Holmes Mine; Electrolytic Mine; Great Rambler Mine), New Rambler District, Albany County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWyoming\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wyoming\">Wyoming\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7493.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: large cabinet, 22.7 x 13.4 x 11.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Chalcanthite with COPPER replacing Wood\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The Rambler mine was in its heyday by 1900 or so, and continued for a number of years afterwards to dominate copper production in this region. This particular specimen is the only Chalcanthite of any kind that I have personally seen from the state (and this is the only listed locality likely to have produced such a piece, although the label accompanying just says \"chalcanthite - wyoming - natural\"). The specimen carries an old label from dealer Gary Hansen. Could it be formed from mine run-off? It DOES have the look of deposition from flowing solution, but this could have formed naturally, as the label says, during flow of water through the mine, completely unrelated to human mining. As with another museum chalcanthite of large size in this collection, I am disinclined to think these to be manmade fakes - something I would be very suspicious of today from contemporary mining locations. So, which is it? The giveaway is the presence of COPPER-REPLACED wood, embedded in the chalcanthite at the bottom and rear of the specimen. No kidding, if you knock on it with a key or finger, the slender wood timber clinks like metal. The replacement is not 100% complete, as the wood is still somewhat malleable\u002Fbendable, but it is far enough along that you can say the copper has replaced much of the wood. So , we have a naturally formed example of chalcanthite, not made on a lab table - but formed postmining from the runoff of the copper-laden waters running over old mine timbers. In any case, it is a huge, beautiful, breathtakingly colorful display specimen!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",308,{"id":514,"source_url":515,"license_code":313,"credit_html":516,"title":517,"description":463,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5119,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220486","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220486\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite, limonite 3.JPG",{"id":519,"source_url":520,"license_code":493,"credit_html":521,"title":522,"description":523,"author":524,"original_width":525,"original_height":526},1018,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8862885","Arturo Molina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8862885\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copiapite Group, Alunogen, Chalcanthite - Quetena Mine, Chuquicamata District, Antofagasta, Chile.jpg","Assemblage of three sulphates from Queténa Mine, Toki Cu deposit, Chuquicamata District, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n\u003Cul>\u003Cli>A:yellow pseudo-orthorhombic plates-SXRD: Copiapite group, most probably \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fmagnesiocopiapite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:magnesiocopiapite\">magnesiocopiapite\u003C\u002Fa>, cell parameter: a=7.35; b=7.39; c=18.80; α=91.4°; β=98.8° und γ=102.2°\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>B:\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlunogen\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Alunogen\">Alunogen\u003C\u002Fa> (white +\u002F- opaque plates with good cleavage\u002Fpartially dehydrated?, analysed by SXRD\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>C: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcnathite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcnathite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>, bluish grains, analysed by SXRD.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\nFOV 5x5 mm. aprox; Many thanks to Dr. Uwe Kolitsch who has analysed the material","Arturo Molina",1024,768,{"id":528,"source_url":529,"license_code":313,"credit_html":530,"title":531,"description":463,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5118,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220484","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220484\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite, limonite 1.JPG",{"id":533,"source_url":534,"license_code":313,"credit_html":535,"title":536,"description":463,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},5120,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220490","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26220490\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite, limonite 4.JPG",{"id":538,"source_url":539,"license_code":392,"credit_html":540,"title":541,"description":542,"author":424,"original_width":543,"original_height":544},5122,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=70374922","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=70374922\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite, limonite 7.jpg","chalcanthite, limonite : Planet Mine (Planet Copper Mine ; New Planet Mine), Planet Mine group (New Planet Mine group ; Great Central Mine), Planet, Santa Maria District (Planet District ; Swansea District ; Bill Williams District), Buckskin Mts, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA",1976,1221,{"id":546,"source_url":547,"license_code":313,"credit_html":548,"title":549,"description":469,"author":317,"original_width":550,"original_height":319},21090,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159472","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159472\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-Melanterite-Romerite-202116.jpg",372,{"id":552,"source_url":553,"license_code":392,"credit_html":554,"title":555,"description":556,"author":557,"original_width":558,"original_height":559},27523,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=73607391","Tatewaki, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=73607391\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Blue vitriol monocrystal.jpg","Monocrystal of blue vitriol grown from a saturated solution of cupric sulfate, longest dimension is about 5 cm.","Tatewaki",1457,609,[561,567,572],{"id":562,"url":563,"label":564,"formula":565,"spacegroup":566,"year":286},2455,"\u002Fcif\u002F2455.cif","Bacon 1975 · Cu S O9 H10","Cu S O9 H10","P -1",{"id":568,"url":569,"label":570,"formula":571,"spacegroup":566,"year":286},2456,"\u002Fcif\u002F2456.cif","Bacon 1975 · Cu S O9 D10","Cu S O9 D10",{"id":573,"url":574,"label":575,"formula":576,"spacegroup":566,"year":260},2457,"\u002Fcif\u002F2457.cif","Beevers 1934","Cu S O9",[578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601],"Blue Stone","Blue Vitriol","Chalcanthit","Chalcanthita","Chalcanthum","Chalcantita","Chalkanthita","Chalkanthite","Copper vitriol","Couperouse Bleue","Cuivre Sulfaté","Cyanose","Cyanosit","Cyanosita","Cyanosite","Cyprian vitriol","Kupferchalcanthit","Kupfervitriol","Sulphate of Copper","Vitriolo azul","Vitriolo di Rame","Vitriolum cupri","Vitriolum Cypri","Vitriolum veneris",[603,608,612,616,622,626,630,636,640,644,648,657,660,664,668,672,675,679,683,687,690,693,696,700,703,706,710,714,720,723,727,734,738,742,746,750,754,758],{"lang":604,"names":605},"ar",[606,607],"كبريتات نحاس مميأة","كلكنتيت",{"lang":609,"names":610},"az",[611],"Xalkantit",{"lang":613,"names":614},"ca",[615],"calcantita",{"lang":617,"names":618},"cs",[619,620,621],"chalkantit","Modrá skalice","Skalice modrá",{"lang":623,"names":624},"de",[625],"Chalkanthit",{"lang":627,"names":628},"el",[629],"Χαλκανθίτης",{"lang":631,"names":632},"es",[615,633,634,635],"calclasa","chalcantita","chalclasa",{"lang":637,"names":638},"eu",[639],"Kalkantita",{"lang":641,"names":642},"fa",[643],"کالکانتیت",{"lang":645,"names":646},"fi",[647],"Kalkantiitti",{"lang":649,"names":650},"fr",[651,652,653,7,654,585,655,656,592,593],"Calcantite","Calchante","Chacalcanthite","Chalcantite","Couperouse bleue","Cuivre sulfaté",{"lang":658,"names":659},"gl",[615],{"lang":661,"names":662},"hr",[663],"Bakrov(II) sulfat pentahidrat",{"lang":665,"names":666},"hu",[667],"Kalkantit",{"lang":669,"names":670},"hy",[671],"Խալկանիտ",{"lang":673,"names":674},"it",[651],{"lang":676,"names":677},"ja",[678],"胆礬",{"lang":680,"names":681},"kk",[682],"Халькантит",{"lang":684,"names":685},"kk-arab",[686],"حالكانتىيت",{"lang":688,"names":689},"kk-cn",[686],{"lang":691,"names":692},"kk-cyrl",[682],{"lang":694,"names":695},"kk-kz",[682],{"lang":697,"names":698},"kk-latn",[699],"Xalʹkantït",{"lang":701,"names":702},"kk-tr",[699],{"lang":704,"names":705},"ky",[682],{"lang":707,"names":708},"mn",[709],"Чалькантят",{"lang":711,"names":712},"nb",[713],"chalkanthitt",{"lang":715,"names":716},"nl",[717,718,719],"chalcanthiet","Chalcantiet","Kopervitriool",{"lang":721,"names":722},"nn",[713],{"lang":724,"names":725},"pl",[726],"Chalkantyt",{"lang":728,"names":729},"pt",[730,731,732,733],"Calcantita","calcantite","Caparrosa-azul","Vitríolo-azul",{"lang":735,"names":736},"ru",[682,737],"Цианозит",{"lang":739,"names":740},"sk",[741],"Chalkantit",{"lang":743,"names":744},"sl",[745],"Halkantit",{"lang":747,"names":748},"uk",[749,682],"Пентагідрат сульфату міді(II)",{"lang":751,"names":752},"yue",[753],"膽礬",{"lang":755,"names":756},"zh",[757],"胆矾",{"lang":759,"names":760},"zh-yue",[753],"Q407861",{"history":11,"applications":11}]