[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:962":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":19,"key_elements":20,"impurities":21,"cim":22,"ima_status":23,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":26,"strunz10ed2":27,"strunz10ed3":28,"strunz10ed4":29,"dana8ed1":26,"dana8ed2":30,"dana8ed3":31,"dana8ed4":32,"csystem":33,"cclass":34,"spacegroup":35,"spacegroupset":36,"a":37,"b":38,"c":39,"alpha":40,"beta":41,"gamma":40,"aerror":42,"berror":43,"cerror":44,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":45,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":46,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":47,"twinning":48,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":11,"tlform":11,"hmin":49,"hmax":44,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":50,"vhnmax":51,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":52,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":53,"dmeas2":54,"dcalc":54,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":55,"lustretype":56,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":57,"streak":58,"colour":59,"commentcolor":11,"colors":60,"streak_colors":64,"luminescence":65,"uv":66,"cleavage":67,"cleavagetype":68,"fracturetype":69,"tenacity":70,"commentbreak":71,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":40,"opticalalpha2":40,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":40,"opticalbeta2":40,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":40,"opticalgamma2":40,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":40,"opticalomega2":40,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":40,"opticalepsilon2":40,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":40,"opticaln2":40,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":40,"optical2vcalc2":40,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":40,"optical2vmeasured2":40,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":72,"opticalanisotropism":73,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":74,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":11,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":75,"aboutname":76,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":77,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":78,"group_members":86,"associates":114,"confused_with":186,"type_localities":191,"occurrence_total":192,"citations":193,"images":256,"structures":413,"synonyms":438,"language_names":468,"wikidata_qid":627,"texts":628},962,"1:1:962:7","257d85fc-11ac-49a4-a01e-8c50676cfae3","Chalcocite","Cc",0,"mineral",null,33145,29454,false,"Cu\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S",[17,18],"Cu","S",[17,18],[17],"Fe","3.1.1",[24,25],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","2","B","A","05","4","7","1","Monoclinic",5,14,"P21\u002Fc ","15.246","11.884","13.494","0","116.35",4,2,3,1,48,"May be point group m and space group Pc; other monoclinic cell given: a = 11.82, b = 27.05, c = 13.43, β = 90°.","Common on {110} yielding pseudohexagonal stellate forms. Also on {032}, {112}.",2.5,"84","87",100,"5.5","5.8","Metallic","Metallic,Sub-Metallic","Opaque","Blackish lead gray","Blue black, gray, black, black gray, or steel gray",[61,62,63],"black","gray","blue",[61,62],"None","Not fluorescent in UV","Indistinct on (110)","Poor\u002FIndistinct","Conchoidal","brittle","Somewhat sectile","Anisotropic","Weak","(37.0,36.8) 400,\r\n(37.8,37.4) 420,\r\n(37.7,37.6) 440,\r\n(37.0,37.2) 460,\r\n(36.2,36.2) 480,\r\n(35.6,35.4) 500,\r\n(34.7,34.4) 520,\r\n(33.7,33.5) 540,\r\n(32.5,32.5) 560,\r\n(32.1,31.8) 580,\r\n(31.3,31.2) 600,\r\n(30.8,30.7) 620,\r\n(30.0,30.0) 640,\r\n(29.5,30.0) 660,\r\n(29.2,29.7) 680,\r\n(29.0,29.6) 700","Chalcocite-Yarrowite Series.\r\n\r\nA secondary mineral in or near the oxidized zone of copper sulfide deposits.  Hexagonal above 105°C ('High-chalcocite').\r\nEasily confused with djurleite.\r\nChalcocite easily converts to djurleite under the electron beam t...","Named chalcosine in 1832 by François Sulpice Beudant from Greek, \"chalkos\", copper. This mineral was known by a wide variety of names previously. In 1868, James D. Dana and George J. Brush renamed this material \"chalcocite\".","2026-04-22 15:45:54",[79,82],{"id":80,"name":81,"entrytype":43,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":11},7583,"Ducktownite",{"id":83,"name":84,"entrytype":43,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":85,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":11},25552,"Silver-bearing Chalcocite","(Cu,Ag)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S",[87,96,102,108],{"id":88,"name":89,"entrytype":9,"csystem":90,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":92,"hmin":49,"hmax":44,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":94,"primary_image_id":95},1291,"Digenite","Trigonal","Cu\u003Csub>1.8\u003C\u002Fsub>S","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.546","5.706",7221,{"id":97,"name":98,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":99,"mindat_formula":99,"hmin":49,"hmax":44,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":100,"primary_image_id":101},1300,"Djurleite","Cu\u003Csub>31\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.749",7291,{"id":103,"name":104,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":92,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":49,"hmax":44,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":107},3468,"Roxbyite","Triclinic","Cu\u003Csub>58\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>32\u003C\u002Fsub>",21236,{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":90,"ima_formula":111,"mindat_formula":111,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":112,"primary_image_id":113},4354,"Yarrowite","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.89",28479,[115,123,131,132,133,141,149,157,165,173,180],{"id":116,"name":117,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":118,"mindat_formula":118,"hmin":119,"hmax":42,"dmeas":120,"dcalc":121,"primary_image_id":122},447,"Azurite","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"3.77","3.834",29186,{"id":124,"name":125,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":126,"mindat_formula":127,"hmin":119,"hmax":119,"dmeas":128,"dcalc":129,"primary_image_id":130},496,"Balkanite","Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>HgS\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>HgS\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.318","6.421",2552,{"id":88,"name":89,"entrytype":9,"csystem":90,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":92,"hmin":49,"hmax":44,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":94,"primary_image_id":95},{"id":97,"name":98,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":99,"mindat_formula":99,"hmin":49,"hmax":44,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":100,"primary_image_id":101},{"id":134,"name":135,"entrytype":9,"csystem":136,"ima_formula":137,"mindat_formula":137,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":138,"dcalc":139,"primary_image_id":140},1380,"Enargite","Orthorhombic","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>AsS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.4","4.40",7833,{"id":142,"name":143,"entrytype":9,"csystem":144,"ima_formula":145,"mindat_formula":145,"hmin":44,"hmax":119,"dmeas":146,"dcalc":147,"primary_image_id":148},1644,"Gallite","Tetragonal","CuGaS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.2","4.35",9613,{"id":150,"name":151,"entrytype":9,"csystem":90,"ima_formula":152,"mindat_formula":153,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":154,"dcalc":155,"primary_image_id":156},1819,"Harkerite","Ca\u003Csub>48\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>[AlSi\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>15\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)]\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O,HCl)","Ca\u003Csub>48\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>[AlSi\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>15\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)]\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>·2(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O,HCl)","2.96","3.00",10857,{"id":158,"name":159,"entrytype":9,"csystem":160,"ima_formula":161,"mindat_formula":161,"hmin":119,"hmax":119,"dmeas":162,"dcalc":163,"primary_image_id":164},2265,"Koutekite","Hexagonal","Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>As\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","8.48","8.437",13608,{"id":166,"name":167,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":168,"mindat_formula":169,"hmin":43,"hmax":44,"dmeas":170,"dcalc":171,"primary_image_id":172},2801,"Mrázekite","Bi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Bi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","4.90","5.00",16824,{"id":174,"name":175,"entrytype":9,"csystem":136,"ima_formula":176,"mindat_formula":176,"hmin":119,"hmax":119,"dmeas":177,"dcalc":178,"primary_image_id":179},4073,"Tangeite","CaCu(VO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","3.75","3.84",23552,{"id":181,"name":182,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":183,"mindat_formula":184,"hmin":43,"hmax":44,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":185},4351,"Yakhontovite","(Ca,Na,K)\u003Csub>0.2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cu,Fe,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Ca,Na)\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cu,Fe,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",5814,[187],{"id":188,"name":189,"entrytype":9,"csystem":144,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":44,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":190,"primary_image_id":11},52595,"Wuyanzhiite","5.618",[],5941,[194,199,204,209,214,218,221,226,230,235,239,243,247,252],{"id":195,"year":196,"html":197,"doi":198},234509,1928,"Schwartz, George Melvin (1928) Experiments bearing on bornite-chalcocite intergrowths. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (4) 381-397 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.23.4.381'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.23.4.381\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.23.4.381",{"id":200,"year":201,"html":202,"doi":203},234441,1929,"Bateman, Alan Mara (1929) Some covellite-chalcocite relationships. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (4) 424-439 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.24.4.424'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.24.4.424\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.24.4.424",{"id":205,"year":206,"html":207,"doi":208},234248,1932,"Bateman, Alan Mara, Lasky, Samuel Grossman (1932) Covellite-chalcocite soild solution and exsolution. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  27 (1) 52-86 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.27.1.52'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.27.1.52\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.27.1.52",{"id":210,"year":211,"html":212,"doi":213},233778,1939,"Schwartz, George Melvin (1939) Significance of bornite-chalcocite microtextures. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (4) 399-418 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.4.399'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.4.399\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.4.399",{"id":215,"year":216,"html":217,"doi":11},521409,1944,"Buerger, M. J., Buerger, Newton W. (1944) Low-chalcocite and high-chalcocite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  29 (1-2) 55-65 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM29\u002FAM29_55.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":219,"year":216,"html":220,"doi":11},1118651,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":222,"year":223,"html":224,"doi":225},16596174,1969,"Ramdohr, Paul (1969) \u003Ci>The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths\u003C\u002Fi>. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x'>doi:10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x",{"id":227,"year":228,"html":229,"doi":11},12906634,1972,"White, John Sampson (1972) What's New in Minerals. \u003Ci>The Mineralogical Record\u003C\u002Fi>, 3 (1) 14-42",{"id":231,"year":232,"html":233,"doi":234},109527,1979,"Evans, Howard T. (1979) The crystal structures of low chalcocite and djurleite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  150 (1). 299-320 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1979.150.1-4.299'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1979.150.1-4.299\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fzk\u002Fvol150\u002FZK150_299.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1979.150.1-4.299",{"id":236,"year":232,"html":237,"doi":238},2317985,"Evans, H. T. (1979) Djurleite (Cu1.94S) and Low Chalcocite (Cu2S): New Crystal Structure Studies. \u003Ci>Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  203 (4378) 356-358 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.203.4378.356'>doi:10.1126\u002Fscience.203.4378.356\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1126\u002Fscience.203.4378.356",{"id":240,"year":241,"html":242,"doi":11},527646,1981,"Evans, Howard T. (1981) Copper coordination in low chalcocite and djurleite and other copper-rich sulfides. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  66 (7-8) 807-818 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM66\u002FAM66_807.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":244,"year":245,"html":246,"doi":11},529619,1994,"Posfai, Mihaly, Buseck, Peter R. (1994) Djurleite, digenite, and chalcocite: Intergrowths and transformations. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  79 (3-4) 308-315 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM79\u002FAM79_308.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":248,"year":249,"html":250,"doi":251},16052495,2002,"Africano, F., Van Rompaey, G., Bernard, A., Le Guern, F (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. \u003Ci>Earth Planets and Space\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (3). 275-286 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002FBF03353027'>doi:10.1186\u002FBF03353027\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1186\u002FBF03353027",{"id":253,"year":254,"html":255,"doi":11},16963603,2005,"(2005) Chalcocite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fchalcocite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",[257,267,274,279,284,293,297,302,309,317,327,334,342,350,358,366,373,381,389,399,406],{"id":258,"source_url":259,"license_code":260,"credit_html":261,"title":262,"description":263,"author":264,"original_width":265,"original_height":266},5161,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168001","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168001\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite-253980.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcocite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcocite\">Chalcocite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: St Ives Consols (incl. Wellesley Mine; Wheal Mary), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSt_Ives\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:St Ives\">St Ives\u003C\u002Fa>, St Ives District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCornwall\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cornwall\">Cornwall\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-1262.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.3 x 2.2 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This fine thumbnail specimen features a single, extremely well-formed, robust crystal to almost 2 cm It is perched freestanding off of matrix of massive chalcocite. This piece has textbook crystallography. I haven't seen one this fine, of this habit, save in books from the early 1800s such as Sowerby and Rashleigh. This exquisite miniature is complete all around and nearly pristine....probably because it has been in a box for over 150 years, as part of the collection of Traverso, a major Italian collector of the early 1800s. Ex. G.B. Traverso Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",369,400,{"id":268,"source_url":269,"license_code":270,"credit_html":271,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":272,"original_height":273},29417,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128328","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128328\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",594,1000,{"id":275,"source_url":276,"license_code":270,"credit_html":277,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":273,"original_height":278},29418,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61843","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61843\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",750,{"id":280,"source_url":281,"license_code":270,"credit_html":282,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":273,"original_height":283},29419,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61785","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61785\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":285,"source_url":286,"license_code":260,"credit_html":287,"title":288,"description":289,"author":290,"original_width":291,"original_height":292},5163,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20548618","Chris857, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20548618\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite - Flambeau Mine, Ladysmith, Wisconsin.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcocite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Chalcocite\">Chalcocite\u003C\u002Fa> from the  Flambeau Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLadysmith,_Wisconsin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Ladysmith, Wisconsin\">Ladysmith, Wisconsin\u003C\u002Fa>. Held in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FA._E._Seaman_Mineral_Museum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum\">A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum\u003C\u002Fa>.","Chris857",3102,2518,{"id":294,"source_url":295,"license_code":270,"credit_html":296,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":273,"original_height":278},29420,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61812","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61812\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":298,"source_url":299,"license_code":300,"credit_html":301,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":273,"original_height":283},29421,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116363","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116363\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":303,"source_url":304,"license_code":260,"credit_html":305,"title":306,"description":307,"author":264,"original_width":308,"original_height":266},5162,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453080","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453080\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calcite-Chalcocite-mf36c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcocite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcocite\">Chalcocite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Bristol Copper Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBristol\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bristol\">Bristol\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHartford_County,_Connecticut\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hartford County, Connecticut\">Hartford County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FConnecticut\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Connecticut\">Connecticut\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3698.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 3.9 x 3.5 x 3.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Chalcocite on Calcite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Extremely sharp chalcocites to 1 cm perched o ncntrasting calcite matrix make this a very special, unique miniature for the famous locality, mined actively during the Civil War era. Such specimens are few and far between now, and this is a very choice piece, aesthetically.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",347,{"id":310,"source_url":311,"license_code":260,"credit_html":312,"title":313,"description":314,"author":290,"original_width":315,"original_height":316},3651,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20548614","Chris857, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20548614\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite with Chalcocite - Flambeau Mine, Ladysmith, Wisconsin.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa> with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fchalcocite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:chalcocite\">chalcocite\u003C\u002Fa> from the  Flambeau Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLadysmith,_Wisconsin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Ladysmith, Wisconsin\">Ladysmith, Wisconsin\u003C\u002Fa>. Held in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FA._E._Seaman_Mineral_Museum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum\">A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum\u003C\u002Fa>.",2955,2662,{"id":318,"source_url":319,"license_code":320,"credit_html":321,"title":322,"description":323,"author":324,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},5164,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339828","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339828\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite-quartz-calcite (White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 1.jpg","Black = chalcocite (Cu2S)\n\u003Cp>Grayish-white at bottom = calcite (CaCO3)\nLight pinkish-brown to whitish at top = quartz (SiO2)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 6000 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The specimen seen here is from northern Michigan's White Pine Mine and was hosted by the Nonesuch Formation, a 1.07 to 1.08 billion years old, nonmarine, mixed siliciclastics unit.  The Nonesuch Formation here has been partially mineralized with native copper (fracture fillings or scattered, small, intergranular masses or partially replacing bulk rocks) and chalcocite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: main ore body of the White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Locality info. at:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3856.html\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962","James St. John",1662,1149,{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":320,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":323,"author":324,"original_width":332,"original_height":333},5165,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339830","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339830\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite-quartz-calcite (White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 3.jpg",1580,1308,{"id":335,"source_url":336,"license_code":320,"credit_html":337,"title":338,"description":339,"author":324,"original_width":340,"original_height":341},5166,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339832","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339832\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite-quartz-calcite (White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 4.jpg","Black areas along periphery = chalcocite (Cu2S)\n\u003Cp>Grayish-white = calcite (CaCO3)\nLight pinkish-brown to whitish at top margin = quartz (SiO2)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 6000 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The specimen seen here is from northern Michigan's White Pine Mine and was hosted by the Nonesuch Formation, a 1.07 to 1.08 billion years old, nonmarine, mixed siliciclastics unit.  The Nonesuch Formation here has been partially mineralized with native copper (fracture fillings or scattered, small, intergranular masses or partially replacing bulk rocks) and chalcocite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: main ore body of the White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Locality info. at:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3856.html\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962",3115,1875,{"id":343,"source_url":344,"license_code":320,"credit_html":345,"title":346,"description":347,"author":324,"original_width":348,"original_height":349},5167,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339837","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339837\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite-quartz-calcite (White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 7.jpg","Black areas along periphery = chalcocite (Cu2S)\n\u003Cp>Grayish-white = calcite (CaCO3)\nPinkish-brown to whitish at lower left margin = quartz (SiO2)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 6000 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The specimen seen here is from northern Michigan's White Pine Mine and was hosted by the Nonesuch Formation, a 1.07 to 1.08 billion years old, nonmarine, mixed siliciclastics unit.  The Nonesuch Formation here has been partially mineralized with native copper (fracture fillings or scattered, small, intergranular masses or partially replacing bulk rocks) and chalcocite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: main ore body of the White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Locality info. at:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3856.html\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962",3151,1908,{"id":351,"source_url":352,"license_code":260,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":355,"author":264,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},5810,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168145","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168145\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Paratacamite-Chalcocite-255012.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FParatacamite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Paratacamite\">Paratacamite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcocite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcocite\">Chalcocite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Wheal Hazard (Hazard Section), Botallack Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBotallack\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Botallack\">Botallack\u003C\u002Fa>, Botallack - Pendeen Area, St Just District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCornwall\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cornwall\">Cornwall\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-856.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 10.6 x 7.2 x 3.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Clinoatacamite is a rare copper chloride and is a polymorph of atacamite, botallackite and paratacamite. This old-time cabinet specimen from the historic Levant Mine of Cornwall has a rich covering of sparkly, dark green clinoatacamite crystals on massive chalcocite matrix. This species is very rare from the famous mines of Cornwall. Ex. Wes Parker, Tony Ellis, Sutcliffe and Barstow Collections.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,442,{"id":359,"source_url":360,"license_code":320,"credit_html":361,"title":362,"description":363,"author":324,"original_width":364,"original_height":365},23946,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915705","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915705\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 2.jpg","Chalcocite from Poland. (~5.1 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This chalcocite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite (Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide), pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",2182,2207,{"id":367,"source_url":368,"license_code":320,"credit_html":369,"title":370,"description":363,"author":324,"original_width":371,"original_height":372},23947,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915706","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915706\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 1.jpg",2527,2571,{"id":374,"source_url":375,"license_code":320,"credit_html":376,"title":377,"description":378,"author":324,"original_width":379,"original_height":380},23948,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915708","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915708\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 4.jpg","Chalcocite from Poland. (~5.8 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This chalcocite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite (Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide), pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",2474,2206,{"id":382,"source_url":383,"license_code":320,"credit_html":384,"title":385,"description":386,"author":324,"original_width":387,"original_height":388},23949,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915709","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915709\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 5.jpg","Chalcocite from Poland. (~5.7 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This chalcocite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite (Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide), pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",2248,2258,{"id":390,"source_url":391,"license_code":392,"credit_html":393,"title":394,"description":395,"author":396,"original_width":397,"original_height":398},56446,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146509958","CC0 1.0","Fentriss, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146509958\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Germanitchalkosin24gmsm.jpg","Germanit, Germanite \u002F Chalkosin, 24,3 gr, Herkunft, Tsumeb, Namibia","Fentriss",9655,8736,{"id":400,"source_url":401,"license_code":320,"credit_html":402,"title":403,"description":323,"author":324,"original_width":404,"original_height":405},76023,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339829","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339829\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite-quartz-calcite (White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 2.jpg",2339,1264,{"id":407,"source_url":408,"license_code":320,"credit_html":409,"title":410,"description":411,"author":324,"original_width":412,"original_height":232},76024,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339834","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=155339834\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite-quartz-calcite (White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 5.jpg","Black areas at left = chalcocite (Cu2S)\n\u003Cp>Mottled whitish to grayish to light pinkish-brown = quartz (SiO2)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 6000 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The specimen seen here is from northern Michigan's White Pine Mine and was hosted by the Nonesuch Formation, a 1.07 to 1.08 billion years old, nonmarine, mixed siliciclastics unit.  The Nonesuch Formation here has been partially mineralized with native copper (fracture fillings or scattered, small, intergranular masses or partially replacing bulk rocks) and chalcocite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: main ore body of the White Pine Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Locality info. at:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3856.html\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962",3346,[414,420,427,433],{"id":415,"url":416,"label":417,"formula":418,"spacegroup":419,"year":249},2459,"\u002Fcif\u002F2459.cif","Will 2002","S Cu2.001","P 63\u002Fm m c",{"id":421,"url":422,"label":423,"formula":424,"spacegroup":425,"year":426},2460,"\u002Fcif\u002F2460.cif","Tomeoka 1982","Bi.138 Cu1.344 S","F m 3 m",1982,{"id":428,"url":429,"label":430,"formula":431,"spacegroup":432,"year":232},2461,"\u002Fcif\u002F2461.cif","Evans 1979","Cu2 S","P 1 21\u002Fc 1",{"id":434,"url":435,"label":436,"formula":431,"spacegroup":432,"year":437},2462,"\u002Fcif\u002F2462.cif","Evans 1971",1971,[439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467],"Aes cyprium apud plinium appellatur cuprum","Aes rude plumbei coloris","Chalcocine","Chalcosin","Chalcosine","Chalcosit","Chalcosite","Chalkozit","Copper Glance","Cuivre Spiciforme","Cuivre Sulfuré Spiciforme","Cuivre Vitreux","Cuprein","Cupreine","Cyprit","Cyprite","Kobberglans","Koppar-Glas (of Wallerius)","Kupferglanz","Kupferglanz-β","Kupferglasertz","Kupferglaserz","Kuprein","Lecherz","Low chalcocite","Rame grigio","Redruthit","Redruthite","Vitreous Copper",[469,473,477,481,485,490,496,501,505,508,513,518,522,527,531,535,539,543,547,551,555,559,562,566,570,576,579,583,587,591,595,598,601,605,609,613,616,619,623],{"lang":470,"names":471},"ar",[472],"كالكوسيت",{"lang":474,"names":475},"az",[476],"Xalkozin",{"lang":478,"names":479},"be",[480],"Хальказін",{"lang":482,"names":483},"bg",[484],"Халкоцит",{"lang":486,"names":487},"ca",[488,489],"calcocita","calcosina",{"lang":491,"names":492},"cs",[493,494,495],"chalkocit","chalkosin","chalkozín",{"lang":497,"names":498},"de",[499,457,500],"Chalkosin","Kupferglas",{"lang":502,"names":503},"el",[504],"Χαλκοσίνης",{"lang":506,"names":507},"es",[489],{"lang":509,"names":510},"et",[511,512],"kalkosiin","kalkosiit",{"lang":514,"names":515},"eu",[516,517],"kalkosina","Kalkozita",{"lang":519,"names":520},"fa",[521],"کالکوزیت",{"lang":523,"names":524},"fi",[525,526],"kalkosiitti","kuparihohde",{"lang":528,"names":529},"fr",[530],"chalcocite",{"lang":532,"names":533},"he",[534],"קלקוסיט",{"lang":536,"names":537},"hu",[538],"kalkozin",{"lang":540,"names":541},"hy",[542],"Խալկոզին",{"lang":544,"names":545},"id",[546],"Kalkosit",{"lang":548,"names":549},"it",[550],"calcocite",{"lang":552,"names":553},"ja",[554],"輝銅鉱",{"lang":556,"names":557},"kk",[558],"Халькозин",{"lang":560,"names":561},"ky",[558],{"lang":563,"names":564},"lt",[565],"Chalkocitas",{"lang":567,"names":568},"mn",[569],"Чалькоцят",{"lang":571,"names":572},"nb",[573,574,575],"chalkositt","kobberglans","kopperglans",{"lang":577,"names":578},"nds",[499],{"lang":580,"names":581},"nl",[582],"chalcociet",{"lang":584,"names":585},"nn",[573,586],"koparglans",{"lang":588,"names":589},"oc",[590],"Calcosina",{"lang":592,"names":593},"pl",[594],"chalkozyn",{"lang":596,"names":597},"pt",[488],{"lang":599,"names":600},"ru",[558],{"lang":602,"names":603},"sl",[604],"Halkozin",{"lang":606,"names":607},"sr",[608],"халкоцит",{"lang":610,"names":611},"sv",[612],"Kopparglans",{"lang":614,"names":615},"uk",[558],{"lang":617,"names":618},"uz",[476],{"lang":620,"names":621},"vi",[622],"Chalcocit",{"lang":624,"names":625},"zh",[626],"輝銅礦","Q278106",{"history":629,"applications":633},{"markdown":630,"model_version":631,"prompt_version":632,"reviewed_at":11},"The name **chalcocite** comes from the Greek **khalkos** — copper — and the mineral is, by weight, almost four-fifths copper[1]. That copper content explains why every name the mineral has worn has been a name about copper.\n\nThe French mineralogist François Sulpice Beudant first formalised it in 1832, calling it **chalcosine**[2]. In 1868, James Dwight Dana and George Jarvis Brush renamed it to **chalcocite**, the spelling that has stuck[2]. Older labels survived into mineralogy textbooks for decades: **vitreous copper**, **copper glance**, and **redruthite** — the last after Redruth in Cornwall, where the mineral had become a familiar sight at the mine face[3].\n\n### In Cornwall\n\nCornwall is where chalcocite first earned its industrial reputation. From the 1730s, steam engines pumped water out of the deep shafts around Redruth, and the region's copper output climbed[4]. By the 1790s, Cornwall produced three-quarters of all copper mined in Britain, with four of its five most productive mines clustered north and east of Redruth[4]. In the early 19th century the area was supplying two-thirds of the world's copper[4]. Chalcocite was one of the principal ores being pulled out of those workings — abundant enough that the obsolete name **redruthite** was minted for it on the spot.\n\n### In the Americas\n\nA second chapter opened across the Atlantic. In 1798 a farmer named Theophilus Botsford traced a greenish spring at the foot of Zack's Mountain, near Bristol, Connecticut, and uncovered a copper deposit[5]. Commercial mining at the Bristol Copper Mine began in 1837 and ran intermittently until 1953[5]. The crystals it produced — especially during the late 1840s — rivalled the finest from Cornwall and remain prized museum pieces today[5]. Charles M. Wheatley, the mine manager, and the chemist Benjamin Silliman Jr. argued against grinding the best crystals into ore, and the specimens that survive owe their existence to that argument[5].\n\nThe most consequential turn came later. Late in the 19th century, geologists realised that many low-grade copper deposits in the American West and in Chile carried a near-surface blanket of secondary copper sulphides — chalcocite chief among them. Rainwater leaches copper from oxidised ore at the top of a deposit and carries it down to the water table, where it reacts with the deeper sulphides and reprecipitates as chalcocite[6]. The result is an enriched layer, often several times richer than the host rock below. That enrichment is what made the great open-pit porphyry mines — Butte in Montana, Bingham Canyon in Utah, Morenci in Arizona, Chuquicamata in Chile — worth digging at industrial scale around the start of the 20th century[7].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":634,"model_version":631,"prompt_version":632,"reviewed_at":11},"Chalcocite is mined today for one reason: copper. Almost four-fifths of its weight — 79.85 % — is the metal itself, which puts it among the richest copper sulphides a mining operation can hope to find[1]. That single fact governs everything else about its current use.\n\nThe mineral is extracted as one of the principal ores of copper, alongside chalcopyrite and bornite[2]. It is most economically important where it forms a near-surface enriched blanket above lower-grade primary sulphides — the supergene zone, a layer that rainwater builds at the top of porphyry copper deposits as it leaches copper downward[3]. The great open-pit operations that still draw copper from this kind of geology — Butte in Montana, Morenci in Arizona, Ely in Nevada, Tsumeb in Namibia — are where most chalcocite is mined[4]. From the pit, the ore is crushed and then concentrated by froth flotation, the standard process that uses air bubbles to lift sulphide grains away from waste rock. The concentrate is smelted and electrorefined into the pure copper cathodes that the market trades.\n\nOutside the smelter, chalcocite has a smaller but steady second life as a collector and museum mineral. Well-crystallised specimens — most famously from Cornwall and from the Bristol mine in Connecticut — are sought after for their sharp, often twinned, dark-grey crystals[5]."]