[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:1017":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":22,"key_elements":11,"impurities":11,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":27,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":28,"strunz10ed2":29,"strunz10ed3":30,"strunz10ed4":31,"dana8ed1":32,"dana8ed2":33,"dana8ed3":33,"dana8ed4":34,"csystem":35,"cclass":36,"spacegroup":37,"spacegroupset":38,"a":39,"b":40,"c":41,"alpha":42,"beta":43,"gamma":42,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":44,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":45,"twinning":46,"tranglide":11,"parting":47,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":48,"tlform":49,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":42,"vhnmax":42,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":51,"dmeas2":52,"dcalc":53,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":54,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":55,"streak":56,"colour":57,"commentcolor":11,"colors":58,"streak_colors":66,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":67,"cleavagetype":68,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":11,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":69,"opticalsign":70,"opticalalpha":71,"opticalalpha2":72,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":73,"opticalbeta2":74,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":75,"opticalgamma2":76,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":42,"opticalomega2":42,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":42,"opticalepsilon2":42,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":42,"opticaln2":42,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":77,"optical2vcalc2":78,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":79,"optical2vmeasured2":80,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":81,"rimax":82,"opticaldispersion":83,"opticalpleochroism":84,"opticalpleochorismdesc":85,"opticalbirefringence":86,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":11,"type_specimen_store":87,"description_short":88,"aboutname":89,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":90,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":91,"group_members":97,"associates":119,"confused_with":128,"type_localities":129,"occurrence_total":136,"citations":137,"images":303,"structures":431,"synonyms":455,"language_names":475,"wikidata_qid":565,"texts":566},1017,"1:1:1017:3","3d1a6354-7387-4ec0-a4a2-10c45a6e6d9a","Chloritoid","Cld",0,"mineral",null,33172,1583,false,"Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",[17,18,19,20,21],"Al","Fe","Si","O","H",[17,18,19,20,21],"16.19.6",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED",1832,"9","A","F","85","52","3","1","Monoclinic",5,10,"C2\u002Fc ","9.50","5.50","18.22","0","101.9",4,"For monoclinic polytype (space group C2\u002Fc). Triclinic polytype (C-1) has a = 9.46(1), b = 5.50(1), c = 9.15(1) A, α = 97.05(2), β = 101.56(2), γ = 90.10(2)°.","Twin axes [100], [110], and [130] observed.\r\nCommon on {001}, polysynthetic.","On {010}","Thin to thick foliated plates or prisms, or as massive aggregates. Seldom as pseudohexagonal tabular crystals.\r\n\r\nAlso triclinic.","Greenish-black crystals similar in appearance to chlorite.",6.5,"3.4","3.8","3.56","Vitreous,Pearly","Translucent","White, grayish, or very slightly greenish","Dark green to green-gray or nearly black",[59,60,61,62,63,64,65],"green","gray","black","white","blue","yellow","colorless",[62,60,59],"{001} perfect, {110} good.","Perfect","Biaxial","+","1.713","1.73","1.719","1.734","1.723","1.74","78","80","36","89",1.713,1.74,"r > v","Strong","X = olive-green to yellow; Y = grayish blue to blue; Z = colorless to pale greenish yellow.\r\nOrientation:\r\nX or Y = b (monoclinic)\r\nZ^c = 2-30 deg, Y ~= b (triclinic)","0.01, may be anomalous blue","n.d.","Carboirite-Chloritoid Series. The Fe2+ analogue of ottrélite and magnesiochloritoid. \r\n\r\nMonoclinic, triclinic and (described in 2026 for the first time by Zolotarev et al.) trigonal polytypes are known.","Originally name chlorispath, it was renamed in 1835 by August Breithaupt to chloritoid. The name is for the visual similarity to chlorite-group minerals.","2026-01-10 15:45:50",[92],{"id":93,"name":94,"entrytype":95,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":42,"dcalc":42,"primary_image_id":11},4996,"Masonite",2,"(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mg,Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",[98,107,113],{"id":99,"name":100,"entrytype":9,"csystem":101,"ima_formula":102,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":104,"hmax":104,"dmeas":42,"dcalc":105,"primary_image_id":106},893,"Carboirite","Triclinic","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>GeO\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O(GeO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,"3.95",4612,{"id":108,"name":109,"entrytype":9,"csystem":35,"ima_formula":110,"mindat_formula":110,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":111,"dcalc":42,"primary_image_id":112},2497,"Magnesiochloritoid","MgAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.25",5472,{"id":114,"name":115,"entrytype":9,"csystem":35,"ima_formula":116,"mindat_formula":116,"hmin":104,"hmax":117,"dmeas":42,"dcalc":42,"primary_image_id":118},3043,"Ottrélite","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",7,18348,[120],{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":35,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":117,"hmax":124,"dmeas":125,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":127},3753,"Staurolite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>23\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)",7.5,"3.74","3.686",22733,[],[130],{"id":131,"txt":132,"latitude":133,"longitude":134,"country":135},15993,"Kosoi Brod deposit, Kosoi Brod Village, Polevskoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia",56.5041667,60.3816667,"Russia",346,[138,142,146,150,154,158,162,166,171,175,179,183,187,191,195,199,203,207,212,217,221,226,231,236,241,245,248,251,255,259,262,266,271,276,281,285,289,293,298],{"id":139,"year":27,"html":140,"doi":141},4456778,"Fiedler, Karl Gustav (1832) Lagerstätten des Diaspor, Chloritspath, Pyrophyllit und Monazit, aufgefunden im Ural. \u003Ci>Annalen der Physik und Chemie\u003C\u002Fi>, 101. 322-333 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fandp.18321010613'>doi:10.1002\u002Fandp.18321010613\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fandp.18321010613",{"id":143,"year":144,"html":145,"doi":11},16105687,1835,"Breithaupt, J.F.A. (1835) Neue specifische gewichte von mineralien. Journal für Praktische Chemie: 4: 272-278.",{"id":147,"year":148,"html":149,"doi":11},16105688,1837,"Rose, G. (1837) Der Chloritoid. in Mineralogisch-geognostische Reise nach dem Ural, dem Altai und dem Kapischen Meere, Sanderschen Buchbandlung (Berlin): 252-254.",{"id":151,"year":152,"html":153,"doi":11},16084897,1884,"Prost, E. (1884) Sur la salmite de Dumont, chloritoïde manganésifère. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 11, 93.",{"id":155,"year":156,"html":157,"doi":11},16105690,1891,"Keller, H.F., Lane, A.C. (1891) XXVIII. Chloritoid von Champion, Michigan, USA. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie-Crystalline Materials: 19(1-6): 383-385.",{"id":159,"year":160,"html":161,"doi":11},16105691,1898,"Barrow, G. (1898) On the occurrence of chloritoid in Kincardineshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society: 54(1-4): 149-156.",{"id":163,"year":164,"html":165,"doi":11},16105692,1915,"Simpson, R.S. (1915) On chloritoid and its congeners. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Western Australia: 64: 64-78.",{"id":167,"year":168,"html":169,"doi":170},280829,1925,"Tilley, C. E. (1925) Petrographical Notes on some Chloritoid Rocks. \u003Ci>Geological Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  62 (7) 309-319 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs0016756800105618'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs0016756800105618\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs0016756800105618",{"id":172,"year":173,"html":174,"doi":11},519470,1926,"Stuckey, J. L. (1926) Chloritoid from the Deep River region, North Carolina. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  11 (7) 186-188 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM11\u002FAM11_186.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":176,"year":177,"html":178,"doi":11},520228,1934,"Barth, Tom F. W., Balk, Robert (1934) Chloritoid from Dutchess County, New York. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  19 (8) 345-350 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM19\u002FAM19_345.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":180,"year":181,"html":182,"doi":11},16105696,1943,"Pichamuthu, C.S. (1943) A note on the occurrence of chloritoid in Tumkur district, Mysore State. Current Science: 12(12): 332-332.",{"id":184,"year":185,"html":186,"doi":11},521584,1946,"Gustafson, J. K. (1946) Two occurrences of chloritoid as a hydrothermal mineral in igneous rocks. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (5-6) 313-316 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM31\u002FAM31_313.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":188,"year":189,"html":190,"doi":11},521700,1947,"Prider, Rex T. (1947) Chloritoid at Kalgoorlie. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  32 (7-8) 471-474 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM32\u002FAM32_471.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":192,"year":193,"html":194,"doi":11},16105699,1948,"Milne, I.H. (1948) Study of Chloritoid and Ottrelite. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",{"id":196,"year":197,"html":198,"doi":11},521883,1949,"Milne, I. H. (1949) Chloritoid from Megantic County, Quebec. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (5-6) 422-434 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM34\u002FAM34_422.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":200,"year":201,"html":202,"doi":11},522173,1951,"Hietanen, Anna (1951) Chloritoid from Rawlinsville, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (11-12) 859-868 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM36\u002FAM36_859.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":204,"year":205,"html":206,"doi":11},16052323,1955,"Michot, J. (1955) Genèse du chloritoïde en milieu statique. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 78, M3.",{"id":208,"year":209,"html":210,"doi":211},180389,1961,"Halferdahl, L. B. (1961) Chloritoid: its composition, X-ray and optical properties, stability and occurrences. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  2 (1) 49-135 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F2.1.49'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F2.1.49\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F2.1.49",{"id":213,"year":214,"html":215,"doi":216},73285,1969,"Hoschek, G. (1969) The stability of staurolite and chloritoid and their significance in metamorphism of pelitic rocks. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  22 (3) 208-232 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00387954'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00387954\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00387954",{"id":218,"year":214,"html":219,"doi":220},1157656,"Ganguly, J. (1969) Chloritoid stability and related paragenesis: Theory, experiments, and applications. \u003Ci>American Journal of Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  267 (8). 910-944 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2475\u002Fajs.267.8.910'>doi:10.2475\u002Fajs.267.8.910\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2475\u002Fajs.267.8.910",{"id":222,"year":223,"html":224,"doi":225},250340,1971,"Fox, J. S. (1971) Coexisting chloritoid and staurolite and the staurolite–chlorite isograd from the Agnew Lake area, Ontario, Canada. \u003Ci>Geological Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  108 (3) 205-219 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs0016756800051554'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs0016756800051554\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs0016756800051554",{"id":227,"year":228,"html":229,"doi":230},250540,1972,"Schrijver, K., Maclean, W. H. (1972) Coexisting chloritoid and staurolite. \u003Ci>Geological Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  109 (4) 369-370 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs001675680003778x'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs001675680003778x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs001675680003778x",{"id":232,"year":233,"html":234,"doi":235},73893,1973,"Kramm, Ulrich (1973) Chloritoid stability in manganese rich low-grade metamorphic rocks, Venn-Stavelot Massif, Ardennes. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  41 (2) 179-196 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00375042'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00375042\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00375042",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":240},211367,1975,"Hanscom, R. H. (1975) Refinement of the crystal structure of monoclinic chloritoid. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (3) 780-784 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0567740875003792'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0567740875003792\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0567740875003792",{"id":242,"year":243,"html":244,"doi":11},526850,1977,"Bailey, S. W. (1977) Report of the I.M.A.-I. U.Cr. Joint Committee on Nomenclature. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  62 (5-6) 411-415 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM62\u002FAM62_411.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":246,"year":243,"html":247,"doi":11},16105706,"de Béthune, P. (1977) La composition chimique des chloritoïdes belges. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie: 86: 9.",{"id":249,"year":243,"html":250,"doi":11},16176593,"de Béthune, P. (1977) La composition chimique des chloritoïdes belges. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie: 86(1): 9-11. https:\u002F\u002Fbiblio.naturalsciences.be\u002Frbins-publications\u002Fbulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie\u002F086%20-%201977\u002Fbsbg_86_1977_p009-011.pdf",{"id":252,"year":253,"html":254,"doi":11},527438,1980,"Hanscom, Roger (1980) The structure of triclinic chloritoid and chloritoid polymorphism. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  65 (5-6) 534-539 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM65\u002FAM65_534.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":256,"year":257,"html":258,"doi":11},527746,1983,"Grambling, Jeffrey A. (1983) Reversals in Fe-Mg partitioning between chloritoid and staurolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  68 (3-4) 373-388 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM68\u002FAM68_373.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":260,"year":257,"html":261,"doi":11},16105708,"Reddy, D.S., Murty, M.S. (1983) Chloritoid amphibolites from the Pamur area, Andhra Pradesh, southern India. The Canadian Mineralogist: 21: 661-664.",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":11},16105709,1989,"Ghent, E.D., Stout, M.Z., Ferri, F. (1989) Chloritoid–paragonite–pyrophyllite and stilpnomelane-bearing rocks near Blackwater Mountain, western Rocky Mountains, British Columbia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 27: 59-66.",{"id":267,"year":268,"html":269,"doi":270},126945,1992,"Theye, Thomas, Seidel, Eberhard, Vidal, Olivier (1992) Carpholite, sudoite, and chloritoid in low-grade high-pressure metapelites from Crete and the Peloponnese, Greece. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  4 (3) 487-507 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F4\u002F3\u002F0487'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F4\u002F3\u002F0487\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F4\u002F3\u002F0487",{"id":272,"year":273,"html":274,"doi":275},77125,1994,"Vidal, Olivier, Theye, Thomas, Chopin, Christian (1994) Experimental study of chloritoid stability at high pressure and various fO2 conditions. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  118 (3) 256-270 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00306647'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00306647\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00306647",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":280},16485956,1999,"Franceschelli, M., Memmi, I. (1999) Zoning of chloritoid from kyanite-facies metapsammites, Alpi Apuane,         Italy. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (1). 105-110 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002F002646199548222'>doi:10.1180\u002F002646199548222\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_63\u002F63-1-105.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002F002646199548222",{"id":282,"year":283,"html":284,"doi":11},16104794,2000,"Theye, T. (2000) New experimental high pressure data on chloritoid and carpholite. Beiheft No. 1, European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 212.",{"id":286,"year":283,"html":287,"doi":288},127855,"Koch-Müller, Monika, Abs-Wurmbach, Irmgard, Langer, Klaus, Shaw, Cuff, Wirth, Richard, Gottschalk, Matthias (2000) Synthetic and natural Fe-Mg chloritoid: structural, spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  12 (2) 293-314 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F12\u002F2\u002F0293'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F12\u002F2\u002F0293\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F12\u002F2\u002F0293",{"id":290,"year":291,"html":292,"doi":11},16963667,2001,"(2001) Chloritoid. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fchloritoid.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":294,"year":295,"html":296,"doi":297},16863261,2023,"Papeschi, Samuele; Rossetti, Federico; Walters, Jesse B. (2023) Growth of kyanite and Fe‐Mg chloritoid in Fe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>‐rich high‐pressure–low‐temperature metapelites and metapsammites: A case study from the Massa Unit (Alpi Apuane, Italy). \u003Ci>Journal of Metamorphic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  41 (8). 1049-1079 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjmg.12736'>doi:10.1111\u002Fjmg.12736\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1111\u002Fjmg.12736?pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fjmg.12736",{"id":299,"year":300,"html":301,"doi":302},19433986,2026,"Zolotarev, Andrey A.; Zhitova, Elena S.; Selivanova, Ekaterina A.; Krivovichev, Sergey V.; Zhegunov, Pavel S.; Savchenko, Yevgeny E.; Nikolaev, Alexander P. (2026) A new trigonal (3\n                    \u003Ci>T\u003C\u002Fi>\n                    ) polytype of chloritoid, Fe2+Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2, from the Kosoy Brod deposit, Middle Urals, Russia: Chemical composition, crystal structure, and complexity analysis. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  111 (1).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2025-9751'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2025-9751\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2025-9751",[304,314,321,327,332,339,344,350,356,365,375,383,392,400,407,416,423],{"id":305,"source_url":306,"license_code":307,"credit_html":308,"title":309,"description":310,"author":311,"original_width":312,"original_height":313},5467,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146535","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146535\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chloritoid-154911.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChloritoid\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chloritoid\">Chloritoid\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKunar_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kunar Province\">Konar (Kunar; Konarh; Konarha; Nuristan) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.3 x 3.5 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An unusually displayable chloritoid cluster in that it is on matrix (contrasting matrix at that!), and has multiple crystals (to 3 cm) instead of the usual broken single crystal one so often sees. Chloritoid is very rare, and great crystals, the world's best, seem to have come out from only one aberrant find in Afghanistan about 1999-2000. Notable specimens made their way into several prominent collections at the time, mostly coming through dealer Herb Obodda, as with this one which was sold to Lawrence Conklin in NYC at the time for his personal collection of rare species miniatures. This is a very showy specimen because of the contrast as the jet black, lustrous, chloritoid crystals perch upon quartz. Minor bright red rutile serves as an accent on the quartz mass.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",511,800,{"id":315,"source_url":316,"license_code":317,"credit_html":318,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},29438,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65390","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65390\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,789,{"id":322,"source_url":323,"license_code":307,"credit_html":324,"title":325,"description":326,"author":311,"original_width":312,"original_height":313},5468,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445098","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445098\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chloritoid-bem-12a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChloritoid\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chloritoid\">Chloritoid\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNuristan_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nuristan Province\">Nuristan Province (Nurestan; Nooristan)\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-135473.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.3 x 3.5 x 3.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Chloritoid\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An unusually displayable chloritoid cluster in that it is on matrix (contrasting matrix at that!), and has multiple crystals (to 3 cm) instead of the usual broken single crystal one so often sees. Chloritoid is very rare, and great crystals, the world's best, seem to have come out from only one aberrant find in Afghanistan about 1999-2000. Notable specimens made their way into several prominent collections at the time, mostly coming through dealer Herb Obodda, as with this one which was sold to Lawrence Conklin in NYC at the time for his personal collection of rare species miniatures. This is a very showy specimen because of the contrast as the jet black, lustrous, chloritoid crystals perch upon quartz. Minor bright red rutile serves as an accent on the quartz mass.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":317,"credit_html":330,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":319,"original_height":331},29439,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65447","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65447\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",842,{"id":333,"source_url":334,"license_code":307,"credit_html":335,"title":336,"description":326,"author":311,"original_width":337,"original_height":338},5469,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445099","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445099\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chloritoid-bem-12d.jpg",367,400,{"id":340,"source_url":341,"license_code":317,"credit_html":342,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":319,"original_height":343},29440,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92337","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92337\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",749,{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":307,"credit_html":347,"title":348,"description":326,"author":311,"original_width":349,"original_height":338},5470,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445101","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445101\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chloritoid-bem-12c.jpg",379,{"id":351,"source_url":352,"license_code":307,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":326,"author":311,"original_width":338,"original_height":355},5471,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445103","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445103\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chloritoid-bem-12b.jpg",370,{"id":357,"source_url":358,"license_code":317,"credit_html":359,"title":360,"description":361,"author":362,"original_width":363,"original_height":364},39760,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82940893","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82940893\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 202427 photo (g27 g27-792 1 jpg).jpg","\"kloritoid\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65444\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F202427\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Mai Seppel",3031,2756,{"id":366,"source_url":367,"license_code":368,"credit_html":369,"title":370,"description":371,"author":372,"original_width":373,"original_height":374},5473,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178462132","Public domain","Pascal Ollic, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178462132\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chloritoid-914240.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChloritoid\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chloritoid\">Chloritoid\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 60 mm × 36 mm × 21 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Ottré, Bihain, Vielsalm, Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Greenish black Ottrélite crystals in matrix. This specimen was originally labeled ottrélite, but with the application of the 50% rule on the chloritoid group, almost all \"ottrélites\" are now considered chloritoid.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Pascal Ollic",1500,969,{"id":376,"source_url":377,"license_code":317,"credit_html":378,"title":379,"description":380,"author":362,"original_width":381,"original_height":382},39761,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82977170","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82977170\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 202394 photo (g27 g27-757 1 jpg).jpg","\"kloritoid\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65390\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F202394\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>",2618,2067,{"id":384,"source_url":385,"license_code":307,"credit_html":386,"title":387,"description":388,"author":389,"original_width":390,"original_height":391},5474,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178463174","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178463174\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chloritoid-557526.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChloritoid\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chloritoid\">Chloritoid\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 105 mm × 70 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Gieravardo, Storuman, Västerbotten County, Sweden\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Chloritoid crystals in schist. Collected by Dutch geologist N. Verhoeff in the early 1950's. Ex Geological Institute of the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Leon Hupperichs",1206,874,{"id":393,"source_url":394,"license_code":317,"credit_html":395,"title":396,"description":397,"author":362,"original_width":398,"original_height":399},39762,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82982409","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82982409\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 192699 photo (g28 g28-369 1 jpg).jpg","\"kloritoid\", \"kloritoid\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92337\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F192699\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>",3307,2480,{"id":401,"source_url":402,"license_code":317,"credit_html":403,"title":404,"description":405,"author":362,"original_width":381,"original_height":406},39763,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83012700","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83012700\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 202428 photo (g27 g27-793 1 jpg).jpg","\"kloritoid\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65447\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F202428\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>",2205,{"id":408,"source_url":409,"license_code":317,"credit_html":410,"title":411,"description":412,"author":413,"original_width":414,"original_height":415},39769,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721537","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721537\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 258 - Chloritoïde (Ile de Groix, Morbihan, France).jpg","Chloritoïde, en provenance de l'île de Groix (Morbihan, France), au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2380,2020,{"id":417,"source_url":418,"license_code":317,"credit_html":419,"title":420,"description":412,"author":413,"original_width":421,"original_height":422},39770,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721538","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113721538\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 259 - Chloritoïde (Ile de Groix, Morbihan, France).jpg",3644,2848,{"id":424,"source_url":425,"license_code":317,"credit_html":426,"title":427,"description":428,"author":362,"original_width":429,"original_height":430},39764,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83013190","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83013190\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 192697 photo (g28 g28-367 1 jpg).jpg","\"mineraalid\", \"kloritoid, diaspoor\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92217\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F192697\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>",3583,3169,[432,438,444,450],{"id":433,"url":434,"label":435,"formula":436,"spacegroup":437,"year":283},2657,"\u002Fcif\u002F2657.cif","Koch-Muller 2000 · Al3.983 Fe1.038 Mg.97 Si2 (O14 H4)","Al3.983 Fe1.038 Mg.97 Si2 (O14 H4)","C -1",{"id":439,"url":440,"label":441,"formula":442,"spacegroup":443,"year":283},2658,"\u002Fcif\u002F2658.cif","Koch-Muller 2000 · Al3.985 Fe.875 Mg1.12 Si2 (O14 H4)","Al3.985 Fe.875 Mg1.12 Si2 (O14 H4)","C 1 2\u002Fc 1",{"id":445,"url":446,"label":447,"formula":448,"spacegroup":449,"year":283},2659,"\u002Fcif\u002F2659.cif","Koch-Muller 2000 · Al3.844 Fe.857 Mn.701 Mg.598 Si2 (O14 H4)","Al3.844 Fe.857 Mn.701 Mg.598 Si2 (O14 H4)","P -1",{"id":451,"url":452,"label":453,"formula":454,"spacegroup":437,"year":253},2660,"\u002Fcif\u002F2660.cif","Hanscom 1980","Al3.84 Fe1.93 Mg.15 Si2 O14",[456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474],"Barytophyllit","Barytophyllita","Barytophyllite","Bliabergit","Bliabergita","Bliabergite","Bliabergsit","Bliabergsita","Bliabergsite","Chlorite spar","Chloritoidit","Chloritoidite","Chloritspat","Sismondin","Sismondine","Sismondit","Sismondita","Sismondite","Strüverite (of Brezina)",[476,480,484,488,491,495,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,531,534,538,541,545,550,553,557,561],{"lang":477,"names":478},"ar",[479],"كلوريتويد",{"lang":481,"names":482},"az",[483],"Xloritoid",{"lang":485,"names":486},"ca",[487],"cloritoide",{"lang":489,"names":490},"cs",[7],{"lang":492,"names":493},"de",[7,494],"Chloritspath",{"lang":496,"names":497},"es",[487],{"lang":499,"names":500},"et",[501],"kloritoid",{"lang":503,"names":504},"eu",[505],"kloritoide",{"lang":507,"names":508},"fa",[509],"کلریتوئید",{"lang":511,"names":512},"fr",[513],"chloritoïde",{"lang":515,"names":516},"he",[517],"כלוריטואיד",{"lang":519,"names":520},"it",[521],"Cloritoide",{"lang":523,"names":524},"ja",[525],"硬緑泥石",{"lang":527,"names":528},"lt",[529,530],"Chloritoidas","Kloritoidas",{"lang":532,"names":533},"nb",[501],{"lang":535,"names":536},"nl",[537],"chloritoïd",{"lang":539,"names":540},"nn",[501],{"lang":542,"names":543},"pl",[544],"Chlorytoid",{"lang":546,"names":547},"ru",[548,549],"хлоритовый шпат","хлоритоид",{"lang":551,"names":552},"sr",[549],{"lang":554,"names":555},"uk",[556],"Хлоритоїд",{"lang":558,"names":559},"vi",[560],"Cloritoit",{"lang":562,"names":563},"zh",[564],"硬綠泥石","Q531280",{"history":11,"applications":11}]