[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:1052":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":18,"key_elements":19,"impurities":11,"cim":20,"ima_status":21,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":24,"strunz10ed2":25,"strunz10ed3":26,"strunz10ed4":27,"dana8ed1":24,"dana8ed2":28,"dana8ed3":29,"dana8ed4":30,"csystem":31,"cclass":32,"spacegroup":33,"spacegroupset":34,"a":35,"b":34,"c":36,"alpha":34,"beta":34,"gamma":34,"aerror":37,"berror":11,"cerror":37,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":38,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":39,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":40,"tlform":11,"hmin":37,"hmax":41,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":42,"vhnmax":43,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":44,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":45,"dmeas2":45,"dcalc":46,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":47,"lustretype":48,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":49,"streak":50,"colour":51,"commentcolor":52,"colors":53,"streak_colors":57,"luminescence":58,"uv":59,"cleavage":60,"cleavagetype":61,"fracturetype":62,"tenacity":63,"commentbreak":64,"opticaltype":65,"opticalsign":66,"opticalalpha":34,"opticalalpha2":34,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":34,"opticalbeta2":34,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":34,"opticalgamma2":34,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":67,"opticalomega2":34,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":68,"opticalepsilon2":34,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":34,"opticaln2":34,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":34,"optical2vcalc2":34,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":34,"optical2vmeasured2":34,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":69,"rimax":70,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":71,"opticalanisotropism":72,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":73,"specdispm":74,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":75,"other":11,"industrial":76,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":77,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":78,"aboutname":79,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":80,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":81,"group_members":82,"associates":83,"confused_with":237,"type_localities":251,"occurrence_total":252,"citations":253,"images":367,"structures":547,"synonyms":565,"language_names":576,"wikidata_qid":906,"texts":907},1052,"1:1:1052:4","be7fb60d-c893-4ec3-a486-b5fb92304e4f","Cinnabar","Cin",0,"mineral",null,29394,false,"HgS",[16,17],"Hg","S",[16,17],[16],"3.5.1",[22,23],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","2","C","D","15a","8","14","1","Trigonal",12,89,"0","4.145","9.496",2,3,"Simple contact twins; plane {0001}, axis [0001]","Rhombohedral crystals (to 10 cm), thick tabular {0001}, stout to slender prismatic || \u003Cmi>[10_10]\u003C\u002Fmi>; massive, granular, as incrustations",2.5,"82","156",10,"8.176","8.20","Adamantine splendent in dark-colored crystalline variteties or earthy to dull in friable varieties","Metallic","Transparent,Translucent","Red-brown to scarlet","Tint or shade of red; cochineal red, brownish red, silvery dark red; silvery-grey; may darken due to formation of mercury nanoparticles (https:\u002F\u002Fmineralcare.web.ox.ac.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fcinnabar)","Cinnabar is naturally red, but can undergo photo-oxidation to form colloidal metallic mercury at the crystal surface. This mercury may produce a silver colouration (https:\u002F\u002Fmineralcare.web.ox.ac.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fcinnabar).",[54,55,56],"red","brown","gray",[54,55],"None","None.","Perfect \u003Cmi>{10_10}\u003C\u002Fmi>","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven,Sub-Conchoidal","sectile","slightly sectile","Uniaxial","+","2.905","3.256",2.905,3.256,"Anisotropic","high","(30.0,33.5) 400, (28.8,32.1) 420, (27.4,30.9) 440, (26.4,29.9) 460, (25.7,29.5) 480, (25.2,29.4) 500, (24.6,29.4) 520, (24.2,29.1) 540, (23.9,28.6) 560, (23.7,27.9) 580, (23.4,27.3) 600, (23.0,26.8) 620, (22.6,26.3) 640, (22.4,26.0) 660, (22.1,25.7) 680, (21.9,25.5) 700","Some cinnabar that contains trace amounts of chlorine will darken with exposure to sunlight (photosensitive).","transition to the β phase (metacinnabar) occurs in the 673-698 K range","Principal ore of mercury. Used as a cosmetic pigment in ancient times.","low-temperature hydrothermal, in veins and sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic host rocks","The α phase of HgS. Trimorphous with metacinnabar (the β phase) and hypercinnabar.","The origin of the name is still unclear, but beyond doubt oriental (Lüschen, 1979, p. 348).\r\nThe first name used for this mineral in a European lapidary, is the ancient Greek word \"κιννάβαρι\" (kinnàbari), mentioned by Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC) in his treatise \"Περὶ λίθων\" (On Stones).","2025-11-13 17:48:26",[],[],[84,92,101,109,117,126,134,142,150,158,165,173,181,188,193,201,207,214,222,229],{"id":85,"name":86,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":88,"mindat_formula":88,"hmin":89,"hmax":89,"dmeas":90,"dcalc":90,"primary_image_id":91},91,"Alacránite","Monoclinic","As\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>",1.5,"3.43",524,{"id":93,"name":94,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":95,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":97,"hmax":97,"dmeas":98,"dcalc":99,"primary_image_id":100},496,"Balkanite","Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>HgS\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>HgS\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"6.318","6.421",2552,{"id":102,"name":103,"entrytype":9,"csystem":104,"ima_formula":105,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":38,"hmax":38,"dmeas":107,"dcalc":107,"primary_image_id":108},549,"Baryte","Orthorhombic","Ba(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","BaSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.50",2758,{"id":110,"name":111,"entrytype":9,"csystem":31,"ima_formula":112,"mindat_formula":113,"hmin":38,"hmax":38,"dmeas":114,"dcalc":115,"primary_image_id":116},859,"Calcite","Ca(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CaCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.7102","2.711",4401,{"id":118,"name":119,"entrytype":9,"csystem":120,"ima_formula":121,"mindat_formula":122,"hmin":89,"hmax":37,"dmeas":123,"dcalc":124,"primary_image_id":125},869,"Calomel","Tetragonal","HgCl","[Hg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>]\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Cl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","7.15","7.23",4476,{"id":127,"name":128,"entrytype":37,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":130,"hmax":131,"dmeas":132,"dcalc":34,"primary_image_id":133},960,"Chalcedony","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,7,"2.6",87926,{"id":135,"name":136,"entrytype":9,"csystem":137,"ima_formula":138,"mindat_formula":139,"hmin":38,"hmax":38,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":140,"primary_image_id":141},1127,"Corderoite","Isometric","Hg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Hg\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.845",6255,{"id":143,"name":144,"entrytype":9,"csystem":31,"ima_formula":145,"mindat_formula":145,"hmin":97,"hmax":146,"dmeas":147,"dcalc":148,"primary_image_id":149},1304,"Dolomite","CaMg(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",4,"2.84","2.876",5744,{"id":151,"name":152,"entrytype":9,"csystem":137,"ima_formula":153,"mindat_formula":154,"hmin":41,"hmax":41,"dmeas":155,"dcalc":156,"primary_image_id":157},1357,"Eglestonite","([Hg\u003Csup>1+\u003C\u002Fsup>]\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OCl\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)","[Hg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>]\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OCl\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)","8.33","8.61",7647,{"id":159,"name":160,"entrytype":9,"csystem":161,"ima_formula":162,"mindat_formula":162,"hmin":163,"hmax":37,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":34,"primary_image_id":164},2114,"Jordisite","Amorphous","MoS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",1,12695,{"id":166,"name":167,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":168,"mindat_formula":169,"hmin":37,"hmax":37,"dmeas":170,"dcalc":171,"primary_image_id":172},2424,"Livingstonite","HgSb\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(S)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","HgSb\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)","4.88","5.013",14658,{"id":174,"name":175,"entrytype":9,"csystem":104,"ima_formula":176,"mindat_formula":176,"hmin":177,"hmax":130,"dmeas":178,"dcalc":179,"primary_image_id":180},2571,"Marcasite","FeS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,"4.887","4.875",15420,{"id":182,"name":183,"entrytype":9,"csystem":31,"ima_formula":184,"mindat_formula":184,"hmin":97,"hmax":97,"dmeas":185,"dcalc":186,"primary_image_id":187},357,"Native Arsenic","As","5.63","5.778",17090,{"id":189,"name":190,"entrytype":9,"csystem":161,"ima_formula":16,"mindat_formula":16,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":191,"dcalc":34,"primary_image_id":192},2647,"Native Mercury","13.596",17218,{"id":194,"name":195,"entrytype":9,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":196,"mindat_formula":197,"hmin":198,"hmax":130,"dmeas":199,"dcalc":34,"primary_image_id":200},3004,"Opal","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",5.5,"1.9",18161,{"id":202,"name":203,"entrytype":9,"csystem":137,"ima_formula":176,"mindat_formula":176,"hmin":177,"hmax":130,"dmeas":204,"dcalc":205,"primary_image_id":206},3314,"Pyrite","4.8","5.01",20239,{"id":208,"name":209,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":210,"mindat_formula":211,"hmin":37,"hmax":38,"dmeas":212,"dcalc":213,"primary_image_id":11},3350,"Radtkeite","Hg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>ClI","Hg\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>ICl","7.0","7.05",{"id":215,"name":216,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":217,"mindat_formula":218,"hmin":89,"hmax":37,"dmeas":219,"dcalc":220,"primary_image_id":221},3375,"Realgar","AsS","As\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.56","3.59",30593,{"id":223,"name":224,"entrytype":9,"csystem":104,"ima_formula":225,"mindat_formula":225,"hmin":37,"hmax":37,"dmeas":226,"dcalc":227,"primary_image_id":228},3782,"Stibnite","Sb\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.63","4.625",18319,{"id":230,"name":231,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":232,"mindat_formula":233,"hmin":234,"hmax":234,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":235,"primary_image_id":236},4248,"Wattersite","Hg\u003Csup>1+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Hg\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(CrO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","[Hg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>]\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Hg\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>[CrO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,"8.91",7614,[238,245],{"id":239,"name":240,"entrytype":9,"csystem":241,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":38,"hmax":38,"dmeas":242,"dcalc":243,"primary_image_id":244},1994,"Hypercinnabar","Hexagonal","7.43","7.54",12044,{"id":246,"name":247,"entrytype":9,"csystem":137,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":38,"hmax":38,"dmeas":248,"dcalc":249,"primary_image_id":250},2670,"Metacinnabar","7.65","7.63",15997,[],2488,[254,257,260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,297,302,307,311,316,321,325,330,335,339,344,349,354,358,363],{"id":255,"year":11,"html":256,"doi":11},16105895,"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fmesg-588690.html (thread on cinnabar darkening)",{"id":258,"year":11,"html":259,"doi":11},17731711,"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fmesg-677996.html",{"id":261,"year":262,"html":263,"doi":11},16101419,1789,"Hoffmann, C.A.S.  (1789) Mineralsystem des Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben von C.A.S. Hoffmann. \u003Ci> Bergmännisches Journal\u003C\u002Fi>,  2 (1) 369-398",{"id":265,"year":266,"html":267,"doi":11},16105880,1873,"Durand, F.E. (1873) Note on crystals of quartz of a red color, by the interposition of cinnabar. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 1: 4(1): 211.",{"id":269,"year":270,"html":271,"doi":11},16084879,1892,"Malaise, C. (1892) Sur un nouveau gisement de cinabre. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 19, 89.",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":11},16105881,1894,"Schrauf, A. (1894) Aphorismen über Zinnobar. Zeitschrift für Praktische Geologie: 10-18.",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},520912,1939,"Dreyer, Robert M. (1939) Darkening of cinnabar in sunlight. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (7) 457-460 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM24\u002FAM24_457.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":285,"year":286,"html":287,"doi":11},16105878,1956,"Caley, E.R., Richards, J.F.C. (1956) \u003Ci>Theophrastus On Stones. Introduction, Greek text, English translation and commentary\u003C\u002Fi>. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.",{"id":289,"year":290,"html":291,"doi":11},523204,1959,"Dickson, Frank W., Tunell, George (1959) The stability relations of cinnabar and metacinnabar. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  44 (5-6) 471-487 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM44\u002FAM44_471.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":293,"year":294,"html":295,"doi":296},2715216,1967,"Carlson, Ernest H. (1967) The growth of HgS and Hg3S2Cl2 single crystals by a vapor phase method. \u003Ci>Journal of Crystal Growth\u003C\u002Fi>, 1 (5). 271-277 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-0248(67)90033-4'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-0248(67)90033-4\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-0248(67)90033-4",{"id":298,"year":299,"html":300,"doi":301},10712360,1969,"Scheuermann, W., Ritter, G. J. (1969) Raman Spectra of Cinnabar (HgS), Realgar (As4S4) and Orpiment (As2S3). \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A\u003C\u002Fi>, 24 (3). 408-411 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1515\u002Fzna-1969-0317'>doi:10.1515\u002Fzna-1969-0317\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1515\u002Fzna-1969-0317",{"id":303,"year":304,"html":305,"doi":306},402271,1973,"Auvray, Patrick, Genêt, Françoise (1973) Affinement de la structure cristalline du cinabre α-HgS. \u003Ci>Bulletin de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (3). 218-219 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1973.6816'>doi:10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1973.6816\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1973.6816",{"id":308,"year":309,"html":310,"doi":11},527141,1978,"Potter, Robert W. II, Barnes, H. L. (1978) Phase relations in the binary Hg-S. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (11-12) 1143-1152 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM63\u002FAM63_1143.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":312,"year":313,"html":314,"doi":315},156456,2000,"McCormack, J. K. (2000) The darkening of cinnabar in sunlight. \u003Ci>Mineralium Deposita\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (8) 796-798 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs001260050281'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs001260050281\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs001260050281",{"id":317,"year":318,"html":319,"doi":320},149386,2002,"Frost, R. L., Martens, W. N., Kloprogge, J. T. (2002) Raman spectroscopic study of cinnabar (HgS), realgar (As\u003CSUB>4\u003C\u002FSUB>S\u003CSUB>4\u003C\u002FSUB>), and orpiment (As\u003CSUB>2\u003C\u002FSUB>S\u003CSUB>3\u003C\u002FSUB>) at 298 and 77K. \u003Ci>Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte\u003C\u002Fi>,  2002 (10) 469-480 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0028-3649\u002F2002\u002F2002-0469'>doi:10.1127\u002F0028-3649\u002F2002\u002F2002-0469\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0028-3649\u002F2002\u002F2002-0469",{"id":322,"year":323,"html":324,"doi":11},16963711,2005,"(2005) Cinnabar. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fcinnabar.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":326,"year":327,"html":328,"doi":329},295175,2007,"Holley, Elizabeth A., James McQuillan, A., Craw, Dave, Kim, Jonathan P., Sander, Sylvia G. (2007) Mercury mobilization by oxidative dissolution of cinnabar (α-HgS) and metacinnabar (β-HgS) \u003Ci>Chemical Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  240 (3) 313-325 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2007.03.001'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2007.03.001\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2007.03.001",{"id":331,"year":332,"html":333,"doi":334},3144173,2009,"Borisov, S. V., Magarill, S. A., Pervukhina, N. V. (2009) Characteristic features of crystal chemistry of natural mercury-containing sulfides and sulfosalts. \u003Ci>Journal of Structural Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>, 50 (5). 853-860 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10947-009-0127-7'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs10947-009-0127-7\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs10947-009-0127-7",{"id":336,"year":337,"html":338,"doi":11},16105889,2010,"Terrapon, V. & Bearat, H. (2010): A study of cinnabar blackening: new approach and treatment perspective. The 7th International Conference on Science and Technology in Archaeology and Conservation, Petra, Jordan. [https:\u002F\u002Fstaff.najah.edu\u002Fmedia\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FA_Study_of_Cinnabar_Blackening_New_Approach_and_Treatment_Perspective.pdf]",{"id":340,"year":341,"html":342,"doi":343},8613426,2013,"Anaf, Willemien, Janssens, Koen, De Wael, Karolien (2013) Formation of Metallic Mercury During Photodegradation\u002FPhotodarkening of α-HgS: Electrochemical Evidence. \u003Ci>Angewandte Chemie International Edition\u003C\u002Fi>, 52 (48). 12568-12571 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fanie.201303977'>doi:10.1002\u002Fanie.201303977\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fanie.201303977",{"id":345,"year":346,"html":347,"doi":348},129290,2014,"Ballirano, Paolo, Botticelli, Michela, Maras, Adriana (2014) Thermal behaviour of cinnabar, α-HgS, and the kinetics of the β-HgS (metacinnabar) - α-HgS conversion at room temperature. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  25 (6) 957-965 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2013\u002F0025-2341'>doi:10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2013\u002F0025-2341\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2013\u002F0025-2341",{"id":350,"year":351,"html":352,"doi":353},6018319,2015,"Neiman, Madeleine Kegelman, Balonis, Magdalena, Kakoulli, Ioanna (2015) Cinnabar alteration in archaeological wall paintings: an experimental and theoretical approach. \u003Ci>Applied Physics A\u003C\u002Fi>, 121. 915-938 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00339-015-9456-x'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00339-015-9456-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00339-015-9456-x",{"id":355,"year":356,"html":357,"doi":11},16100989,2016,"Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - \u003Ci>Eds.\u003C\u002Fi> (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy. \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002F'>https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002F\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":359,"year":360,"html":361,"doi":362},17565348,2024,"Aidouni, Ahmed Amine, Aissat, Abdelkader, Ould-Mohamed, Mounir, Benamar, Mohamed El Amine, Dupont, Samuel, Vilcot, Jean Pierre (2024) Ab Initio Study of the Crystalline Structure of HgS under Low and High Pressure. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (9).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst14090780'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst14090780\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst14090780",{"id":364,"year":365,"html":366,"doi":11},16105894,2025,"mineralcare.web.ox.ac.uk (2025) Cinnabar (on photosensitivity and photo-oxidation of cinnabar). \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='https:\u002F\u002Fmineralcare.web.ox.ac.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fcinnabar'>https:\u002F\u002Fmineralcare.web.ox.ac.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fcinnabar\u003C\u002Fa>",[368,376,383,387,391,401,411,418,427,431,436,445,454,462,471,480,485,494,499,507,514,521,529,537],{"id":369,"source_url":370,"license_code":371,"credit_html":372,"title":373,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":374,"original_height":375},5743,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=234217","Public domain","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=234217\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cinnabar.jpg",360,298,{"id":377,"source_url":378,"license_code":379,"credit_html":380,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":381,"original_height":382},29484,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114834","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114834\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":384,"source_url":385,"license_code":379,"credit_html":386,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":381,"original_height":382},29485,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F108693","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F108693\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":388,"source_url":389,"license_code":379,"credit_html":390,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":381,"original_height":382},29486,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115112","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115112\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":392,"source_url":393,"license_code":394,"credit_html":395,"title":396,"description":397,"author":398,"original_width":399,"original_height":400},49377,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8544522","CC BY-SA 3.0","H. Zell, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8544522\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cinnabarit 01.jpg","Cinnabar, Cinnabarite, HgS; Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany. Used in homeopathy as remedy: Cinnabaris (Cinnb.)","H. Zell",1728,1246,{"id":402,"source_url":403,"license_code":404,"credit_html":405,"title":406,"description":407,"author":408,"original_width":409,"original_height":410},5746,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40998274","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40998274\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cinnabar (Alameda County, California, USA) (18853311691).jpg","Cinnabar (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fen:Alameda_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:en:Alameda County, California\">\u003Cspan title=\"county in California, United States\">Alameda County\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fa>, California, USA)","James St. John",1876,1479,{"id":412,"source_url":413,"license_code":414,"credit_html":415,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":416,"original_height":417},29487,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128470","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128470\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",830,911,{"id":419,"source_url":420,"license_code":414,"credit_html":421,"title":422,"description":423,"author":424,"original_width":425,"original_height":426},5747,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88345408","掬茶, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88345408\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cinnabar displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University.jpg","Cinnabar displayed at Mining Museum of Akita University","掬茶",1800,2400,{"id":428,"source_url":429,"license_code":379,"credit_html":430,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":381,"original_height":382},29488,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F113186","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F113186\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":432,"source_url":433,"license_code":414,"credit_html":434,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":381,"original_height":435},29489,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127828","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127828\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",901,{"id":437,"source_url":438,"license_code":414,"credit_html":439,"title":440,"description":441,"author":442,"original_width":443,"original_height":444},49387,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98919390","Sarranpa, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98919390\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cinabrio.jpg","Cinabrio de Almadén","Sarranpa",2553,2393,{"id":446,"source_url":447,"license_code":394,"credit_html":448,"title":449,"description":450,"author":451,"original_width":452,"original_height":453},49376,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=355290","Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez (Lmbuga Commons)(Lmbuga Galipedia) Publicada por\u002FPublish by: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=355290\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mineral Cinabrio GDFL013.jpg","es:Cinabrio","Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez (Lmbuga Commons)(Lmbuga Galipedia) Publicada por\u002FPublish by: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez",1168,876,{"id":149,"source_url":455,"license_code":394,"credit_html":456,"title":457,"description":458,"author":459,"original_width":460,"original_height":461},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7185993","JJ Harrison (https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jjharrison.com.au\u002F), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7185993\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cinnabar on Dolomite.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCinnabar\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cinnabar\">Cinnabar\u003C\u002Fa> on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa>","JJ Harrison (https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jjharrison.com.au\u002F)",1763,1254,{"id":463,"source_url":464,"license_code":394,"credit_html":465,"title":466,"description":467,"author":468,"original_width":469,"original_height":470},5745,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163023","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163023\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Corderoite-Cinnabar-226331.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCorderoite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Corderoite\">Corderoite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCinnabar\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cinnabar\">Cinnabar\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: McDermitt Mine (Cordero Mine; Old Cordero Mine), Opalite District, Humboldt County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNevada\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nevada\">Nevada\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4206.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.2 x 4.4 x 4.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Corderoite is a very rare mercury chloride sulfide and this excellent layered specimen is from the Type Locality - the McDermitt (Cordero) Mine of Nevada. This is very rich mercury ore. Dark red bands of microcrystalline to massive cinnabar alternate with layers of tan limonite. The corderoite is the rich dusting of the yellow-tan microcrystals found on all sides of the specimen and on both the cinnabar and limonite. Corderoite was not named until 1974, but primary mercury production of this small mine was over before 1941. This material probably dates to that time. From an old European collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",700,613,{"id":472,"source_url":473,"license_code":414,"credit_html":474,"title":475,"description":476,"author":477,"original_width":478,"original_height":479},49389,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716256","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716256\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 035 - Cinabre, minerai de mercure (Espagne).jpg","Cinabre, minerai de mercure, en provenance d'Espagne, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",1788,1136,{"id":141,"source_url":481,"license_code":394,"credit_html":482,"title":483,"description":467,"author":468,"original_width":469,"original_height":484},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163022","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163022\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Corderoite-Cinnabar-226330.jpg",543,{"id":486,"source_url":487,"license_code":394,"credit_html":488,"title":489,"description":490,"author":491,"original_width":492,"original_height":493},7648,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146811855","HolDu, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146811855\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Eglestonit, Cinnabarit (OM1-507A).jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEglestonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Eglestonite\">Eglestonite\u003C\u002Fa> (silvery), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCinnabar\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cinnabar\">Cinnabar\u003C\u002Fa> (red)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Arzak, Tuva, Siberia, Russia\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Weight: 254 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","HolDu",5184,3888,{"id":495,"source_url":496,"license_code":414,"credit_html":497,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":381,"original_height":498},29924,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128468","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128468\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",906,{"id":500,"source_url":501,"license_code":404,"credit_html":502,"title":503,"description":504,"author":408,"original_width":505,"original_height":506},67179,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510494","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510494\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Opalite with cinnabar (Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain, Nevada, USA) 8.jpg","Opalite with cinnabar from Nevada, USA.\n\u003Cp>Opalite is an opal-dominated rock (opal = amorphous hydrous silica = SiO2·nH2O).  “Opal” is a mineral\u002Fmineraloid name.  “Opalite” is a rock name.  Opalites form principally by alteration of volcanic rocks or alteration of siliceous sinter (a type of hot spring deposit).  They are often described as “impure” opal rocks.  They lack the famous “fire” and rainbow colors of gem-grade opal.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The opalite seen here is from Nevada's mercury belt and contains reddish-colored cinnabar  and blackish-colored metacinnabar (both are HgS - mercury sulfide).  Mercury minerals hosted in opalite are common in Nevada.  The opalite is often silicified volcanic tuffs or hot spring deposits - this results in a chert-opal rock having cryptocrystalline quartz and amorphous hydrous silica (Gray et al., 1999).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain Mining District, Lander County, northern Nevada, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Reference cited:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nGray et al. (1999) - Geochemical data for environmental studies of mercury mines in Nevada.  United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-576.  21 pp.",2452,2061,{"id":508,"source_url":509,"license_code":404,"credit_html":510,"title":511,"description":504,"author":408,"original_width":512,"original_height":513},67180,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510497","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510497\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Opalite with cinnabar (Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain, Nevada, USA) 3.jpg",3531,1535,{"id":515,"source_url":516,"license_code":404,"credit_html":517,"title":518,"description":504,"author":408,"original_width":519,"original_height":520},67181,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510503","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510503\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Opalite with cinnabar (Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain, Nevada, USA) 1.jpg",3109,1791,{"id":522,"source_url":523,"license_code":404,"credit_html":524,"title":525,"description":526,"author":408,"original_width":527,"original_height":528},67182,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677372","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677372\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Opalite-chert with cinnabar (Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain, Nevada, USA) 11.jpg","Opalite-chert with cinnabar from Nevada, USA. (~7.8 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Opalite is an opal-dominated rock (opal = amorphous hydrous silica = SiO2·nH2O).  “Opal” is a mineral\u002Fmineraloid name.  “Opalite” is a rock name.  Opalites form principally by alteration of volcanic rocks or alteration of siliceous sinter (a type of hot spring deposit).  They are often described as “impure” opal rocks.  They lack the famous “fire” and rainbow colors of gem-grade opal.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The opalite seen here is from Nevada's mercury belt and contains reddish-colored cinnabar  and blackish-colored metacinnabar (both are HgS - mercury sulfide).  Mercury minerals hosted in opalite are common in Nevada.  The opalite is often silicified volcanic tuffs or hot spring deposits - this results in a chert-opal rock having cryptocrystalline quartz and amorphous hydrous silica (Gray et al., 1999).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain Mining District, Lander County, northern Nevada, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Reference cited:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nGray et al. (1999) - Geochemical data for environmental studies of mercury mines in Nevada.  United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-576.  21 pp.",3027,2473,{"id":530,"source_url":531,"license_code":404,"credit_html":532,"title":533,"description":534,"author":408,"original_width":535,"original_height":536},67183,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677377","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677377\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Opalite-chert with cinnabar (Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain, Nevada, USA) 9.jpg","Opalite-chert with cinnabar from Nevada, USA. (~8.1 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Opalite is an opal-dominated rock (opal = amorphous hydrous silica = SiO2·nH2O).  “Opal” is a mineral\u002Fmineraloid name.  “Opalite” is a rock name.  Opalites form principally by alteration of volcanic rocks or alteration of siliceous sinter (a type of hot spring deposit).  They are often described as “impure” opal rocks.  They lack the famous “fire” and rainbow colors of gem-grade opal.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The opalite seen here is from Nevada's mercury belt and contains reddish-colored cinnabar  and blackish-colored metacinnabar (both are HgS - mercury sulfide).  Mercury minerals hosted in opalite are common in Nevada.  The opalite is often silicified volcanic tuffs or hot spring deposits - this results in a chert-opal rock having cryptocrystalline quartz and amorphous hydrous silica (Gray et al., 1999).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Silver Chief Mine, Battle Mountain Mining District, Lander County, northern Nevada, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Reference cited:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nGray et al. (1999) - Geochemical data for environmental studies of mercury mines in Nevada.  United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-576.  21 pp.",2420,2507,{"id":538,"source_url":539,"license_code":540,"credit_html":541,"title":542,"description":543,"author":544,"original_width":545,"original_height":546},67185,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163481366","CC0 1.0","Nessa Eull, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163481366\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cinnabar with metacinnabar (GeoDIL number - 1065).jpg","Cinnabar (HgS) is a mercury sulfide that typically has a vermillion to pink or scarlet color. Metacinnabar (a different mineral) has the same composition but a black or gray color, and sometimes a metallic luster. Both are important ore minerals of mercury. This specimen, a fine grained mix of both minerals, is about 8 cm in longest dimension.","Nessa Eull",1882,1609,[548,554,559],{"id":549,"url":550,"label":551,"formula":552,"spacegroup":553,"year":304},2792,"\u002Fcif\u002F2792.cif","Auvray 1973","Hg S","P 32 2 1",{"id":555,"url":556,"label":557,"formula":552,"spacegroup":553,"year":558},2793,"\u002Fcif\u002F2793.cif","Ramsdell 1925",1925,{"id":560,"url":561,"label":562,"formula":563,"spacegroup":564,"year":558},2794,"\u002Fcif\u002F2794.cif","Buckley 1925","Hg4 S3","P 31 2 1",[566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575],"Cinnabarite","Cinnabarite (of Dana)","Llimpi","Merkurblende","Minium (of Pliny)","Vermilion","Zinnabarit","Zinnober","Αμμιον","Κιννάβαρις",[577,581,586,590,594,598,602,607,613,617,623,627,631,636,640,644,648,655,660,664,668,672,675,679,683,687,690,694,703,707,711,715,718,722,726,731,734,738,742,746,753,758,761,766,769,773,777,781,785,789,793,797,803,807,810,813,817,820,823,827,830,838,842,846,851,855,861,864,871,874,877,880,885,888,891,894,897,900,903],{"lang":578,"names":579},"ar",[580],"زنجفر",{"lang":582,"names":583},"ast",[584,585],"Cinabrio","Cinabriu",{"lang":587,"names":588},"az",[589],"Kinovar",{"lang":591,"names":592},"be",[593],"Кінавар",{"lang":595,"names":596},"bg",[597],"Цинобър",{"lang":599,"names":600},"bs",[601],"Cinabarit",{"lang":603,"names":604},"ca",[605,606],"cinabri","sulfur de mercuri",{"lang":608,"names":609},"cs",[610,611,612],"cinabarit","cinobr","rumělka",{"lang":614,"names":615},"da",[616,573],"Cinnober",{"lang":618,"names":619},"de",[620,621,573,622],"Chinesischrot","Cinnabarit","Zinnrot",{"lang":624,"names":625},"el",[626],"Κινναβαρίτης",{"lang":628,"names":629},"eo",[630],"Cinabro",{"lang":632,"names":633},"es",[634,14,635],"cinabrio","Sulfuro de mercurio",{"lang":637,"names":638},"et",[639],"kinaver",{"lang":641,"names":642},"eu",[643],"Zinabrio",{"lang":645,"names":646},"fa",[647],"شنگرف",{"lang":649,"names":650},"fi",[651,652,653,654],"elohopeasulfidi","sinooberi","sinooperi","sinoperi",{"lang":656,"names":657},"fr",[658,659],"1344-48-5","cinabre",{"lang":661,"names":662},"ga",[663],"cionnabar",{"lang":665,"names":666},"gl",[667,584],"Cinabarita",{"lang":669,"names":670},"he",[671],"צינובר",{"lang":673,"names":674},"hr",[601],{"lang":676,"names":677},"hu",[678],"cinnabarit",{"lang":680,"names":681},"hy",[682],"Կինովար",{"lang":684,"names":685},"id",[7,686],"Sinabar",{"lang":688,"names":689},"io",[630],{"lang":691,"names":692},"it",[693],"cinabro",{"lang":695,"names":696},"ja",[697,698,699,700,701,702],"丹砂","朱","朱砂","硫化水銀","硫化第二水銀","辰砂",{"lang":704,"names":705},"ka",[706],"სინგური",{"lang":708,"names":709},"kk",[710],"Киноварь",{"lang":712,"names":713},"ko",[714],"진사",{"lang":716,"names":717},"ky",[710],{"lang":719,"names":720},"lt",[721],"Cinoberis",{"lang":723,"names":724},"lv",[725],"Cinobrs",{"lang":727,"names":728},"mk",[729,730],"Цинабар","цинабарит",{"lang":732,"names":733},"mn",[710],{"lang":735,"names":736},"mnc",[737],"ᠸᡝᡥᡝ ᠴᡳᠨᡠᡥᡡᠨ",{"lang":739,"names":740},"mr",[741],"cinnabar",{"lang":743,"names":744},"ms",[745],"Batu Kawi",{"lang":747,"names":748},"my",[749,750,751,752],"ဟင်းရိုင်း","ဟင်းသပြဒါးရိုင်း","ဟင်္သပဒါးရိုင်း","ဟင်္သပဒါးအရိုင်း",{"lang":754,"names":755},"nb",[756,757],"cinnabaritt","sinober",{"lang":759,"names":760},"nds",[621,573],{"lang":762,"names":763},"nl",[764,765],"cinnaber","Metacinnaberiet",{"lang":767,"names":768},"nn",[757],{"lang":770,"names":771},"no",[772],"Sinober",{"lang":774,"names":775},"oc",[776],"Cinabre",{"lang":778,"names":779},"os",[780],"киноварь",{"lang":782,"names":783},"pl",[784],"cynober",{"lang":786,"names":787},"pt",[667,776,788],"cinábrio",{"lang":790,"names":791},"pt-br",[792],"Cinábrio",{"lang":794,"names":795},"ro",[796],"cinabru",{"lang":798,"names":799},"ru",[800,801,710,802],"Вермилион","Вермильон","Ртути сульфиды",{"lang":804,"names":805},"scn",[806],"cinabbru",{"lang":808,"names":809},"sd",[647],{"lang":811,"names":812},"sh",[601],{"lang":814,"names":815},"sk",[601,621,816],"Rumelka",{"lang":818,"names":819},"sl",[601],{"lang":821,"names":822},"sr",[730],{"lang":824,"names":825},"sr-ec",[826],"Цинабарит",{"lang":828,"names":829},"sr-el",[601],{"lang":831,"names":832},"sv",[833,834,835,836,837],"cinnober","Cinober","Kvicksilversulfid","Vermillion","Vermillon",{"lang":839,"names":840},"ta",[841],"சீனாபார்",{"lang":843,"names":844},"th",[845],"ซินนาบาร์",{"lang":847,"names":848},"tr",[849,850],"Cıva sülfit","Zincifre",{"lang":852,"names":853},"tt",[854],"Кинавар",{"lang":856,"names":857},"uk",[858,859,860],"Кіновар","Цинобра","Цинобря",{"lang":862,"names":863},"uz",[589],{"lang":865,"names":866},"vi",[867,7,621,868,869,870],"Chu sa","Đan sa","Thần sa","Xích đan",{"lang":872,"names":873},"wuu",[699],{"lang":875,"names":876},"yo",[7],{"lang":878,"names":879},"yue",[702],{"lang":881,"names":882},"zh",[697,699,883,884,702],"硃砂","硫化汞（II）",{"lang":886,"names":887},"zh-cn",[699],{"lang":889,"names":890},"zh-hans",[699],{"lang":892,"names":893},"zh-hant",[883],{"lang":895,"names":896},"zh-hk",[883],{"lang":898,"names":899},"zh-sg",[699],{"lang":901,"names":902},"zh-tw",[883],{"lang":904,"names":905},"zh-yue",[702],"Q104614",{"history":908,"applications":912},{"markdown":909,"model_version":910,"prompt_version":911,"reviewed_at":11},"For more than ten thousand years, people have ground this scarlet mineral to colour their walls, their pottery, their faces. Cinnabar is mercury sulfide — a soft red crystal made of one mercury atom bonded to one sulfur atom — and the brightest natural source of pigment our species ever found.\n\nThe earliest documented use of cinnabar as a pigment dates to 8000–7000 BCE, at the Neolithic village of Çatalhöyük in what is now Turkey[1]. In China, the Yangshao culture used it to colour ceramics between 5000 and 4000 BCE[1]. In what is now Spain, miners were already extracting cinnabar from the Almadén deposit around 5300 BCE[1].\n\nThe mineral entered European writing through Theophrastus, the Greek philosopher who succeeded Aristotle at the Lyceum. In his treatise *On Stones*, written in the late fourth century BCE, he applied the word *kinnabari* to several distinct red substances[2]. The origin of the word further back is unsettled, noted only as \"beyond doubt oriental\" in the early mineralogical literature[2]. The Romans later called the same material *minium*, meaning red cinnamon[3].\n\nBy antiquity the trade was organised. Roman painters used cinnabar to coat the walls of the most luxurious villas in Pompeii, including the Villa of the Mysteries[1]. Pliny the Elder, writing in the first century CE, recorded that \"nothing is more carefully guarded — it is forbidden to break up or refine the cinnabar on the spot\"[1]. The pigment was so prized that in Roman triumphs the victorious general had his face covered with vermilion powder[1].\n\nChinese chemists discovered that the pigment could be made instead of mined. Beginning around the eighth century, they combined sulfur and mercury directly to produce synthetic vermilion, which cut the price sharply[1]. European workshops adopted the same technique in the ninth century[1]. The synthetic was cleaner than the ground mineral, which carries many impurities[1].\n\nThe most lasting application was Chinese carved lacquerware, which emerged in the Song dynasty[3]. The same pigment coloured imperial temples, the carriages of the emperor, and the printing paste for personal seals[1].\n\n### The mercury mines\n\nThe two great cinnabar districts of Europe were Almadén in central Spain and Idrija in what is now Slovenia. Almadén was worked continuously from Roman times until 2003 and was for centuries the most important cinnabar deposit in the world[3]. Mercury was first found at Idrija in 1490[4]. Together the two mines produced the bulk of the world's mercury for half a millennium.\n\nWorking the mines was lethal. The period observation, preserved in the mineralogical literature, was that a posting to Almadén \"was regarded as being akin to a death sentence due to the shortened life expectancy of the miners\"[3]. Mercury vapour, absorbed through the lungs of underground workers, accumulates in the brain and kidneys. The Roman writers knew the work was deadly without knowing why.\n\nIn 2012 the joint Almadén-Idrija site was inscribed on the World Heritage list by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The citation noted the sites as a testimony to the intercontinental mercury trade that connected Europe and the Americas for centuries[4].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":913,"model_version":910,"prompt_version":911,"reviewed_at":11},"Cinnabar is the principal ore of mercury — almost every gram of liquid mercury circulating in industry began as a red crystal of mercury sulfide somewhere underground[1]. That role, central for two millennia, has narrowed sharply in the past decade.\n\nThe Minamata Convention on Mercury, an international treaty adopted in 2013, prohibits the opening of any new primary mercury mine and requires the phase-out of existing ones[2]. Almadén in Spain, the world's largest mercury mine, closed in 2003, ahead of the treaty[3]. A handful of small operations continue, notably in Kyrgyzstan, which accounts for roughly 0.5 percent of world mercury production[4].\n\nThe dominant current use of the metal — and so, indirectly, of the ore — is artisanal and small-scale gold mining. The sector accounts for more than 35 percent of global anthropogenic mercury emissions, making it the single largest mercury source on the planet[2]. Miners mix mercury with gold-bearing sediment to form an amalgam, then burn off the mercury. The technique releases the metal directly into the air and water.\n\nThe pigment trade survives in a smaller and cleaner form. Genuine vermilion, the brilliant red used in Chinese carved lacquerware and in restoration work on old paintings, is still produced today as synthetic mercuric sulfide, labelled on paint tubes as PR-106 and sourced mostly from China[5]. The synthetic form contains fewer impurities than ground natural cinnabar[5].\n\nOutside these two channels, cinnabar itself is sought mainly by mineral collectors and museums for the deep crimson of its crystals."]