[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:26751":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":8,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":11,"nolocadd":12,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":8,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":8,"sigelements":8,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":14,"strunz10ed2":14,"strunz10ed3":14,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":8,"dana8ed2":8,"dana8ed3":8,"dana8ed4":8,"csystem":8,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":14,"a":8,"b":8,"c":8,"alpha":8,"beta":8,"gamma":8,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":12,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":8,"vhnmax":8,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":8,"dmeas2":8,"dcalc":8,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":8,"colour":8,"commentcolor":8,"colors":8,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":8,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":8,"opticalalpha2":8,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":8,"opticalbeta2":8,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":8,"opticalgamma2":8,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":8,"opticalomega2":8,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":8,"opticalepsilon2":8,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":8,"opticaln2":8,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":8,"optical2vcalc2":8,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":8,"optical2vmeasured2":8,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":8,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":15,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":8,"varieties":16,"group_members":21,"associates":22,"confused_with":23,"type_localities":24,"occurrence_total":25,"citations":26,"images":31,"structures":133,"synonyms":134,"language_names":139,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":140},26751,"1:1:26751:3","dff8f7f7-d344-42bb-b614-8ea4bbdc75d2","Copal",null,0,"mineral",126,false,true,"0","2025-08-11 12:14:51",[17],{"id":18,"name":19,"entrytype":20,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":14,"dcalc":14,"primary_image_id":8},53,"Agathacopalite",2,[],[],[],[],5,[27],{"id":28,"year":29,"html":30,"doi":8},16060428,1980,"McConnell, P.R. (1980) The Ahipara Gumfields. An unpublished dissertation submitted to Lincoln College in part fulfilment of the requirements of the Diploma in Parks and Recreation.",[32,42,51,60,69,74,82,90,99,104,114,124],{"id":33,"source_url":34,"license_code":35,"credit_html":36,"title":37,"description":38,"author":39,"original_width":40,"original_height":41},6188,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3764136","CC BY-SA 4.0","Brocken Inaglory, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3764136\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copal with insects close-up.jpg","A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copal\">copal\u003C\u002Fa> with a few bugs inside. The piece of copal measures around four centimeters deep. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Finsects\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:insects\">insects\u003C\u002Fa> are trapped from 0.5 to 2 centimeters deep inside the copal. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fbubbles\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:bubbles\">bubbles\u003C\u002Fa> around some of the insects indicate that they were alive and breathing when they were trapped inside.","Brocken Inaglory",2178,2160,{"id":43,"source_url":44,"license_code":45,"credit_html":46,"title":47,"description":48,"author":39,"original_width":49,"original_height":50},50455,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2633558","CC BY-SA 3.0","Brocken Inaglory, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2633558\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Termites in copal.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTermite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Termite\">Termites\u003C\u002Fa> and other insects in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copal\">copal\u003C\u002Fa>",1304,1124,{"id":52,"source_url":53,"license_code":35,"credit_html":54,"title":55,"description":56,"author":57,"original_width":58,"original_height":59},6189,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12023746","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12023746\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copal Madagascar.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copal\">Copal\u003C\u002Fa> from Madagascar. With spiders, termites, ants, Elateridae, Hymenoptera, Cockroach and a flower.","Didier Descouens",3258,2868,{"id":61,"source_url":62,"license_code":45,"credit_html":63,"title":64,"description":65,"author":66,"original_width":67,"original_height":68},31590,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5653133","ja:User:NEON \u002F User:NEON_ja, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5653133\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kauri gum polished side.jpg","\"Kauri gum\" of \u003Ci>Agathis australis\u003C\u002Fi>, bought from Kauri Museum, New Zealand.","ja:User:NEON \u002F User:NEON_ja",2400,1800,{"id":70,"source_url":71,"license_code":45,"credit_html":72,"title":73,"description":65,"author":66,"original_width":67,"original_height":68},31591,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5653140","ja:User:NEON \u002F User:NEON_ja, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5653140\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kauri gum unpolished side.jpg",{"id":75,"source_url":76,"license_code":35,"credit_html":77,"title":78,"description":79,"author":57,"original_width":80,"original_height":81},6193,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12031693","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12031693\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copal Madagascar - Fleur.jpg","Flower in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fcopal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:copal\">copal\u003C\u002Fa> from Madagascar. Size of specimen 0.9 cm",3599,5623,{"id":83,"source_url":84,"license_code":85,"credit_html":86,"title":87,"description":8,"author":8,"original_width":88,"original_height":89},29520,"https:\u002F\u002Fcollections.smvk.se\u002Fcarlotta-em\u002Fweb\u002Fobject\u002F1000410","CC0 1.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Fpublicdomain\u002Fzero\u002F1.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcollections.smvk.se\u002Fcarlotta-em\u002Fweb\u002Fobject\u002F1000410\" rel=\"noopener\">Museum of Ethnography\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana","rökelse, copal",1000,714,{"id":91,"source_url":92,"license_code":85,"credit_html":93,"title":94,"description":95,"author":96,"original_width":97,"original_height":98},6194,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115226728","Leonhard Lenz, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115226728\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copal on cut Pinus sylvestris in NSG Teufelsbruch und Nebenmoore 2021-03-30 03.jpg","Harz auf dem Stumpf einer Waldkiefer im Naturschutzgebiet Teufelsbruch und Nebenmoore.","Leonhard Lenz",8368,5584,{"id":100,"source_url":101,"license_code":85,"credit_html":102,"title":103,"description":95,"author":96,"original_width":97,"original_height":98},6195,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115226730","Leonhard Lenz, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115226730\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copal on cut Pinus sylvestris in NSG Teufelsbruch und Nebenmoore 2021-03-30 04.jpg",{"id":105,"source_url":106,"license_code":107,"credit_html":108,"title":109,"description":110,"author":111,"original_width":112,"original_height":113},50460,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76687354","CC BY 3.0","Maria Heikkilä, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76687354\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Electresia zalesskii Kusnezov-1941.jpg","\u003Ci>Electresia zalesskii\u003C\u002Fi> Kusnezov, 1941. PIRAS (HT: no. 20). a. Crazing on the surface of the copal piece. b. Dorsal view. Length of forewing 4.2 mm. c. Ventral view.","Maria Heikkilä",850,634,{"id":115,"source_url":116,"license_code":117,"credit_html":118,"title":119,"description":120,"author":121,"original_width":122,"original_height":123},50465,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97915081","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97915081\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copal 14.jpg","Biogenic products are objects produced by ancient organisms.  Many paleontologists refer to these as trace fossils, but they really aren't.  Examples of fossil biogenic products include eggs, amber (fossilized tree sap), coprolites (fossilized feces), and spider silk.\n\u003Cp>Fossilized tree sap (resin) is called amber.  Resin that has not been completely altered to amber is called copal (“subfossilized tree sap”).  The general term for such materials is resinite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Copal ranges in age from several years old to ~33,000 years old.  True amber ranges in age from a few million to hundreds of millions of years old - as far back as the Carboniferous.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Amber and copal vary in color, but are typically a rich, light- to dark-golden brown.  Resinites are quite lightweight (but amber is denser than copal), and show conchoidal fracture when broken.  Copal often is, and has been, passed off as true amber.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Amber is valued as a gem material for its transparency and distinctive color.  Amber and copal are also valued for the frequent presence of fossil inclusions, typically insects.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The raw copal specimen seen here has no provenance information, but it is likely very geologically young.  It has obvious crazing, which is surficial and near-surface cracking - this is the result of evaporation of volatile organics.  Amber does not craze quickly or as deeply as copal does (see Grimaldi, 1996).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Some references on amber & fossils in amber:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Poinar, G. & R. Poinar.  1994.  The Quest for Life in Amber.  Reading, Massachusetts.  Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.  219 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Dahlström, A., L. Brost & J. Leijonhufvud.  1996.  The Amber Book.  Tuscon, Arizona.  Geoscience Press, Inc.  134 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Grimaldi, D.A.  1996.  Amber, Window to the Past.  New York.  American Museum of Natural History.  215 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Ross, A.  1998.  Amber.  London.  The Natural History Museum.  73 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Poinar, G.O. & R. Milki.  2001.  Lebanese Amber, the Oldest Insect Ecosystem in Fossilized Resin.  Corvallis, Oregon.  Oregon State University Press.  96 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geirnaert, E.  2002.  L'Ambre, Miel de Fortune et Mémoire de Vie.  Monistrol-sur-Loire, France.  176 pp. [in French]\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Hong Youchong.  2002.  Amber Insects of China.  Beijing.  Beijing Scientific Publishing House.  653 pp.  48 pls. [in Chinese]\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Weitschat, W. & W. Wichard.  2002.  Atlas of Plants and Animals in Baltic Amber.  Munich.  Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.  256 pp. [excellent resource!  highly recommended!]\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nSelden, P. & J. Nudds.  2004.  Baltic amber.  pp. 131-141 in  Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems.  Chicago.  University of Chicago Press.","James St. John",2080,2172,{"id":125,"source_url":126,"license_code":35,"credit_html":127,"title":128,"description":129,"author":130,"original_width":131,"original_height":132},50459,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46276364","DimaVoroba, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46276364\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kopal.jpg","Копал с инклюзами","DimaVoroba",721,416,[],[135,136,137,138],"Copale","Copalin","Copalite","Kopal",[],{"history":8,"applications":8}]