[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:1170":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":16,"ima_formula":17,"elements":18,"sigelements":23,"key_elements":11,"impurities":24,"cim":25,"ima_status":26,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":34,"dana8ed2":35,"dana8ed3":35,"dana8ed4":35,"csystem":36,"cclass":37,"spacegroup":38,"spacegroupset":39,"a":40,"b":41,"c":42,"alpha":43,"beta":44,"gamma":43,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":45,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":46,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":11,"tlform":11,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":43,"vhnmax":43,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":48,"dmeas2":49,"dcalc":50,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":51,"lustretype":51,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":52,"streak":53,"colour":54,"commentcolor":11,"colors":55,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":60,"uv":11,"cleavage":61,"cleavagetype":62,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":63,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":64,"opticalsign":65,"opticalalpha":66,"opticalalpha2":67,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":68,"opticalbeta2":69,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":70,"opticalgamma2":71,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":43,"opticalomega2":43,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":43,"opticalepsilon2":43,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":43,"opticaln2":43,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":72,"optical2vcalc2":73,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":74,"optical2vmeasured2":73,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":75,"rimax":76,"opticaldispersion":77,"opticalpleochroism":78,"opticalpleochorismdesc":79,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":80,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":81,"aboutname":82,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":83,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":84,"group_members":85,"associates":94,"confused_with":168,"type_localities":170,"occurrence_total":171,"citations":172,"images":264,"structures":376,"synonyms":404,"language_names":415,"wikidata_qid":519,"texts":520},1170,"1:1:1170:5","d11af867-8056-4809-a5e6-869c733b5d34","Cummingtonite","Cum",0,"mineral",null,43524,880,false,"◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Cummingtonite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup. \r\nIt is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.","◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",[19,20,21,22],"Mg","Si","O","H",[19,20,21,22],"Mn,Ca,Al,Ti,Na,K","14.21.6",[27,28],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1824","9","D","E","05","66","1","Monoclinic",5,11,"C2\u002Fm ","9.53","18.23","5.32","0","101.97",2,"Simple or multiple twinning parallel to {100}",6,"3.1","3.6","3.3","Vitreous","Transparent,Translucent","nd","Translucent dark green, brown, grey, colourless",[56,57,58,59],"green","brown","gray","colorless","Nonfluorescent","on {110}","Perfect","brittle","Biaxial","+","1.639","1.671","1.647","1.689","1.664","1.708","70","90","65",1.639,1.708,"r > v or r \u003C v","Weak","X = Y = colorless; Z = pale green.","Commonly occurs in medium-grade regionally metamorphosed rocks; characteristic of metamorphosed iron formations; also as a late-stage mineral in some gabbros and norites; rarely in silicic\r\nvolcanic rocks.","Cummingtonite-Grunerite Series.","Cummingtonite was originally named in 1824 by Chester Dewey for the type locality in Cummington, Massachusetts, USA. Dewey (1824) did not analyze the species, but noted its unusual physical appearance. Actual physical description and chemical analyses for cummingtonite were provided by Thomson (1831) and subsequently improved by Smith and Brush (1853). Leake (1978) published a report assigning cummingtonite the wide range Mg\u002FMg + Fe = 0.3-0.7. In 2006, Hawthorne and Oberti published new boundaries between cummingtonite and grunerite at Mg:Fe2+ = 1:1. Thus, cummingtonite is not found at its type locality due to cummingtonite's redefinition of the Amphibole subcommittee of the IMA, when amphibole names were arbitrarily redefined to avoid providing data for a new mineral name. Physical and chemical properties formerly ascribed to \"cummingtonite\" must be considered invalid and a new species description for cummingtonite, as now redefined, is necessary.","2026-05-14 15:52:37",[],[86],{"id":87,"name":88,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":89,"mindat_formula":90,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"dmeas":91,"dcalc":92,"primary_image_id":93},1758,"Grunerite","◻Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.40","3.531",29815,[95,103,111,117,125,133,140,145,151,160],{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":98,"mindat_formula":99,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"dmeas":100,"dcalc":101,"primary_image_id":102},18,"Actinolite","◻Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>4.5-2.5\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>0.5-2.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>4.5-2.5\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>0.5-2.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.03","3.07",28994,{"id":104,"name":105,"entrytype":9,"csystem":106,"ima_formula":17,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":107,"hmax":47,"dmeas":108,"dcalc":109,"primary_image_id":110},254,"Anthophyllite","Orthorhombic",5.5,"2.85","3.67",1546,{"id":112,"name":113,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":114,"mindat_formula":114,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"dmeas":50,"dcalc":115,"primary_image_id":116},325,"Arfvedsonite","NaNa\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.33",1795,{"id":118,"name":119,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":120,"mindat_formula":121,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"dmeas":122,"dcalc":123,"primary_image_id":124},1505,"Ferro-actinolite","◻Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>2.5-0.0\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2.5-5.0\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.24","3.34",54614,{"id":126,"name":127,"entrytype":9,"csystem":106,"ima_formula":128,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":107,"hmax":47,"dmeas":130,"dcalc":131,"primary_image_id":132},1665,"Gedrite","◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.15","3.25",29747,{"id":134,"name":135,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":136,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"dmeas":137,"dcalc":138,"primary_image_id":139},1704,"Glaucophane","◻Na\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.08","3.123",8721,{"id":141,"name":142,"entrytype":45,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":143,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":144},1930,"Hornblende","A\u003Csub>n\u003C\u002Fsub>Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Z\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>5-m\u003C\u002Fsub>Z\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>m\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>8-(n+m)\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>(n+m)\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH,F,Cl)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",88424,{"id":146,"name":147,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":148,"mindat_formula":149,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":150},2537,"Magnesio-arfvedsonite","NaNa\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","NaNa\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",29139,{"id":152,"name":153,"entrytype":9,"csystem":154,"ima_formula":155,"mindat_formula":155,"hmin":156,"hmax":156,"dmeas":157,"dcalc":158,"primary_image_id":159},3337,"Quartz","Trigonal","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",7,"2.65","2.66",30579,{"id":161,"name":162,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":163,"mindat_formula":164,"hmin":37,"hmax":47,"dmeas":165,"dcalc":166,"primary_image_id":167},4011,"Tremolite","◻Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>5.0-4.5\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>0.0-0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.99","2.964",24473,[169],{"id":104,"name":105,"entrytype":9,"csystem":106,"ima_formula":17,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":107,"hmax":47,"dmeas":108,"dcalc":109,"primary_image_id":110},[],318,[173,177,181,185,189,193,197,202,206,210,214,219,223,227,232,236,240,244,249,254,259],{"id":174,"year":175,"html":176,"doi":11},16106947,1824,"Dewey, C. (1824) A Sketch of the Geology and Mineralogy of the Western Part of Massachusetts, and a Small Part of Adjoining States. American Journal of Science, first series: 8, 1-60.",{"id":178,"year":179,"html":180,"doi":11},16106948,1831,"Thomson, T. (1831) (paper read March 17, 1828) Account of the Constituents of various Minerals. 2. Cummingtonite. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: 11: 244-248.",{"id":182,"year":183,"html":184,"doi":11},16106949,1853,"Smith, J.L. Brush, G.J. (1853) Re-examination of American Minerals... 20. Cummingtonite – a Hornblende. American Journal of Science, second series: 16: 48-49.",{"id":186,"year":187,"html":188,"doi":11},16106950,1942,"Larsen, E.S. (1942) Alkalic Rocks of Iron Hill, Gunnison County, Colorado. USGS Professional Paper 197-A: 12-13.",{"id":190,"year":191,"html":192,"doi":11},524098,1964,"Klein, Cornelis (1964) Cummingtonite-grunerite series: A chemical, optical and x-ray study. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  49 (7-8) 963-982 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM49\u002FAM49_963.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":194,"year":195,"html":196,"doi":11},524517,1966,"Fischer, Karl F. (1966) A further refinement of the crystal structure of cummingtonite, (Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>11\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  51 (5-6) 814-818 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM51\u002FAM51_814.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":198,"year":199,"html":200,"doi":201},6593,1972,"Das Gupta, S. P. (1972) Coexisting hornblende and cummingtonite from the Khetri copper belt, Rajasthan, India. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (299) 890-893 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1972.038.299.13'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1972.038.299.13\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_38\u002F38-299-890.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1972.038.299.13",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":11},528749,1989,"Ghose, Subrata, Hexiong, Yang (1989) Mn-Mg distribution in a C2\u002Fm manganoan cummingtonite: Crystal-chemical considerations. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  74 (9-10) 1091-1096 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM74\u002FAM74_1091.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":207,"year":208,"html":209,"doi":11},529096,1991,"Smelik, Eugene A., Veblen, David R. (1991) Exsolution of cummingtonite from glaucophane: A new orientation for exsolution lamellae in clinoamphiboles. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  76 (5-6) 971-984 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM76\u002FAM76_971.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":211,"year":212,"html":213,"doi":11},529697,1994,"Hirschmann, Marc, Evans, Bernard W., Yang, Hexiong (1994) Composition and temperature dependence of Fe-Mg ordering in cummingtonite-grunerite as determined by X-ray diffraction. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  79 (9-10) 862-877 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM79\u002FAM79_862.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":215,"year":216,"html":217,"doi":218},393567,1997,"Klein, Ulrich, Sharp, Thomas G., Schumacher, John C. (1997) Analytical electron microscopy of nanometer-scale hornblende lamellae; low-temperature exsolution in cummingtonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  82 (11) 1079-1090 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-1997-11-1205'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-1997-11-1205\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol82\u002FAM82_1079.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-1997-11-1205",{"id":220,"year":221,"html":222,"doi":11},12909050,1998,"Mandarino, Joseph A. (1998) The Second List of Additions and Corrections to the Glossary of Mineral Species (1995) - The Amphibole Group. \u003Ci>The Mineralogical Record\u003C\u002Fi>, 29 (3) 169-174",{"id":224,"year":221,"html":225,"doi":226},393754,"Yang, Hexiong, Hazen, Robert M., Prewitt, Charles T., Finger, Larry W., Ren, Lu, Hemley, Russell J. (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2\u002Fm-P21\u002Fm phase transition in cummingtonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  83 (3) 288-299 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-1998-3-412'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-1998-3-412\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol83\u002FAM83_288.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-1998-3-412",{"id":228,"year":229,"html":230,"doi":231},243148,2000,"Reece, J. J., Redfern, S. A. T., Welch, M. D., Henderson, C. M. B. (2000) Mn-Mg disordering in cummingtonite: a high-temperature neutron powder diffraction study. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (2) 255-266 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002F002646100549166'>doi:10.1180\u002F002646100549166\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002F002646100549166",{"id":233,"year":229,"html":234,"doi":235},127922,"Ballaranl, Tiziana Boffa, Angel, Ross J., Carpenter, Michael A. (2000) High-pressure transformation behaviour of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  12 (6) 1195-1213 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F12\u002F6\u002F1195'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F12\u002F6\u002F1195\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F12\u002F6\u002F1195",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":11},16963853,2001,"(2001) Cummingtonite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fcummingtonite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":241,"year":238,"html":242,"doi":243},152800,"Domeneghetti, M. C., Boffa Ballaran, T., Carpenter, M. A. (2001) Phase transition and mixing behaviour of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  28 (2) 87-101 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs002690000140'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs002690000140\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs002690000140",{"id":245,"year":246,"html":247,"doi":248},394975,2004,"Ballaran, Tiziana Boffa, Carpenter, Michael A., Domeneghetti, M. Chiara (2004) Order parameter variation through the \u003Ci>C\u003C\u002Fi>2\u002F\u003Ci>m\u003C\u002Fi>-\u003Ci>P\u003C\u002Fi>2\u003Csub>1\u003C\u002Fsub>\u002F\u003Ci>m\u003C\u002Fi> phase transition in cummingtonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  89 (11-12). 1717-1727 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2004-11-1218'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2004-11-1218\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2004-11-1218",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":253},64226,2006,"Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R. (2006) On the classification of amphiboles. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  44 (1) 1-21 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.44.1.1'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.44.1.1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.44.1.1",{"id":255,"year":256,"html":257,"doi":258},396910,2012,"Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R., Harlow, G. E., Maresch, W. V., Martin, R. F., Schumacher, J. C., Welch, M. D. (2012) Nomenclature of the amphibole supergroup. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  97 (11) 2031-2048 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2012.4276'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2012.4276\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Frruff_1.0\u002Fuploads\u002FAM97_2031.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2012.4276",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":263},18084493,2025,"Hawthorne, Frank C.; Lapierre, Andrew R.; Abdu, Yassir; Oberti, Roberta; Day, Maxwell C. (2025) Cummingtonite-(P21\u002Fm): Crystal structure refinement, Mössbauer spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, and some aspects of classification of the magnesium iron manganese amphiboles. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  89 (3). 411-420 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fmgm.2025.14'>doi:10.1180\u002Fmgm.2025.14\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fmgm.2025.14",[265,275,285,295,304,309,317,325,331,336,344,350,355,361,366,371],{"id":266,"source_url":267,"license_code":268,"credit_html":269,"title":270,"description":271,"author":272,"original_width":273,"original_height":274},51346,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9382896","CC BY-SA 3.0","Hannes Osterhammer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9382896\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite - Dannemora Mine, Uppsala Län, Uppland, Sweden.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCummingtonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cummingtonite\">Cummingtonite\u003C\u002Fa>, fibrous, brownish crystals - Locality: Dannemora Mine, Uppsala Län, Uppland, Sweden","Hannes Osterhammer",852,639,{"id":276,"source_url":277,"license_code":278,"credit_html":279,"title":280,"description":281,"author":282,"original_width":283,"original_height":284},51352,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649857","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649857\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite amphibole (Paleozoic; West Chesterfield, Massachusetts, USA) (31701719934).jpg","\u003Cp>Tremolite from the Precambrian of New York State, USA. (field of view: ~2 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals.  All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry.  \"Silica\" refers to SiO2 chemistry.  The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4.  Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens \"belong\" to each silicon.  The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Amphibole is a group of silicate minerals.  The garden-variety type of amphibole is hornblende.  Other common varieties include tremolite and actinolite.  The sample shown above is cummingtonite, a brownish to grayish to dark greenish amphibole ((Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2) that occurs in some metamorphic rocks and occasionally in some igneous rocks.    It has a silky luster and usually forms radiating masses of acicular (needle-shaped) crystals or irregular masses of fibers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock in which this cummingtonite occurs is a Paleozoic-aged metamorphic rock from Massachusetts.  In addition to brownish-colored sprays of cummingtonite needles, the rock also has quartz, garnet, and magnetite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cpre>consists of sprays of brownish cummingtonite amphibole needles, quartz, garnet, and magnetite.\n\u003C\u002Fpre>\n\u003Cp>Locality: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed site at or near the town of West Chesterfield, western Hampshire County, western Massachusetts, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of cummingtonite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=1170\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=1170\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=1170<\u002Fa>","James St. John",1196,1279,{"id":286,"source_url":287,"license_code":288,"credit_html":289,"title":290,"description":291,"author":292,"original_width":293,"original_height":294},6606,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955869","Public domain","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955869\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amphibole - Cummingtonite w- chlorite in schist Magnesium iron silicate 3800 foot level Homestake Mine Lawrence COunty South Dakota 2071.jpg","\u003Cp>Mineral of South Dakota\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>These mineral images are free to use how you wish.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",568,470,{"id":296,"source_url":297,"license_code":298,"credit_html":299,"title":300,"description":301,"author":302,"original_width":116,"original_height":303},6607,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783816","CC BY-SA 4.0","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783816\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite.jpg","Cummingtonite, rhodonite : Morro da Mina Mine, Conselheiro Lafaiete (old Queluz de Minas), Minas Gerais, Brazil","Géry PARENT",1192,{"id":305,"source_url":306,"license_code":298,"credit_html":307,"title":308,"description":301,"author":302,"original_width":116,"original_height":303},6608,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783822","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783822\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite 1.jpg",{"id":310,"source_url":311,"license_code":298,"credit_html":312,"title":313,"description":314,"author":302,"original_width":315,"original_height":316},6609,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823993","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823993\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite 53 mm.jpg","cummingtonite, rhodonite : Conselheiro Lafaiete, Minas Gerais, Brazil - cummingtonite : 53 mm",1109,1974,{"id":318,"source_url":319,"license_code":298,"credit_html":320,"title":321,"description":322,"author":302,"original_width":323,"original_height":324},6610,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823994","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823994\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite 2.jpg","cummingtonite, rhodonite : Conselheiro Lafaiete, Minas Gerais, Brazil",1317,1975,{"id":326,"source_url":327,"license_code":298,"credit_html":328,"title":329,"description":330,"author":302,"original_width":324,"original_height":323},6611,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843966","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843966\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 7.jpg","cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet var. spessartine : Morro da Mina Mine, Conselheiro Lafaiete (Queluz de Minas), Minas Gerais, Brazil - cummingtonite : 2,5 mm",{"id":332,"source_url":333,"license_code":298,"credit_html":334,"title":335,"description":330,"author":302,"original_width":324,"original_height":323},6612,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843967","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843967\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 5.jpg",{"id":337,"source_url":338,"license_code":298,"credit_html":339,"title":340,"description":341,"author":302,"original_width":342,"original_height":343},6613,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843971","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843971\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 8.jpg","cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet var. spessartine : Morro da Mina Mine, Conselheiro Lafaiete (Queluz de Minas), Minas Gerais, Brazil - cummingtonite : 7,5 mm",1973,1231,{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":298,"credit_html":347,"title":348,"description":349,"author":302,"original_width":324,"original_height":323},51356,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823995","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823995\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet.jpg","cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet var. spessartine : Morro da Mina Mine, Conselheiro Lafaiete (Queluz de Minas), Minas Gerais, Brazil - spessartine up to 500𝞵m",{"id":351,"source_url":352,"license_code":298,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":349,"author":302,"original_width":324,"original_height":323},51357,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823996","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823996\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 2.jpg",{"id":356,"source_url":357,"license_code":298,"credit_html":358,"title":359,"description":349,"author":302,"original_width":251,"original_height":360},51358,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823997","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823997\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 1.jpg",1255,{"id":362,"source_url":363,"license_code":298,"credit_html":364,"title":365,"description":349,"author":302,"original_width":324,"original_height":323},51359,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823998","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823998\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 3.jpg",{"id":367,"source_url":368,"license_code":298,"credit_html":369,"title":370,"description":349,"author":302,"original_width":324,"original_height":323},51360,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823999","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125823999\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 4.jpg",{"id":372,"source_url":373,"license_code":298,"credit_html":374,"title":375,"description":330,"author":302,"original_width":324,"original_height":323},51361,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843968","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125843968\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cummingtonite, rhodonite, garnet 6.jpg",[377,383,388,394,398],{"id":378,"url":379,"label":380,"formula":381,"spacegroup":382,"year":221},3389,"\u002Fcif\u002F3389.cif","Yang 1998 · Fe3.471 Mg3.445 Al.008 Ca.076 Si8 O24 (1)","Fe3.471 Mg3.445 Al.008 Ca.076 Si8 O24","C 1 2\u002Fm 1",{"id":384,"url":385,"label":386,"formula":381,"spacegroup":387,"year":221},3392,"\u002Fcif\u002F3392.cif","Yang 1998 · Fe3.471 Mg3.445 Al.008 Ca.076 Si8 O24 (2)","P 1 21\u002Fm 1",{"id":389,"url":390,"label":391,"formula":392,"spacegroup":387,"year":393},3396,"\u002Fcif\u002F3396.cif","Yang 1996 · (Mg4.441 Fe2.559) Si8 O24 (1)","(Mg4.441 Fe2.559) Si8 O24",1996,{"id":395,"url":396,"label":397,"formula":392,"spacegroup":382,"year":393},3397,"\u002Fcif\u002F3397.cif","Yang 1996 · (Mg4.441 Fe2.559) Si8 O24 (2)",{"id":399,"url":400,"label":401,"formula":402,"spacegroup":382,"year":403},3398,"\u002Fcif\u002F3398.cif","Yang 1995","Fe2.558 Mg4.344 Al.012 Ca.086 Si8 O24",1995,[405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414],"Amphibole-anthophyllite","Antholit","Antholita","Antholite","Kievit","Kievita","Kievite","Magnesiocummingtonit","Magnesiocummingtonita","Magnesiocummingtonite",[416,420,424,428,432,436,439,443,447,450,453,457,461,466,470,474,478,482,485,488,492,496,500,506,509,512,515],{"lang":417,"names":418},"ar",[419],"كومينغتونيت",{"lang":421,"names":422},"az",[423],"Kumminqtonit",{"lang":425,"names":426},"ca",[427],"cummingtonita",{"lang":429,"names":430},"de",[431],"Cummingtonit",{"lang":433,"names":434},"es",[435],"Cummingtonita",{"lang":437,"names":438},"eu",[427],{"lang":440,"names":441},"fa",[442],"کومینگتونیت",{"lang":444,"names":445},"fi",[446],"cummingtoniitti",{"lang":448,"names":449},"fr",[7],{"lang":451,"names":452},"gl",[435],{"lang":454,"names":455},"he",[456],"קמינגטוניט",{"lang":458,"names":459},"id",[431,460],"Kumingtonit",{"lang":462,"names":463},"it",[464,465],"cummingtonite","magnesiocummingtonite",{"lang":467,"names":468},"ja",[469],"カミントン閃石",{"lang":471,"names":472},"mn",[473],"Каммингтонит",{"lang":475,"names":476},"nb",[477],"cummingtonitt",{"lang":479,"names":480},"nl",[481],"cummingtoniet",{"lang":483,"names":484},"nn",[477],{"lang":486,"names":487},"pl",[431],{"lang":489,"names":490},"ru",[491],"Куммингтонит",{"lang":493,"names":494},"sr",[495],"камингтонит",{"lang":497,"names":498},"uk",[499],"Кумінгтоніт",{"lang":501,"names":502},"zh",[503,504,505],"褐闪石","鎂鐵閃石","镁铁闪石",{"lang":507,"names":508},"zh-cn",[505],{"lang":510,"names":511},"zh-hans",[505],{"lang":513,"names":514},"zh-hant",[504],{"lang":516,"names":517},"zh-tw",[518,504],"褐閃石","Q418873",{"history":11,"applications":11}]