[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:1282":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":16,"key_elements":11,"impurities":11,"cim":17,"ima_status":18,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":21,"strunz10ed2":14,"strunz10ed3":22,"strunz10ed4":23,"dana8ed1":21,"dana8ed2":24,"dana8ed3":25,"dana8ed4":21,"csystem":26,"cclass":27,"spacegroup":28,"spacegroupset":29,"a":30,"b":31,"c":31,"alpha":31,"beta":31,"gamma":31,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":32,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":33,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":34,"tlform":11,"hmin":35,"hmax":35,"hardtype":36,"vhnmin":31,"vhnmax":31,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":37,"dmeas2":38,"dcalc":39,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":40,"lustretype":41,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":42,"streak":43,"colour":44,"commentcolor":45,"colors":46,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":57,"uv":58,"cleavage":59,"cleavagetype":60,"fracturetype":61,"tenacity":62,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":63,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":31,"opticalalpha2":31,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":31,"opticalbeta2":31,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":31,"opticalgamma2":31,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":31,"opticalomega2":31,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":31,"opticalepsilon2":31,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":64,"opticaln2":31,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":31,"optical2vcalc2":31,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":31,"optical2vmeasured2":31,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":65,"opticalpleochroism":66,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":67,"opticalcomments":68,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":69,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":70,"other":11,"industrial":71,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":72,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":73,"aboutname":74,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":75,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":76,"group_members":88,"associates":89,"confused_with":144,"type_localities":166,"occurrence_total":167,"citations":168,"images":395,"structures":531,"synonyms":558,"language_names":565,"wikidata_qid":569,"texts":1210},1282,"1:1:1282:5","2a05bcc6-728d-4fed-bec1-93746fd26b90","Diamond","Dia",0,"mineral",null,7825,false,"C",[14],[14],"1.24",[19,20],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1","B","10a","3","6","Isometric",32,222,"Fd-3m","3.5595","0",8,"Spinel-type twinning on {111} (Slawson, 1950).","Octahedral crystals, also dodecahedrons, cubes, tetrahedral. Often has curved faces.",10,4,"3.5","3.53","3.515","Adamantine","Adamantine,Greasy","Transparent,Translucent,Opaque","none","Colourless, yellowish to yellow, brown, black, blue, green or red, pink, champagne-tan, cognac-brown, lilac (very rare)","Eaton-Magaña, S., Ardon, T., Smit, K. V., Breeding, C. M., & Shigley, J. E. (2018). Natural-color Pink, Purple, Red, and Brown Diamonds: Band of Many Colors. Gems & Gemology, 54(4).\r\n\r\nThe spectroscopic data show that the yellow color of this diamond is due to N3 and N2 defects, although other kind of defects were detected, i.e., N3VH0 defects and platelets. The incorporation of H and defects resulting from the nitrogen aggregation are related to high-temperature formation, supporting the hypothesis that growth started at depths compatible with mantle conditions. [[1]]",[47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56],"colorless","yellow","brown","black","blue","green","red","pink","orange","purple","Some stones fluoresce pale blue, green, yellow, and, rarely, red.","Some - blue, also phosphorescent","Perfect octahedral {111}","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven","brittle","Isotropic","2.4354","Strong","Non-pleochroic","Strain birefringence common (Raman and Rendall, 1944; Lang 1967; Howell, 2012).","n = 2.4354 (486), 2.4175 (589), 2.4076 (687)","Triboelectric","Greatest thermal conductivity known. A sizeable stone held in the hand feels cold, hence the slang name \"ice\".","Cutting and grinding due to extreme hardness. Used for the windows on the Venera spacecraft to photograph Venus' surface.","Deep mantle-derived rocks such as kimberlites, lamprophyres, and others. With decreasing pressure, the diamonds dissolve back into the rock. To occur and survive in a metastable state at the surface they must arrive from depth quickly and very often crystals show dissolution features because the transport to the surface is not quick enough. \r\nSince diamond is extremely hard, it survives in alluvia.","Diamond is the hardest natural substance known. It is formed deep in the mantle and is only brought to the surface via kimberlite pipes, lamprophyres, eclogites and other rocks that originate deep within the mantle. It is also found in alluvial deposit...","From Greek \"adamas\", 'invincible'. First known use by Manlius (A.D. 16) and Pliny (A.D. 100).","2026-05-15 19:32:29",[77,81,84],{"id":78,"name":79,"entrytype":80,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":11,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":31,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},498,"Ballas",2,{"id":82,"name":83,"entrytype":80,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":31,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},7473,"Bort",{"id":85,"name":86,"entrytype":80,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":31,"dcalc":31,"primary_image_id":87},27227,"Carbonado",38184,[],[90,100,109,119,128,136],{"id":91,"name":92,"entrytype":9,"csystem":93,"ima_formula":94,"mindat_formula":94,"hmin":95,"hmax":96,"dmeas":97,"dcalc":98,"primary_image_id":99},1294,"Diopside","Monoclinic","CaMgSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,6.5,"3.22","3.278",29614,{"id":101,"name":102,"entrytype":9,"csystem":103,"ima_formula":104,"mindat_formula":104,"hmin":105,"hmax":105,"dmeas":106,"dcalc":107,"primary_image_id":108},1584,"Forsterite","Orthorhombic","Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",7,"3.275","3.271",29729,{"id":110,"name":111,"entrytype":9,"csystem":112,"ima_formula":113,"mindat_formula":113,"hmin":114,"hmax":115,"dmeas":116,"dcalc":117,"primary_image_id":118},1787,"Goyazite","Trigonal","SrAl\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(PO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH)(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,5,"3.26","3.29",10303,{"id":120,"name":121,"entrytype":9,"csystem":112,"ima_formula":122,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":115,"hmax":124,"dmeas":125,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":127},2013,"Ilmenite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>TiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,"4.68","4.789",29925,{"id":129,"name":130,"entrytype":9,"csystem":93,"ima_formula":131,"mindat_formula":131,"hmin":80,"hmax":132,"dmeas":133,"dcalc":134,"primary_image_id":135},3193,"Phlogopite","KMg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",3,"2.78","2.79",19310,{"id":137,"name":138,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":139,"mindat_formula":139,"hmin":105,"hmax":140,"dmeas":141,"dcalc":142,"primary_image_id":143},3321,"Pyrope","Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",7.5,"3.582","3.563",20279,[145,151,157,163],{"id":146,"name":147,"entrytype":9,"csystem":148,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":149,"hmax":80,"dmeas":31,"dcalc":150,"primary_image_id":11},1207,"Chaoite","Hexagonal",1,"3.43",{"id":152,"name":153,"entrytype":9,"csystem":148,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":149,"hmax":80,"dmeas":154,"dcalc":155,"primary_image_id":156},1740,"Graphite","2.09","2.26",29804,{"id":158,"name":159,"entrytype":9,"csystem":148,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":105,"hmax":32,"dmeas":160,"dcalc":161,"primary_image_id":162},2431,"Lonsdaleite","3.2","3.51",14703,{"id":164,"name":165,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},470679,"Tartarosite",[],599,[169,172,176,180,184,187,191,195,199,203,207,211,214,218,221,225,229,233,237,241,244,248,252,255,259,263,267,271,275,279,282,286,290,293,297,301,305,309,313,316,320,324,327,330,334,338,342,345,349,352,357,361,364,368,372,375,379,384,387,391],{"id":170,"year":11,"html":171,"doi":11},16107564,"Devlin, Stuart (undated) From the Diamonds of Argyle to the Champagne Jewels of Stuart Devlin (Goldsmith to the Queen). Sing Lee Printing Fty., Ltd. Hong Kong.",{"id":173,"year":174,"html":175,"doi":11},16107519,1864,"Goeppert, H.R. (1864) Ueber Einschlusse im Diamont. Haarlem: De Erven Loosjes.",{"id":177,"year":178,"html":179,"doi":11},16107520,1867,"Emmanuel, H. (1867) Diamonds and Precious Stones; Their History, Value, and Distinguishing Characteristics, 266pp., London.",{"id":181,"year":182,"html":183,"doi":11},16107521,1873,"Lindley, A.F., Capt. (1873) Adamantia - The Truth about the South African Diamond Fields. WH&L Collingridge, London.",{"id":185,"year":182,"html":186,"doi":11},16107522,"Richmond, J.F. (1873) Diamonds, Unpolished and Polished. New York: Nelson & Phillips.",{"id":188,"year":189,"html":190,"doi":11},16107523,1874,"Dieulafait, L. (1874) Diamonds and Precious Stones. London: Blackie & Son.",{"id":192,"year":193,"html":194,"doi":11},15984420,1893,"Reunert, Theodore (1893) \u003Ci>Diamonds and gold in South Africa\u003C\u002Fi>. Edward Stanford. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fdiamondsandgold01reungoog\u002Fdiamondsandgold01reungoog.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":196,"year":197,"html":198,"doi":11},16107525,1897,"Bonney, T.G., Prof., editor (1897) Papers and Notes (of H.C. Lewis) on the Genesis and Matrix of the Diamond. Longmans, Green & Co., London, New York and Bombay.",{"id":200,"year":201,"html":202,"doi":11},1930217,1902,"Williams, Gardner F. (1902) \u003Ci>The Diamond Mines of South Africa - Some Account of their Rise and Development\u003C\u002Fi> (1st ed.) The Macmillan Company, London. p.681",{"id":204,"year":205,"html":206,"doi":11},16107527,1909,"Crookes, Wm. (1909) Diamonds. London; Harper Brothers, first edition.",{"id":208,"year":209,"html":210,"doi":11},16107528,1911,"Cattelle, W.R. (1911) The Diamond. New York, John Lane Co.",{"id":212,"year":209,"html":213,"doi":11},16107529,"(1911) \u003Ci>Der Diamant\u003C\u002Fi>. Carl Vvinter's Universitätsbuchhandlung.",{"id":215,"year":216,"html":217,"doi":11},16107530,1913,"Bragg, William Henry; Bragg, William Lawrence (1913) The structure of the diamond. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: 89(610): 277-291.",{"id":219,"year":216,"html":220,"doi":11},16107531,"Smith, M.N. (1913) Diamonds, Pearls, and Precious Stones. Boston: Griffith-Stillings Press.",{"id":222,"year":223,"html":224,"doi":11},16107532,1915,"Laufer, B. (1915) The Diamond - A Study in Chinese and Hellenistic Folklore. Chicago: Field Museum.",{"id":226,"year":227,"html":228,"doi":11},16107533,1916,"Wade, F.B. (1916) Diamonds - A Study of the Factors that Govern their Value. New York: Knickerbocker Press.",{"id":230,"year":231,"html":232,"doi":11},16107534,1928,"Sutton, J.R. (1928) Diamond, a descriptive treatise. 114 pp., London: Murby & Co.",{"id":234,"year":235,"html":236,"doi":11},16107535,1929,"Farrington, O.C. (1929) Famous Diamonds. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History Geology Leaflet 10.",{"id":238,"year":239,"html":240,"doi":11},519999,1932,"Palache, Charles (1932) Multiple twins of diamond and sphalerite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (7) 360-361 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM17\u002FAM17_360.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":242,"year":239,"html":243,"doi":11},16107537,"Williams, Alpheus F. (1932) The Genesis of the Diamond.  2 volumes, 636 pp. London.",{"id":245,"year":246,"html":247,"doi":11},520946,1939,"Kraus, Edward H., Slawson, Chester B. (1939) Variation of hardness in the diamond. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (11) 661-676 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM24\u002FAM24_661.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":249,"year":250,"html":251,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":253,"year":250,"html":254,"doi":11},16107539,"Raman, C.V. and Rendall, G.R. (1944) Birefringence patterns in diamond. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science, A19, 265-273.",{"id":256,"year":257,"html":258,"doi":11},521974,1950,"Slawson, Chester B. (1950) Twinning in the diamond. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (3-4) 193-206 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM35\u002FAM35_193.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":11},16107540,1955,"Fersman, A.E. (1955) (A Treatise on the Diamond) Kristallgrafiya Almaza Redaktsiya Kommentarri Akadeika. Izdatelstvo Akademii: Nauk, CCCP.",{"id":264,"year":265,"html":266,"doi":11},16107541,1961,"du Plessis, J.H. (1961) \u003Ci>Diamonds are Dangerous\u003C\u002Fi>. John Day Co.",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":11},16107542,1962,"Tolansky, S. (1962) The History and Use of Diamond. London: Methuen & Co.",{"id":272,"year":273,"html":274,"doi":11},16107543,1963,"Champion, F.C. (1963) Electronic Properties of Diamonds. Butterworths, London, 132pp.",{"id":276,"year":277,"html":278,"doi":11},16107544,1965,"Berman, E. (1965) Physical Properties of Diamond, Oxford, Clarendon Press.",{"id":280,"year":277,"html":281,"doi":11},16107545,"Van der laan, H.L. (1965) The Sierra Leone Diamonds. Oxford: University Press.",{"id":283,"year":284,"html":285,"doi":11},16107546,1966,"McIver, J.R. (1966) Gems, Minerals and Diamonds in South Africa.",{"id":287,"year":288,"html":289,"doi":11},16107547,1967,"Lang, A.R. (1967) Causes of Birefringence in Diamond. Nature, 213, 248-251.",{"id":291,"year":288,"html":292,"doi":11},16107548,"Chrenko, R., McDonald, R., and Darrow, K. (1967) Infra-red spectrum of diamond coat. Nature: 214: 474-476.",{"id":294,"year":295,"html":296,"doi":11},12993303,1968,"Meen, V. B., Tushingham, A. D. (1968) \u003Ci>Crown Jewels of Iran\u003C\u002Fi>. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.",{"id":298,"year":299,"html":300,"doi":11},16107550,1970,"Lenzen, G. (1970) The History of Diamond Production and the Diamond Trade. New York: Praeger Pub.",{"id":302,"year":303,"html":304,"doi":11},16107551,1972,"Pagel-Theisen, V. (1972) Diamanten-Fibel: Handbuch der Diamanten-Graduierung. 3. Auflage.",{"id":306,"year":307,"html":308,"doi":11},16107552,1973,"Bardet, M.G. (1973-1977), Géologie du diamant, Volumes 1 thru 3, Orléans.",{"id":310,"year":311,"html":312,"doi":11},526316,1974,"Giardini, A. A., Hurst, V. J., Melton, C. E., Stormer, and John C. (1974) Biotite as a primary inclusion in diamond: Its nature and significance. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  59 (7-8) 783-789 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM59\u002FAM59_783.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":314,"year":311,"html":315,"doi":11},16107554,"Smith, N.R. (1974) User's Guide to Industrial Diamonds. London: Hutchinson Benham.",{"id":317,"year":311,"html":318,"doi":319},2730194,"Lang, A.R. (1974) Glimpses into the growth history of natural diamonds. \u003Ci>Journal of Crystal Growth\u003C\u002Fi>, 24. 108-115 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-0248(74)90287-5'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-0248(74)90287-5\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-0248(74)90287-5",{"id":321,"year":322,"html":323,"doi":11},16107555,1975,"Prinz, M., Manson, D.V., Hlava, P.F., and Keil, K. (1975) Inclusions in diamonds: Garnet Iherzolite and eclogite assemblages. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth: 9: 797-815.",{"id":325,"year":322,"html":326,"doi":11},16107556,"Treasures of the USSR Diamond Fund (1975) (in Russian with limited English).",{"id":328,"year":322,"html":329,"doi":11},16107557,"Vrindts, J. (1975) Diamantbewerking. Standaard Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij.",{"id":331,"year":332,"html":333,"doi":11},16107558,1977,"Orlov, Y.L. (1977) The mineralogy of diamond. Wiley & Sons, 235 pp.",{"id":335,"year":336,"html":337,"doi":11},16107559,1978,"Bruton, Eric (1978) Diamonds. Radnor: Chlton 2nd. edition.",{"id":339,"year":340,"html":341,"doi":11},16107560,1979,"Gurney, J.J., Harris, J.W., and Rickard, R.S. (1979) Silicate and oxide inclusions in diamonds from the Finsch kimberlite pipe. In F.R. Boyd and H.O.A. Meyer, Eds., Kimberlites, Diatremes and Diamonds: their Geology and Petrology and Geochemistry, Vol. 1: 1-15. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.",{"id":343,"year":340,"html":344,"doi":11},16107561,"Pollak, Isaac, G.G. (1979) The World of the Diamond, 2nd. printing. Exposition Press, Hicksville, New York, 127 pp.",{"id":346,"year":347,"html":348,"doi":11},16107562,1980,"Legrand, Jacques (1980) \u003Ci>Diamonds: Myth, Magic and Reality\u003C\u002Fi>. Crown Publishers, Inc.",{"id":350,"year":347,"html":351,"doi":11},16107563,"Newton, C.M. (1980) A Barrel of Diamonds. New York: published by the author.",{"id":353,"year":354,"html":355,"doi":356},16100923,1983,"Lang, A. R., Walmsley, J. C. (1983) Apatite inclusions in natural diamond coat. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  9 (1). 6-8 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00309462'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00309462\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00309462",{"id":358,"year":359,"html":360,"doi":11},16107566,1984,"Milledge, H., Mendelssohn, M., Woods, P., Seal, M., Pillinger, C., Mattey, D., Carr, L., and Wright, I. (1984) Isotopic variations in diamond in relation to cathodoluminescence. Acta Crystallographica, Section A: Foundations of Crystallography: 40: 255.",{"id":362,"year":359,"html":363,"doi":11},16107567,"Sunagawa, I. (1984) Morphology of natural and synthetic diamond crystals. In I. Sunagawa, Ed., Materials Science of the Earth's Interior: 303-330. Terra Scientific, Tokyo.",{"id":365,"year":366,"html":367,"doi":11},16107568,1985,"Grelick, G.R. (1985) Diamond, Ruby, Emerald, and Sapphire Facts.",{"id":369,"year":370,"html":371,"doi":11},15943420,1986,"Meyer, H.O.A. and McCallum, M.E. (1986) Mineral inclusions in diamonds from the Sloan kimberlites, Colorado. Journal of Geology: 94: 600-612.",{"id":373,"year":370,"html":374,"doi":11},16107569,"Moore, R.O., Otter, M.L., Rickard, R.S., Harris, J.W., and Gurney, J.J. (1986) The occurrence of moissanite and ferro-periclase as inclusions in diamond. In 4th International Kimberlite Conference, Perth, Extended Abstracts; Abstract Geological Society of Australia, 16, 409–411.",{"id":376,"year":370,"html":377,"doi":378},2898324,"Haggerty, Stephen E. (1986) Diamond genesis in a multiply-constrained model. \u003Ci>Nature\u003C\u002Fi>, 320 (6057). 34-38 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002F320034a0'>doi:10.1038\u002F320034a0\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1038\u002F320034a0",{"id":380,"year":381,"html":382,"doi":383},1080706,1987,"Minster, David (1987) The separation of natural from synthetic diamonds using the Barkhausen effect. \u003Ci>The Journal of Gemmology\u003C\u002Fi>,  20 (7) 458-459 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15506\u002Fjog.1987.20.7.458'>doi:10.15506\u002Fjog.1987.20.7.458\u003C\u002Fa>","10.15506\u002Fjog.1987.20.7.458",{"id":385,"year":381,"html":386,"doi":11},16107570,"Meyer, H.O.A. (1987) Inclusions in diamond. In P.H. Nixon, Ed., Mantle Xenoliths: 501-522. Wiley, New York.",{"id":388,"year":389,"html":390,"doi":11},16107571,1988,"Navon, O., Hutcheon, I.D., Rossman, G.R., and Wasserberg, G.J. (1988) Mantle-Derived Fluids in Diamond Microinclusions. Nature: 335: 784-789.",{"id":392,"year":393,"html":394,"doi":11},16107572,1989,"Jaques, A.L., Hall, A.E., Sheraton, J.W., Smith, J.B., Sun, S.S., Drew, R.M., Foudoulis, C., and Ellingsen, K. (1989) Composition of crystalline inclusions and C-isotope composition of Argyle and Ellendale diamonds. In Kimberlite and Related Rocks, Volume 2: Their Mantle\u002FCrust Setting, Diamonds and Diamond Exploration; Geological Society of Australia Special Publication, 14; 966–989. Blackwell Scientific, Cambridge, U.K.",[396,406,413,422,432,442,451,459,468,478,486,495,505,513,523],{"id":397,"source_url":398,"license_code":399,"credit_html":400,"title":401,"description":402,"author":403,"original_width":404,"original_height":405},52311,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127294","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127294\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Diamond-39513.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDiamond\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Diamond\">Diamond\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14468.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A truly exquisite, super sharp, octahedral crystal of superior quality for a specimen. It is certainly facetable, too. 1.31 carats: 7 x 6 x 6 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,463,{"id":407,"source_url":408,"license_code":399,"credit_html":409,"title":410,"description":411,"author":403,"original_width":404,"original_height":412},52312,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430286","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430286\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Diamond-dimd15a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDiamond\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Diamond\">Diamond\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14468.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.15 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Diamond (macle twinned)\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A superb, equant, incredibly sharp diamond crystal that looks naturally cut due to the rare macle-twinning. Rare in such size, in specimens! I have not been able to obtain a large macle like this in 2 years or so and the availability of raw uncut diamonds of such size is seemingly going down due to changes of price and infrastructure in the diamond market. MORE CLEAR IN PERSON! 3.28 carats, 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.15 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",488,{"id":414,"source_url":415,"license_code":416,"credit_html":417,"title":418,"description":419,"author":420,"original_width":421,"original_height":421},52315,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79115413","CC BY 4.0","Roberta889, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79115413\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","12060-from Estate Diamond Jewelry.jpg","A rare diamond engagement ring, featuring milgrain and diamonds on the shoulders. Curated by Estate Diamond Jewelry","Roberta889",1200,{"id":423,"source_url":424,"license_code":425,"credit_html":426,"title":427,"description":428,"author":429,"original_width":430,"original_height":431},52320,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113748560","CC BY-SA 4.0","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113748560\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 480 - Diamant (Afrique du Sud).jpg","Diamant, en provenance d'Afrique du Sud, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",4048,2336,{"id":433,"source_url":434,"license_code":435,"credit_html":436,"title":437,"description":438,"author":439,"original_width":440,"original_height":441},52326,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132389843","Public domain","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132389843\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Diamond-1128734.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDiamond\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Diamond\">Diamond\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Russia\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Field of view: 1.8 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These diamonds were a gift from Mark Andrews. Thanks Mark. He obtained them from Paul Krush of GemHunt.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Jerry Cone",5292,3372,{"id":443,"source_url":444,"license_code":425,"credit_html":445,"title":446,"description":447,"author":448,"original_width":449,"original_height":450},20949,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76962112","University of Alberta, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76962112\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","DIAMOND HI RES PHOTO.jpg","This image is of a diamond from Juína, Brazil with ringwoodite inclusions, which provides evidence for the presence of water in the transition zone.","University of Alberta",2357,1704,{"id":452,"source_url":453,"license_code":399,"credit_html":454,"title":455,"description":456,"author":403,"original_width":457,"original_height":458},36572,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170682","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170682\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Diamond-270244.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDiamond\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Diamond\">Diamond\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCrater_of_Diamonds_State_Park\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Crater of Diamonds State Park\">Crater of Diamonds State Park (Arkansas Diamond Corp. Mine; Mauney Mine; Ozark Mine; Prairie Creek Lamproite)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMurfreesboro\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Murfreesboro\">Murfreesboro\u003C\u002Fa>, Pike County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArkansas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arkansas\">Arkansas\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14088.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A lustrous, gemmy, 0.96 carat, transparent to included, rounded, nubby, brown diamond from Crater of Diamonds State Park, Arkansas. The crystal was found by Robert and Anna Ford in July, 2009 and is accompanied by a Park card.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",565,483,{"id":460,"source_url":461,"license_code":399,"credit_html":462,"title":463,"description":464,"author":465,"original_width":466,"original_height":467},36574,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15024846","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15024846\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Diamant.jpg","crystal of diamond : Democratic Republic of Congo","Parent Géry",2720,2095,{"id":469,"source_url":470,"license_code":471,"credit_html":472,"title":473,"description":474,"author":475,"original_width":476,"original_height":477},52310,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=289839","CC BY-SA 2.0","Eurico Zimbres FGEL\u002FUERJ, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=289839\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","DiamanteEZ.jpg","The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOppenheimer_Diamond\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Oppenheimer Diamond\">Oppenheimer Diamond\u003C\u002Fa>, named after Ernest Oppenheimer, a gold mining entrepreneur, is one of the biggest uncut diamonds. This diamond is a nearly perfectly-formed yellow diamond crystal weighing about 253.7 carats (50.74 g). It measures approximately 20 × 20 millimeters and was discovered in 1964 at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDu_Toit%27s_Pan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Du Toit's Pan\">Dutoitspan Mine\u003C\u002Fa>, Kimberly, South Africa.","Eurico Zimbres FGEL\u002FUERJ",440,458,{"id":162,"source_url":479,"license_code":416,"credit_html":480,"title":481,"description":482,"author":483,"original_width":484,"original_height":485},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=45229780","Hiroaki Ohfuji et al., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=45229780\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Popigai nanodiamonds.jpg","\u003Cp>Nanodiamonds found at Popigai impact structure, Russia.\u003Cbr>\n(a) Sample #05 composed purely of diamond.\u003Cbr>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n(b) Sample #08 composed of a mixture of diamond and small amount of lonsdaleite.","Hiroaki Ohfuji et al.",899,434,{"id":487,"source_url":488,"license_code":399,"credit_html":489,"title":490,"description":491,"author":492,"original_width":493,"original_height":494},6574,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=350064","Gregory Phillips, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=350064\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","CZ brilliant.jpg","Photo of a round brilliant-cut cubic zirconia. Due to its low cost and close visual likeness to diamond, cubic zirconia has remained the most gemologically and economically important diamond simulant elma since 1976.","Gregory Phillips",298,247,{"id":496,"source_url":497,"license_code":498,"credit_html":499,"title":500,"description":501,"author":502,"original_width":503,"original_height":504},6617,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84501026","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84501026\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Metakomatiite (Diamond Springs Formation, Mesoarchean; South Pass, Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA) 5 (31260953932).jpg","\u003Cp>Metakomatiite (serpentinite) from the Precambrian of Wyoming, USA. (6.6 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Komatiites are very rare, magnesium-rich, extrusive, ultramafic igneous rocks.  They are named after the Komati River Valley in South Africa, the type locality.  Komatiite is an exceedingly rare type of lava.  No volcano on Earth erupts this material today.  Komatiites are essentially restricted to the Archean (4.55 to 2.5 billion years ago).  Experimental evidence has shown that komatiite lavas, when originally erupted, were considerably hotter (~1600º C) than any modern lava type on Earth.  This indicates that Earth’s mantle was much hotter than now.  Other geologic evidence also indicates that early Earth’s heat flux was much higher than today’s.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Komatiite lava had a very low viscosity - it could flow like an ultradense gas.  This property permitted the solidification of some individual lava flows that are only 1 cm thick.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The classic texture of komatiites is spinifex texture, named after clumps of long, spiky (& painful!) grasses.  Komatiites with spinifex texture have short to long blades or plates of olivine mixed with smaller-scale blades of pyroxene.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>All Archean komatiites are metamorphosed - the original igneous mineralogy (olivine, pyroxene, minor chromite, etc.) is gone to mostly gone.  Such rocks are best termed metakomatiites, but the prefix “meta-” is usually not specified.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Komatiites have economic significance, as many are closely associated with copper-nickel minerals (chalcopyrite & pentlandite), plus minor platinum-group elements, arsenides, bismuthides, and maybe a little gold and silver.  Komatiites are a world-class source of nickel in Canada and Western Australia.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is an unusual komatiite - it is not spinifex-textured and it is not extrusive.  This is a metamorphosed (serpentinized), cumulate-textured, intrusive komatiite.  It's MgO content is 26.6% to 38.1%.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Diamond Springs Formation, Mesoarchean, >2.87 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: low roadcut along old dirt road west of & uphill from power substation (Rocky Mountain Power, Atlantic City Switching Station), just west of Crest Road, northwestern side of Rt. 28, southwestern side of South Pass, Wind River Range, west-central Wyoming, USA (42° 31' 29.45\" North latitude, 108° 45' 52.36\" West longitude)","James St. John",3089,2164,{"id":506,"source_url":507,"license_code":399,"credit_html":508,"title":509,"description":510,"author":403,"original_width":511,"original_height":512},10357,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39385953","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39385953\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDiamond\" title=\"Diamond\">Diamond\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGraphite\" title=\"Graphite\">graphite\u003C\u002Fa> shown side by side, for illustrating \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarbon\" title=\"Carbon\">carbon\u003C\u002Fa>. Scale is based on a rough approximation.\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cb>Diamond\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: South Africa\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 1.31 carats: 7 x 6 x 6 mm\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An octahedral facetable crystal.\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Cb>Graphite\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: El Cochi, Sonora, Mexico\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 2.5 x 2.4 x 1.2 cm\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Crudely crystallized graphite, with a resinous luster.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",961,562,{"id":514,"source_url":515,"license_code":516,"credit_html":517,"title":518,"description":519,"author":520,"original_width":521,"original_height":522},16458,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149468363","CC0 1.0","Alon-De-Lon, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=149468363\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Synthetic SiC.jpg","Synthetic silicon carbide: Carborundum, Moissanite (diamond cut)","Alon-De-Lon",1632,1224,{"id":524,"source_url":525,"license_code":498,"credit_html":526,"title":527,"description":528,"author":502,"original_width":529,"original_height":530},83156,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84515757","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84515757\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Melanite andradite garnet (Magnet Cove Complex, mid-Cretaceous; Diamond Joe Quarry, Arkansas, USA) (31885398654).jpg","\u003Cp>Melanite andradite garnet in matrix from the Cretaceous of Arkansas, USA. (crystal is 8.5 mm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are about 5400 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals.  All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry.  \"Silica\" refers to SiO2 chemistry.  The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4.  Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens \"belong\" to each silicon.  The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Garnet is a group of silicate minerals.  Garnets are expected to be red to dark red in color - many of them are, but several garnet varieties can be other colors, including purple, orange, olive green, deep green, and black.  Garnets form 12-sided crystals (dodecahedrons) or crystals with even more faces on them.  The crystals become more and more rounded as the crystal face number increases.  Garnet has a nonmetallic, glassy luster, whitish streak, is quite hard (H = 7), has no cleavage, and has conchoidal fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Common examples of garnet include almandine, grossular, spessartine, and andradite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Andradite is the most common variety of calcium garnet.  Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet (Ca3Fe2Si3O12 - calcium iron silicate).  It varies in color from yellowish to greenish to brownish to blackish.  Green, chromium-bearing andradite is called demantoid.  Black, titanium-bearing andradite is called melanite (e.g., sample shown above).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geologic unit: Magnet Cove Complex, Albian-Cenomanian Stages, mid-Cretaceous\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Diamond Joe Quarry, central Arkansas, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of melanite garnet:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=7443\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=7443\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=7443<\u002Fa>",714,571,[532,538,543,548,553],{"id":533,"url":534,"label":535,"formula":14,"spacegroup":536,"year":537},3629,"\u002Fcif\u002F3629.cif","Fayos 1999 · C (1)","C m m a",1999,{"id":539,"url":540,"label":541,"formula":14,"spacegroup":542,"year":537},3630,"\u002Fcif\u002F3630.cif","Fayos 1999 · C (2)","C m m m",{"id":544,"url":545,"label":546,"formula":14,"spacegroup":547,"year":537},3631,"\u002Fcif\u002F3631.cif","Fayos 1999 · C (3)","P b a n",{"id":549,"url":550,"label":551,"formula":14,"spacegroup":552,"year":537},3632,"\u002Fcif\u002F3632.cif","Fayos 1999 · C (4)","I a 3",{"id":554,"url":555,"label":556,"formula":14,"spacegroup":557,"year":537},3634,"\u002Fcif\u002F3634.cif","Fayos 1999 · C (5)","F d -3 m",[559,560,561,562,563,564],"Adamas, punctum lapidis pretiosior auro","Ademant","Crinkled Stone","Diamaunde","Moonlight 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