[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:1375":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":15,"sigelements":20,"key_elements":21,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":22,"strunz10ed2":22,"strunz10ed3":22,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":22,"dana8ed2":22,"dana8ed3":22,"dana8ed4":22,"csystem":23,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":22,"a":8,"b":8,"c":8,"alpha":8,"beta":8,"gamma":8,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":22,"vhnmax":22,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":22,"dmeas2":22,"dcalc":22,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":8,"colour":8,"commentcolor":8,"colors":8,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":8,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":8,"opticalalpha2":22,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":8,"opticalbeta2":22,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":8,"opticalgamma2":22,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":8,"opticalomega2":22,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":8,"opticalepsilon2":22,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":8,"opticaln2":8,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":8,"optical2vcalc2":8,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":8,"optical2vmeasured2":8,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":24,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":25,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":26,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":27,"varieties":35,"group_members":40,"associates":41,"confused_with":42,"type_localities":43,"occurrence_total":44,"citations":45,"images":152,"structures":372,"synonyms":373,"language_names":386,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":387},1375,"1:1:1375:4","ab6af67d-bd62-4452-a784-284c68340fe7","Emerald",null,2,"variety",819,15755,false,"Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)",[16,17,18,19],"Al","Be","Si","O",[16,17,18,19],[17],"0","Hexagonal","Emerald has priority over \u003Cm>beryl\u003C\u002Fm> as a mineral name. Emerald was known in antiquity and was prized as a gem. In the 1790s, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, the discoverer of chromium, demonstrated that emerald and \u003Cm>beryl\u003C\u002Fm> were essentially the same chemical compound and that emeralds, \u003Cem>sensu strictu,\u003C\u002Fem> contained chromium. Nonetheless, emerald continued to be listed as the preferred species name for many decades and emerald finally began to be used as a variety name for \u003Cm>beryl\u003C\u002Fm> by the 1830s. New emerald reports referring to ordinary green or even blue \u003Cm>beryl\u003C\u002Fm> persisted in the amateur literature into the twentieth century. In the latter twentieth century, it was discovered that some emeralds contain more vanadium than chromium.",0,"2026-02-14 19:26:03",{"id":11,"name":28,"entrytype":25,"csystem":23,"ima_formula":29,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":30,"hmax":31,"dmeas":32,"dcalc":22,"strunz10ed1":33,"primary_image_id":34},"Beryl","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>",7.5,8,"2.63","9",3157,[36],{"id":37,"name":38,"entrytype":9,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":8,"dcalc":8,"primary_image_id":39},43439,"Trapiche emerald",83454,[],[],[],[],232,[46,49,53,57,62,67,72,77,82,86,90,94,98,102,107,112,117,121,125,130,134,139,144,148],{"id":47,"year":8,"html":48,"doi":8},16108314,"Extra Lapis No. 22 (in German).",{"id":50,"year":51,"html":52,"doi":8},18270734,1797,"Klaproth, M. H. (1797) XXVIII. Chemische Untersuchung des peruvianischen Smaragds. In \u003Ci>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2. Rottmann. p.12-15.",{"id":54,"year":55,"html":56,"doi":8},16108312,1981,"Sinkankas, John (1981) \u003Ci>Emerald and other beryls\u003C\u002Fi>. Chilton Book Co, Pennsylvania. 665pp.",{"id":58,"year":59,"html":60,"doi":61},370322,1993,"Cheilletz, A., Féraud, G., Giuliani, G., Ruffet, G. (1993) Emerald dating through 40Ar\u002F39Ar step-heating and laser spot analysis of syngenetic phlogopite. \u003Ci>Earth and Planetary Science Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  120 (3) 473-485 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0012-821x(93)90258-b'>doi:10.1016\u002F0012-821x(93)90258-b\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0012-821x(93)90258-b",{"id":63,"year":64,"html":65,"doi":66},306814,1997,"Giuliani, G., France-Lanord, C., Zimmermann, J. L., Cheilletz, A., Arboleda, C., Charoy, B., Coget, P., Fontan, F., Giard, D. (1997) Fluid Composition, δD of Channel H2O, and δ18O of Lattice Oxygen in Beryls: Genetic Implications for Brazilian, Colombian, and Afghanistani Emerald Deposits. \u003Ci>International Geology Review\u003C\u002Fi>,  39 (5) 400-424 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F00206819709465280'>doi:10.1080\u002F00206819709465280\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1080\u002F00206819709465280",{"id":68,"year":69,"html":70,"doi":71},156305,1998,"Giuliani, G., France-Lanord, C., Coget, P., Schwarz, D., Cheilletz, A., Branquet, Y., Giard, D., Martin-Izard, A., Alexandrov, P., Piat, D. H. (1998) Oxygen isotope systematics of emerald: relevance for its origin and geological significance. \u003Ci>Mineralium Deposita\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (5) 513-519 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs001260050166'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs001260050166\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs001260050166",{"id":73,"year":74,"html":75,"doi":76},531711,1999,"Johnson, Mary L., Elen, Shane, Muhlmeister, Sam (1999) On the Identification of Various Emerald Filling Substances. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (2) 82-107 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.35.2.82'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.35.2.82\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.35.2.82",{"id":78,"year":79,"html":80,"doi":81},227067,2000,"Giuliani, G.; France-Lanord, C.; Cheilletz, A.; Coget, P.; Branquet, Y.; Laumomnier, B. (2000) Sulfate Reduction by Organic Matter in Colombian Emerald Deposits: Chemical and Stable Isotope (C, O, H) Evidence. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  95 (5). 1129-1153 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.95.5.1129'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.95.5.1129\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.95.5.1129",{"id":83,"year":84,"html":85,"doi":8},6674105,2002,"(2002) Emeralds of the World. \u003Ci>extraLapis English\u003C\u002Fi> 2. Lapis International LLC",{"id":87,"year":88,"html":89,"doi":8},16108319,2007,"gemologyproject.com (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='http:\u002F\u002Fgemologyproject.com\u002Fwiki\u002Findex.php?title=Vanadium_Beryl'>http:\u002F\u002Fgemologyproject.com\u002Fwiki\u002Findex.php?title=Vanadium_Beryl\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":91,"year":92,"html":93,"doi":8},16108316,2008,"Le, T.-T. H. (2008) Microscopic, chemical and spectroscopic investigations on emeralds of various origins. Dissertation, Universität Mainz, Germany, 113 pages. [http:\u002F\u002Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de\u002Fvolltexte\u002F2008\u002F1673\u002Fpdf\u002Fdiss.pdf]",{"id":95,"year":92,"html":96,"doi":97},238813,"Groat, L.A.; Giuliani, G.; Marshall, D.D.; Turner, D. (2008) Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review. \u003Ci>Ore Geology Reviews\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (1-2). 87-112 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2007.09.003'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2007.09.003\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2007.09.003",{"id":99,"year":100,"html":101,"doi":8},16108317,2009,"Ringsrud, R. (2009) Emeralds, a passionate guide. Green View Press, 250 pages.",{"id":103,"year":104,"html":105,"doi":106},532133,2010,"Huong, Le Thi-Thu, Häger, Tobias, Hofmeister, Wolfgang (2010) Confocal Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool to Identify Natural And Synthetic Emeralds. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  46 (1) 36-41 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.46.1.36'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.46.1.36\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.46.1.36",{"id":108,"year":109,"html":110,"doi":111},532278,2015,"Huong, Le Thi-Thu; Hofmeister, Wolfgang; Hager, Tobias; Karampelas, Stefanos; Kien, Nguyen Duc-Trung (2015) A Preliminary Study on the Separation of Natural and Synthetic Emeralds Using Vibrational Spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (4). 287-292 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.50.4.287'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.50.4.287\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.50.4.287",{"id":113,"year":114,"html":115,"doi":116},532330,2019,"Saeseaw, Sudarat; Renfro, Nathan D.; Palke, Aaron C.; Sun, Ziyin; McClure, Shane F. (2019) Geographic Origin Determination of Emerald. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (4). 614-646 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.614'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.614\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN19-emerald-geographic-origin-determination.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.614",{"id":118,"year":114,"html":119,"doi":120},7735773,"Giuliani, Gaston, Groat, Lee A., Marshall, Dan, Fallick, Anthony E., Branquet, Yannick (2019) Emerald Deposits: A Review and Enhanced Classification. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 9 (2) 105 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin9020105'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin9020105\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F9\u002F2\u002F105\u002Fpdf?version=1551246342' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin9020105",{"id":122,"year":114,"html":123,"doi":124},7736243,"Karampelas, Stefanos, Al-Shaybani, Bader, Mohamed, Fatima, Sangsawong, Supharart, Al-Alawi, Abeer (2019) Emeralds from the Most Important Occurrences: Chemical and Spectroscopic Data. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 9 (9) 561 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin9090561'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin9090561\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F9\u002F9\u002F561\u002Fpdf?version=1568864659' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin9090561",{"id":126,"year":127,"html":128,"doi":129},15951440,2022,"Pignatelli, Isabella; Morlot, Christophe; Salsi, Lise; Giuliani, Gaston; Martayan, Gérard (2022) Colombian Emerald Oddities: Review and Formation Mechanisms. \u003Ci>The Journal of Gemmology\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (1). 26-43 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15506\u002Fjog.2022.38.1.26'>doi:10.15506\u002Fjog.2022.38.1.26\u003C\u002Fa>","10.15506\u002Fjog.2022.38.1.26",{"id":131,"year":127,"html":132,"doi":133},15620511,"Chen, Quanli, Bao, Peijin, Li, Yan, Shen, Andy H., Gao, Ran, Bai, Yulin, Gong, Xue, Liu, Xianyu (2022) A Research of Emeralds from Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 13 (1) 63 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13010063'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13010063\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F13\u002F1\u002F63\u002Fpdf?version=1672387994' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13010063",{"id":135,"year":136,"html":137,"doi":138},16859132,2023,"Gao, Ran, Chen, Quanli, Li, Yan, Huang, Huizhen (2023) Update on Emeralds from Kagem Mine, Kafubu Area, Zambia. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (10)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13101260'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13101260\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13101260",{"id":140,"year":141,"html":142,"doi":143},17693594,2024,"Alonso-Perez, Raquel, Day, James M.D., Pearson, D. Graham, Luo, Yan, Palacios, Manuel A., Sudhakar, Raju, Palke, Aaron (2024) Exploring emerald global geochemical provenance through fingerprinting and machine learning methods. \u003Ci>Artificial Intelligence in Geosciences\u003C\u002Fi>,  5. 100085 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aiig.2024.100085'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.aiig.2024.100085\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.aiig.2024.100085",{"id":145,"year":146,"html":147,"doi":8},16108318,2025,"www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mineralienatlas.de\u002Flexikon\u002Findex.php\u002FMineralienportrait\u002FBeryll\u002FVanadium-Beryll%20und%20Riesling-Beryll?lang=de'>https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mineralienatlas.de\u002Flexikon\u002Findex.php\u002FMineralienportrait\u002FBeryll\u002FVanadium-Beryll%20und%20Riesling-Beryll?lang=de\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":149,"year":146,"html":150,"doi":151},19270256,"Karampelas, Stefanos; Hennebois, Ugo; Delaunay, Aurélien (2025) Raman Spectroscopy of Amphibole Inclusions in Emeralds. \u003Ci>Journal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (11). 1228-1234 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjrs.6839'>doi:10.1002\u002Fjrs.6839\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fjrs.6839",[153,163,172,181,189,199,208,217,226,235,241,247,255,262,271,278,287,293,300,309,318,325,334,343,349,354,359,367],{"id":154,"source_url":155,"license_code":156,"credit_html":157,"title":158,"description":159,"author":160,"original_width":161,"original_height":162},53252,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=308528","Public domain","No machine-readable author provided. Jan Arkesteijn assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=308528\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Emerald.png","Uncut emerald showing hexagonal structure.","No machine-readable author provided. Jan Arkesteijn assumed (based on copyright claims).",221,539,{"id":164,"source_url":165,"license_code":156,"credit_html":166,"title":167,"description":168,"author":169,"original_width":170,"original_height":171},18808,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2943951","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2943951\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) 15.jpg","beryl var. emerald, parasite-(Ce) : Muzo Mine, Mun. de Muzo, Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District, Boyacá Department, Colombia","Géry PARENT",2473,1596,{"id":173,"source_url":174,"license_code":175,"credit_html":176,"title":177,"description":178,"author":169,"original_width":179,"original_height":180},53255,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12830226","CC0 1.0","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12830226\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) -2.jpg","beryl var. emerald, parisite-(Ce) : Muzo Mine, Mun. de Muzo, Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District, Boyacá Department, Colombia",4288,2848,{"id":182,"source_url":183,"license_code":175,"credit_html":184,"title":185,"description":186,"author":169,"original_width":187,"original_height":188},53256,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15909108","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15909108\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) 2.jpg","beryl var. emerald, calcite : Muzo Mine, Mun. de Muzo, Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District, Boyacá Department, Colombia",3387,2805,{"id":190,"source_url":191,"license_code":192,"credit_html":193,"title":194,"description":195,"author":196,"original_width":197,"original_height":198},53259,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=65055213","CC BY-SA 4.0","Paweł Maliszczak [hardleo.com], via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=65055213\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rough emerald crystals from Panjshir Valley Afghanistan.jpg","Rough emerald crystals from Panjshir Valley Afghanistan","Paweł Maliszczak [hardleo.com]",3008,1688,{"id":200,"source_url":201,"license_code":192,"credit_html":202,"title":203,"description":204,"author":205,"original_width":206,"original_height":207},53260,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74229628","Cacoush, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74229628\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mim emerald.jpg","Large, di-hexagonal prismatic crystal of 1,390 carats uncut with a beautiful deep green color. It is transparent and features few inclusions in the upper 2\u002F3, and is translucent in the lower part.\nHoused at the \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fw\u002Findex.php?title=Mim_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Mim Museum (page does not exist)\">Mim Museum\u003C\u002Fa>, Beirut, Lebanon.","Cacoush",576,720,{"id":209,"source_url":210,"license_code":192,"credit_html":211,"title":212,"description":213,"author":214,"original_width":215,"original_height":216},53261,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74746903","U.Name.Me, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74746903\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","SyntEmerald 0302.jpg","synthetic emerald\n\u003Cp>hydrothermal synthesis invented by J. Lechleitner\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nExhibit of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna","U.Name.Me",2387,1729,{"id":218,"source_url":219,"license_code":192,"credit_html":220,"title":221,"description":222,"author":223,"original_width":224,"original_height":225},53264,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113757029","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113757029\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 684 - Emeraude prismée.jpg","Emeraude prismée, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",3056,2716,{"id":227,"source_url":228,"license_code":192,"credit_html":229,"title":230,"description":231,"author":232,"original_width":233,"original_height":234},53265,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=121189850","Renardo la vulpo, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=121189850\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mineralogia München, Leuchtenberg-Smaragd, 1.jpeg","Leuchtenberg-Smaragd im Museum Mineralogia München, gefunden im Ural. Aus der Sammlung von \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCategory:Maximilian,_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg\" title=\"Category:Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg\">Maximilian von Leuchtenberg\u003C\u002Fa>.","Renardo la vulpo",4032,3664,{"id":236,"source_url":237,"license_code":175,"credit_html":238,"title":239,"description":178,"author":169,"original_width":180,"original_height":240},18809,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12829988","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12829988\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie).jpg",3912,{"id":242,"source_url":243,"license_code":156,"credit_html":244,"title":245,"description":246,"author":169,"original_width":179,"original_height":180},35627,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5538834","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5538834\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Béryl var. émeraude (Afghanistan).jpg","beryl var. emerald, calcite : Bazarak District, Panjsher Province (Panjsheer Province ; Panjshir Province ; Panjsher Valley ; Panjshir Valley), Afghanistan",{"id":248,"source_url":249,"license_code":156,"credit_html":250,"title":251,"description":168,"author":252,"original_width":253,"original_height":254},72791,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11644795","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11644795\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) 14.jpg","Parent Géry",3719,2615,{"id":256,"source_url":257,"license_code":156,"credit_html":258,"title":259,"description":260,"author":169,"original_width":261,"original_height":180},72792,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15909222","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15909222\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude 5.jpg","beryl var. emerald, parasite-(Ce), calcite : Muzo Mine, Mun. de Muzo, Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District, Boyacá Department, Colombia",3577,{"id":263,"source_url":264,"license_code":156,"credit_html":265,"title":266,"description":267,"author":268,"original_width":269,"original_height":270},53254,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8394353","Neptunerover, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8394353\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","EmeraldCalcite.JPG","A piece of \"Emerald\" Green Calcite from Mexico","Neptunerover",2832,2124,{"id":272,"source_url":273,"license_code":274,"credit_html":275,"title":276,"description":277,"author":169,"original_width":179,"original_height":180},53257,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19436740","CC BY-SA 3.0","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19436740\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, quartz 2.jpg","beryl var. emerald on quartz : Carnaiba Mine, Pindobaçu, Campo Formoso ultramafic complex, Bahia, Brazil - crystals : 17 mm and 14 mm",{"id":279,"source_url":280,"license_code":192,"credit_html":281,"title":282,"description":283,"author":284,"original_width":285,"original_height":286},36337,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40186900","Madereugeneandrew, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40186900\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Emerald in a quartz and pegmatite matrix.JPG","Brazilian emerald (grass-green variety of the mineral beryl) in a quartz-pegmatite matrix with typical hexagonal, prismatic crystals.","Madereugeneandrew",2560,1920,{"id":288,"source_url":289,"license_code":274,"credit_html":290,"title":291,"description":292,"author":252,"original_width":179,"original_height":180},18810,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23270469","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23270469\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, calcite 2.jpeg","beryl var. emerald, parisite-(Ce), calcite : Muzo Mine, Mun. de Muzo, Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District, Boyacá Department, Colombia - crystal : 16 mm",{"id":294,"source_url":295,"license_code":274,"credit_html":296,"title":297,"description":298,"author":252,"original_width":299,"original_height":180},18811,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=29005364","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=29005364\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, parisite-(Ce), calcite 300-3-0216.JPG","crystals of beryl var. emerald, crystals of parisite-(Ce), crystals of calcite : Muzo Mine, Mun. de Muzo, Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District, Boyacá Department, Colombia",4065,{"id":301,"source_url":302,"license_code":274,"credit_html":303,"title":304,"description":305,"author":306,"original_width":307,"original_height":308},31886,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454913","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454913\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chrysoberyl-oldeuro-28b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChrysoberyl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chrysoberyl\">Chrysoberyl\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Emerald mines (Izumrudnye Kopi; Malyshevskoe deposit), Tokovaya river (Tokovaia river), Malyshevo, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYekaterinburg\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yekaterinburg\">Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk)\u003C\u002Fa>, Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4647.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 3.8 x 3.3 x 2.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Alexandrite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An excellent,classic reference example from this old find. It has some edge wear, and is dark, but nevertheless shows color change, some internal gemminess, and a stout overall form. Note the date of 1850 on one label.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",800,755,{"id":310,"source_url":311,"license_code":156,"credit_html":312,"title":313,"description":314,"author":315,"original_width":316,"original_height":317},49237,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10287654","Michelle Jo, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10287654\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gemperidot.JPG","Emerald Cut Peridot ready to set in jewellery.","Michelle Jo",535,441,{"id":319,"source_url":320,"license_code":274,"credit_html":321,"title":322,"description":323,"author":306,"original_width":307,"original_height":324},53740,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176635","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176635\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Esmeraldite-202017.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEsmeraldite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Esmeraldite\">Esmeraldite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEsmeralda_County,_Nevada\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Esmeralda County, Nevada\">Esmeralda County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNevada\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nevada\">Nevada\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14193.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Thumbnail. A rare hydrated iron oxide, apparently not well studied as yet because the MINDAT page is basically nonexistent. This tube of flakes and bits of the material is particularly important for such studies because this is the original stuff from the author, with label. It dates to 1912, and the type locality. The author, and donor of the specimen listed here, described this species in 1901. This is mentioned in the Minerals of Nevada. Ex. Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",290,{"id":326,"source_url":327,"license_code":274,"credit_html":328,"title":329,"description":330,"author":331,"original_width":332,"original_height":333},55857,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24314755","Patafisik, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24314755\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cava Challand-Saint-Victor 2.JPG","Listveniti nella Cava di Sizan, tra Sizan e Villa: le rocce sono brecce di faglia di età oligocenica, serpentiniti carbonizzate, con presenza di mica di cromo (\u003Ci>fuchsitica\u003C\u002Fi>), che dà il color smeraldo. Challand-Saint-Victor, Valle d'Aosta, Italia.","Patafisik",2816,2112,{"id":335,"source_url":336,"license_code":337,"credit_html":338,"title":339,"description":340,"author":341,"original_width":342,"original_height":342},56853,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258775","CC BY 3.0","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258775\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryllium (Be).jpg","Beryllium is a relatively inert, hard, medium grey metal, which is very light. It is nearly transparent for X-rays. Beryllium is not often used, as it is quite expensive and very toxic, in its elemental form as in many of its compounds. However, it is an important ingredient in many valuable gemstones, like beryl, aquamarine and emerald. Clear beryl was used for optical lenses in former times.\nThe extremely unstable isotope beryllium 8, which has a half-life of 67 quintillionths of a second, plays an important role in the universe. Advanced stars fusion helium 4 to carbon 12 via this isotope","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements",840,{"id":344,"source_url":345,"license_code":337,"credit_html":346,"title":347,"description":340,"author":341,"original_width":348,"original_height":348},56854,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258777","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28258777\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryllium metal.jpg",668,{"id":350,"source_url":351,"license_code":274,"credit_html":352,"title":353,"description":292,"author":252,"original_width":179,"original_height":180},72793,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23270471","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23270471\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, calcite 3.jpeg",{"id":355,"source_url":356,"license_code":274,"credit_html":357,"title":358,"description":292,"author":252,"original_width":179,"original_height":180},72794,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23270472","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23270472\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, calcite 4.jpeg",{"id":360,"source_url":361,"license_code":192,"credit_html":362,"title":363,"description":364,"author":169,"original_width":365,"original_height":366},73832,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090155","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090155\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, phlogopite, quartz 7100.0206.jpg","beryl var. emerald, mica var. phlogopite, quartz : Carnaiba Mine District, Pindobaçu, Campo Formoso ultramafic complex, Bahia, Brazil",1326,1988,{"id":368,"source_url":369,"license_code":192,"credit_html":370,"title":371,"description":364,"author":169,"original_width":366,"original_height":365},73833,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090160","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090160\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, phlogopite, quartz 7100.0129.jpg",[],[374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385],"Agee","Émeraude","Esmeralda","Maragda","Ngọc lục bảo","Smaragd","Smaragdas","Smaragdi","Smarald","Smeraldo","Szmaragd","Zamrud",[],{"history":388,"applications":392},{"markdown":389,"model_version":390,"prompt_version":391,"reviewed_at":8},"The name **emerald** comes from the Ancient Greek *smáragdos* — a word for green gemstones — by way of Latin *smaragdus*, Old French *esmeraude*, and Middle English *emeraude*[1]. The Greek term itself may carry older Semitic, Sanskrit, or Persian roots; in English the word first appears in the 14th century[1].\n\nLong before that name arrived, the green stone was being mined. The oldest known workings lie in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, at a site the Romans called Mons Smaragdus — *emerald mountain* — in the area now known as Wadi Sikait. The worker camp at Sikait has been securely dated to the 3rd century BCE, placing the start of exploitation in the Ptolemaic period (330–30 BCE)[2]. Most of the surviving mining infrastructure dates from the Roman and Byzantine periods that followed[2]. For the whole of Roman antiquity, Sikait was the only emerald mine in the empire, and the gems carried by Cleopatra are likely to have come from there[2].\n\nIn the wider ancient world the stone was prized as a gem, not studied as a mineral. The Egyptian mines were exploited on an industrial scale by the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and later by Islamic conquerors[3]. From at least the 14th century CE, emerald was also being mined in India and in Austria[3].\n\nThe centre of supply shifted in the 16th century. After the Spanish conquest of the Americas, Colombian deposits at **Muzo**, **Coscuez**, and **Chivor** displaced the Egyptian workings as the dominant source of fine green beryl[3].\n\n### Emerald, beryl, and chromium\n\nFor most of its history, emerald was treated as a species in its own right. The unification came in the 1790s, in Paris. The French chemist Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin — who had identified the element chromium shortly before — was asked to analyse emerald and beryl and reported them to be essentially the same chemical compound[4]. He also found that emeralds, in the strict sense, contained chromium, and it was this trace element that gave the gem its green colour[4].\n\nThe old Egyptian workings themselves were not forgotten for long after that. In 1817 the French traveller Frédéric Cailliaud rediscovered the mines near Wadi Sikait, ending centuries during which their location had been lost[2]. Emerald nonetheless kept its priority as the preferred species name for several more decades, and only began to be treated as a variety of beryl in the 1830s[4]. Reports calling ordinary green or even blue beryl \"emerald\" persisted in the amateur literature into the twentieth century[4].\n\nA late refinement came in the second half of the twentieth century, when analysts found that some emeralds contain more vanadium than chromium[4].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":393,"model_version":390,"prompt_version":391,"reviewed_at":8},"Emerald is, almost exclusively, a gemstone. Cut, polished, and set into jewellery, the green variety of beryl earns its value from colour alone — the chromium and vanadium traces that give it the saturated green of a fine stone. There is no industrial use of consequence; the entire economy of emerald sits in the lapidary and jewellery trades — the cutting and shaping of stones for ornamental setting.\n\nAlmost every emerald on the market has been treated. Most stones are **oiled** as part of the post-lapidary process, with cedar oil pressed into surface-reaching cracks to fill the fractures and improve apparent clarity[1]. Cedar oil works because its refractive index is close to that of beryl, so the filled cracks disappear visually; synthetic resins are also used in the same role[1]. The treatment is so universal that gemmological standards in many markets require sellers to disclose it[1].\n\n### Where the gems come from\n\nColombia has been the leading source since the Spanish opened the Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor mines in the 16th century, and remained so into the present. For the decade leading up to 2005, Colombia accounted for 47 percent of global emerald output[2].\n\nZambia is the second largest producer. The Kafubu River area, about 45 km south-west of Kitwe, hosts the Kagem mines, which produced 20 percent of the world's gem-quality emeralds in 2004[2].\n\n### Synthetic emerald\n\nEmerald has been grown in the laboratory since the early twentieth century. The first commercially successful synthesis was developed by the American grower Carroll Chatham, using a lithium vanadate **flux** — a molten salt that dissolves the beryl ingredients and lets crystals grow slowly from the solution[3]. Pierre Gilson Sr. brought a second flux-grown product to market in 1964. Gilson's emeralds are grown on natural colourless beryl seeds at about 1 mm per month, yielding 7 mm crystals in a seven-month run[3].\n\nA separate route — **hydrothermal** growth, in which beryl crystallises from a hot pressurised aqueous solution — was developed in the same decade. Johann Lechleitner of Innsbruck, Austria, brought the first satisfactory hydrothermal product to market in the 1960s, initially as a thin emerald overgrowth on a natural colourless beryl seed, sold under the names *Emerita* and *Esmeralda*[3]. The largest producer of hydrothermal emerald today is the firm Tairus[3].\n\nSynthetic stones reach the jewellery market mainly as low-cost alternatives to natural emerald; they are not commodity materials in any larger sense."]