[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:1940":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":22,"impurities":11,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":27,"strunz10ed2":28,"strunz10ed3":29,"strunz10ed4":30,"dana8ed1":31,"dana8ed2":32,"dana8ed3":32,"dana8ed4":32,"csystem":33,"cclass":34,"spacegroup":35,"spacegroupset":36,"a":37,"b":38,"c":39,"alpha":36,"beta":40,"gamma":36,"aerror":41,"berror":42,"cerror":43,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":44,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":45,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":46,"tranglide":11,"parting":47,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":48,"tlform":11,"hmin":49,"hmax":50,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":36,"vhnmax":36,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":51,"dmeas":52,"dmeas2":53,"dcalc":54,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":55,"lustretype":56,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":57,"streak":58,"colour":59,"commentcolor":11,"colors":60,"streak_colors":67,"luminescence":68,"uv":11,"cleavage":69,"cleavagetype":70,"fracturetype":71,"tenacity":72,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":73,"opticalsign":74,"opticalalpha":75,"opticalalpha2":76,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":77,"opticalbeta2":36,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":78,"opticalgamma2":79,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":36,"opticalomega2":36,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":36,"opticalepsilon2":36,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":36,"opticaln2":36,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":80,"optical2vcalc2":36,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":80,"optical2vmeasured2":36,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":81,"rimax":82,"opticaldispersion":83,"opticalpleochroism":84,"opticalpleochorismdesc":85,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":86,"opticalcolour":87,"opticalinternal":88,"opticaltropic":89,"opticalanisotropism":90,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":91,"opticalr":92,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":93,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":94,"type_specimen_store":95,"description_short":96,"aboutname":97,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":98,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":99,"group_members":100,"associates":140,"confused_with":190,"type_localities":191,"occurrence_total":196,"citations":197,"images":277,"structures":514,"synonyms":528,"language_names":537,"wikidata_qid":603,"texts":604},1940,"1:1:1940:4","1d40a3b2-1aed-4b6b-81fe-0344a02413d0","Hübnerite","Hbr",0,"mineral",null,39780,9413,false,"MnWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",[18,19,20],"Mn","O","W",[18,19,20],[20],"27.4.13",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","4","D","B","30","48","1","Monoclinic",5,12,"0","4.8238","5.7504","4.9901","91.18",7,10,8,1,2,"Common as simple contact twins on {100}, rarely on {001}; as interpenetrant twins, lamellar.","On {100} and {102}","Crystals commonly prismatic and striated [001]; also tabular, to bladed, flatened {100} and exhibit numerous forms, including {010}, {110}, {100}, {310}, {112}, {001}, {102} and {011}. Radiating groups or in parallel configuration.",4,4.5,"Directional","7.12","7.18","7.234","Resinous to admantine-submetallic.","Adamantine,Resinous,Metallic","Transparent,Translucent","Greenish-grey, yellow to reddish-brown","Yellow-brown, reddish-brown, blackish brown, black, red (rare)",[61,62,63,64,65,66],"brown","yellow","red","black","green","gray",[65,66,62,63,61],"Nonfluorescent","Perfect on {010}","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven","brittle","Biaxial","+","2.17","2.2","2.22","2.3","2.32","73",2.17,2.32,"relatively strong","Visible","X = Yellow to green, orange-red\r\nY = Yellowish brown to greenish yellow, red-orange to red\r\nZ = Green, brick red to red","Absorption: Z > Y > X.","White to gray","Deep blood red","Anisotropic","Distinct","Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c = 17°–21°.","(17.1,19.8) 400,\r\n(16.3,19.3) 420,\r\n(15.5,18.8) 440,\r\n(15.1,18.3) 460,\r\n(14.6,17.5) 480,\r\n(14.4,17.2) 500,\r\n(14.2,17.0) 520,\r\n(13.9,16.7) 540,\r\n(13.8,16.5) 560,\r\n(13.7,16.3) 580,\r\n(13.6,16.2) 600,\r\n(13.5,16.1) 620,\r\n(13.5,16.0) 640,\r\n(13.4,15.9) 660,\r\n(13.4,15.8) 680,\r\n(13.3,15.7) 700","Tungsten ore.","High-temperature hydrothermal veins and pneumatolytically altered greisens; granite pegmatites and sedimentary alluvial deposits.","No designated type material.","Ferberite-Hübnerite series\r\n\r\nOccurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins and pneumatolytically altered granites yielding greisen; in granite pegmatites; in alluvial and eluvial deposits.\r\n\r\nNote: This species is misclassified in Dana 8th.  There are...","Named in 1865 by Eugene N. Riotte (native of Elberfeld, Germany) for Friedrich Adolph Hübner [May 17, 1830?, Koenigsberg, East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) -?], German mining engineer and metallurgist from Freiberg, Saxony. (Original notice did not have an umlaut as it was in an English language newspaper.)","2026-02-28 18:58:10",[],[101,109,113,118,124,132],{"id":102,"name":103,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":104,"mindat_formula":105,"hmin":49,"hmax":50,"dmeas":106,"dcalc":107,"primary_image_id":108},1476,"Ferberite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","FeWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","7.58","7.6",8464,{"id":110,"name":111,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":112,"mindat_formula":112,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},38788,"Heftetjernite","ScTaO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":114,"name":115,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":116,"mindat_formula":117,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},39553,"Huanzalaite","Mg(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","MgWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":119,"name":120,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":121,"mindat_formula":121,"hmin":122,"hmax":122,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":123,"primary_image_id":11},54639,"Nioboheftetjernite","ScNbO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,"5.855",{"id":125,"name":126,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":127,"mindat_formula":128,"hmin":129,"hmax":129,"dmeas":130,"dcalc":131,"primary_image_id":11},46437,"Rossovskyite","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>NbO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,"6.06","6.302",{"id":133,"name":134,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":135,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":49,"hmax":50,"dmeas":137,"dcalc":138,"primary_image_id":139},3523,"Sanmartinite","Zn(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","(Zn,Fe)WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.7","7.87",21533,[141,148,156,164,173,182],{"id":142,"name":143,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":144,"mindat_formula":144,"hmin":122,"hmax":129,"dmeas":145,"dcalc":146,"primary_image_id":147},305,"Arsenopyrite","FeAsS","6.07","6.18",29154,{"id":149,"name":150,"entrytype":9,"csystem":151,"ima_formula":152,"mindat_formula":152,"hmin":129,"hmax":41,"dmeas":153,"dcalc":154,"primary_image_id":155},917,"Cassiterite","Tetragonal","SnO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.98","6.993",29383,{"id":157,"name":158,"entrytype":9,"csystem":159,"ima_formula":160,"mindat_formula":160,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"dmeas":161,"dcalc":162,"primary_image_id":163},1576,"Fluorite","Isometric","CaF\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.175","3.181",29727,{"id":165,"name":166,"entrytype":9,"csystem":167,"ima_formula":168,"mindat_formula":168,"hmin":44,"hmax":169,"dmeas":170,"dcalc":171,"primary_image_id":172},2746,"Molybdenite","Hexagonal","MoS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",1.5,"4.62","4.998",30207,{"id":174,"name":175,"entrytype":9,"csystem":176,"ima_formula":177,"mindat_formula":178,"hmin":179,"hmax":49,"dmeas":180,"dcalc":180,"primary_image_id":181},3406,"Rhodochrosite","Trigonal","Mn(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","MnCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"3.7",23851,{"id":183,"name":184,"entrytype":9,"csystem":185,"ima_formula":186,"mindat_formula":187,"hmin":43,"hmax":43,"dmeas":188,"dcalc":36,"primary_image_id":189},3996,"Topaz","Orthorhombic","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>F\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(F,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.4",24365,[],[192],{"id":193,"txt":194,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":195},28250,"Erie and Enterprize veins, Ellsworth Mine, Ellsworth, Ellsworth Mining District (Mammoth Mining District), Nye County, Nevada, USA","USA",473,[198,201,205,209,213,216,220,225,229,234,238,242,247,250,255,259,264,268,272],{"id":199,"year":11,"html":200,"doi":11},16109059,"NOTE: See also: Wolframite references.",{"id":202,"year":203,"html":204,"doi":11},16112200,1852,"Breithaupt (1852) Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig  (merged into Glückauf): 11: 189 (as Megabasit).",{"id":206,"year":207,"html":208,"doi":11},16112201,1863,"Liebe (1863) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: 652 (as Blumit).",{"id":210,"year":211,"html":212,"doi":11},16112202,1865,"Credner (1865) Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig  (merged into Glückauf): 24: 370.",{"id":214,"year":211,"html":215,"doi":11},16112203,"Riotte (1865) Reese River Reveille, Austin, Nevada.",{"id":217,"year":218,"html":219,"doi":11},16112204,1875,"Weisbach, Albin (1875) Synopsis mineralogical, systematische Übersicht des Mineralreiches. 78 pp., Freiberg: 40 (as Manganowolframit).",{"id":221,"year":222,"html":223,"doi":224},604224,1885,"Cross, W.; Hillebrand, W.F. (1885) Contributions to the mineralogy of the Rocky Mountains. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 20. US Geological Survey 114 pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb20'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb20\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F0020\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb20",{"id":226,"year":227,"html":228,"doi":11},16112206,1906,"Headden (1906) Proceedings of the Colorado Science Society: 8: 175.",{"id":230,"year":231,"html":232,"doi":233},647767,1921,"Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 679. US Geological Survey \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb679'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb679\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F0679\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb679",{"id":235,"year":236,"html":237,"doi":11},519763,1930,"Fisher, D. J. (1930) Hübnerite from Kendall, Montana. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (3) 104-108 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM15\u002FAM15_104.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":239,"year":240,"html":241,"doi":11},16112208,1963,"(1963) NBS Mono. 25, 2, 24.",{"id":243,"year":244,"html":245,"doi":246},109086,1976,"Weitzel, H. (1976) Kristallstrukturverfeinerung von Wolframiten und Columbiten. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  144 (1-6). 238-258 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1976.144.1-6.238'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1976.144.1-6.238\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1976.144.1-6.238",{"id":248,"year":244,"html":249,"doi":11},16112210,"Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1976): 477.",{"id":251,"year":252,"html":253,"doi":254},10716982,1984,"Buhl, J. Chr., Willgallis, A. (1984) Kinetics and Mechanism of Hübnerite (MnWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) and Ferberite (FeWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) Crystallization under Hydrothermal Conditions. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A\u003C\u002Fi>,  39 (10). 963-965 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1515\u002Fzna-1984-1009'>doi:10.1515\u002Fzna-1984-1009\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1515\u002Fzna-1984-1009",{"id":256,"year":257,"html":258,"doi":11},1118654,1997,"Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine W.; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian; Rosenzweig, Abraham; King, Vandall T. (1997) \u003Ci>Dana's New Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. 1872 pp.",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":263},226757,2002,"Bailly, L.; Grancea, L.; Kouzmanov, K. (2002) Infrared microthermometry and chemistry of wolframite from the Baia Sprie epithermal deposit, Romania. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  97 (2). 415-423 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.97.2.415'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.97.2.415\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F240301594_INFRARED_MICROTHERMOMETRY_AND_CHEMISTRY_OF_WOLFRAMITE_FROM_THE_BAIA_SPRIE_EPITHERMAL_DEPOSIT_ROMANIA?pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.97.2.415",{"id":265,"year":266,"html":267,"doi":11},16771791,2003,"Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2003) \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 5 - Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.",{"id":269,"year":270,"html":271,"doi":11},16964901,2005,"(2005) Hübnerite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fhubnerite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":276},13421175,2021,"Umbsaar, Darren A., Antao, Sytle M. (2021) Structural Variations across Wolframite Solid Solutions, (Fe,Mn)WO4. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 12 (1) 42 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin12010042'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin12010042\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F12\u002F1\u002F42\u002Fpdf?version=1640687479' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin12010042",[278,285,295,300,310,318,327,334,341,350,358,366,374,380,389,399,405,413,419,428,437,442,449,455,463,470,477,484,491,498,507],{"id":279,"source_url":280,"license_code":281,"credit_html":282,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":283,"original_height":284},29892,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F177365","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F177365\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",935,1000,{"id":286,"source_url":287,"license_code":288,"credit_html":289,"title":290,"description":291,"author":292,"original_width":293,"original_height":294},59671,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=736992","CC BY-SA 2.5","Eurico Zimbres and tom Epaminondas, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=736992\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite.jpg","An hubnerite (MnWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> crystal, 4 cm long. Origin:Cerro de Pasco, Peru","Eurico Zimbres and tom Epaminondas",1670,1116,{"id":296,"source_url":297,"license_code":281,"credit_html":298,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":299,"original_height":284},29893,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F94753","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F94753\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",759,{"id":301,"source_url":302,"license_code":303,"credit_html":304,"title":305,"description":306,"author":307,"original_width":308,"original_height":309},59673,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127017","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127017\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-38491.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdams_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adams Mine\">Adams Mine (Adams Tunnel Mine)\u003C\u002Fa>, Cement Creek, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilverton\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Silverton\">Silverton\u003C\u002Fa>, Silverton District, San Juan County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FColorado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Colorado\">Colorado\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3674.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This old Colorado huebnerite came with an old label from the collection of \"S. Osmundson, Council Bluffs, Iowa.\" It is basically a mass of small acicular crystals. 4.7 x 3.8 x 3.6 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",557,600,{"id":311,"source_url":312,"license_code":303,"credit_html":313,"title":314,"description":315,"author":307,"original_width":316,"original_height":317},59674,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136791","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136791\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-65658.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2542.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Normally, one associates huebnerite from Peru with thin slender crystals perched upon quartz. But this specimen has large, lustrous, blocky, black, crystals, to 2.5 cm in length. This specimen is quite different from most other huebnerite specimens I have seen from Peru. It was a small pocket found in the 1980s if i recall. IN person, it is much more impressive for the stark 3-dimensionality! 4.0 x 2.9 x 2.6 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,790,{"id":319,"source_url":320,"license_code":281,"credit_html":321,"title":322,"description":323,"author":324,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},11690,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99188721","Ivar Leidus, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99188721\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hübnerite - Pasto Bueno, Ancash, Peru.jpg","Dark brownish red hübnerite crystals with quartz (4.0 × 3.0 × 2.7 cm). Found from Pasto Bueno, Ancash, Peru","Ivar Leidus",5000,5345,{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":303,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":332,"author":307,"original_width":333,"original_height":309},59675,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10137727","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10137727\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-71748.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2542.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An absolutely stellar FLOATER cluster of hubnerite crystals: tall and slender, elegant, and with top luster - AND, TERMINATED on BOTH ENDS, which is extraordinary for one of these! This was very hard to photograph, and what appear to be tiny white spots on the hubnerites (which does not look good in the pics) are actually an attraction in person - they are tiny pyrites. If you prefer the surface pristine, you can display the cluster from the other side, which does not have the pyrites and has a pristine, glassy surface. There are also very small gemmy quartzes here and there. 6.9 x 2.2 x 1.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",252,{"id":335,"source_url":336,"license_code":303,"credit_html":337,"title":338,"description":339,"author":307,"original_width":340,"original_height":309},59676,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10160902","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10160902\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-212078.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Huayllapon Mine (Huallapon Mine), Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2541.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.2 x 1.1 x 0.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A deep wine-red crystal of hubnerite, intergrown with gemmy quartz crystals. Fine, slender form. Not terminated.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",414,{"id":342,"source_url":343,"license_code":281,"credit_html":344,"title":345,"description":346,"author":347,"original_width":348,"original_height":349},11693,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130436647","Kaethe17, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130436647\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Huebnerit.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa> on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa> (Weight: 350 g) – Place of discovery: Pasto Bueno, Ancash region, Peru","Kaethe17",5508,3672,{"id":351,"source_url":352,"license_code":303,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":355,"author":307,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},59680,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168806","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168806\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-258666.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Himalaya Mine (Cooperativa Mineral Cerro Negro), Cantón Cohoni, Mt Illimani, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPedro_Domingo_Murillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pedro Domingo Murillo Province\">Murillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLa_Paz_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:La Paz Department\">La Paz Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-157114.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.6 x 2.1 x 1.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The Himalaya mine in Bolivia lies on the great mountain peak of Cerro Illimani (pronounced ee-yee-MAHN-ee) just outside of the capital city of La Paz. This great mountain is over 16,000 feet tall, and gets its name from an Aimara word mean \"golden eagle\". The fact that there are mines on this mountain is incredible considering the elevation and treacherous conditions. Recently, (July of 2009) there was a new find of Hübnerite from this famous mine. This is confirmed Hübnerite, and not Ferberite. On the side of the specimen, if one were to shine a very bright light, they will see small red reflections which are proof to the presence of manganese in the crystals. This specimen is a wonderful, layered, prismatic crystal group with sharp terminations and bright luster.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",436,432,{"id":359,"source_url":360,"license_code":303,"credit_html":361,"title":362,"description":363,"author":307,"original_width":364,"original_height":365},59686,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462455","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462455\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-rice-12b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHubnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hubnerite\">Hubnerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Howardsville, Silverton District, San Juan County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FColorado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Colorado\">Colorado\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3680.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 8.5 x 6.6 x 4.3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Hubnerite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A dramatic, very hefty spray of hubnerite from this classic locality. It is not so soft and wispy as some are, but really has some weight to it. What's more, the crystals are unusually well terminated, and the piece is actually somewhat aesthetic (most are rather lumpy!).\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",399,400,{"id":367,"source_url":368,"license_code":303,"credit_html":369,"title":370,"description":371,"author":307,"original_width":372,"original_height":373},59687,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477564","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477564\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-tmu67e.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHubnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hubnerite\">Hubnerite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mundo Nuevo Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMundo_Nuevo\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mundo Nuevo\">Mundo Nuevo\u003C\u002Fa>, Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7607.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 12.0 x 7.5 x 6.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Hubnerite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This hubnerite specimen is a large beast of a crystal cluster, perched upright on quartz matrix. It is 800 grams mass. It is nearly pristine with no damage of any significance at all, and is complete all around , 360-degrees. The lustre is waxy, and metallic at the same time, really unusual. The color is a dark reddish-black, with red highlights when lit up strongly. According to Rock Currier, this is from the famous finds prior to 1980, probably from the late 1960s. These finds established Mundo Nuevo as the premier locality for the species at this time. This remarkable specimen is certainly one of the most important examples of its species from this locale (as confirmed by Rock Currier , who should know - and who brought out so many in the old days!). In fact, both he and I would go further and state that, for overall combination of textbook morphology, size and quality, this is one of the best examples of its species from ANY locality in my experience and in his far greater experience. For the textbook crystallography, and how dramatically it displays, upright like a sculpture, this is simply one of my favorite South American or \"ugly black rock\" specimens I have personally offered EVER on this site - even though far from the most expensive. But, here i think, you get a lot of import for the dollar.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",1333,1800,{"id":375,"source_url":376,"license_code":303,"credit_html":377,"title":378,"description":371,"author":307,"original_width":379,"original_height":373},59688,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477584","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477584\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-tmu67a.jpg",957,{"id":381,"source_url":382,"license_code":281,"credit_html":383,"title":384,"description":385,"author":386,"original_width":387,"original_height":388},59691,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=70161006","CarlesMillan, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=70161006\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","6671M-hubnerite2.jpg","Hübnerite. Association of parallel hübnerite crystals with colorless quartz. Deep red color when backlit (indicating a predominance of manganese on iron in the hübnerite-ferberite series). Overall size: 108mm x 67mm. Main hübnerite crystal: 63mm tall, 26mm wide. Main quartz crystal: 72mm tall, 21mm wide. Weight: 351g. Specimen from Huayllapon Mine, Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash Department, Peru.","CarlesMillan",3557,3161,{"id":390,"source_url":391,"license_code":392,"credit_html":393,"title":394,"description":395,"author":396,"original_width":397,"original_height":398},11686,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387059","CC BY 3.0","Carles Millan, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387059\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tetrahedrite, Hübnerite, Quartz - 176604.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTetrahedrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tetrahedrite\">Tetrahedrite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mundo Nuevo Mine, Huamachuco, Sanchez Carrion Province, La Libertad Department, Peru\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Miniature specimen with a single tetrahedral tetrahedrite crystal and some dark red to black hübnerite crystals set on a bed of crystallized colorless quartz. Overall size: 61 mm x 57 mm. Tetrahedrite crystal edge: 25 mm long. Weight: 110 g. I can't see any damage except in the periphery (the chip on the tetrahedrite edge seems to be a rehealing).\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Carles Millan",959,1024,{"id":400,"source_url":401,"license_code":392,"credit_html":402,"title":403,"description":395,"author":396,"original_width":398,"original_height":404},11687,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387134","Carles Millan, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387134\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tetrahedrite, Hübnerite, Quartz - 176605.jpg",1009,{"id":406,"source_url":407,"license_code":303,"credit_html":408,"title":409,"description":410,"author":307,"original_width":411,"original_height":412},59672,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10121911","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10121911\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-23888.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Quiruvilca Mine (La Libertad Mine; ASARCO Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuiruvilca_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quiruvilca District\">Quiruvilca District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSantiago_de_Chuco_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Santiago de Chuco Province\">Santiago de Chuco Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLa_Libertad_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:La Libertad Department\">La Libertad Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2558.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The photos just didn’t adequately pick up the fine luster of these elegant huebnerite blades. They are staggered from front to back, giving the specimen good 3-dimensionality. A few of the terminations are incomplete, but most are intact. Quartz crystals add a pretty accent. 6 x 4 x 3.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",341,450,{"id":414,"source_url":415,"license_code":392,"credit_html":416,"title":417,"description":395,"author":396,"original_width":398,"original_height":418},11688,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387136","Carles Millan, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387136\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tetrahedrite, Hübnerite, Quartz - 180605.jpg",865,{"id":420,"source_url":421,"license_code":281,"credit_html":422,"title":423,"description":424,"author":425,"original_width":426,"original_height":427},11689,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=67405992","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=67405992\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rhodochrosite, hübnerite, quartz.jpg","rhodochrosite, hübnerite, quartz : Uchucchacua Mine, Oyon Province, Lima Department, Perù","Géry PARENT",1980,1438,{"id":429,"source_url":430,"license_code":281,"credit_html":431,"title":432,"description":433,"author":434,"original_width":435,"original_height":436},11691,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129629167","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129629167\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hübnerite and Quartz 01.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa> - Place of discovery: Pasto Bueno, Department of Ancash, Peru","Kritzolina",5472,3648,{"id":438,"source_url":439,"license_code":281,"credit_html":440,"title":441,"description":433,"author":434,"original_width":435,"original_height":436},11692,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129629168","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129629168\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hübnerite and Quartz 02.jpg",{"id":443,"source_url":444,"license_code":303,"credit_html":445,"title":446,"description":447,"author":307,"original_width":448,"original_height":357},59677,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165951","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165951\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-243438.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Huayllapon Mine (Huallapon Mine), Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2541.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.6 x 4.2 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a very attractive association specimen from one of the most famous classic Peruvian localities. There are several sharp, lustrous, prismatic, parallel growth crystals of Hubnerite beautifully associated with slender, colorless gemmy Quartz crystals and a minor dusting of Pyrite. The finest aspect to this specimen is the fact that when it is backlit, it shows the classic blood-red hue that made these specimens so popular 30 years ago. Ex. Richard Kosnar Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",463,{"id":450,"source_url":451,"license_code":303,"credit_html":452,"title":453,"description":447,"author":307,"original_width":454,"original_height":357},59678,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165952","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165952\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-243439.jpg",472,{"id":456,"source_url":457,"license_code":303,"credit_html":458,"title":459,"description":460,"author":307,"original_width":461,"original_height":462},59679,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167266","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10167266\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-250292.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Huayllapon Mine (Huallapon Mine), Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2541.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.5 x 4.0 x 1.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A beautiful specimen of deep cherry-red hubnerite crystals from the famous finds of the mid-1970s at the Huayllapon Mine, which remain to this day the standard for the species in terms of lustre and form as well as that deep cherry-red color (visible usually with strong backlighting, but here at least you can see hints of it even in normal lighting). Three pristine crystals to 1.7 cm have metallic lustre, and are superbly set atop a jackstraw cluster of gemmy quartz crystals. This is a superb hubnerite and quartz specimen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,590,{"id":464,"source_url":465,"license_code":303,"credit_html":466,"title":467,"description":468,"author":307,"original_width":469,"original_height":357},59681,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10169065","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10169065\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-260056.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Huayllapon Mine (Huallapon Mine), Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2541.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.4 x 5.2 x 4.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a very attractive association specimen from one of the most famous classic Peruvian localities. There are several sharp, lustrous, prismatic, parallel growth crystals of Hubnerite with slender, colorless gemmy Quartz crystals. The finest aspect to this specimen is the fact that when it is backlit, it shows the classic and highly sought after blood-red hue that made these specimens so popular 30 years ago. Ex. Richard Kosnar Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",471,{"id":471,"source_url":472,"license_code":303,"credit_html":473,"title":474,"description":475,"author":307,"original_width":476,"original_height":357},59682,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171906","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171906\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-278440.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLlallagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Llallagua\">Llallagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRafael_Bustillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rafael Bustillo Province\">Rafael Bustillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-336.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.3 x 5.2 x 4.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a fine specimen of Hubnerite from one of the most famous classic Bolivian localities. There are several sharp, lustrous, stubby, black crystals (a very slight red color will appear on the surface of the crystals with strong lighting) of Hubnerite beautifully oriented and intergrown with gem\u002Fgemmy Quartz crystals on matrix. These specimens are not common from Siglo Veinte, and this piece is one of the better specimens of the material that I have handled. It is confirmed Hubnerite, not Ferberite. The largest crystal measures 1.5 cm long.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",481,{"id":478,"source_url":479,"license_code":303,"credit_html":480,"title":481,"description":482,"author":307,"original_width":483,"original_height":357},59683,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10173190","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10173190\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-286253.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Himalaya Mine (Cooperativa Mineral Cerro Negro), Cantón Cohoni, Mt Illimani, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPedro_Domingo_Murillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pedro Domingo Murillo Province\">Murillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLa_Paz_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:La Paz Department\">La Paz Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-157114.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.9 x 2.4 x 1.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The Himalaya mine in Bolivia lies on the great mountain peak of Cerro Illimani (pronounced ee-yee-MAHN-ee) just outside of the capital city of La Paz. This great mountain is over 16,000 feet tall, and gets its name from an Aimara word mean \"golden eagle\". The fact that there are mines on this mountain is incredible considering the elevation and treacherous conditions. Recently, (July of 2009) there was a new find of Hübnerite from this famous mine. This is confirmed Hübnerite, and not Ferberite. There are a few minor spots on the side of the specimen where if one were to shine a very bright light, they will see small red reflections, which is proof to the presence of manganese in the crystals. This specimen is a wonderful, layered, prismatic crystal group with a fairly sharp termination and good luster. There an associated Quartz crystal.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",468,{"id":485,"source_url":486,"license_code":303,"credit_html":487,"title":488,"description":489,"author":307,"original_width":490,"original_height":365},59684,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441117","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441117\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-lw36b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHubnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hubnerite\">Hubnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Huayllapon Mine (Huallapon Mine), Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2541.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7 x 6.3 x 4.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Huebnerite on Quartz\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>These famous finds of the 1970s produced some superb Hubnerites, such as this specimen. The 4.5 cm Hubnerite is stunning and classic, with its superb luster and sub-parallel bladed growth making for a dramatic termination. The Quartz crystals are excellent – well terminated with a lovely white frosting. Ex. Marty Lewadny Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",283,{"id":492,"source_url":493,"license_code":303,"credit_html":494,"title":495,"description":496,"author":307,"original_width":365,"original_height":497},59685,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453680","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453680\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hubnerite-Quartz-mun05-135b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHubnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hubnerite\">Hubnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pasto Bueno District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPallasca_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pallasca Province\">Pallasca Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Ancash Department, Peru (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2542.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.1 x 4.9 x 4.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Hubnerite with Quartz\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Aesthetically nestled in a bed of colorless, transparent quartz crystals, to 3.0 cm in length, are several parallelhubnerite crystals: dark red, with bright red, gemmy, highlights. I have never seen such thick AND gemmy hubnerites and the contrast with the stark white quartz is incredible. This is a VERY choice piece that came out in the 1980s and has long been in a private German collection. The lustre, color, sharpness of the crystals is superb. It is nice that they have REAL terminations instead of the usual fuzzy-terminated style from the locality where the terminations just sort of taper off. Here, we have lustrous, chisel-shaped faces. The largest hubnerite crystal measures over 5.0 cm in length. The color and crystal contrast, again, is just MUCH BETTER IN PERSON to the point i guarantee you won't even believe its the same piece when you hold it in good lighting, compared even to these nice pics. For my taste, its the best Peruvian hubnerite, if not the most expensive, that I have ever had the opportunity to offer.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",361,{"id":499,"source_url":500,"license_code":281,"credit_html":501,"title":502,"description":503,"author":504,"original_width":505,"original_height":506},59689,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50268505","user:Lamiot, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50268505\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","CélestineEtHübnérite Pérou RefE158 MuséumHistoireNaturelleLille GLAM2016 Photo.F.Lamiot p0.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCelestine_(mineral)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Celestine (mineral)\">Celestine\u003C\u002Fa> & \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%BCbnerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hübnerite\">Hübnerite\u003C\u002Fa>, from Peru","user:Lamiot",3160,4053,{"id":508,"source_url":509,"license_code":281,"credit_html":510,"title":511,"description":503,"author":504,"original_width":512,"original_height":513},59690,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50268509","user:Lamiot, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50268509\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","CélestineEtHübnérite Pérou RefE158 MuséumHistoireNaturelleLille GLAM2016 Photo.F.Lamiot p9.jpg",3382,3221,[515,522],{"id":516,"url":517,"label":518,"formula":519,"spacegroup":520,"year":521},6323,"\u002Fcif\u002F6323.cif","Macavei 1993","Mn W O4","P 1 2\u002Fc 1",1993,{"id":523,"url":524,"label":525,"formula":526,"spacegroup":520,"year":527},6328,"\u002Fcif\u002F6328.cif","Dachs 1967","(Mn.97 Fe.03) W O4",1967,[529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536],"Blumit (of Liebe)","Huebnerit","Huebnerite","Manganese tungstate","Manganowolframit","Manganowolframita","Manganowolframite","Megabasit",[538,542,546,550,555,559,562,566,570,574,578,583,586,590,594,598],{"lang":539,"names":540},"bg",[541],"Хюбнерит",{"lang":543,"names":544},"ca",[545],"hübnerita",{"lang":547,"names":548},"de",[549],"Hübnerit",{"lang":551,"names":552},"es",[553,554],"Hübnerita","Huebnerita",{"lang":556,"names":557},"et",[558],"hübneriit",{"lang":560,"names":561},"eu",[553,554],{"lang":563,"names":564},"fa",[565],"هوبنریت",{"lang":567,"names":568},"fr",[569,531,535],"Hübnérite",{"lang":571,"names":572},"it",[573],"hübnerite",{"lang":575,"names":576},"ja",[577],"マンガン重石",{"lang":579,"names":580},"nl",[581,582],"Hübneriet","Huebneriet",{"lang":584,"names":585},"oc",[553],{"lang":587,"names":588},"pl",[589],"Hübneryt",{"lang":591,"names":592},"uk",[593],"Гюбнерит",{"lang":595,"names":596},"uz",[597],"Gyubnerit",{"lang":599,"names":600},"zh",[601,602],"鎢錳礦","钨锰矿","Q417421",{"history":605,"applications":609},{"markdown":606,"model_version":607,"prompt_version":608,"reviewed_at":11},"Hübnerite carries a man's name, though it has worn two of them. Before it was hübnerite, it was **megabasite** — the name the German mineralogist A. Breithaupt gave it in 1852[1].\n\nThe name we use today arrived in 1865. Eugene N. Riotte, a German émigré from Elberfeld, described the mineral from veins in Nevada. He named it for Adolph Hübner, a German mining engineer and metallurgist from Freiberg, in Saxony[2]. Riotte first announced the name in an English-language newspaper, which had no umlaut to give. That is why the spelling *hubnerite* still survives alongside *hübnerite* today[3].\n\nThe first specimens came from the Erie and Enterprise veins of the Mammoth district, in Nye County, Nevada[4]. From the start, the mineral sat inside a family. Hübnerite is the manganese end of a pair. The same crystal structure can also host iron, and where iron wins out the mineral becomes ferberite instead[5]. The two ends, with every blend between them, make up the wolframite series — long one of the workhorses of tungsten mining.","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":610,"model_version":607,"prompt_version":608,"reviewed_at":11},"Hübnerite is mined for one reason: the tungsten locked inside it. It is counted among the principal ores of tungsten, the dense, hard metal that makes the mineral worth digging for[1]. It is not the only such ore, nor the leading one. Tungsten comes mainly from two minerals — scheelite, a calcium tungstate, and wolframite, the iron–manganese series of which hübnerite is the manganese end[2]. Hübnerite is a real but local contributor, worked where its veins are rich enough to pay.\n\nWhat the smelter wants is the tungsten itself, and roughly half of all tungsten goes into one material: tungsten carbide[3]. This is the wear-resistant **cemented carbide**, also called hardmetal — a tungsten-carbon compound bonded with metal that survives where ordinary steel wears away. It arms the cutting tools, drill bits and dies of the metalworking, mining and construction trades[4].\n\nThe rest is spread across metals and electronics. Tungsten hardens high-speed and specialty steels, and goes into superalloys for turbine blades and heavy alloys for armaments and counterweights[5]. Drawn into fine wire, it becomes the electrodes, contacts and filaments of lighting, welding and electronic equipment[6].\n\nOne country dominates the whole chain. China leads the world not only in mining tungsten but in exporting and consuming its products[7]."]