[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2001":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":7,"entrytype":8,"entrytype_text":9,"varietyof":10,"synid":10,"polytypeof":10,"groupid":10,"weighting":11,"nolocadd":12,"blacklisted":12,"mindat_formula":13,"mindat_formula_note":10,"ima_formula":13,"elements":14,"sigelements":17,"key_elements":10,"impurities":10,"cim":18,"ima_status":19,"ima_notes":10,"ima_history":10,"approval_year":10,"publication_year":10,"discovery_year":10,"strunz10ed1":22,"strunz10ed2":23,"strunz10ed3":23,"strunz10ed4":24,"dana8ed1":22,"dana8ed2":25,"dana8ed3":26,"dana8ed4":25,"csystem":27,"cclass":28,"spacegroup":29,"spacegroupset":30,"a":31,"b":32,"c":33,"alpha":32,"beta":32,"gamma":32,"aerror":10,"berror":10,"cerror":10,"alphaerror":10,"betaerror":10,"gammaerror":10,"va3":10,"z":34,"csmetamict":12,"commentcrystal":10,"twinning":35,"tranglide":36,"parting":10,"epitaxidescription":10,"morphology":37,"tlform":10,"hmin":38,"hmax":38,"hardtype":39,"vhnmin":32,"vhnmax":32,"vhnerror":10,"vhng":10,"vhns":10,"commenthard":10,"dmeas":40,"dmeas2":40,"dcalc":41,"dmeaserror":10,"dcalcerror":10,"commentdense":10,"lustre":10,"lustretype":42,"commentluster":10,"diapheny":43,"streak":44,"colour":45,"commentcolor":10,"colors":46,"streak_colors":51,"luminescence":10,"uv":10,"cleavage":10,"cleavagetype":10,"fracturetype":52,"tenacity":53,"commentbreak":10,"opticaltype":54,"opticalsign":55,"opticalalpha":32,"opticalalpha2":32,"opticalalphaerror":10,"opticalbeta":32,"opticalbeta2":32,"opticalbetaerror":10,"opticalgamma":32,"opticalgamma2":32,"opticalgammaerror":10,"opticalomega":56,"opticalomega2":32,"opticalomegaerror":10,"opticalepsilon":57,"opticalepsilon2":32,"opticalepsilonerror":10,"opticaln":32,"opticaln2":32,"opticalnerror":10,"optical2vcalc":32,"optical2vcalc2":32,"optical2vcalcerror":10,"optical2vmeasured":32,"optical2vmeasured2":32,"optical2vmeasurederror":10,"rimin":58,"rimax":59,"opticaldispersion":10,"opticalpleochroism":10,"opticalpleochorismdesc":10,"opticalbirefringence":10,"opticalcomments":10,"opticalcolour":10,"opticalinternal":10,"opticaltropic":10,"opticalanisotropism":10,"opticalbireflectance":10,"opticalextinction":10,"opticalr":10,"specdispm":10,"ir":10,"electrical":10,"magnetism":60,"thermalbehaviour":10,"other":61,"industrial":10,"occurrence":10,"otheroccurrence":10,"type_specimen_store":10,"description_short":62,"aboutname":63,"rock_parent":10,"rock_parent2":10,"rock_root":8,"rock_bgs_code":10,"meteoritical_code":10,"updttime":64,"reviewed_at":10,"variety_of":10,"varieties":65,"group_members":66,"associates":67,"confused_with":75,"type_localities":80,"occurrence_total":81,"citations":82,"images":198,"structures":259,"synonyms":266,"language_names":272,"wikidata_qid":301,"texts":302},2001,"1:1:2001:1","bebc7a53-bdd0-4f47-9723-413b20a515a2","Ice",0,"mineral",null,2331,false,"H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",[15,16],"O","H",[15,16],"7.1.1",[20,21],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","4","A","05","1","2","Hexagonal",20,126,"P63\u002Fmmc ","4.498","0","7.338",4,"Twin plane (α): {0001}, and (b): \u003Cmi>{000_1}.\u003C\u002Fmi>","(0001)","Usually as snow crystals, in complex six-rayed stellate forms of great variety, flattened {0001}. Delicate skeletal forms or hopper-shaped prisms as hoar frost. Lathlike crystals, greatly elongated at times, by crystallization on the surface of water.",1.5,3,"0.9167","0.93","Vitreous","Transparent,Translucent","White","Colourless to white, pale blue to greenish blue in thick layers",[47,48,49,50],"colorless","white","blue","green",[48],"Conchoidal","brittle","Uniaxial","+","1.30907","1.31052",1.30907,1.31052,"Diamagnetic","Melts at 0 °C at atmospheric pressure.","Stable as a solid under 0°C (at standard atmospheric pressure). There are many different structural varieties of ice, although the standard form found on earth is Ih (hexagonal ice) as described here.\r\n\r\nIt is now confirmed that water ice is also extra...","From Old English is, from Proto-Germanic *isa-.","2025-08-11 12:14:21",[],[],[68],{"id":69,"name":70,"entrytype":8,"csystem":71,"ima_formula":72,"mindat_formula":73,"hmin":10,"hmax":10,"dmeas":32,"dcalc":74,"primary_image_id":10},31726,"Meridianiite","Triclinic","Mg(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 11H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","MgSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·11H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","1.512",[76],{"id":77,"name":78,"entrytype":8,"csystem":79,"ima_formula":13,"mindat_formula":13,"hmin":10,"hmax":10,"dmeas":10,"dcalc":10,"primary_image_id":10},51969,"Cubo-ice","Isometric",[],48,[83,86,89,93,97,101,105,109,112,116,120,124,128,132,136,140,143,147,151,155,158,162,167,172,175,177,181,185,189,193],{"id":84,"year":10,"html":85,"doi":10},16112674,"www.its.caltech.edu",{"id":87,"year":10,"html":88,"doi":10},16860442,"Gudkovskikh, S.V. & Kirov, M.V. (2023): Ice structures assembled from cubic water clusters of D2d and S4 symmetry. Acta Crystallographica, A79, (in press). ",{"id":90,"year":91,"html":92,"doi":10},16112658,1611,"Kepler, J. (1611) Strena seu de nive sexangula. [\"New Year's gift or about the hexangular snow\", in Latin, probably the first description of the hexagonal symmetry of snow crystals]",{"id":94,"year":95,"html":96,"doi":10},16112659,1893,"Hellmann, G. (1893) Schneekrystalle. Verlag von Rudolf Mückenberger, Berlin, 66 pp. [http:\u002F\u002Fgdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de\u002Fno_cache\u002Fdms\u002Fload\u002Fimg\u002F?IDDOC=320734]",{"id":98,"year":99,"html":100,"doi":10},16112660,1916,"Dobrowolski (1916) Ark. Kemi: 6(7).",{"id":102,"year":103,"html":104,"doi":10},16112661,1918,"Mügge (1918) Centralblatt für Mineralogie: 187.",{"id":106,"year":107,"html":108,"doi":10},16112662,1921,"Dennison, D.M. (1921) The crystal structure of ice. Physical Review. 17, 20-22.",{"id":110,"year":107,"html":111,"doi":10},16112663,"Bragg, W.H. (1921) The crystal structure of ice. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 34(1), 98-103.",{"id":113,"year":114,"html":115,"doi":10},16112664,1930,"Adams, J.M. (1930) The polar properties of single crystals of ice. Royal Society of London, Proceedings: 128: 588-591.",{"id":117,"year":118,"html":119,"doi":10},16112665,1933,"Bernal, J.D., Fowler, R.H. (1933) A theory of water and ionic solution, with particular reference to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Journal of Chemical Physics: 1(8): 515-548.",{"id":121,"year":122,"html":123,"doi":10},16112666,1939,"Blackwelder, E. (1939) The hardness of ice. American Journal of Science: 238: 61-62.",{"id":125,"year":126,"html":127,"doi":10},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":129,"year":130,"html":131,"doi":10},16112668,1985,"Hall, D., Wood, M.K. (1985) A molecular-packing analysis of the crystal structures of ice. Acta Crystallographica: 41: 169-172.",{"id":133,"year":134,"html":135,"doi":10},16112682,1994,"Clopton, E.L.  (1994)  Ice as a mineral.  Rocks & Minerals 69(2):90-103 https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F00357529.1994.9926581",{"id":137,"year":138,"html":139,"doi":10},16112669,1996,"Aoki, K., Yamawaki, H., Sakashita, M., Fujihisa, S. (1996) Infrared absorption study of the hydrogen-bond symmetrization in ice to 110 GPa. Physical Review B: 54: 15673-15677.",{"id":141,"year":138,"html":142,"doi":10},16112670,"Goncharov, A.F., Struzhkin, V.V., Somayazulu, M.S., Hemley, R.J., Mao, H.K. (1996) Compression of ice to 210 gigapascals: Infrared evidence for s symmetric hydrogen-bonded phase. Science: 273-218-220.",{"id":144,"year":145,"html":146,"doi":10},16112671,1997,"Wolanin, E., Pruzan, P., Chervin, J.C., Canny, B., Gauthier, M., Hausermann, D., Hanfland, M. (1997) Equation of state of ice VII up to 106GPa. Physical Review B: 56: 5781-5785.",{"id":148,"year":149,"html":150,"doi":10},16112675,2002,"www.snowcrystals.com (2002) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.snowcrystals.com\u002F'>http:\u002F\u002Fwww.snowcrystals.com\u002F\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":152,"year":153,"html":154,"doi":10},16112672,2004,"Hill, L. et al. (2004) Experiments on Ice Spikes and a Simple Growth Model. Journal of Glaciology, 50, 375-381.",{"id":156,"year":153,"html":157,"doi":10},16112673,"Libbrecht, K.G. and Lui, K. (2004) An Investigation of Laboratory-Grown Ice Spikes. Journal of Glaciology, 50, 371-374. [http:\u002F\u002Fwww.its.caltech.edu\u002F~atomic\u002Fsnowcrystals\u002Ficespikes\u002Ficespikes.pdf]",{"id":159,"year":160,"html":161,"doi":10},16112678,2014,"Cabot, N.L., Ernst, C.M., Denevi, B.W., Nair, H., Deutsch, A.N., Blewett, D.T., Murchie, S.L., Neumann, G.A., Mazarico, E., Paige, D.A., Harmon, J.K., Head, J.W., Solomon, S.C. (2014): Images of surface volatiles in Mercury's polar craters acquired by the MESSENGER spacecraft. Geology: 42(12): 1051-1054; http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1130\u002FG35916.1",{"id":163,"year":164,"html":165,"doi":166},129388,2015,"Eckert, Jürgen, Gourdon, Olivier, Jacob, Dorrit E., Meral, Cagla, Monteiro, Paulo J.M., Vogel, Sven C., Wirth, Richard, Wenk, Hans-Rudolf (2015) Ordering of water in opals with different microstructures. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  27 (2) 203-213 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F2015\u002F0027-2428'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F2015\u002F0027-2428\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F2015\u002F0027-2428",{"id":168,"year":169,"html":170,"doi":171},3018926,2016,"Filacchione, G., De Sanctis, M. C., Capaccioni, F., Raponi, A., Tosi, F., Ciarniello, M., Cerroni, P., Piccioni, G., Capria, M. T., Palomba, E., Bellucci, G., Erard, S., Bockelee-Morvan, D., Leyrat, C., Arnold, G., Barucci, M. A., Fulchignoni, M., Schmitt, B., Quirico, E., Jaumann, R., Stephan, K., Longobardo, A., Mennella, V., Migliorini, A., Ammannito, E., Benkhoff, J., Bibring, J. P., Blanco, A., Blecka, M. I., Carlson, R., Carsenty, U., Colangeli, L., Combes, M., Combi, M., Crovisier, J., Drossart, P., Encrenaz, T., Federico, C., Fink, U., Fonti, S., Ip, W. H., Irwin, P., Kuehrt, E., Langevin, Y., Magni, G., McCord, T., Moroz, L., Mottola, S., Orofino, V., Schade, U., Taylor, F., Tiphene, D., Tozzi, G. P., Beck, P., Biver, N., Bonal, L., Combe, J-Ph., Despan, D., Flamini, E., Formisano, M., Fornasier, S., Frigeri, A., Grassi, D., Gudipati, M. S., Kappel, D., Mancarella, F., Markus, K., Merlin, F., Orosei, R., Rinaldi, G., Cartacci, M., Cicchetti, A., Giuppi, S., Hello, Y., Henry, F., Jacquinod, S., Reess, J. M., Noschese, R., Politi, R., Peter, G. (2016) Exposed water ice on the nucleus of comet 67P\u002FChuryumov–Gerasimenko. \u003Ci>Nature\u003C\u002Fi>, 529 (7586). 368-372 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fnature16190'>doi:10.1038\u002Fnature16190\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1038\u002Fnature16190",{"id":173,"year":169,"html":174,"doi":10},16112676,"(2016) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href=''>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":176,"year":169,"html":174,"doi":10},16112677,{"id":178,"year":179,"html":180,"doi":10},16112681,2019,"Moberg, D.R. et al. (2019): The end of ice I. PNAS (online). [https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fearly\u002F2019\u002F11\u002F01\u002F1914254116]",{"id":182,"year":183,"html":184,"doi":10},16964987,2021,"(2021) Ice. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002FIce.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":186,"year":187,"html":188,"doi":10},16112683,2022,"Chodkiewicz, M.L., Gajda, R., Lavina, B., Tkachev, S., Prakapenka, V.B., Dera, P., Wozniak, K. (2022): Accurate crystal structure of ice VI from X-ray diffraction with Hirshfeld atom refinement. IUCrJ: 9: 573-579.",{"id":190,"year":191,"html":192,"doi":10},16111308,2023,"Vlasov, K., Audétat, A., Keppler, H. (2023): H2-H2O immiscibility in Earth’s upper mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 178: 36.",{"id":194,"year":195,"html":196,"doi":197},18133923,2025,"Ignatov, Ignat, Marinov, Yordan G., Vassileva, Paunka, Popova, Teodora P., Gluhchev, Georgi, Iliev, Mario T., Huether, Fabio, Dimitrov, Zhechko, Gotova, Irina (2025) Formation of Ice Ih Clusters in Solid-Phase Glacial Water with Low Concentrations of Ca2⁺ and Mg2⁺ Ions. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (3).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst15030254'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst15030254\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst15030254",[199,209,219,229,238,246,253],{"id":200,"source_url":201,"license_code":202,"credit_html":203,"title":204,"description":205,"author":206,"original_width":207,"original_height":208},12083,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23811","CC BY-SA 4.0","Andreas Tille, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23811\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","IceBlockNearJoekullsarlon.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIce\" title=\"Ice\">Ice\u003C\u002Fa> block at \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeach\" title=\"Beach\">beach\u003C\u002Fa> near \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJ%C3%B6kuls%C3%A1rl%C3%B3n\" title=\"Jökulsárlón\">Jökulsárlón\u003C\u002Fa>, Iceland. See the URL below how the image was shot ...","Andreas Tille",2971,1984,{"id":210,"source_url":211,"license_code":212,"credit_html":213,"title":214,"description":215,"author":216,"original_width":217,"original_height":218},6582,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1452658","CC BY-SA 2.5","Darren Hester, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1452658\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ice cubes openphoto.jpg","Ice cubes","Darren Hester",900,600,{"id":220,"source_url":221,"license_code":222,"credit_html":223,"title":224,"description":225,"author":226,"original_width":227,"original_height":228},9745,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24084280","CC BY-SA 3.0","Desiccants, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24084280\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","White Silica Gel.jpg","White Silica Gel","Desiccants",450,338,{"id":230,"source_url":231,"license_code":202,"credit_html":232,"title":233,"description":234,"author":235,"original_width":236,"original_height":237},39140,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481441","Hannes Grobe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481441\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iceblue-greenland1 hg.jpg","Chalcedony \u003Ci>ice-blue\u003C\u002Fi>, origin: West-Greenland between Ivittuut and Disko Bay, polished section with inclusions of Fluroite (violett)","Hannes Grobe",4691,2881,{"id":239,"source_url":240,"license_code":202,"credit_html":241,"title":242,"description":243,"author":235,"original_width":244,"original_height":245},39141,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481442","Hannes Grobe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481442\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iceblue-all2 hg.jpg","Chalcedony \u003Ci>ice-blue\u003C\u002Fi>, origin: West-Greenland between Ivittuut and Disko Bay, rubble from glacial moraine, polished section and ring",4928,2808,{"id":247,"source_url":248,"license_code":202,"credit_html":249,"title":250,"description":251,"author":235,"original_width":244,"original_height":252},39142,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481445","Hannes Grobe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481445\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iceblue-round hg.jpg","Chalcedony \u003Ci>ice-blue\u003C\u002Fi>, origin: Upernavik, Greenland, boulder with volcanic rock",3280,{"id":254,"source_url":255,"license_code":202,"credit_html":256,"title":257,"description":251,"author":235,"original_width":252,"original_height":258},39143,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481446","Hannes Grobe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119481446\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iceblue-label hg.jpg",4158,[260],{"id":261,"url":262,"label":263,"formula":264,"spacegroup":265,"year":153},6473,"\u002Fcif\u002F6473.cif","Fortes 2004","O H2","P 63\u002Fm m c",[267,268,269,270,271],"Gelo","Ghiaccio","Glace","IJs","Is",[273,277,281,285,289,293,297],{"lang":274,"names":275},"be-tarask",[276],"лёд",{"lang":278,"names":279},"ca",[280],"gel",{"lang":282,"names":283},"de",[284],"Eis",{"lang":286,"names":287},"hu",[288],"jég",{"lang":290,"names":291},"ru",[292,276],"Группа льда",{"lang":294,"names":295},"sl",[296],"led",{"lang":298,"names":299},"uk",[300],"лід","Q19614624",{"history":10,"applications":10}]