[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2013":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":22,"impurities":23,"cim":24,"ima_status":25,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":28,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":30,"dana8ed2":34,"dana8ed3":35,"dana8ed4":36,"csystem":37,"cclass":38,"spacegroup":39,"spacegroupset":40,"a":41,"b":40,"c":42,"alpha":40,"beta":40,"gamma":40,"aerror":43,"berror":11,"cerror":44,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":45,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":46,"tranglide":11,"parting":47,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":48,"tlform":11,"hmin":49,"hmax":45,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":50,"vhnmax":51,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":52,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":53,"dmeas2":54,"dcalc":55,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":56,"lustretype":57,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":58,"streak":59,"colour":60,"commentcolor":11,"colors":61,"streak_colors":65,"luminescence":66,"uv":11,"cleavage":11,"cleavagetype":67,"fracturetype":68,"tenacity":69,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":70,"opticalsign":71,"opticalalpha":40,"opticalalpha2":40,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":40,"opticalbeta2":40,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":40,"opticalgamma2":40,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":40,"opticalomega2":40,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":40,"opticalepsilon2":40,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":40,"opticaln2":40,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":40,"optical2vcalc2":40,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":40,"optical2vmeasured2":40,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":72,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":73,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":74,"opticalanisotropism":75,"opticalbireflectance":76,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":77,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":78,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":79,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":80,"aboutname":81,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":82,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":83,"group_members":101,"associates":133,"confused_with":238,"type_localities":247,"occurrence_total":252,"citations":253,"images":401,"structures":570,"synonyms":598,"language_names":616,"wikidata_qid":866,"texts":867},2013,"1:1:2013:4","4645b737-b289-4ac6-8bec-a3531e773cc3","Ilmenite","Ilm",0,"mineral",null,29299,17979,false,"Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>TiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",[18,19,20],"Fe","Ti","O",[18,19,20],[19],",Mn,Mg,V,,","7.9.15",[26,27],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED",1827,"1827","4","C","B","05","3","5","1","Trigonal",10,80,"0","5.08854","14.0924",7,3,6,"1. On {0001}; 2. On \u003Cmi>{101_1}\u003C\u002Fmi>, lamellar.","On {0001}, \u003Cmi>{101_1}\u003C\u002Fmi> due to twinning (?).","Commonly thick tabular {0001}. Sometimes in thin laminae; also acute rhombohedral. Compact massive; as embedded grains.",5,"566","698",100,"4.68","4.76","4.789","Sub Metallic","Metallic,Sub-Metallic","Opaque","Black to reddish brown","Iron black or black",[62,63,64],"black","red","brown",[62,63,64],"None","None Observed","Conchoidal,Sub-Conchoidal","brittle","Uniaxial","-","Weak","Greyish white with brown tint","Anisotropic","Strong in shades of gray","Strong O=pinkish brown E= dark brown","(20.0,21.2) 400,\r\n(19.5,20.8) 420,\r\n(19.0,20.4) 440,\r\n(18.5,20.1) 460,\r\n(18.1,20.0) 480,\r\n(18.0,19.8) 500,\r\n(18.0,19.8) 520,\r\n(18.0,19.7) 540,\r\n(18.0,19.6) 560,\r\n(18.0,19.8) 580,\r\n(18.1,19.9) 600,\r\n(18.2,19.9) 620,\r\n(18.3,19.9) 640,\r\n(18.4,20.0) 660,\r\n(18.5,20.1) 680,\r\n(18.6,20.4) 700","Weakly magnetic","Common accessory mineral in igneous rocks. Also occurs in placer deposits.","Geikielite-Ilmenite Series, Ilmenite-Pyrophanite Series. The iron analogue of Geikielite, Pyrophanite, and Ecandrewsite. \r\n\r\nMay be confused with minerals of the Crichtonite Group and with Hematite.\r\n\r\nCompare Unnamed (Fe-Ti oxyhydroxide I) and Unnamed...","Named in 1827 by Adolph Theodor Kupffer after its type locality in the Ilmen Mountains, Russia.","2026-03-31 11:08:30",[84,90,93,97],{"id":85,"name":86,"entrytype":87,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":88,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":89},2557,"Iron(III)-bearing Ilmenite",2,"(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)TiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",61121,{"id":91,"name":92,"entrytype":87,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":11},9871,"Iserine",{"id":94,"name":95,"entrytype":87,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":11},11348,"Manganese-bearing 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Aluminium","Al","2.707","2.697",17075,{"id":195,"name":196,"entrytype":9,"csystem":158,"ima_formula":197,"mindat_formula":198,"hmin":139,"hmax":139,"dmeas":199,"dcalc":200,"primary_image_id":201},2936,"Nosean","Na\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Na\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>)(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.3","2.21",17893,{"id":203,"name":204,"entrytype":9,"csystem":165,"ima_formula":205,"mindat_formula":206,"hmin":45,"hmax":45,"dmeas":207,"dcalc":208,"primary_image_id":209},3302,"Pseudobrookite","(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti)O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.33","4.39",20077,{"id":211,"name":212,"entrytype":9,"csystem":158,"ima_formula":213,"mindat_formula":213,"hmin":43,"hmax":214,"dmeas":215,"dcalc":216,"primary_image_id":217},3321,"Pyrope","Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",7.5,"3.582","3.563",20279,{"id":219,"name":220,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":221,"mindat_formula":221,"hmin":45,"hmax":222,"dmeas":223,"dcalc":224,"primary_image_id":225},3617,"Senaite","Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>(O,OH)\u003Csub>38\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,"5.204","5.23",22064,{"id":227,"name":228,"entrytype":87,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":229,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":11},27165,"Star Garnet","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":231,"name":232,"entrytype":9,"csystem":144,"ima_formula":233,"mindat_formula":233,"hmin":234,"hmax":49,"dmeas":235,"dcalc":236,"primary_image_id":237},4333,"Xenotime-(Y)","Y(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",4,"4.4","4.277",28346,[239,243],{"id":240,"name":241,"entrytype":9,"csystem":165,"ima_formula":242,"mindat_formula":242,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},53253,"Liuite","FeTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":244,"name":245,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":242,"mindat_formula":242,"hmin":49,"hmax":139,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":246,"primary_image_id":11},47800,"Wangdaodeite","4.72",[248],{"id":249,"txt":250,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":251},310276,"Pit No. 3, Ilmen Mountains, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia","Russia",6180,[254,257,262,267,272,276,281,286,290,294,298,303,308,312,317,321,325,330,334,339,342,346,350,353,357,362,367,371,375,379,383,387,392,397],{"id":255,"year":28,"html":256,"doi":11},16112777,"Kupffer, A.T. (1827) Ilmenit, ein neues fossil (Sammt neuen spielarten des zirkon und gadolinit) aus Sibirien; beschrieben. Archiv für die Gesammte Naturlehre: 10: 1-13.",{"id":258,"year":259,"html":260,"doi":261},101524,1884,"Lasaulx, A. von (1884) Ueber Mikrostructur, optisches Verhalten und Umwandlung des Rutil in Titaneisen. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  8 (1). 54-75 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1884.8.1.54'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1884.8.1.54\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1884.8.1.54",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":266},102346,1897,"Penfleld, S. L.; Poote, H. W. (1897) Notiz über die Zusammensetzung des Ilmenits. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  28 (1-6). 596-597 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1897.28.1.596'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1897.28.1.596\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1897.28.1.596",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":271},233751,1939,"Moore, E. S. (1939) Alteration of ilmenite; discussion. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (8) 931 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.8.931'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.8.931\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.34.8.931",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":280},232460,1959,"Karkhanavala, M. D., Momin, A. C. (1959) The alteration of ilmenite. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (6) 1095-1102 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.54.6.1095'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.54.6.1095\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.54.6.1095",{"id":282,"year":283,"html":284,"doi":285},232390,1960,"Carroll, Dorothy (1960) Ilmenite alteration under reducing conditions in unconsolidated sediments. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (3) 618-619 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.3.618'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.3.618\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.3.618",{"id":287,"year":283,"html":288,"doi":289},232373,"Karkhanavala, M. D. (1960) Alteration of ilmenite and \"arizonite\". \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (4). 843-844 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.4.843'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.4.843\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.4.843",{"id":291,"year":283,"html":292,"doi":293},232349,"Lynd, Langtry E. (1960) Alteration of ilmenite. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (5) 1064-1068 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.5.1064'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.5.1064\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.5.1064",{"id":295,"year":283,"html":296,"doi":297},232316,"Austin, S. Ralph (1960) Ilmenite, magnetite, and feldspar alteration under reducing conditions. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (8) 1758-1759 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.8.1758'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.8.1758\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.55.8.1758",{"id":299,"year":300,"html":301,"doi":302},232237,1961,"Lynd, Langtry E. (1961) Conditions for ilmenite alteration. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (5) 994-995 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.56.5.994'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.56.5.994\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.56.5.994",{"id":304,"year":305,"html":306,"doi":307},180316,1964,"BUDDINGTON, A. F., LINDSLEY, D. H. (1964) Iron-Titanium Oxide Minerals and Synthetic Equivalents. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  5 (2) 310-357 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F5.2.310'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F5.2.310\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F5.2.310",{"id":309,"year":310,"html":311,"doi":11},525177,1969,"Snetsinger, Kenneth G., Keil, Klaus (1969) Ilmenite in ordinary Chondrites. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (5-6) 780-786 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM54\u002FAM54_780.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":313,"year":314,"html":315,"doi":316},1158519,1974,"Neumann, E.-R. (1974) The distribution of Mn2+ and Fe2+ between ilmenites and magnetites in igneous rocks. \u003Ci>American Journal of Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  274 (9). 1074-1088 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2475\u002Fajs.274.9.1074'>doi:10.2475\u002Fajs.274.9.1074\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2475\u002Fajs.274.9.1074",{"id":318,"year":319,"html":320,"doi":11},16112781,1977,"Ishihara, S. (1977) The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks. Mining Geology: 27: 293-305.",{"id":322,"year":323,"html":324,"doi":11},16112782,1978,"Morris, M.C., McMurdie, H.F., Evans, E.H., Paretzkin, B., de Groot, J.H., Weeks, B.S., Newberry, R.J., Hubbard, C.R., Carmel, S.J. (1978) Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25, Section 15, 204 pgs (34).",{"id":326,"year":327,"html":328,"doi":329},179907,1980,"GREW, E. S. (1980) Sillimanite and Ilmenite from High-grade Metamorphic Rocks of Antarctica and Other Areas. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  21 (1) 39-68 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F21.1.39'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F21.1.39\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F21.1.39",{"id":331,"year":332,"html":333,"doi":11},16112784,1981,"D’arco, P., Maury, R.C. (1981) Comparative geothermometry of some magnetite–ilmenite–orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene associations from volcanic rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist: 19: 461-467.",{"id":335,"year":336,"html":337,"doi":338},75530,1984,"Arculus, R. J., Dawson, J. B., Mitchell, R. H., Gust, D. A., Holmes, R. D. (1984) Oxidation states of the upper mantle recorded by megacryst ilmenite in kimberlite and type A and B spinel lherzolites. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  85 (1) 85-94 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00380225'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00380225\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00380225",{"id":340,"year":336,"html":341,"doi":11},527882,"Wechsler, Barry A., Prewitt, Charles T. (1984) Crystal structure of ilmenite (FeTiO3) at high temperature and at high pressure. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  69 (1-2) 176-185 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM69\u002FAM69_176.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":343,"year":344,"html":345,"doi":11},16112787,1985,"Cawthorn, R.G., Groves, D.I., Marchant, T. (1985) Magnesian ilmenite: clue to high-Mg parental magma of the Insizwa complex, Tranksei. The Canadian Mineralogist: 23: 609-618.",{"id":347,"year":348,"html":349,"doi":11},16112788,1988,"Cassidy, K.F., Groves, D.I., Binns, R.A. (1988) Manganoan ilmenite formed during regional metamorphism of Archean mafic and ultramafic rocks from Western Australia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 26: 999-1012.",{"id":351,"year":348,"html":352,"doi":11},16112789,"Cawthorn, R.G., Maske, S., De Wet, M., Groves, D.I., Cassidy, K.F. (1988) Contrasting magma types in the Mount Ayliff intrusioin (Insizwa complex), Transkei: evidence from ilmenite compositions. The Canadian Mineralogist: 26: 145-160.",{"id":354,"year":355,"html":356,"doi":11},16112790,1989,"Mineralogical Journal (Japan) (1989): 14: 179.",{"id":358,"year":359,"html":360,"doi":361},239541,1991,"Mücke, A.; Bhadra Chaudhuri, J.N. (1991) The continuous alteration of ilmenite through pseudorutile to leucoxene. \u003Ci>Ore Geology Reviews\u003C\u002Fi>,  6 (1). 25-44 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0169-1368(91)90030-b'>doi:10.1016\u002F0169-1368(91)90030-b\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0169-1368(91)90030-b",{"id":363,"year":364,"html":365,"doi":366},63284,1993,"Whitney, D. L., Hirschmann, M., Miller, M. G. (1993) Zincian ilmenite-ecandrewsite from a pelitic schist, Death Valley, California, and the paragenesis of (Zn,Fe)TiO3 solid solution in metamorphic rocks. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (2). 425-436 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002F1499-1276-31.2.425'>doi:10.3749\u002F1499-1276-31.2.425\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol31\u002FCM31_425.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002F1499-1276-31.2.425",{"id":368,"year":369,"html":370,"doi":11},16771793,1995,"Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (1995) \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2 part 1 - Silica, Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.",{"id":372,"year":369,"html":373,"doi":374},179068,"TOPLIS, M. J., CARROLL, M. R. (1995) An Experimental Study of the Influence of Oxygen Fugacity on Fe-Ti Oxide Stability, Phase Relations, and Mineral--Melt Equilibria in Ferro-Basaltic Systems. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (5) 1137-1170 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F36.5.1137'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F36.5.1137\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F36.5.1137",{"id":376,"year":377,"html":378,"doi":11},16112793,1996,"Jiang, S.Y., Palmer, M.R., Slack, J.F. (1996) Mn-rich ilmenite from the Sullivan Pb–Zn–Ag deposit, British Columbia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 29-36.",{"id":380,"year":381,"html":382,"doi":11},16112794,1999,"Chakhmouradian, A.R., Mitchell, R.H. (1999) Niobian ilmenite, hydroxylapatite and sulfatian monazite: alternative hosts for incompatible elements in calcite kimberlite from Internatsional'naya, Yakutia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 37: 1177-1189.",{"id":384,"year":385,"html":386,"doi":11},16965002,2005,"(2005) Ilmenite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Filmenite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":388,"year":389,"html":390,"doi":391},396966,2012,"Nishio-Hamane, D., Zhang, M., Yagi, T., Ma, Y. (2012) High-pressure and high-temperature phase transitions in FeTiO3 and a new dense FeTi3O7 structure. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  97 (4) 568-572 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3973'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3973\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3973",{"id":393,"year":394,"html":395,"doi":396},17273067,2024,"Liang, Weigang, Broquet, Adrien, Andrews-Hanna, Jeffrey C., Zhang, Nan, Ding, Min, Evans, Alexander J. (2024) Vestiges of a lunar ilmenite layer following mantle overturn revealed by gravity data. \u003Ci>Nature Geoscience\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (4) 361-366 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41561-024-01408-2'>doi:10.1038\u002Fs41561-024-01408-2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1038\u002Fs41561-024-01408-2",{"id":398,"year":394,"html":399,"doi":400},17588792,"Breitenfeld, Laura B., Dyar, M. Darby, Tokle, Leif, Robertson, Kevin (2024) Raman spectroscopy of the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  109 (9).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2023-9262'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2023-9262\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2023-9262",[402,409,419,423,429,433,442,446,455,462,472,481,488,496,503,511,520,527,535,543,551,561],{"id":403,"source_url":404,"license_code":405,"credit_html":406,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":407,"original_height":408},29925,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115087","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115087\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":410,"source_url":411,"license_code":412,"credit_html":413,"title":414,"description":415,"author":416,"original_width":417,"original_height":418},12155,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15799831","Public domain","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15799831\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-173863.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The ilmenite is ~ 8 mm wide. Found August 1998.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Modris Baum",1012,1024,{"id":420,"source_url":421,"license_code":405,"credit_html":422,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":407,"original_height":408},29926,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109640","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109640\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":424,"source_url":425,"license_code":426,"credit_html":427,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":407,"original_height":428},29927,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127864","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127864\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",865,{"id":430,"source_url":431,"license_code":405,"credit_html":432,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":407,"original_height":408},29928,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109686","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109686\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":434,"source_url":435,"license_code":426,"credit_html":436,"title":437,"description":438,"author":439,"original_width":440,"original_height":441},12158,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=89621426","Орхианна, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=89621426\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite company Velta.jpg","Ilmenite, which is mined by PKF Velta LLC","Орхианна",5000,3333,{"id":443,"source_url":444,"license_code":405,"credit_html":445,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":407,"original_height":408},29929,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112751","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112751\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":447,"source_url":448,"license_code":426,"credit_html":449,"title":450,"description":451,"author":452,"original_width":453,"original_height":454},12159,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130067965","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130067965\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite. Blankbruch am Dornberg, Haibach, Spessart, Germany-9090.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa> (Weight: 64g) – Place of discovery: Blankbruch am Dornberg, Haibach, Spessart, Germany","Raimond Spekking",5844,3902,{"id":456,"source_url":457,"license_code":426,"credit_html":458,"title":459,"description":451,"author":452,"original_width":460,"original_height":461},12160,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130067973","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130067973\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite. Blankbruch am Dornberg, Haibach, Spessart, Germany-9091.jpg",6694,4463,{"id":463,"source_url":464,"license_code":465,"credit_html":466,"title":467,"description":468,"author":469,"original_width":470,"original_height":471},61112,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6358171","CC BY-SA 3.0","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6358171\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenit - Miask, Ural.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa> - Locality: Miask (Miass), Ural - Exposed in the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, Germany","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2100,1550,{"id":473,"source_url":474,"license_code":465,"credit_html":475,"title":476,"description":477,"author":478,"original_width":479,"original_height":480},61114,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136806","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136806\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-65674.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFroland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Froland\">Froland\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAust-Agder\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aust-Agder\">Aust-Agder\u003C\u002Fa>, Norway (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2456.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a rather large and sharply 3-dimensional crystal of ilmenite, a species rarely seen in dealers stocks. The crystal faces are lustrous, with a deep brown color. Old piece from an old classic locale! 5.7 x 4.7 x 4.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",800,613,{"id":482,"source_url":483,"license_code":465,"credit_html":484,"title":485,"description":486,"author":478,"original_width":487,"original_height":479},61115,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136807","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136807\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-65675.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFroland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Froland\">Froland\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAust-Agder\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aust-Agder\">Aust-Agder\u003C\u002Fa>, Norway (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2456.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a much finer specimen of ilmenite than the previous specimen because it features a more 3-dimensional crystal yet, on a bit of matrix. It has an equant, pseudo-octahedral, extremely lustrous black crystal, to 3 cm across a single face. Its trigonal crystallography is clearly evident. This is certainly one of the finest around for the locality, on the market, I would expect. In person, it is quite beautiful despite being relegated to the \"black uglies\" category by most folks. 4.1 x 4.1 x 3.8 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",721,{"id":489,"source_url":490,"license_code":465,"credit_html":491,"title":492,"description":493,"author":478,"original_width":494,"original_height":495},61116,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10139525","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10139525\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-119088.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tormiq valley (Tormic; Tormik; Tormig; Turmiq), Haramosh Mts., \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5734.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.0 x 2.4 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Fine rosette of mirror-like Ilmenite perched perfectly on matrix. The rosette is a full 1 cm across, and calls forth memories of the very fine Hematite rosettes that we have seen and appreciated for years. The Ilmenite has a dusting of fine Quartz crystals to add a nice amount of contrast and interest. There is even a nice iridescence along the top edge of the Ilmenite! Ex. Steve Smale Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,455,{"id":497,"source_url":498,"license_code":465,"credit_html":499,"title":500,"description":501,"author":478,"original_width":479,"original_height":502},61117,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10158673","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10158673\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-199872.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWashington\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Washington\">Washington\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLitchfield_County,_Connecticut\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Litchfield County, Connecticut\">Litchfield County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FConnecticut\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Connecticut\">Connecticut\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-155728.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.2 x 5.7 x 3.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen features several robust crystals of ilmenite, from Washington, Litchfield Co., Connecticut. Sharp crystals to 2.7 cm wide and about 1 cm thick make this a relatively attractive, and quite good, US ilmenite specimen. From the noted collection of T.B. Wilson, who, according to the Mineralogical Record Archive on him, joined the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia in 1832, and was the Academy's principal benefactor. His collection was donated upon his death in 1865. Ex. Philadelphia Academy of Sciences Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",624,{"id":504,"source_url":505,"license_code":465,"credit_html":506,"title":507,"description":508,"author":478,"original_width":509,"original_height":510},61120,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453311","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453311\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-mrz177b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tormiq valley (Tormic; Tormik; Tormig; Turmiq), Haramosh Mts., \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5734.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.2 x 4.4 x 1.8 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A brilliantly metallic 1.5cm roseate aggregate of sharp ilmenite crystals! Rare and hard to come by, these are new classics for Pakistan.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,350,{"id":512,"source_url":513,"license_code":465,"credit_html":514,"title":515,"description":516,"author":517,"original_width":518,"original_height":519},61126,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146997562","HolDu, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146997562\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenit (OM1-201A).JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Blankbruch am Dornberg, Haibach, Spessart (Bavaria\u002FHesse), Germany\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","HolDu",5153,3438,{"id":521,"source_url":522,"license_code":465,"credit_html":523,"title":524,"description":525,"author":478,"original_width":479,"original_height":526},12154,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146603","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146603\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-155036.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMiass\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Miass\">Miass (Miask)\u003C\u002Fa>, Ilmen Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChelyabinsk_Oblast\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chelyabinsk Oblast\">Chelyabinsk Oblast'\u003C\u002Fa>, Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-17893.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.5 x 4.3 x 1.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An outstanding tabular group of large parallel-growth crystals, with vitreous and attractive chocolate lustre. Few documented specimens from this important classic old locality survive today. This is as good as any I have seen, and of display quality and full miniature size, to boot. Ex. American Museum of Natural History, Clarence Bement collection, donated in 1910.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",722,{"id":528,"source_url":529,"license_code":465,"credit_html":530,"title":531,"description":532,"author":478,"original_width":533,"original_height":534},12163,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176711","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176711\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-Feldspar-Group-207537.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFeldspar\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Feldspar\">Feldspar\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Zagi Mountain (Zegi Mountain), Mulla Ghori, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKhyber_Agency\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Khyber Agency\">Khyber Agency\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFederally_Administered_Tribal_Areas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Federally Administered Tribal Areas\">Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-51430.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.7 x 5.2 x 2.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Ilmenite crystal clusters from Zegi Mountain, Pakistan have seldom been available in this fine quality. This fine, two-sided piece features lustrous, composite ilmenite plates attached to lustrous, feldspar crystals. This is a large ilmenite specimen from this noted and fairly new locale. Ilmenite is also uncommon from here. Ex. Brent Lockhart Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,678,{"id":536,"source_url":537,"license_code":465,"credit_html":538,"title":539,"description":540,"author":478,"original_width":541,"original_height":542},61118,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166151","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166151\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-Quartz-244426.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSmoky_quartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Smoky quartz\">Smoky Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.8 x 3.5 x 2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A superb euhedral ilmenite crystal with Smoky Quartz. Ilmenite crystals from this region do not often have well-defined crystal faces, but this single crystal has excellent faces and lustrous striations on the reverse side. Very typically, this has an outer orange-tan coating of alterations (we are not sure what). An excellent specimen for this combination. Rare find, rare material for Erongo. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",500,330,{"id":544,"source_url":545,"license_code":465,"credit_html":546,"title":547,"description":548,"author":478,"original_width":549,"original_height":550},61119,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10446157","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10446157\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-Quartz-cktsr-21c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlmenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilmenite\">Ilmenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 9 x 7 x 5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>ILMENITE on SMOKY QUARTZ\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is one of Charlie's two best ilmenites...he said that he rushed to the find, when they came out, and obtained the best of the lot along with only one other SA collector (whos epiece was pictured recently in the MR for comparison). Charlie felt that for size and sharpness, and overall display, this is the best. You can see it is a very 3-dimensional specimen with beautiful, geometric form and a really nice complementing balance of smokies with the ilmenites amongst which they grow. I think these are world class ilmenites for the species, especially because they are relatively beautiful and less earthy than usual in this size. The smokies, and the perfection of the piece overall in its display, make it of a quality for any collector to consider, not just those who like the \"rare uglies\"!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",450,394,{"id":552,"source_url":553,"license_code":554,"credit_html":555,"title":556,"description":557,"author":558,"original_width":559,"original_height":560},61123,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516027","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516027\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-magnetite (Oka Carbonatite Complex, Early Cretaceous, 124-125 Ma; Oka Niobium Mine, Quebec, Canada) (14820239444).jpg","\u003Cp>Ilmenite & magnetite mass (4.0 cm across) with minor calcite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Oka Carbonatite Complex is located in Quebec, Canada.  It’s a large body of alkaline igneous rocks intruded through Precambrian metamorphics.  The Oka occurs in the western part of the Canadian Shield’s Monteregian Hills Province.  Published research indicates that Oka rocks cooled from magma produced by partial melting of upper mantle rocks (inferred to be metasomatized garnet lherzolites).  The rocks in the complex contain some rare elements, including economic concentrations of niobium (Nb).  Several mines exploit Oka rocks for their Nb content.  Oka rocks include coarsely-crystalline calciocarbonatites (a.k.a. sövites; a.k.a. C1 calciocarbonatites), alnoites, ijolites, and okaites.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Age: mid-Barremian Stage, mid-Early Cretaceous, 124-125 million years.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Oka Niobium Mine, southeastern part of the Oka Hills, Oka Hills Inlier, Deux-Montagnes County, just west of Montreal & Laval, far-southern Quebec Province, southeastern Canada.","James St. John",694,701,{"id":562,"source_url":563,"license_code":426,"credit_html":564,"title":565,"description":566,"author":567,"original_width":568,"original_height":569},76206,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=54692113","Rainbowlatticesunstone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=54692113\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","NT14 resized.jpg","Rainbow Lattice Sunstone with Hematite and Ilmenite equilateral triangle inclusions","Rainbowlatticesunstone",1404,830,[571,578,584,589,594],{"id":572,"url":573,"label":574,"formula":575,"spacegroup":576,"year":577},4387,"\u002Fcif\u002F4387.cif","Yamanaka 2007","Fe Ti O3","R -3",2007,{"id":579,"url":580,"label":581,"formula":582,"spacegroup":576,"year":583},4391,"\u002Fcif\u002F4391.cif","Harrison 2001 · (Fe1.4 Ti.6) O3 (1)","(Fe1.4 Ti.6) O3",2001,{"id":585,"url":586,"label":587,"formula":582,"spacegroup":588,"year":583},4404,"\u002Fcif\u002F4404.cif","Harrison 2001 · (Fe1.4 Ti.6) O3 (2)","R -3 c",{"id":590,"url":591,"label":592,"formula":593,"spacegroup":576,"year":583},4412,"\u002Fcif\u002F4412.cif","Harrison 2001 · (Fe1.35 Ti.65) O3 (1)","(Fe1.35 Ti.65) O3",{"id":595,"url":596,"label":597,"formula":593,"spacegroup":588,"year":583},4424,"\u002Fcif\u002F4424.cif","Harrison 2001 · (Fe1.35 Ti.65) O3 (2)",[599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615],"Axotomous Eisenerz","Cibdelophane","Eisenhaltiges Titanerz","Eisentitan","Haplotypite","Hystatisches Eisenerz","Ilmenitcsoport","Ilmenite (of Kupffer)","Mänaken","Mohsite (of Levy)","Para-ilmenite","Titane oxydé ferrifère","Titaneisen","Titaneisenerz","Titaneisenstein","Titanic Iron","Titanioferrite",[617,621,627,631,635,639,643,648,652,657,661,664,668,672,676,680,700,703,707,711,714,718,721,725,728,733,736,740,743,746,749,753,756,760,764,767,771,774,778,782,787,791,794,798,801,804,807,811,814,817,821,826,829,835,839,843,847,850,853,857,860,863],{"lang":618,"names":619},"af",[620],"Ilmeniet",{"lang":622,"names":623},"ar",[624,625,626],"إلمينيت","إليمنيت","إيلمنيت",{"lang":628,"names":629},"az",[630],"İlmenit",{"lang":632,"names":633},"be",[634],"Ільменіт",{"lang":636,"names":637},"bn",[638],"ইলমেনাইট",{"lang":640,"names":641},"ca",[642],"ilmenita",{"lang":644,"names":645},"cs",[646,647],"ilmenit","iserin",{"lang":649,"names":650},"cv",[651],"Ильменит",{"lang":653,"names":654},"de",[655,656,611,612],"Ilmenit","Menaccanit",{"lang":658,"names":659},"el",[660],"Ιλμενίτης",{"lang":662,"names":663},"es",[642],{"lang":665,"names":666},"et",[667],"ilmeniit",{"lang":669,"names":670},"eu",[671],"Ilmenita",{"lang":673,"names":674},"fa",[675],"ایلمنیت",{"lang":677,"names":678},"fi",[679],"Ilmeniitti",{"lang":681,"names":682},"fr",[683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699],"98072-94-7","Ferro-ilménite","Ferroilménite","FeTiO3","Guadarramite","Hystatite","ilménite","Isérine","Kibdelophane","Magnéto-ilménite","Manaccanite","Ménachanite","Picrocrichtonite","Picroilménite","Picrotitanite","Silico-ilménite","Washingtonite",{"lang":701,"names":702},"gl",[671],{"lang":704,"names":705},"he",[706],"אילמניט",{"lang":708,"names":709},"hi",[710],"इल्मेनाइट",{"lang":712,"names":713},"hu",[646],{"lang":715,"names":716},"hy",[717],"Իլմենիտ",{"lang":719,"names":720},"id",[655],{"lang":722,"names":723},"is",[724],"Ilmenít",{"lang":726,"names":727},"it",[7],{"lang":729,"names":730},"ja",[731,732],"イルメナイト","チタン鉄鉱",{"lang":734,"names":735},"kk",[651],{"lang":737,"names":738},"kk-arab",[739],"ىيلمەنىيت",{"lang":741,"names":742},"kk-cn",[739],{"lang":744,"names":745},"kk-cyrl",[651],{"lang":747,"names":748},"kk-kz",[651],{"lang":750,"names":751},"kk-latn",[752],"Ïlʹmenït",{"lang":754,"names":755},"kk-tr",[752],{"lang":757,"names":758},"kn",[759],"ಇಲ್ಮೆನೈಟ್",{"lang":761,"names":762},"ko",[763],"타이타늄철석",{"lang":765,"names":766},"ky",[651],{"lang":768,"names":769},"lt",[770],"Ilmenitas",{"lang":772,"names":773},"mg",[671],{"lang":775,"names":776},"mk",[777],"Илменит",{"lang":779,"names":780},"ml",[7,781],"ഇൽമനൈറ്റ്",{"lang":783,"names":784},"nb",[785,786],"ilmenitt","titanjernsten",{"lang":788,"names":789},"nl",[790],"ilmeniet",{"lang":792,"names":793},"nn",[785],{"lang":795,"names":796},"no",[797],"Ilmenitt",{"lang":799,"names":800},"pl",[646],{"lang":802,"names":803},"pt",[642,7],{"lang":805,"names":806},"ro",[646],{"lang":808,"names":809},"ru",[651,810],"Критчонит",{"lang":812,"names":813},"sk",[655],{"lang":815,"names":816},"sl",[646],{"lang":818,"names":819},"sv",[820,655],"Ileminit",{"lang":822,"names":823},"ta",[824,825],"இல்மனைட்","இல்மனைட்டு",{"lang":827,"names":828},"tr",[630],{"lang":830,"names":831},"uk",[832,833,834],"(Fe, Mg, Mn)TiO3","ільменіт","титанистий залізняк",{"lang":836,"names":837},"uz",[655,838],"Titanli temirtosh",{"lang":840,"names":841},"vi",[655,842],"sắt(II) metatitanat",{"lang":844,"names":845},"zh",[846],"钛铁矿",{"lang":848,"names":849},"zh-cn",[846],{"lang":851,"names":852},"zh-hans",[846],{"lang":854,"names":855},"zh-hant",[856],"鈦鐵礦",{"lang":858,"names":859},"zh-hk",[856],{"lang":861,"names":862},"zh-sg",[846],{"lang":864,"names":865},"zh-tw",[856],"Q190729",{"history":868,"applications":872},{"markdown":869,"model_version":870,"prompt_version":871,"reviewed_at":11},"The story of ilmenite begins not in Russia but in a Cornish stream. In 1791, the English clergyman and amateur chemist William Gregor sifted a deposit of black sand from the valley south of the village of Manaccan and identified an unknown metal in it — the element we now call titanium[1]. He named the mineral **manaccanite**, after the village where the sand had collected.\n\nThe link between Gregor's Cornish find and the species we now call ilmenite was made some three decades later. In 1827, the chemist Adolph Theodor Kupffer described the same mineral from the Ilmen Mountains, near Miass in the southern Urals[2]. He named it **ilmenite** after that locality[2]. Mineralogy ultimately kept Kupffer's name and quietly retired Gregor's.","claude-opus-4-7","1.0.0",{"markdown":873,"model_version":870,"prompt_version":871,"reviewed_at":11},"The white in white paint is, more often than not, ilmenite. Crushed, chemically processed and turned into titanium dioxide, the mineral supplies the dominant white pigment of the modern world. Around 95 percent of all titanium consumed today leaves the refinery as TiO₂ rather than as the metal[1].\n\nTwo competing routes turn the ore into pigment. In the sulfate process, ilmenite is dissolved in sulfuric acid and the iron is stripped out as iron(II) sulfate. What remains is purified into white TiO₂ powder. The chloride process passes the ore through chlorine gas at high temperature to produce titanium tetrachloride, which is then oxidised back to TiO₂. The chloride route accounts for around 60 percent of global pigment production, the sulfate route for the remaining 40[2].\\\nThe pigment itself reaches the consumer in many guises. It is the opacifier — the agent that makes a film opaque — in architectural paint, the brightener in printer paper, and the whitener in plastics. It also appears in toothpaste, in sunscreen, and as a food colouring[3].\n\nA much smaller share of mined ilmenite is converted into metallic titanium, but the metal carries far more value per tonne than the pigment. The route runs through the **Kroll process**, in which titanium tetrachloride is reduced by liquid magnesium to a porous titanium sponge[4]. William Justin Kroll first produced titanium metal outside the laboratory in 1932, using calcium as the reductant. Eight years later he refined the method with magnesium, and that magnesium version is still the industrial standard[5]. About two thirds of all titanium metal produced goes into aircraft frames and engines. There, the metal's high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance justify the price[5]. The same biocompatibility — the body's tolerance of the metal as a foreign material — supports the use of titanium in prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental implants, and surgical instruments[5].\n\nMost of the ore itself is not blasted from hard rock. It is dredged from heavy mineral sands — coastal **placer deposits**, where rivers and waves concentrate dense, weathering-resistant grains into workable beach layers[6]. China dominates current supply at about 35 percent of world ilmenite production, with South Africa contributing 13 percent and Mozambique another 12[6]."]