[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2021":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":20,"key_elements":11,"impurities":11,"cim":11,"ima_status":21,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":23,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":24,"discovery_year":25,"strunz10ed1":26,"strunz10ed2":27,"strunz10ed3":28,"strunz10ed4":29,"dana8ed1":30,"dana8ed2":31,"dana8ed3":32,"dana8ed4":33,"csystem":11,"cclass":11,"spacegroup":11,"spacegroupset":34,"a":34,"b":34,"c":35,"alpha":34,"beta":34,"gamma":34,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":11,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":36,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":37,"tlform":11,"hmin":38,"hmax":39,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":34,"vhnmax":34,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":40,"dmeas2":40,"dcalc":40,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":41,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":42,"streak":11,"colour":43,"commentcolor":11,"colors":44,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":11,"cleavagetype":11,"fracturetype":50,"tenacity":51,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":52,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":34,"opticalalpha2":34,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":34,"opticalbeta2":34,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":34,"opticalgamma2":34,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":34,"opticalomega2":34,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":34,"opticalepsilon2":34,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":53,"opticaln2":54,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":34,"optical2vcalc2":34,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":34,"optical2vmeasured2":34,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":55,"otheroccurrence":11,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":56,"aboutname":57,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":58,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":59,"group_members":60,"associates":61,"confused_with":70,"type_localities":71,"occurrence_total":76,"citations":77,"images":171,"structures":190,"synonyms":191,"language_names":194,"wikidata_qid":231,"texts":232},2021,"1:1:2021:9","b0e69d60-253d-4b8b-81a5-5bf034502f1d","Imogolite","Imo",0,"mineral",null,63,false,"Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>SiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",[16,17,18,19],"Al","Si","O","H",[16,17,18,19],[22],"APPROVED","Rejected in 1962, approved in 1986.",1962,"1962","9","E","D","20","71","1","5","3","0","8.4","5.1 perpendicular to c axis","Conchoidal to earthy; as microscopic threadlike particles, and bundles of fine tubes, each about 20Å in diameter",2,3,"2.70","Vitreous,Resinous,Waxy","Transparent,Translucent","White, blue, green, brown, black",[45,46,47,48,49],"white","blue","green","brown","black","Conchoidal","brittle","Isotropic","1.47","1.51","Decomposition product of volcanic ash in soils in humid environments.","Described in 1962, rejected by the IMA, but the name Imogolite was approved by the AIPEA Nomenclature Committee at its 1970 Tokyo meeting (Clays and Clay Minerals 19, 131 (1971). Reapproved by the CNMMN in 1986.\r\n\r\nWidespread component of volcanic-ash-...","For the Japanese name, Imogo, of the brownish yellow volcanic ash soil of Japan in which it occurs.","2025-08-11 12:14:21",[],[],[62],{"id":63,"name":64,"entrytype":9,"csystem":65,"ima_formula":66,"mindat_formula":67,"hmin":39,"hmax":39,"dmeas":68,"dcalc":34,"primary_image_id":69},139,"Allophane","Amorphous","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>1.3-2.0\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2.5-3.0H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>1.3-2\u003C\u002Fsub>·2.5-3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.75",29037,[],[72],{"id":73,"txt":74,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":75},29942,"Uemura, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan","Japan",5,[78,81,85,89,93,96,99,103,108,111,116,120,123,127,132,135,140,144,149,152,156,159,163,167],{"id":79,"year":24,"html":80,"doi":11},16112845,"Yoshinaga, N., Aomine, S. (1962) Imogolite in some Ando soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition: 8: 114-121.",{"id":82,"year":83,"html":84,"doi":11},523873,1963,"Fleischer, Michael (1963) New Mineral Names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  48 (3-4) 433-436 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM48\u002FAM48_433.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":86,"year":87,"html":88,"doi":11},16112846,1965,"Aomine, S., Miyaushi, N. (1965) Imogolite of imogo-layers in Kyushu. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition: 11(5): 28-35.",{"id":90,"year":91,"html":92,"doi":11},525082,1969,"Wada, Keji, Yoshinaga, Naganori (1969) The structure of \"imogolite\". \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (1-2) 50-71 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM54\u002FAM54_50.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":94,"year":91,"html":95,"doi":11},15968646,"Russell, J.D., McHardy, W.J., Fraser, A.R. (1969) Imogolite: a unique aluminosilicate. Clay Minerals: 8(1): 87-99.",{"id":97,"year":91,"html":98,"doi":11},16112847,"Besoain, E. (1969) Imogolite in volcanic soils of Chile. Geoderma: 2(2): 151-169.",{"id":100,"year":101,"html":102,"doi":11},16112849,1971,"McHardy, W.J. (1971) Imogolite. in Mineralogical Society Monograph, The Electron-Optical Investigation of Clays.",{"id":104,"year":105,"html":106,"doi":107},145086,1972,"Wada, K. (1972) Imogolite and Allophane Formed in Saprolite of Basalt on Maui, Hawaii. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  20 (6). 375-380 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1972.0200605'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1972.0200605\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1972.0200605",{"id":109,"year":105,"html":110,"doi":11},16112850,"Cradwick, P.D.G., Farmer, V.C., Russell, J.D., Masson, C.R., Wada, K., Yoshinaga, N. (1972) Imogolite, a hydrated aluminum silicate of tubular structure. Nature Physical Science: 240(104): 187-189.",{"id":112,"year":113,"html":114,"doi":115},562357,1977,"Wada, Shin-Ichiro, Wada, Koji (1977) Density and structure of allophane. \u003Ci>Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  12 (4) 289-298 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1977.012.4.02'>doi:10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1977.012.4.02\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1977.012.4.02",{"id":117,"year":118,"html":119,"doi":11},16086336,1978,"Tait, J.M., Yoshinaga, N., Mitchell, B.C. (1978) The occurrence of imogolite insome Scotish soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (Tokyo): 24(l): 145-151.",{"id":121,"year":118,"html":122,"doi":11},16112852,"Wada, K. (1978) Chapter 4 Allophane and imogolite. in Developments in Sedimentology, Clays and Clay Minerals of Japan: 26: 147-187.",{"id":124,"year":125,"html":126,"doi":11},16112853,1979,"Wada, S.‐I., Eto, A., Wada, K. (1979) Synthetic allophane and imogolite. European Journal of Soil Science: 30(2): 347-355.",{"id":128,"year":129,"html":130,"doi":131},146102,1985,"van der Gaast, S. J. (1985) Small-Angle X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Morphology, and Structure of Allophane and Imogolite. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (3) 237-243 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1985.0330310'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1985.0330310\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1985.0330310",{"id":133,"year":129,"html":134,"doi":11},16112855,"Goodman, B.A., Russell, J.D., Montez, B., Oldfield, E., Kirkpatrick, R.J. (1985) Structural studies of imogolite and allophanes by aluminum-27 and silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 12: 342-346.",{"id":136,"year":137,"html":138,"doi":139},1389,1987,"Bayliss, P. (1987) Mineral nomenclature: imogolite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  51 (360) 327 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1987.051.360.18'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1987.051.360.18\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_51\u002F51-360-327.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1987.051.360.18",{"id":141,"year":142,"html":143,"doi":11},528419,1988,"Hawthorne, Frank C., Burke, Ernst A. J., Ercit, T. Scott, Grew, Edward S., Grice, Joel D., Jambor, John L., Puziewicz, Jacek, Roberts, Andrew C., Vanko, David A. (1988) New Mineral Names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  73 (1-2) 189-199 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM73\u002FAM73_189.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":145,"year":146,"html":147,"doi":148},146486,1989,"MacKenzie, K. J. D. (1989) Structure and Thermal Transformations of Imogolite Studied by 29Si and 27Al High-Resolution Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  37 (4) 317-324 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1989.0370404'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1989.0370404\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1989.0370404",{"id":150,"year":146,"html":151,"doi":11},16112857,"Wada, K. (1989) Chapter 21 Allophane and Imogolite. in Minerals in Soil Environments, Volume 1, Second Edition.",{"id":153,"year":154,"html":155,"doi":11},16112858,1994,"Ildefonse, Ph., Kirkpatrick, R.J., Montez, B., Calas, G., Flank, A.M., Lagarde, P. (1994) 27Al MAS NMR and Aluminum X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Study of Imogolite and Allophanes. Clays and Clay Minerals: 42(3): 276-287.",{"id":157,"year":154,"html":158,"doi":11},16112859,"Dahlgren, R.A. (1994) Quantification of Allophane and Imogolite: in Quantitative Methods in Soil Mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America, Inc.",{"id":160,"year":161,"html":162,"doi":11},16112860,2000,"Bursill, L.A., Peng, J.L., Bourgeois, L.N. (2000) Imogolite: an aluminosilicate nanotube material. Philosophical Magazine: A80: 105-117.",{"id":164,"year":165,"html":166,"doi":11},16965011,2001,"(2001) Imogolite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fimogolite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":168,"year":4,"html":169,"doi":170},12999897,"Jeute, Thomas, Baker, Leslie L., Bishop, Janice L., Abidin, Zaenal, Rampe, Elizabeth B. (2021) Spectroscopic analysis of allophane and imogolite samples with variable Fe abundance for characterizing the poorly crystalline components on Mars. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>, 106 (4) 527-540 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7329'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7329\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7329",[172,182],{"id":173,"source_url":174,"license_code":175,"credit_html":176,"title":177,"description":178,"author":179,"original_width":180,"original_height":181},12199,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=77149718","CC BY 3.0","Masashi Ookawa, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=77149718\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Imogolite soil.jpg","Photograph of natural imogolite films in soil","Masashi Ookawa",789,592,{"id":183,"source_url":184,"license_code":175,"credit_html":185,"title":186,"description":187,"author":179,"original_width":188,"original_height":189},12201,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=77149767","Masashi Ookawa, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=77149767\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Imogolite nanotubes SEM.jpg","SEM image of synthetic imogolite nanotubes",1280,960,[],[192,193],"Imogoliet","Imogolit",[195,199,203,207,211,214,217,220,224,227],{"lang":196,"names":197},"ca",[198],"imogolita",{"lang":200,"names":201},"de",[202],"Imogolith",{"lang":204,"names":205},"es",[206],"Imogolita",{"lang":208,"names":209},"et",[210],"imogoliit",{"lang":212,"names":213},"eu",[206],{"lang":215,"names":216},"fr",[7],{"lang":218,"names":219},"it",[7],{"lang":221,"names":222},"ja",[223],"芋子石",{"lang":225,"names":226},"pt",[7],{"lang":228,"names":229},"ta",[230],"இமோகோலைட்டு","Q797805",{"history":11,"applications":11}]