[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2156":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":11,"impurities":22,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":27,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":28,"strunz10ed1":29,"strunz10ed2":30,"strunz10ed3":31,"strunz10ed4":32,"dana8ed1":33,"dana8ed2":33,"dana8ed3":33,"dana8ed4":33,"csystem":34,"cclass":35,"spacegroup":35,"spacegroupset":33,"a":36,"b":37,"c":38,"alpha":39,"beta":40,"gamma":41,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":35,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":42,"tlform":11,"hmin":43,"hmax":44,"hardtype":45,"vhnmin":33,"vhnmax":33,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":46,"dmeas2":11,"dcalc":47,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":48,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":49,"streak":50,"colour":51,"commentcolor":11,"colors":52,"streak_colors":56,"luminescence":11,"uv":57,"cleavage":58,"cleavagetype":59,"fracturetype":60,"tenacity":61,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":62,"opticalsign":63,"opticalalpha":64,"opticalalpha2":65,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":66,"opticalbeta2":67,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":68,"opticalgamma2":69,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":33,"opticalomega2":33,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":33,"opticalepsilon2":33,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":33,"opticaln2":33,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":70,"optical2vcalc2":33,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":71,"optical2vmeasured2":72,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":73,"rimax":74,"opticaldispersion":75,"opticalpleochroism":76,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":77,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":78,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":79,"type_specimen_store":80,"description_short":81,"aboutname":82,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":83,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":84,"group_members":89,"associates":90,"confused_with":146,"type_localities":164,"occurrence_total":169,"citations":170,"images":336,"structures":449,"synonyms":472,"language_names":497,"wikidata_qid":804,"texts":805},2156,"1:1:2156:8","e11f045d-0c58-4e34-b45f-48aefd3e3ffe","Kaolinite","Kln",0,"mineral",null,11756,false,"Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",[17,18,19,20],"Al","Si","O","H",[17,18,19,20],"Fe,Mg,Na,K,Ti,Ca,H2O","15.8",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","Proposal 24-D is accepted, and neotype samples are defined for kaolinite. The type locality is the village of Gaoling, Jiangxi Province, China. Neotype material is deposited in the mineralogical collection of the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada, under catalogue numbers CMNMC 91699 [JDZ-K8] and CMNMC 91700 [JDZ-W1].","Anci","9","E","D","05","0","Triclinic",1,"5.13","8.89","7.25","90","104.5","89.8","Visible crystals extremely rare, typically 2-5 nanometer range, but may be up to 1.5 mm across.  Platy, pseudohexagonal.  Fibers and spheres have been observed using SEM imaging.",2,2.5,3,"2.68","2.63","Waxy,Pearly,Dull,Earthy","Translucent,Opaque","White, or paler than the sample.","White to cream and pale-yellow, also often stained various hues, tans and browns being common.",[53,54,55],"white","yellow","brown",[53],"Not fluorescent in UV.","on {001}.","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven,Conchoidal,Sub-Conchoidal,Micaceous","sectile","Biaxial","-","1.553","1.563","1.559","1.569","1.560","1.570","44","24","50",1.553,1.57,"none","Non-pleochroic","0.017","Numerous:  fillers and coatings in\u002Fon papers, for making china and various other earthenware items, an absorbant in dye tracers, a pore-forming enhancer for dye uptake in inks, as an absobant for spills, as a stain preventing coating on lithographic plate","A primary constiuent of clay beds formed by the decomposition of feldspar-bearing rocks.","Neotype material is deposited in the mineralogical collection of the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada, under catalogue numbers CMNMC 91699 [JDZ-K8] and CMNMC 91700 [JDZ-W1].","Mineral used in prehistoric times. Presumably the most important mineral in clay used in prehistoric pottery. The photo http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fphoto-620484.html shows the Sumerian symbol for clay: חלבנהπη in Hebrew and λός in Greek. Lutum in Latin. Kaol...","Named in 1637 by Song Yingxing for the ancient Chinese type locality \"Kaoling (Gaoling)\", meaning high ridge.","2026-05-09 15:21:04",[85],{"id":86,"name":87,"entrytype":43,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":88,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":33,"dcalc":33,"primary_image_id":11},9893,"Chrome-Kaolinite","(Al,Cr)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",[],[91,101,110,119,129,138],{"id":92,"name":93,"entrytype":9,"csystem":94,"ima_formula":95,"mindat_formula":95,"hmin":96,"hmax":97,"dmeas":98,"dcalc":99,"primary_image_id":100},161,"Alunite","Trigonal","KAl\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,4,"2.6","2.82",1009,{"id":102,"name":103,"entrytype":9,"csystem":94,"ima_formula":104,"mindat_formula":104,"hmin":105,"hmax":106,"dmeas":107,"dcalc":108,"primary_image_id":109},1787,"Goyazite","SrAl\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(PO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH)(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,5,"3.26","3.29",10303,{"id":111,"name":112,"entrytype":9,"csystem":113,"ima_formula":114,"mindat_formula":115,"hmin":106,"hmax":106,"dmeas":116,"dcalc":117,"primary_image_id":118},1992,"Hydroxylapatite","Hexagonal","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)","3.10","3.16",60353,{"id":120,"name":121,"entrytype":9,"csystem":122,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":124,"hmin":125,"hmax":125,"dmeas":126,"dcalc":127,"primary_image_id":128},2712,"Millisite","Tetragonal","NaCaAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,K)CaAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",5.5,"2.83","2.87",16278,{"id":130,"name":131,"entrytype":9,"csystem":132,"ima_formula":133,"mindat_formula":134,"hmin":105,"hmax":105,"dmeas":135,"dcalc":136,"primary_image_id":137},3287,"Prosopite","Monoclinic","CaAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>F\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","CaAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>F\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>[(OH)\u003Csub>4-x\u003C\u002Fsub>F\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>]","2.88","2.898",19989,{"id":139,"name":140,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":142,"hmin":106,"hmax":143,"dmeas":98,"dcalc":144,"primary_image_id":145},4060,"Turquoise","CuAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CuAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",6,"2.91",30885,[147,153,160],{"id":148,"name":149,"entrytype":9,"csystem":132,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":43,"hmax":44,"dmeas":150,"dcalc":151,"primary_image_id":152},1287,"Dickite","2.60","2.62",7207,{"id":154,"name":155,"entrytype":9,"csystem":132,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":156,"hmin":35,"hmax":43,"dmeas":157,"dcalc":158,"primary_image_id":159},1808,"Halloysite","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·n(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)","2","2.14",29835,{"id":161,"name":162,"entrytype":9,"csystem":132,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":43,"hmax":44,"dmeas":33,"dcalc":33,"primary_image_id":163},2826,"Nacrite",16952,[165],{"id":166,"txt":167,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":168},134782,"Gaoling Mine (Kauling Mine), Gaoling village, Ehu town, Fuliang Co., Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, China","China",5660,[171,174,178,183,186,191,195,199,203,206,210,213,218,223,227,231,235,240,245,250,255,259,263,268,272,276,280,285,290,295,300,304,309,313,318,323,327,332],{"id":172,"year":11,"html":173,"doi":11},16924951,"Daou, I., Mocuta, C., Lecomte-Nana, G.L., Tessier-Doyen, N., Peyratout, C., Guinebretière, R., Thiaudière, D. (2023): Dehydroxylation of Kaolinite and Halloysite-Rich Samples: An In Situ Study of the Texture and Structural Evolutions. Minerals, 13, 1418.",{"id":175,"year":176,"html":177,"doi":11},16113604,1930,"Ross, C.S., Kerr, P.F. (1930) The kaolin minerals. USGS Professional Paper 165-E: 151-176.",{"id":179,"year":180,"html":181,"doi":182},104710,1932,"Gruner, John W. (1932) The Crystal Structure of Kaolinite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  83 (1). 75-88 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1932.83.1.75'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1932.83.1.75\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1932.83.1.75",{"id":184,"year":180,"html":185,"doi":11},16086573,"Schoep, A. (1932) Sur une forme curieuse de la kaolinite trouvée dans la houille. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie, 42, 271.",{"id":187,"year":188,"html":189,"doi":190},4081188,1959,"BRINDLEY, G. W.; NAKAHIRA, M. (1959) The Kaolinite-Mullite Reaction Series: I, A Survey of Outstanding Problems. \u003Ci>Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  42 (7). 311-314 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1959.tb14314.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1959.tb14314.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1959.tb14314.x",{"id":192,"year":193,"html":194,"doi":11},523962,1963,"Bailey, S. W. (1963) Polymorphism of the kaolin minerals. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  48 (11-12) 1196-1209 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM48\u002FAM48_1196.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":196,"year":197,"html":198,"doi":11},524296,1965,"Wada, Koji (1965) Intercalation of water in kaolin minerals. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (7-8) 924-941 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM50\u002FAM50_924.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":200,"year":201,"html":202,"doi":11},16113608,1968,"Claude, L. (1968) Les gisements de kaolin en Ardennes. Service géologique de Belgique, Professional Paper 10.",{"id":204,"year":201,"html":205,"doi":11},16113609,"Conti L., Traversa G. (1968) Caolinite ottenuta per trasformazione idrotermale della biotite. Periodico di mineralogia –Roma: 605-624.",{"id":207,"year":208,"html":209,"doi":11},16100450,1969,"Bailey, S.W., Langston, R.B. (1969) Anauxite and kaolinite structure identical. Clays and Clay Minerals: 17: 241-243.",{"id":211,"year":208,"html":212,"doi":11},16100451,"Langston, R.B., Pask, J.A. (1969) The nature of anauxite. Clays and Clay Minerals: 16: 425-436.",{"id":214,"year":215,"html":216,"doi":217},5729265,1970,"Harder, H. (1970) Kaolinit-Synthese bei niedrigen Temperaturen. \u003Ci>Die Naturwissenschaften\u003C\u002Fi>, 57 (4). 193 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00592976'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00592976\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00592976",{"id":219,"year":220,"html":221,"doi":222},145477,1977,"Plançon, A. (1977) Determination of Structural Defects in Phyllosilicates by X-Ray Powder Diffraction—II. Nature and Proportion of Defects in Natural Kaolinites. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  25 (6) 436-450 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1977.0250610'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1977.0250610\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1977.0250610",{"id":224,"year":220,"html":225,"doi":226},4085196,"LEONARD, A. J. (1977) Structural Analysis of the Transition Phases in the Kaolinite-Mullite Thermal Sequence. \u003Ci>Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 60 (1). 37-43 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1977.tb16089.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1977.tb16089.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1977.tb16089.x",{"id":228,"year":229,"html":230,"doi":11},16113611,1980,"Keller, W.D., Hsia Cheng, Johns, W.D., Chi-Sheng Meng (1980) Kaolin from the original Kauling (Gaoling) Mine locality, Kiangsi Province, China. Clays and Clay Minerals: 28(2): 97-104.",{"id":232,"year":233,"html":234,"doi":11},17635202,1982,"Venugopal, J. S., Hirannaiah, B. V., Majumder, S. K. (1982) Dehydroxylation and Dehydration as Parameters For Characterisation of Clays - Part II: Kaolinites, Pyrophyllite and Talc. \u003Ci>Journal of the Geological Society of India\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (6). 300-306",{"id":236,"year":237,"html":238,"doi":239},341697,1986,"May, H.M., Klnniburgh, D.G., Helmke, P.A., Jackson, M.L. (1986) Aqueous dissolution, solubilities and thermodynamic stabilities of common aluminosilicate clay minerals: Kaolinite and smectites. \u003Ci>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (8) 1667-1677 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0016-7037(86)90129-8'>doi:10.1016\u002F0016-7037(86)90129-8\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0016-7037(86)90129-8",{"id":241,"year":242,"html":243,"doi":244},146482,1989,"Bish, D. L. (1989) Rietveld Refinement of Non-Hydrogen Atomic Positions in Kaolinite. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  37 (4) 289-296 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1989.0370401'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1989.0370401\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1989.0370401",{"id":246,"year":247,"html":248,"doi":249},9989865,1990,"Srikrishna, K., Thomas, G., Martinez, R., Corral, M. P., De Aza, S., Moya, J. S. (1990) Kaolinite-mullite reaction series: a TEM study. \u003Ci>Journal of Materials Science\u003C\u002Fi>, 25. 607-612 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00714083'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00714083\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00714083",{"id":251,"year":252,"html":253,"doi":254},146919,1993,"Bish, David L. (1993) Rietveld Refinement of the Kaolinite Structure at 1.5 K. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  41 (6) 738-744 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1993.0410613'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1993.0410613\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1993.0410613",{"id":256,"year":257,"html":258,"doi":11},1118654,1997,"Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine W.; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian; Rosenzweig, Abraham; King, Vandall T. (1997) \u003Ci>Dana's New Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. 1872 pp.",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":11},16113616,1998,"Farmer, V.C. (1998) Differing effects of particle size and shape in the infrared and Raman spectra of kaolinite. Clay Minerals: 33: 601-604.",{"id":264,"year":265,"html":266,"doi":267},16385968,2000,"Farmer, V.C. (2000) Transverse and longitudinal crystal modes associated with OH stretching vibrations in single crystals of kaolinite and dickite. \u003Ci>Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>, 56 (5) 927-930 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs1386-1425(99)00182-1'>doi:10.1016\u002Fs1386-1425(99)00182-1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fs1386-1425(99)00182-1",{"id":269,"year":270,"html":271,"doi":11},16965212,2001,"(2001) Kaolinite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fkaolinite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":273,"year":270,"html":274,"doi":275},2421353,"Frost, Ray L., Fredericks, Peter M., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Hope, Greg A. (2001) Raman spectroscopy of kaolinites using different excitation wavelengths. \u003Ci>Journal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>, 32 (8). 657-663 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjrs.722'>doi:10.1002\u002Fjrs.722\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fjrs.722",{"id":277,"year":270,"html":278,"doi":279},394339,"Balan, Etienne, Saitta, A. Marco, Mauri, Francesco, Calas, Georges (2001) First-principles modeling of the infrared spectrum of kaolinite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  86 (11) 1321-1330 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2001-11-1201'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2001-11-1201\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2001-11-1201",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":284},4094286,2004,"Lee, Sujeong, Kim, Youn Joong, Moon, Hi-Soo (2004) Phase Transformation Sequence from Kaolinite to Mullite Investigated by an Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscope. \u003Ci>Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 82 (10). 2841-2848 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1999.tb02165.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1999.tb02165.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1999.tb02165.x",{"id":286,"year":287,"html":288,"doi":289},395148,2005,"Balan, Etienne, Lazzeri, Michele, Saitta, A. Marco, Allard, Thierry, Fuchs, Yves, Mauri, Francesco (2005) First-principles study of OH-stretching modes in kaolinite, dickite, and nacrite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  90 (1) 50-60 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1675'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1675\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1675",{"id":291,"year":292,"html":293,"doi":294},396572,2010,"Balan, E., Delattre, S., Guillaumet, M., Salje, E. K. H. (2010) Low-temperature infrared spectroscopic study of OH-stretching modes in kaolinite and dickite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  95 (8) 1257-1266 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3447'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3447\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3447",{"id":296,"year":297,"html":298,"doi":299},409016,2014,"Balan, E., Calas, G., Bish, D. L. (2014) Kaolin-Group Minerals: From Hydrogen-Bonded Layers to Environmental Recorders. \u003Ci>Elements\u003C\u002Fi>,  10 (3) 183-188 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgselements.10.3.183'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgselements.10.3.183\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgselements.10.3.183",{"id":301,"year":297,"html":302,"doi":303},10365705,"Post, J.L., Crawford, S.M. (2014) Uses of near-infared spectra for the identification of clay minerals. \u003Ci>Applied Clay Science\u003C\u002Fi>, 95. 383-387 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2014.02.010'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2014.02.010\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2014.02.010",{"id":305,"year":306,"html":307,"doi":308},398375,2017,"He, Hongping, Ji, Shichao, Tao, Qi, Zhu, Jianxi, Chen, Tianhu, Liang, Xiaoliang, Li, Zhaohui, Dong, Hailiang (2017) Transformation of halloysite and kaolinite into beidellite under hydrothermal condition. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  102 (5) 997-1005 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2017-5935'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2017-5935\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2017-5935",{"id":310,"year":311,"html":312,"doi":11},16113620,2018,"Jige, Mayumi, Tetsuichi Takagi, Yoshio Takahashi, Minako Kurisu, Yuki Tsunazawa, Kazuya Morimoto, Mihoko Hoshino, and Katsuhiro Tsukimura, (2018) Fe-kaolinite in granite saprolite beneath sedimentary kaolin deposits: A mode of Fe substitution for Al in kaolinite. American Mineralogist, Volume 103, pages 1126–1135.",{"id":314,"year":315,"html":316,"doi":317},16527165,2023,"Sakharov, B. A., Drits, V. A. (2023) Structural Heterogeneity and Crystallinity Indices of Natural Kaolinites. \u003Ci>Lithology and Mineral Resources\u003C\u002Fi>, 58 (4) 273-290 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1134\u002Fs0024490223700116'>doi:10.1134\u002Fs0024490223700116\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1134\u002Fs0024490223700116",{"id":319,"year":320,"html":321,"doi":322},17074012,2024,"Rao, Wenxiu, Liu, Xin, Lv, Guocheng, Liu, Meng, Wang, Lijuan, Niu, Jinan, Li, Zhaohui, Liao, Libing (2024) Correlation between Hinckley index and stacking order-disorder in kaolinite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  109 (1) 135-143 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8830'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8830\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8830",{"id":324,"year":320,"html":325,"doi":326},17694594,"Sakharov, B. A.; Korshunov, D. M.; Drits, V. A. (2024) Determination of the Degree of Structural Heterogeneity of Kaolinites by the Decomposition of Their IR Spectra in the OH-Stretching Vibration Region. \u003Ci>Lithology and Mineral Resources\u003C\u002Fi>,  59 (6). 660-671 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1134\u002Fs0024490224700731'>doi:10.1134\u002Fs0024490224700731\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1134\u002Fs0024490224700731",{"id":328,"year":329,"html":330,"doi":331},18508455,2025,"Polcowñuk Iriarte, Iván Aitor; Mocciaro, Anabella; Rendtorff, Nicolás Maximiliano; Richard, Diego (2025) Dehydroxylation of Kaolinite: Evaluation of Activation Energy by Thermogravimetric Analysis and Density Functional Theory Insights. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (6).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin15060607'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin15060607\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin15060607",{"id":333,"year":329,"html":334,"doi":335},18519828,"Bosi, F.; Hatert, F.; Pasero, M.; Mills, S. J. (2025) IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) – Newsletter 85. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  37 (3). 337-342 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-37-337-2025'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-37-337-2025\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-37-337-2025",[337,344,354,359,368,373,382,391,395,404,411,421,431,440],{"id":338,"source_url":339,"license_code":340,"credit_html":341,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":342,"original_height":343},30007,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128765","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128765\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,861,{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":347,"credit_html":348,"title":349,"description":350,"author":351,"original_width":352,"original_height":353},12953,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=55955155","CC BY 2.0","James St. John https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fpeople\u002Fjsjgeology?rb=1, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=55955155\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kaolinite from Twiggs County in Georgia in USA.jpg","Kaolinite sample from Twiggs County, Georgia, USA. This sample is from the Cretaceous rocks of Georgia, where it occurs as lenses in paleodeltaic sands.","James St. John https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fpeople\u002Fjsjgeology?rb=1",1355,944,{"id":355,"source_url":356,"license_code":340,"credit_html":357,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":342,"original_height":358},30008,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65421","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65421\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",954,{"id":360,"source_url":361,"license_code":362,"credit_html":363,"title":364,"description":365,"author":366,"original_width":367,"original_height":367},12954,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86459944","CC BY 4.0","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86459944\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kaolinite Ixtassou MNHN Géologie.jpg","Kaolinite from Ixtassou, Pyrénées-Atlantique, France. Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris.","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",4500,{"id":369,"source_url":370,"license_code":362,"credit_html":371,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":342,"original_height":372},30009,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109684","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109684\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":374,"source_url":375,"license_code":340,"credit_html":376,"title":377,"description":378,"author":379,"original_width":380,"original_height":381},62112,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=37236062","GerritR, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=37236062\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kaolin auf Lipari 2.JPG","Kaolin in den Kaolingruben bei Castellaro, Lipari","GerritR",5184,3456,{"id":383,"source_url":384,"license_code":340,"credit_html":385,"title":386,"description":387,"author":388,"original_width":389,"original_height":390},12955,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720181","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720181\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 178 - Kaolinite (Nantes, France).jpg","Kaolinite, en provenance de Nantes (France), au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2624,2296,{"id":392,"source_url":393,"license_code":362,"credit_html":394,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":342,"original_height":372},30010,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114775","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114775\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":396,"source_url":397,"license_code":362,"credit_html":398,"title":399,"description":400,"author":401,"original_width":402,"original_height":403},12958,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=159733322","Artyom Svetlov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=159733322\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Moscow State University kaolinite 2025-02 1739112434.tif","kaolinite","Artyom Svetlov",2250,2402,{"id":405,"source_url":406,"license_code":340,"credit_html":407,"title":408,"description":387,"author":388,"original_width":409,"original_height":410},62126,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720183","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113720183\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 180 - Kaolinite (Nantes, France).jpg",4272,2848,{"id":412,"source_url":413,"license_code":414,"credit_html":415,"title":416,"description":417,"author":418,"original_width":419,"original_height":420},14397,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=289648","CC BY-SA 2.5","Eurico Zimbres (FGEL\u002FUERJ), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=289648\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","PseudoleucitaEZ.jpg","Pseudomorph of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fkaolinite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:kaolinite\">kaolinite\u003C\u002Fa> after \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fleucite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:leucite\">leucite\u003C\u002Fa>. Size: 1.5 × 1.5 cm. Specimens from Brazil, and belong to Professor José Luis Peixoto Neves (Faculty of Geology, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRio_de_Janeiro_State_University\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Rio de Janeiro State University\">UERJ\u003C\u002Fa>).","Eurico Zimbres (FGEL\u002FUERJ)",650,542,{"id":422,"source_url":423,"license_code":424,"credit_html":425,"title":426,"description":427,"author":428,"original_width":429,"original_height":430},28822,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162755","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162755\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Zinkenite-Kaolinite-224940.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZinkenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zinkenite\">Zinkenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKaolinite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kaolinite\">Kaolinite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Itos Mine, Oruro City, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCercado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cercado\">Cercado Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOruro_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Oruro Department\">Oruro Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-346.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.4 x 7.4 x 4.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Aesthetic diverging sprays of lustrous, flattened, black zinkenite crystals richly cover the 3-dimensional, platy, kaolinite matrix on this fine, rare, old-time specimen from the Itos Mine at Ouro City, Bolivia. This classic, seldom-seen combination specimen was collected by Sam Gordon on one of his several trips to Bolivia, Peru and Chile in the 1920s and 30s for the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. The old label of \"parakeeleyite\" means that the zinkenite had not been correctly identified, when collected. Confirmed by analysis, on my end, via Bart Cannon's lab.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,422,{"id":432,"source_url":433,"license_code":340,"credit_html":434,"title":435,"description":436,"author":437,"original_width":438,"original_height":439},39855,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82981065","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82981065\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 190708 photo (g28 g28-286 1 jpg).jpg","\"mineraalid\", \"kaoliniit?\", \"kondrodiit\", \"Kondrodiit\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92206\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F190708\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Mai Seppel",3169,2343,{"id":441,"source_url":442,"license_code":443,"credit_html":444,"title":445,"description":446,"author":447,"original_width":448,"original_height":342},51178,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=114758971","Public domain","Mark Joseph Wylie, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=114758971\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cryolite, Prosopite, Zinnwaldite, Smoky Quartz, Albite, Kaolinite, Triplite, Fluorite, Amazonite-434607.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCryolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cryolite\">Cryolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProsopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Prosopite\">Prosopite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZinnwaldite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zinnwaldite\">Zinnwaldite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSmoky_Quartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Smoky Quartz\">Smoky Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Albite\">Albite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKaolinite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kaolinite\">Kaolinite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTriplite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Triplite\">Triplite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Fluorite\">Fluorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of viw: 3 feet\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Morefield Mine (Morefield Pegmatite), Winterham, Amelia County, Virginia, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Cryolite in situ, a brown translucent pod of cryolite in a shell of lavender prosopite (25 × 70 cm). With blueish white & iron stain albite, gray quartz, blue green \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Famazonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:amazonite\">amazonite\u003C\u002Fa>, white kaolinite, pink & black triplite, dark green fluorite, and zinnwaldite mica. Photo by MWylie.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Mark Joseph Wylie",750,[450,457,462,466],{"id":451,"url":452,"label":453,"formula":454,"spacegroup":455,"year":456},7011,"\u002Fcif\u002F7011.cif","Lee 2020","Al1.992 Fe.016 Mg.008 Ca.012 Si1.956 Ti.018 O9 H4","C 1",2020,{"id":458,"url":459,"label":460,"formula":461,"spacegroup":455,"year":252},7013,"\u002Fcif\u002F7013.cif","Bish 1993","Al2 Si2 O9 H4",{"id":463,"url":464,"label":465,"formula":461,"spacegroup":455,"year":242},7014,"\u002Fcif\u002F7014.cif","Bish 1989",{"id":467,"url":468,"label":469,"formula":470,"spacegroup":471,"year":180},7015,"\u002Fcif\u002F7015.cif","Gruner 1932","Al2 Si2 O9","C 1 c 1",[473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496],"Ancudit","Ancudita","Ancudite","Cao lanh","Carnat","Clayite (of Mellor)","Cleît","Cleîte","Collyrinum","Collyrum","Creniadit","Creniadite","Fire clay","Kaoliini","Leucargilla","Lohestit","Lohestite","Marga Porcellana","Myelin","Neokaolin","Pholerit","Porcelain Clay","Porcelain Earth","Porzellanerde",[498,502,508,513,517,521,525,529,532,536,539,543,547,551,554,558,562,566,570,575,579,583,587,591,596,600,603,607,611,618,622,626,630,633,636,639,643,646,650,657,661,665,669,673,676,680,683,688,692,696,700,703,708,712,716,719,722,725,729,732,735,738,741,744,747,751,754,758,761,765,768,772,776,783,786,789,792,795,798,801],{"lang":499,"names":500},"af",[501],"Kaoliniet",{"lang":503,"names":504},"ar",[505,506,507],"كاؤولين","كاولين","كاولينيت",{"lang":509,"names":510},"ast",[511,512],"caolín","caolinita",{"lang":514,"names":515},"az",[516],"kaolinit",{"lang":518,"names":519},"be-tarask",[520],"каалініт",{"lang":522,"names":523},"bn",[524],"সাদামাটি",{"lang":526,"names":527},"ca",[528,512],"caolí",{"lang":530,"names":531},"cs",[516],{"lang":533,"names":534},"cy",[535],"kaolin",{"lang":537,"names":538},"da",[516],{"lang":540,"names":541},"de",[542],"Kaolinit",{"lang":544,"names":545},"el",[546],"Καολίνης",{"lang":548,"names":549},"eo",[550],"kaolinito",{"lang":552,"names":553},"es",[512],{"lang":555,"names":556},"et",[557],"kaoliniit",{"lang":559,"names":560},"eu",[561],"Kaolinita",{"lang":563,"names":564},"fa",[565],"کائولینیت",{"lang":567,"names":568},"fi",[569],"Kaoliniitti",{"lang":571,"names":572},"fr",[573,574,400],"1318-74-7","Al2Si2O5(OH)4",{"lang":576,"names":577},"frr",[578],"Kaoliniit",{"lang":580,"names":581},"ga",[582],"cré Shíneach",{"lang":584,"names":585},"gl",[586],"Caolinita",{"lang":588,"names":589},"gu",[590],"ચીનાઈ માટી",{"lang":592,"names":593},"he",[594,595],"קאולין","קאוליניט",{"lang":597,"names":598},"hi",[599],"चीनी मिट्टी",{"lang":601,"names":602},"hu",[516],{"lang":604,"names":605},"hy",[606],"Կաոլինիտ",{"lang":608,"names":609},"it",[610,7],"caolinite",{"lang":612,"names":613},"ja",[614,615,616,617],"カオリナイト","カオリン石","高陵土","高陵石",{"lang":619,"names":620},"kcg",[621],"tswuo",{"lang":623,"names":624},"kk",[625],"Каолинит",{"lang":627,"names":628},"kk-arab",[629],"كاولىينىيت",{"lang":631,"names":632},"kk-cn",[629],{"lang":634,"names":635},"kk-cyrl",[625],{"lang":637,"names":638},"kk-kz",[625],{"lang":640,"names":641},"kk-latn",[642],"Kaolïnït",{"lang":644,"names":645},"kk-tr",[642],{"lang":647,"names":648},"kn",[649],"ಚೀನೀ ಮಣ್ಣು",{"lang":651,"names":652},"ko",[653,654,655,656],"고령석","고령토","카오리나이트","카올린",{"lang":658,"names":659},"kw",[660],"Pri gwynn",{"lang":662,"names":663},"ky",[664],"каолинит",{"lang":666,"names":667},"lt",[668],"kaolinitas",{"lang":670,"names":671},"lv",[672],"Kaolinīts",{"lang":674,"names":675},"mk",[664],{"lang":677,"names":678},"mr",[679],"चिनी 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name comes from a hill. Kaolinite — the white clay mineral behind porcelain — is named after Kao-ling, a ridge in southern China that was mined for the raw material for centuries[1]. The Chinese term means \"high ridge\"[2].\n\nLong before chemists had a name for the mineral itself, the clay it forms was prized for making fine porcelain. The clay took the place name of its source. In 1637 the Chinese scholar Song Yingxing recorded the name for the type locality, Kaoling, meaning high ridge[2].\n\nThe word reached Europe through the porcelain trade. It was borrowed into English in 1727, from the 1712 French reports of the Jesuit missionary François Xavier d'Entrecolles[3]. He had described how the kilns at Jingdezhen made their porcelain. For two centuries \"kaolin\" named the clay, not a single mineral.\n\nThe mineral species itself was formalised later. In 1867 the American chemists Samuel William Johnson and James Manning Blake published *On Kaolinite and pholerite* in the *American Journal of Science*, separating the clay's dominant pure mineral and giving it the standard mineralogical name with the -ite suffix[4]. That distinction still holds today: kaolinite is the mineral species; kaolin is the rock — the workable clay, also called china clay — that kaolinite dominates[1].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":811,"model_version":808,"prompt_version":809,"reviewed_at":11},"Open a glossy magazine and you are holding kaolinite. About 40 percent of all mined kaolin goes into the filling and coating of paper[1]. As a filler, the clay is mixed into the cellulose fibre and becomes part of the sheet, giving it body, colour, opacity, and printability[1].\\\nAs a coating, it is spread with an adhesive across the paper's surface for gloss, opacity, and sharper printing[1]. For coating, the clay is ground so finely that most particles are under two micrometres across — about a fortieth of the width of a human hair[2]. Coating can make up a quarter of a sheet's weight; filler, about a sixth[3].\n\nThe second great use is ceramics. Kaolin fires white and melts only at high temperatures. That suits it to whiteware — the everyday name for china — along with porcelain and refractories, the heat-resistant materials that line furnaces[4]. In a whiteware body the clay is blended with roughly equal amounts of silica and feldspar, plus a smaller share of a plastic, light-burning clay called ball clay[4]. Kaolin can account for up to half the raw material in a whiteware mix[5].\n\nThe same fine white particles work as a cheap, inert filler elsewhere. Kaolin is mixed into rubber to improve its mechanical strength and resistance to abrasion[6]. In paints it serves as an extender and a flattening agent, the additive that dulls an otherwise glossy finish[6]. It is also a filler in plastics[7].\n\nMedicine and cosmetics take the purest grades. Kaolin-based preparations are used to treat diarrhea[8]. A kaolinite-derived material is woven into gauze to speed blood clotting. The United States Naval Medical Research Institute reported its successful use this way in 2008[9]. In cosmetics the clay is a filler in facial masks and soap[10].\n\nPaper, ceramics, and paint dominate the market: in 2016 they took 36, 31, and 7 percent of demand, the rest spread across other uses[11]. Global kaolin production was estimated at about 45 million tonnes in 2021[12]."]