[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2431":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":16,"key_elements":11,"impurities":11,"cim":17,"ima_status":18,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":20,"discovery_year":21,"strunz10ed1":22,"strunz10ed2":14,"strunz10ed3":23,"strunz10ed4":24,"dana8ed1":22,"dana8ed2":25,"dana8ed3":26,"dana8ed4":25,"csystem":27,"cclass":28,"spacegroup":29,"spacegroupset":30,"a":31,"b":30,"c":32,"alpha":30,"beta":30,"gamma":30,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":33,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":34,"tlform":35,"hmin":36,"hmax":37,"hardtype":38,"vhnmin":30,"vhnmax":30,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":39,"dmeas":40,"dmeas2":40,"dcalc":41,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":42,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":43,"streak":11,"colour":44,"commentcolor":11,"colors":45,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":11,"cleavagetype":11,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":11,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":49,"opticalsign":50,"opticalalpha":51,"opticalalpha2":30,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":51,"opticalbeta2":30,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":30,"opticalgamma2":30,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":30,"opticalomega2":30,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":30,"opticalepsilon2":30,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":30,"opticaln2":30,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":30,"optical2vcalc2":30,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":30,"optical2vmeasured2":30,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":52,"rimax":52,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":53,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":54,"otheroccurrence":55,"type_specimen_store":56,"description_short":57,"aboutname":58,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":59,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":60,"group_members":61,"associates":62,"confused_with":63,"type_localities":87,"occurrence_total":94,"citations":95,"images":157,"structures":168,"synonyms":185,"language_names":187,"wikidata_qid":332,"texts":333},2431,"1:1:2431:6","4c205d3f-fd47-4284-89db-039b69026f3d","Lonsdaleite","Lon",0,"mineral",null,33,false,"C",[14],[14],"1.27",[19],"APPROVED",1967,"1967","1","B","10b","3","6","Hexagonal",20,126,"0","2.51","4.12",4,"Fine grained aggregates","Black cubes and cubo-octahedrons up to about 0.7 mm in size.",7,8,3,"Handbook of Mineralogy gives \"3\". \"imperfections in natural Lonsdaleite reduce hardness, artificial material has tested harder than diamond (>10) , See Physical Review letters (2009). Wikipedia states “Lonsdaleite is simulated to be 58% harder than diamond on the \u003C100> face and to resist indentation pressures of 152 GPa, whereas diamond would break at 97 GPa.[21] This is yet exceeded by IIa diamond's \u003C111> tip hardness of 162 GPa.”","3.2","3.51","Adamantine","Transparent","Transparent brownish-yellow, grayish",[46,47,48],"yellow","brown","gray","Uniaxial","+\u002F-","2.404",2.404,"slight","Meteorite. Residue left from dissolving of the Canyon Diablo meteorite.","In meteorites and kimberlite.","Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 130245.","Originally described as an allotrope of carbon based on a hexagonal lattice (Bundy & Kasper, 1967).\r\n\r\nNémeth et al. (2014) demonstrated \"lonsdaleite\" to be a faulted and twinned cubic diamond. He also showed that other reported carbon polymorphs can b...","Named in honor of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (nee Yardley) (28 January 1903, Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland - 1 April 1971, London, England), crystallographer who established the structure of benzene by X-ray diffraction methods in 1929. She also worked on the synthesis of diamonds, and was a pioneer in the use of X-rays to study crystals.","2025-08-11 12:14:21",[],[],[],[64,70,78,84],{"id":65,"name":66,"entrytype":9,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":67,"hmax":68,"dmeas":30,"dcalc":69,"primary_image_id":11},1207,"Chaoite",1,2,"3.43",{"id":71,"name":72,"entrytype":9,"csystem":73,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":74,"hmax":74,"dmeas":75,"dcalc":76,"primary_image_id":77},1282,"Diamond","Isometric",10,"3.5","3.515",52311,{"id":79,"name":80,"entrytype":9,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":67,"hmax":68,"dmeas":81,"dcalc":82,"primary_image_id":83},1740,"Graphite","2.09","2.26",29804,{"id":85,"name":86,"entrytype":9,"csystem":73,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},470679,"Tartarosite",[88],{"id":89,"txt":90,"latitude":91,"longitude":92,"country":93},3317,"Canyon Diablo meteorite, Meteor Crater area, Coconino County, Arizona, USA",35.0280556,-111.0225,"USA",16,[96,99,102,105,108,112,116,120,124,129,133,137,140,144,149,153],{"id":97,"year":11,"html":98,"doi":11},16700968,"Nèmeth, P., Garvie, L.A.J., Salzmann, C. (2023): Canyon Diablo lonsdaleite is a nanocomposite containing c\u002Fh stacking disordered diamond and diaphite. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 381, 2259.",{"id":100,"year":20,"html":101,"doi":11},16115498,"Hanneman R.E., Strong H.M., Bundy, F.P. (1967) Hexagonal diamonds in meteorites: implications. Science: 155: 995-997.",{"id":103,"year":20,"html":104,"doi":11},16115499,"Bundy, F.P., Kasper, J.S. (1967) Hexagonal Diamond—A New Form of Carbon. Journal of Chemical Physics: 46(9): 3437-3446.",{"id":106,"year":20,"html":107,"doi":11},16155048,"Frondel, C., Marvin, U.B. (1967) Lonsdaleite, a hexagonal polymorph of diamond. American Mineralogist, 52, 1576.",{"id":109,"year":20,"html":110,"doi":111},2553614,"FRONDEL, CLIFFORD, MARVIN, URSULA B. (1967) Lonsdaleite, a Hexagonal Polymorph of Diamond. \u003Ci>Nature\u003C\u002Fi>, 214 (5088) 587-589 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002F214587a0'>doi:10.1038\u002F214587a0\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1038\u002F214587a0",{"id":113,"year":114,"html":115,"doi":11},16115500,1985,"Kaminskii, F.V., G.K. Blinova, E.M. Galimov, G.A. Gurkina, Y.A. Klyuev, L.A. Kodina, V.I. Koptil, V.F. Krivonos, L.N. Frolova, and A.Y. Khrenov (1985) Polycrystalline aggregates of diamond with lonsdaleite from Yakutian [Sakhan] placers. Mineral. Zhurnal: 7: 27-36.",{"id":117,"year":118,"html":119,"doi":11},16115501,2002,"He, Hongliang, Sekine, T. & Kobayashi, T. (2002) Direct transformation of cubic diamond to hexagonal diamond. Applied Physics Letters: 81(4): 610.",{"id":121,"year":122,"html":123,"doi":11},16965649,2005,"(2005) Lonsdaleite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Flonsdaleite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":125,"year":126,"html":127,"doi":128},10613278,2009,"Pan, Zicheng, Sun, Hong, Zhang, Yi, Chen, Changfeng (2009) Harder than Diamond: Superior Indentation Strength of Wurtzite BN and Lonsdaleite. \u003Ci>Physical Review Letters\u003C\u002Fi>, 102 (5).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.102.055503'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.102.055503\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.102.055503",{"id":130,"year":131,"html":132,"doi":11},16115503,2014,"Németh, Péter; Garvie, Laurence A.J.; Aoki, Toshihiro; Dubrovinskaia, Natalia; Dubrovinsky, Leonid and Buseck, Peter R. (2014) Lonsdaleite is faulted and twinned cubic diamond and does not exist as a discrete material. Nature Communications: 5: 5447.",{"id":134,"year":135,"html":136,"doi":11},16115504,2016,"Shiell, T., McCulloch, D. G., Bradby, J. E., Haberl, B., Boehler, R., & McKenzie, D. (2016). Nanocrystalline hexagonal diamond formed from glassy carbon. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-8.",{"id":138,"year":135,"html":139,"doi":11},16115505,"Kraus, D., Ravasio, A., Gauthier, M., Gericke, D.O., Vorberger, J.,Frydrych, S., Helfrich, J., Fletcher, L.B., Schaumann, G., Nagler, B., Barbrel, B., Bachmann, B., Gamboa, E.J., Goede, S., Granados, E., Gregori, G., Lee, H.J., Neumayer, P., Schumaker, W., Doeppner, T., Falcone, R.W., Glenzer, S.H., Roth, M. (2016) Nanosecond formation of diamond and lonsdaleite by shock compression of graphite. Nature Communications: 7: 10970.",{"id":141,"year":142,"html":143,"doi":11},16115506,2017,"Turneaure, Stefan J., Sharma, Surinder M., Volz, T.J., Winey, J. M., Gupta, Yogendra M. (2017) Transformation of shock-compressed graphite to hexagonal diamond in nanoseconds. Science Advances: 3(10): eaao3561.",{"id":145,"year":146,"html":147,"doi":148},16512420,2023,"Németh, Péter, Garvie, Laurence A. J. (2023) Questionable lonsdaleite identification in ureilite meteorites. \u003Ci>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003C\u002Fi>, 120 (20)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2304890120'>doi:10.1073\u002Fpnas.2304890120\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1073\u002Fpnas.2304890120",{"id":150,"year":146,"html":151,"doi":152},15824661,"Tomkins, Andrew G., Wilson, Nicholas C., MacRae, Colin, Salek, Alan, Field, Matthew, Brand, Helen E. A., Langendam, Andrew D., Stephen, Natasha R., Torpy, Aaron, Pintér, Zsanett, Jennings, Lauren A., McCulloch, Dougal (2023) Reply to Németh and Garvie: Evidence for lonsdaleite in ureilite meteorites. \u003Ci>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003C\u002Fi>, 120 (20)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2305559120'>doi:10.1073\u002Fpnas.2305559120\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1073\u002Fpnas.2305559120",{"id":154,"year":146,"html":155,"doi":156},16700287,"Németh, Péter, Garvie, Laurence A. J., Salzmann, Christoph G. (2023) Canyon Diablo lonsdaleite is a nanocomposite containing c\u002Fh stacking disordered diamond and diaphite. \u003Ci>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences\u003C\u002Fi>,  381 (2259)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1098\u002Frsta.2022.0344'>doi:10.1098\u002Frsta.2022.0344\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1098\u002Frsta.2022.0344",[158],{"id":159,"source_url":160,"license_code":161,"credit_html":162,"title":163,"description":164,"author":165,"original_width":166,"original_height":167},14703,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=45229780","CC BY 4.0","Hiroaki Ohfuji et al., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=45229780\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Popigai nanodiamonds.jpg","\u003Cp>Nanodiamonds found at Popigai impact structure, Russia.\u003Cbr>\n(a) Sample #05 composed purely of diamond.\u003Cbr>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n(b) Sample #08 composed of a mixture of diamond and small amount of lonsdaleite.","Hiroaki Ohfuji et al.",899,434,[169,175,181],{"id":170,"url":171,"label":172,"formula":14,"spacegroup":173,"year":174},7862,"\u002Fcif\u002F7862.cif","Fayos 1999","P 63\u002Fm m c",1999,{"id":176,"url":177,"label":178,"formula":14,"spacegroup":179,"year":180},7863,"\u002Fcif\u002F7863.cif","Yeh 1992","P 63 m c",1992,{"id":182,"url":183,"label":184,"formula":14,"spacegroup":173,"year":20},7864,"\u002Fcif\u002F7864.cif","Bundy 1967",[186],"IMA1966-044",[188,192,196,200,204,207,211,217,221,225,229,233,236,239,243,247,250,256,261,265,269,273,277,280,283,287,292,295,298,303,306,313,317,320,323,326,329],{"lang":189,"names":190},"ar",[191],"لونسداليت",{"lang":193,"names":194},"az",[195],"Lonsdeleit",{"lang":197,"names":198},"ca",[199],"lonsdaleïta",{"lang":201,"names":202},"cs",[203],"Lonsdaleit",{"lang":205,"names":206},"de",[186,203],{"lang":208,"names":209},"eo",[210],"Lonsdalito",{"lang":212,"names":213},"es",[214,215,216],"Lonsdaleíta","Lonsdaletita","Lonsdalita",{"lang":218,"names":219},"eu",[220],"Lonsdaleita",{"lang":222,"names":223},"fa",[224],"لونسدالیت",{"lang":226,"names":227},"fi",[228],"Lonsdaleiitti",{"lang":230,"names":231},"fr",[232],"lonsdaléite",{"lang":234,"names":235},"hr",[203],{"lang":237,"names":238},"hu",[203],{"lang":240,"names":241},"hy",[242],"Լոնսդեյլիտ",{"lang":244,"names":245},"id",[246],"Lonsadaleit",{"lang":248,"names":249},"it",[7],{"lang":251,"names":252},"ja",[253,254,255],"ロンズデーライト","六方晶ダイアモンド","六方晶ダイヤモンド",{"lang":257,"names":258},"ko",[259,260],"론스달라이트","론스달레이트",{"lang":262,"names":263},"mg",[264],"Lônsdaleita",{"lang":266,"names":267},"mk",[268],"лонсдејлит",{"lang":270,"names":271},"nb",[272],"Lonsdaleitt",{"lang":274,"names":275},"nl",[276],"lonsdaleïet",{"lang":278,"names":279},"no",[272],{"lang":281,"names":282},"pl",[203],{"lang":284,"names":285},"pt",[186,286,7],"lonsdaleíta",{"lang":288,"names":289},"ru",[290,291],"Лонсдалит","Лонсдейлит",{"lang":293,"names":294},"sk",[203],{"lang":296,"names":297},"sv",[203],{"lang":299,"names":300},"uk",[301,302],"Лонсдейліт","Лонсделеїт",{"lang":304,"names":305},"vi",[203,7],{"lang":307,"names":308},"zh",[309,310,311,312],"六方碳","六方金刚石","六方金剛石","藍絲黛爾石",{"lang":314,"names":315},"zh-cn",[316],"蓝丝黛尔石",{"lang":318,"names":319},"zh-hans",[316],{"lang":321,"names":322},"zh-hant",[312],{"lang":324,"names":325},"zh-hk",[312],{"lang":327,"names":328},"zh-sg",[316],{"lang":330,"names":331},"zh-tw",[312],"Q411827",{"history":11,"applications":11}]