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1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>]","(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Cu)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Al)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,O)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",1,1.5,"3.14","3.21",27216,{"id":523,"name":524,"entrytype":9,"csystem":149,"ima_formula":525,"mindat_formula":525,"hmin":314,"hmax":109,"dmeas":526,"dcalc":527,"primary_image_id":528},4333,"Xenotime-(Y)","Y(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","4.4","4.277",28346,[530,531,532,533,534],{"id":116,"name":117,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":118,"mindat_formula":119,"hmin":42,"hmax":42,"dmeas":120,"dcalc":121,"primary_image_id":122},{"id":153,"name":154,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":155,"mindat_formula":156,"hmin":42,"hmax":157,"dmeas":158,"dcalc":159,"primary_image_id":160},{"id":201,"name":202,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":203,"mindat_formula":203,"hmin":42,"hmax":43,"dmeas":204,"dcalc":205,"primary_image_id":206},{"id":213,"name":214,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":215,"mindat_formula":215,"hmin":42,"hmax":42,"dmeas":216,"dcalc":217,"primary_image_id":218},{"id":225,"name":226,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":227,"mindat_formula":227,"hmin":42,"hmax":43,"dmeas":228,"dcalc":229,"primary_image_id":230},[],16312,[538,541,544,548,552,557,561,565,569,573,576,581,586,591,596,600,603,607,611,616,621,626,631,636,640,644,649,653,657,662,666,670,674,679,684,689,693,698,702,706,709,713,717,722,726,729,734,739,744,748,752,757,762,767],{"id":539,"year":11,"html":540,"doi":11},17094878,"Byrne, J.M. & Amor, M. 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John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":570,"year":571,"html":572,"doi":11},523006,1958,"Hook, H. J. Van, Keith, M. L. (1958) The system Fe3O4-Mn3O4. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (1-2) 69-83 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM43\u002FAM43_69.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":574,"year":571,"html":575,"doi":11},16116096,"Schneiderhöhn (1958): I: 226-287.",{"id":577,"year":578,"html":579,"doi":580},180316,1964,"BUDDINGTON, A. F., LINDSLEY, D. H. (1964) Iron-Titanium Oxide Minerals and Synthetic Equivalents. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  5 (2) 310-357 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F5.2.310'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F5.2.310\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F5.2.310",{"id":582,"year":583,"html":584,"doi":585},788077,1972,"Johnson, H. P., Merrill, R. T. 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The Canadian Mineralogist: 18: 89-99.",{"id":608,"year":605,"html":609,"doi":610},364635,"Cawthorn, R. Grant, McCarthy, T.S. (1980) Variations in Cr content of magnetite from the upper zone of the Bushveld Complex — evidence for heterogeneity and convection currents in magma chambers. \u003Ci>Earth and Planetary Science Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  46 (3) 335-343 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0012-821x(80)90049-7'>doi:10.1016\u002F0012-821x(80)90049-7\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0012-821x(80)90049-7",{"id":612,"year":613,"html":614,"doi":615},200324,1981,"Fleet, M. E. 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Grant (1983) The geochemistry of vanadiferous magnetite in the bushveld complex: Implications for crystallization mechanisms in layered complexes. \u003Ci>Mineralium Deposita\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (3). 505-518 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00204494'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00204494\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00204494",{"id":627,"year":628,"html":629,"doi":630},222567,1984,"Fleet, M. E. (1984) The structure of magnetite: two annealed natural magnetites, Fe3.005O4 and Fe2.96Mg0.04O4. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications\u003C\u002Fi>,  40 (9) 1491-1493 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108270184008489'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108270184008489\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108270184008489",{"id":632,"year":633,"html":634,"doi":635},579096,1986,"Fleet, Michael E. 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(2001) Long Range Charge Ordering in Magnetite Below the Verwey Transition. \u003Ci>Physical Review Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  87 (26). 266401\u002F1-4 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.87.266401'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.87.266401\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.87.266401",{"id":694,"year":695,"html":696,"doi":697},16052495,2002,"Africano, F., Van Rompaey, G., Bernard, A., Le Guern, F (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. \u003Ci>Earth Planets and Space\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (3). 275-286 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002FBF03353027'>doi:10.1186\u002FBF03353027\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1186\u002FBF03353027",{"id":699,"year":700,"html":701,"doi":11},16111705,2003,"Cornell, R.M., Schwertmann, U. (2003) The iron oxides. Structure, properties, reactions, occurrences and uses. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.",{"id":703,"year":704,"html":705,"doi":11},16116118,2004,"Chen, J., Huang, D.J., Tanaka, A., Chang, C.F., Chung, S.C., Wu, W.B., Chen, C.T. (2004) Magnetic circular dichroism in Fe 2p resonant photoemission of magnetite. Physical Review B: 69: 085107-1-085107-8.",{"id":707,"year":704,"html":708,"doi":11},16116119,"Mills, A.A. (2004) The Lodestone: History, Physics, and Formation. Annals of Science: 61(3): 273-319.",{"id":710,"year":704,"html":711,"doi":712},924490,"Lazor, Peter; Shebanova, Olga N.; Annersten, Hans (2004) High‐pressure study of stability of magnetite by thermodynamic analysis and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. \u003Ci>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth\u003C\u002Fi>,  109 (B5). B05201 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2003jb002600'>doi:10.1029\u002F2003jb002600\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1029\u002F2003jb002600",{"id":714,"year":704,"html":715,"doi":716},10595251,"Huang, D. J., Chang, C. F., Jeng, H.-T., Guo, G. Y., Lin, H.-J., Wu, W. B., Ku, H. C., Fujimori, A., Takahashi, Y., Chen, C. T. (2004) Spin and Orbital Magnetic Moments of Fe3O4. \u003Ci>Physical Review Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  93 (7).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.93.077204'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.93.077204\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevlett.93.077204",{"id":718,"year":719,"html":720,"doi":721},395547,2006,"Pearce, C. I.; Henderson, C.M.B.; Pattrick, R.A.D.; van der Laan, G.; Vaughan, D.J. (2006) Direct determination of cation site occupancies in natural ferrite spinels by L2,3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  91 (5-6). 880-893 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2048'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2048\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2048",{"id":723,"year":724,"html":725,"doi":11},16116123,2007,"Nadin, E. (2007) The secret lives of minerals. Engineering & Science: 1: 10-20.",{"id":727,"year":724,"html":728,"doi":11},16965752,"(2007) Magnetite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fmagnetite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":730,"year":731,"html":732,"doi":733},225328,2012,"Nadoll, P., Mauk, J. L., Hayes, T. S., Koenig, A. E., Box, S. E. (2012) Geochemistry of Magnetite from Hydrothermal Ore Deposits and Host Rocks of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup, United States. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  107 (6) 1275-1292 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fecongeo.107.6.1275'>doi:10.2113\u002Fecongeo.107.6.1275\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fecongeo.107.6.1275",{"id":735,"year":736,"html":737,"doi":738},11901808,2013,"Chen, Y.H. (2013) Thermal properties of nanocrystalline goethite, magnetite, and maghemite. \u003Ci>Journal of Alloys and Compounds\u003C\u002Fi>, 553. 194-198 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jallcom.2012.11.102'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jallcom.2012.11.102\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.jallcom.2012.11.102",{"id":740,"year":741,"html":742,"doi":743},14229779,2014,"Ma, J.; Garlea, V. O.; Rondinone, A.; Aczel, A. A.; Calder, S.; dela Cruz, C.; Sinclair, R.; Tian, W.; Chi, Songxue; Kiswandhi, A.; et al. (2014) Magnetic and structural phase transitions in the spinel compound Fe1+xCr2−xO4. \u003Ci>Physical Review B\u003C\u002Fi>,  89 (13). 134106 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.89.134106'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.89.134106\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.89.134106",{"id":745,"year":741,"html":746,"doi":747},238244,"Nadoll, Patrick; Angerer, Thomas; Mauk, Jeffrey L.; French, David; Walshe, John (2014) The chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite: A review. \u003Ci>Ore Geology Reviews\u003C\u002Fi>,  61. 1-32 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2013.12.013'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2013.12.013\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2013.12.013",{"id":749,"year":741,"html":750,"doi":751},225006,"Hu, H.; Lentz, D.; Li, J.-W.; McCarron, T.; Zhao, X.-F.; Hall, D. (2014) Reequilibration processes in magnetite from iron skarn deposits. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  110 (1). 1-8 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fecongeo.110.1.1'>doi:10.2113\u002Fecongeo.110.1.1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fecongeo.110.1.1",{"id":753,"year":754,"html":755,"doi":756},2735614,2020,"Schwaminger, Sebastian P.; Syhr, Christopher; Berensmeier, Sonja (2020) Controlled Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Magnetite or Maghemite? \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  10 (3). 214 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst10030214'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst10030214\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2073-4352\u002F10\u002F3\u002F214\u002Fpdf?version=1584621786' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst10030214",{"id":758,"year":759,"html":760,"doi":761},17078427,2023,"Popov, V.A., Tsyganko, M.V. (2023) Benard cells – a possible mechanism of the formation of subaquatic and subfluidic stalactites. \u003Ci>МИНЕРАЛОГИЯ (MINERALOGY) [Mineralogy]\u003C\u002Fi>,  9 (3) 70-75 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.35597\u002F2313-545x-2023-9-3-5'>doi:10.35597\u002F2313-545x-2023-9-3-5\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fjournal.mineralogy.ru\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F10\u002F2023_9_3_5.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.35597\u002F2313-545x-2023-9-3-5",{"id":763,"year":764,"html":765,"doi":766},17648143,2024,"Wen, Guang, Li, Jian-Wei, Hofstra, Albert H., Harlov, Daniel E., Zhao, Xin-Fu, Lowers, Heather A., Koenig, Alan E. (2024) Trace element fractionation in magnetite as a function of Fe depletion from ore fluids at the Baijian Fe-(Co) skarn deposit, eastern China: Implications for Co mineralization in Fe skarns. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  109 (10).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2023-9105'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2023-9105\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2023-9105",{"id":768,"year":769,"html":770,"doi":771},18779585,2025,"Carpenter, Michael A.; Harrison, Richard J.; Shaw-Stewart, James; Adachi, Kanta; Senn, Mark S.; Howard, Christopher J. (2025) A linear\u002Fquadratic order parameter coupling description of the Verwey transition in magnetite, Fe\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials\u003C\u002Fi>,  81 (4). 427-436 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs2052520625004779'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs2052520625004779\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs2052520625004779",[773,780,789,799,807,817,827,837,847,856,864,872,879,887,893,902,911,919,928,936,944,952,960,967,975,983,992,1000,1007,1015,1023,1029,1035,1043,1049,1058,1068,1077,1087,1094,1103,1110,1117,1124,1133,1139,1147,1153,1160,1167,1174,1183,1188,1196,1205,1212,1220,1229,1235,1241,1248,1254,1262,1268,1274,1283],{"id":774,"source_url":775,"license_code":776,"credit_html":777,"title":778,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":779,"original_height":779},65576,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1629170","CC BY-SA 2.5","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1629170\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-ss-2007.jpg",1000,{"id":781,"source_url":782,"license_code":776,"credit_html":783,"title":784,"description":785,"author":786,"original_width":787,"original_height":788},65577,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7255185","Norbert Kaiser, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7255185\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetit (01tm).JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa> (Fe\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>), location: Serafimovka, Primorsky Krai, Russia.","Norbert Kaiser",2200,1947,{"id":790,"source_url":791,"license_code":792,"credit_html":793,"title":794,"description":795,"author":796,"original_width":797,"original_height":798},65581,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113752012","CC BY-SA 4.0","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113752012\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 589 - Magnétite (Suède).jpg","Magnétite, en provenance de Suède, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",3424,2740,{"id":800,"source_url":801,"license_code":792,"credit_html":802,"title":803,"description":804,"author":796,"original_width":805,"original_height":806},65582,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113752018","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113752018\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 595 - Magnétite.jpg","Magnétite, au Muséum de Nantes",2176,1924,{"id":808,"source_url":809,"license_code":810,"credit_html":811,"title":812,"description":813,"author":814,"original_width":815,"original_height":816},65583,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=117964236","CC BY-SA 2.0","Jan Helebrant, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=117964236\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","IMGP2025919 micro (51598030597).jpg","\u003Cp>magnetite Fe3O4\n- a nice magnetite octahedron crystal in green chlorite schist\nphoto taken with a digital microscope\nlocality: Sobotín, Czech Republic\nphoto (c) 2021 Jan Helebrant\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.juhele.blogspot.com\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.juhele.blogspot.com\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"noreferrer nofollow\">www.juhele.blogspot.com<\u002Fa>","Jan Helebrant",1920,1080,{"id":818,"source_url":819,"license_code":820,"credit_html":821,"title":822,"description":823,"author":824,"original_width":825,"original_height":826},65586,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=182901232","CC BY 4.0","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=182901232\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite Payún Matrú Minéraux SU.jpg","Magnetite from Payún Matrú volcano, Mendoza Province, Argentina. Sorbonne University mineral collection.","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",5504,7339,{"id":828,"source_url":829,"license_code":830,"credit_html":831,"title":832,"description":833,"author":834,"original_width":835,"original_height":836},33146,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3656102","CC BY 2.0","kevinzim \u002F Kevin Walsh, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3656102\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anorthosite-microsection.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnorthosite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Anorthosite\">Anorthosite\u003C\u002Fa>, with skeletal crystal of magnetite, cross polarized light. From the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBushveld_Igneous_Complex\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bushveld Igneous Complex\">Bushveld Igneous Complex\u003C\u002Fa>","kevinzim \u002F Kevin Walsh",1024,683,{"id":838,"source_url":839,"license_code":840,"credit_html":841,"title":842,"description":843,"author":844,"original_width":845,"original_height":846},52895,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6318615","CC BY-SA 3.0","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6318615\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dysanalyt - Magnet Cove, Arkansas, USA.jpg","Dysanalyte, Variety of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>, containing Niobium and Sodium","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2300,1600,{"id":848,"source_url":849,"license_code":830,"credit_html":850,"title":851,"description":852,"author":853,"original_width":854,"original_height":855},68423,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516053","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516053\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calciocarbonatite (sovite) (Magnet Cove Carbonatite, mid-Cretaceous; Cove Creek, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA) 1 (14820217984).jpg","\u003Cp>Calciocarbonatite (sövite) from the Cretaceous of Arkansas, USA. (10.1 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Central Arkansas has  famous “igneous limestone” unit called the Magnet Cove Carbonatite.  The Magnet Cove is a mid-Cretaceous ring dike complex in the Arkansas Alkaline Province.  The sample shown above is calciocarbonatite (a.k.a. sövite), dominated by the mineral calcite (= whitish to very light grayish).  Other minerals in this material include apatite, magnetite, monticellite, phlogopite, and spinel.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Age: late Albian to Cenomanian, mid-Cretaceous, 96-102 Ma\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Cove Creek, northern Hot Spring County, central Arkansas, USA","James St. John",928,853,{"id":857,"source_url":858,"license_code":830,"credit_html":859,"title":860,"description":861,"author":853,"original_width":862,"original_height":863},76201,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657721","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657721\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnetite (apparently a skarn) (Middle Miocene; garnet vein near Kouse Magnetite Mine, near Tenkawa, Honshu Island, Japan) 1 (33051068083).jpg","\u003Cp>Garnetite from the Miocene of Japan. (~4.2 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a coarsely-crystalline, garnet-dominated, crystalline metamorphic rock called garnetite.  Garnet is a group of silicate minerals.  These are andradite garnets, a calcium-iron variety of garnet (ideally Ca3Fe2Si3O12).  When tilted at certain angles in the light, many of the crystals have a rainbow iridescence (click on the photo to zoom in and look around - iridescence does show up in this picture in places).  Mineral collectors call this material \"rainbow garnet\".  Studies have shown that the iridescence is caused by thin film, two-beam interference and light diffraction (see Hainschwang & Notari, 2006).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Available geologic information indicates that this is a garnetite skarn.  Skarns are contact metamorphic rocks, formed by heating and chemical alteration from a nearby igneous intrusion.  In this case, the Omine Granite intruded the area during the Middle Miocene and altered the surrounding country rocks.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: garnet vein near the abandoned Kouse Magnetite Mine, near the town of Tenkawa, Toshino District, Nara Prefecture, southern Honshu Island, southern Japan\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>See also:\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116\u003C\u002Fa>\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116<\u002Fa>\nand\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662\u003C\u002Fa>\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662<\u002Fa>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Reference cited:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nHainschwang & Notari (2006) - The cause of iridescence in rainbow andradite from Nara, Japan.  Gems & Gemology 42: 248-258. (<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf<\u002Fa>)",2093,2038,{"id":865,"source_url":866,"license_code":830,"credit_html":867,"title":868,"description":869,"author":853,"original_width":870,"original_height":871},76202,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657722","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657722\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnetite (apparently a skarn) (Middle Miocene; garnet vein near Kouse Magnetite Mine, near Tenkawa, Honshu Island, Japan) 2 (33864429995).jpg","\u003Cp>Garnetite from the Miocene of Japan. (~4.0 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a coarsely-crystalline, garnet-dominated, crystalline metamorphic rock called garnetite.  Garnet is a group of silicate minerals.  These are andradite garnets, a calcium-iron variety of garnet (ideally Ca3Fe2Si3O12).  When tilted at certain angles in the light, many of the crystals have a rainbow iridescence (click on the photo to zoom in and look around - iridescence does show up in this picture in places).  Mineral collectors call this material \"rainbow garnet\".  Studies have shown that the iridescence is caused by thin film, two-beam interference and light diffraction (see Hainschwang & Notari, 2006).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Available geologic information indicates that this is a garnetite skarn.  Skarns are contact metamorphic rocks, formed by heating and chemical alteration from a nearby igneous intrusion.  In this case, the Omine Granite intruded the area during the Middle Miocene and altered the surrounding country rocks.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: garnet vein near the abandoned Kouse Magnetite Mine, near the town of Tenkawa, Toshino District, Nara Prefecture, southern Honshu Island, southern Japan\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>See also:\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116\u003C\u002Fa>\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116<\u002Fa>\nand\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662\u003C\u002Fa>\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662<\u002Fa>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Reference cited:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nHainschwang & Notari (2006) - The cause of iridescence in rainbow andradite from Nara, Japan.  Gems & Gemology 42: 248-258. (<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf<\u002Fa>)",2204,2289,{"id":873,"source_url":874,"license_code":830,"credit_html":875,"title":876,"description":869,"author":853,"original_width":877,"original_height":878},76203,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657723","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657723\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnetite (apparently a skarn) (Middle Miocene; garnet vein near Kouse Magnetite Mine, near Tenkawa, Honshu Island, Japan) 3 (33020706364).jpg",2065,2115,{"id":880,"source_url":881,"license_code":830,"credit_html":882,"title":883,"description":884,"author":853,"original_width":885,"original_height":886},76204,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657728","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657728\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnetite (apparently a skarn) (Middle Miocene; garnet vein near Kouse Magnetite Mine, near Tenkawa, Honshu Island, Japan) 4 (33823364746).jpg","\u003Cp>Garnetite from the Miocene of Japan. (~3.8 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a coarsely-crystalline, garnet-dominated, crystalline metamorphic rock called garnetite.  Garnet is a group of silicate minerals.  These are andradite garnets, a calcium-iron variety of garnet (ideally Ca3Fe2Si3O12).  When tilted at certain angles in the light, many of the crystals have a rainbow iridescence (click on the photo to zoom in and look around - iridescence does show up in this picture in places).  Mineral collectors call this material \"rainbow garnet\".  Studies have shown that the iridescence is caused by thin film, two-beam interference and light diffraction (see Hainschwang & Notari, 2006).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Available geologic information indicates that this is a garnetite skarn.  Skarns are contact metamorphic rocks, formed by heating and chemical alteration from a nearby igneous intrusion.  In this case, the Omine Granite intruded the area during the Middle Miocene and altered the surrounding country rocks.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: garnet vein near the abandoned Kouse Magnetite Mine, near the town of Tenkawa, Toshino District, Nara Prefecture, southern Honshu Island, southern Japan\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>See also:\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116\u003C\u002Fa>\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37659507116<\u002Fa>\nand\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662\u003C\u002Fa>\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Ffinnchaga\u002F37674616662<\u002Fa>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Reference cited:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nHainschwang & Notari (2006) - The cause of iridescence in rainbow andradite from Nara, Japan.  Gems & Gemology 42: 248-258. (<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN06A4.pdf<\u002Fa>)",2088,2067,{"id":888,"source_url":889,"license_code":830,"credit_html":890,"title":891,"description":884,"author":853,"original_width":892,"original_height":736},76205,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657729","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657729\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnetite (apparently a skarn) (Middle Miocene; garnet vein near Kouse Magnetite Mine, near Tenkawa, Honshu Island, Japan) 5 (33864429845).jpg",2089,{"id":894,"source_url":895,"license_code":840,"credit_html":896,"title":897,"description":898,"author":899,"original_width":900,"original_height":901},8457,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10139390","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10139390\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-118736.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Cerro Huañaquino, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-33874.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6 x 5.8 x 2.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A recent batch of magnetite specimens from Bolivia was exceptional in the size of the crystals, their sharpness and luster, and the absence of the typical corroded, oxidized crystals that can sometimes detract. These crystals measure to over 1 cm on edge, 1.5 cm tip-to-tip.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",686,700,{"id":903,"source_url":904,"license_code":840,"credit_html":905,"title":906,"description":907,"author":908,"original_width":909,"original_height":910},8459,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11052142","Archaeodontosaurus, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11052142\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite.jpg","Group of rhombododecahedral {110} \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fmagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:magnetite\">magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>  crystals with octahedral {111} \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fpyrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:pyrite\">pyrite\u003C\u002Fa> \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality : Brosso Mine, Cálea, Léssolo, Canavese District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProvince_of_Turin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Province of Turin\">Torino Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPiedmont\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Piedmont\">Piedmont\u003C\u002Fa>, Italy\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : 11.2x7.9x4.2 cm - xls Magnetite 1.6 cm;  xls Pyrite1.9 cm  - Specimen mined year 1979 Salvere section.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Archaeodontosaurus",5977,3953,{"id":912,"source_url":913,"license_code":840,"credit_html":914,"title":915,"description":916,"author":899,"original_width":917,"original_height":918},8458,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10465588","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10465588\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hematite-Magnetite-t08-27d.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHematite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hematite\">Hematite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Payún volcano, Altiplano de Payún Matru, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMendoza\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mendoza\">Mendoza\u003C\u002Fa>, Argentina (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7958.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7.9 x 5.1 x 3.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Hematite pseudomorph after Magnetite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a complete floater that features several stacked octahedrons of lustrous, dark metallic hematite after magnetite. The octahedrons reach 2.5 cm across and if you observe carefully, the three crystals on top of the stack exhibit incipient hopper growth though not so much that they mar the octohedral form as yet. This is a pristine floater, complete all around, with better lustre in person than appears here!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",370,400,{"id":920,"source_url":921,"license_code":820,"credit_html":922,"title":923,"description":924,"author":925,"original_width":926,"original_height":927},8461,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588356","Slashme, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588356\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite section.jpg","Magnetit, Fundort Irkutsk, Sibirien, Russland","Slashme",3453,2920,{"id":929,"source_url":930,"license_code":830,"credit_html":931,"title":932,"description":933,"author":853,"original_width":934,"original_height":935},8730,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=35256923","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=35256923\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-holmquistite-epidote meta-BIF, eastern coastal Sweden.jpg","\u003Cp>Meta-BIF (meta-banded iron formation) (6.3 cm across) from the Precambrian of Sweden.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This strongly magnetic rock is a multiply-metamorphosed banded iron formation that comes from the waste rock piles of old Swedish iron mines (active from the 1100s to the late 1870s).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock is composed principally of magnetite, epidote, holmquistite amphibole, and carbonate.  Holmquistite is a rare amphibole that contains lithium - it's chemical formula is Li2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 - lithium magnesium hydroxy-aluminosilicate.  On this rock's top surface, the holmquistite consists of very dark bluish needles, best seen near the lower left corner.  This particular rock comes from the type locality for holmquistite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This rock has been metamorphosed more than once.  A previously-existing meta-BIF was contact metamorphosed by intrusion of Nyköpingsgruvan  pegmatitic granites and lithium pegmatites during the late Paleoproterozoic, at 1.8 Ga.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: spoils piles at Utö Mines, Utö, Stockholm Archipelago, Haninge Municipality, Stockholm County, eastern coastal Sweden.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Reference on the geology of Utö, Sweden:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nMansfeld, J.  2012.  The Geology of Utö, Excursion Guide.  9 pp.",3736,1952,{"id":937,"source_url":938,"license_code":830,"credit_html":939,"title":940,"description":941,"author":853,"original_width":942,"original_height":943},5229,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483945","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483945\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 3.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~3.5 centimeters across along the base)\n\u003Cp>Dull brassy & brownish-brassy area at center to lower right = pyrrhotite\nTarnished brassy gold along the perimeter = chalcopyrite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",2785,2221,{"id":945,"source_url":946,"license_code":830,"credit_html":947,"title":948,"description":949,"author":853,"original_width":950,"original_height":951},8462,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483946","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483946\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 2.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Tarnished brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nBrownish-brassy & dull brassy area at right (& scattered elsewhere) = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",3578,2238,{"id":953,"source_url":954,"license_code":840,"credit_html":955,"title":956,"description":957,"author":899,"original_width":958,"original_height":959},65578,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10429382","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10429382\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcopyrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcopyrite\">Chalcopyrite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAggeneys\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aggeneys\">Aggeneys\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Cape\">Northern Cape Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-53702.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7 x 6 x 4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>MAGNETITE in Chalcopyrite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>I had never heard of anything from this mine except a few strangely formed rhodochrosites, until Charlie's Collection surfaced. He has a whole suite of strange sulfide combinations from this locality, for example this one featuring sharp alpine-quality magnetite in contrasting chalcopyrite matrix. The largest magnetite is 2 cm across. This is the best matrix specimen out of the whole lot of about 2 flats, which he had accumulated over the years from a worker at the mine. Ex. Charlie Key Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,720,{"id":961,"source_url":962,"license_code":830,"credit_html":963,"title":964,"description":941,"author":853,"original_width":965,"original_height":966},8463,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483951","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483951\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 4.jpg",2833,2203,{"id":968,"source_url":969,"license_code":830,"credit_html":970,"title":971,"description":972,"author":853,"original_width":973,"original_height":974},5230,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483952","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483952\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 5.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Tarnished brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nDull brassy gold area at left = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",3514,2251,{"id":976,"source_url":977,"license_code":830,"credit_html":978,"title":979,"description":980,"author":853,"original_width":981,"original_height":982},5231,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483953","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483953\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 6.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (cut & polished surface; ~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Yellow brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nLight grayish-brown = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",3345,2258,{"id":984,"source_url":985,"license_code":792,"credit_html":986,"title":987,"description":988,"author":989,"original_width":990,"original_height":991},8460,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129557529","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129557529\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite, Pfitscher Joch, Zillertaler Alpen, Austria-8795.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa> - Place of discovery: Pfitscher Joch, Zillertaler Alpen, Austria","Raimond Spekking",5420,3752,{"id":993,"source_url":994,"license_code":830,"credit_html":995,"title":996,"description":997,"author":853,"original_width":998,"original_height":999},39293,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483947","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483947\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 1.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Tarnished brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nDull brassy area at left (& scattered elsewhere) = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",3155,2360,{"id":1001,"source_url":1002,"license_code":830,"credit_html":1003,"title":1004,"description":980,"author":853,"original_width":1005,"original_height":1006},36166,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483957","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483957\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 7.jpg",3575,2445,{"id":1008,"source_url":1009,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1010,"title":1011,"description":1012,"author":1013,"original_width":958,"original_height":1014},685,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1399423","Siim Sepp, 2006, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1399423\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Diorite2 pmg ss 2006.jpg","Igneous rock diorite. Photomicrograph with plane polarized light. The width of the view is approximately 0,2 cm. Main minerals are plagioclase (white), hornblende (green) and magnetite (black). Plagioclase is sericitic (covered with fine muscovite flakes) because of hydrothermal alteration.","Siim Sepp, 2006",533,{"id":1016,"source_url":1017,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1018,"title":1019,"description":1020,"author":899,"original_width":1021,"original_height":1022},5434,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79059283","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79059283\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chlorapatite, Calcite, Laumontite, Magnetite-571991.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorapatite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chlorapatite\">Chlorapatite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLaumontite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Laumontite\">Laumontite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cp>Dimensions: 6.4 cm x 5 cm x 4.7 cm\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dashkesan Co-Fe deposit (Dashkezan), Dashkesan, Daşkəsən District (Daskasan; Dashkyasan), Azerbaijan\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Textbook hexagonal, lustrous, partially translucent, grayish-green chlorapatite crystal is aesthetically set in matrix. Patches of glassy, complex calcite rhombs with snow-white laumontite lathes attractively flank the crystal. The dense matrix includes crystallized, magnetic magnetite crystals. Specimens of this quality and combination are rare from this locale, better known for fine andradite, magnetite and quartz specimens. Ex. Bob Trimingham Collection\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",465,362,{"id":1024,"source_url":1025,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1026,"title":1027,"description":1020,"author":899,"original_width":1021,"original_height":1028},5440,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79059284","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79059284\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chlorapatite, Calcite, Laumontite, Magnetite-571992.jpg",441,{"id":1030,"source_url":1031,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1032,"title":1033,"description":1020,"author":899,"original_width":1021,"original_height":1034},5441,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79059286","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79059286\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chlorapatite, Calcite, Laumontite, Magnetite-571993.jpg",592,{"id":1036,"source_url":1037,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1038,"title":1039,"description":1040,"author":899,"original_width":1041,"original_height":1042},6550,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166189","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166189\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-Chalcopyrite-Galena-244475.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcopyrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcopyrite\">Chalcopyrite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGalena\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Galena\">Galena\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAggeneys\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aggeneys\">Aggeneys\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Cape\">Northern Cape Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-53702.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.5 x 4 x 3.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An outstanding combination piece of Magnetite, Chalcopyrite, and Galena, all with superb metallic luster from this little known locality. While the Chalcopyrite is crudely crystallized and the sharp cubic Galena was probably cleaved during mining, the Magnetites, particularly the main crystal on top, are superb. This .7 cm on edge Magnetite is a classic octahedron with the edges strongly modified by the dodecahedron, creating beautiful beveled edges and perfect triangular faces. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",425,500,{"id":1044,"source_url":1045,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1046,"title":1047,"description":1040,"author":899,"original_width":1042,"original_height":1048},6551,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166190","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166190\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-Chalcopyrite-Galena-244476.jpg",367,{"id":1050,"source_url":1051,"license_code":1052,"credit_html":1053,"title":1054,"description":1055,"author":1056,"original_width":1057,"original_height":835},8714,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=55214811","Public domain","Philip Thibodeau, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=55214811\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gedrite-Magnetite-448448.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGedrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gedrite\">Gedrite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 50mm x 30mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Beaver Meadow Road - State Route 9 Interchange, Haddam, Middlesex Co., Connecticut, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: The crystal mass seen here is gedrite. The feldspar matrix contains enough grains of magnetite to make the whole specimen magnetic. (Note the magnet hanging on the back.)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Philip Thibodeau",768,{"id":1059,"source_url":1060,"license_code":1061,"credit_html":1062,"title":1063,"description":1064,"author":1065,"original_width":1066,"original_height":1067},10528,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476679","CC0 1.0","Creator:Mike Davis, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476679\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bijiki Schist (grunerite-magnetite rock) (GeoDIL number - 412).jpg","This rather unusual rock from Michigamme, Michigan, is a very fine grained schist. The top surface is mostly black-green fine grained grunerite (Fe-amphibole); beneath it is a layer of fine grained black magnetite. The sample is 9.5 cm across.","Creator:Mike Davis",2524,1794,{"id":1069,"source_url":1070,"license_code":792,"credit_html":1071,"title":1072,"description":1073,"author":1074,"original_width":1075,"original_height":1076},13314,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83317732","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83317732\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kimzeyite-magnetite.jpg","Black icometric crystals of the rare mineral kimzeyite associated to octahedral black magnetite. From: Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, United States of America.","David Hospital",877,667,{"id":1078,"source_url":1079,"license_code":1080,"credit_html":1081,"title":1082,"description":1083,"author":1084,"original_width":1085,"original_height":1086},13316,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=110902156","CC BY 3.0","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=110902156\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kimzeyite, Magnetite-171039.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKimzeyite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kimzeyite\">Kimzeyite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 2.4 cm x 1.1 cm x 1.1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Kimzeyite (brown\u002Fblack) on Magnetite (gray\u002Fsilver). The kimzeyite crystal is 6 mm., and is about as sharp as this rare zirconium-garnet gets. Collected by Clyde Hardin and once in his personal collection. John Fender specimen, Kelly Nash photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Kelly Nash",1494,1358,{"id":1088,"source_url":1089,"license_code":1080,"credit_html":1090,"title":1091,"description":1092,"author":1084,"original_width":1008,"original_height":1093},14568,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=71381929","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=71381929\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Linnaeite, Magnetite-502087.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLinnaeite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Linnaeite\">Linnaeite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Gladhammar Mines, Västervik, Småland, Sweden\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Lustrous, steel-gray, crude octahedral crystal of linnaite in magnetite matrix. Field of view = 3 mm. Collected by I. Johansson, 1990, via Dave Shannon. K. Nash specimen and photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",501,{"id":1095,"source_url":1096,"license_code":1061,"credit_html":1097,"title":1098,"description":1099,"author":1100,"original_width":1101,"original_height":1102},17193,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163479943","Darla Sondrol, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163479943\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native iron and magnetite (GeoDIL number - 882).jpg","This basalt sample contains pieces of what appears to be native iron. Some of the iron has oxidized to produce magnetite and hematite. However, natural iron is probably not “native” to Earth since it rarely occurs on the Earth's surface by terrestrial processes. It is mostly derives from meteorites that have impacted the Earth's surface. This specimen is about 7 cm across.","Darla Sondrol",2674,1872,{"id":1104,"source_url":1105,"license_code":1080,"credit_html":1106,"title":1107,"description":1108,"author":1084,"original_width":835,"original_height":1109},19104,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759462","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759462\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite - Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co, Arkansas, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>, variety \"Dysanalite\" (niobium-rich), 1.6 x 1.5 x 1.4 cm - Locality: Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA",846,{"id":1111,"source_url":1112,"license_code":830,"credit_html":1113,"title":1114,"description":1115,"author":853,"original_width":862,"original_height":1116},20869,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=94960630","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=94960630\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calciocarbonatite (sövite) (Magnet Cove Carbonatite, mid-Cretaceous; Cove Creek, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA) 12.jpg","Igneous calcite from the Cretaceous of Arkansas, USA.\n\u003Cp>Carbonatites are essentially “igneous limestones”.  That's pretty odd when you think about it.  Carbonatites are rare igneous rocks - some are intrusive (formed deep underground by relatively slow cooling of magma), but some are demonstrably extrusive (formed at the Earth's surface by relatively quick cooling of lava).  They are principally composed of carbonate minerals (hence the term \"carbonatite\"), including calcite (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2 - calcium magnesium carbonate), siderite (FeCO3 - iron carbonate), and sodium & potassium carbonate minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Carbonatites composed of calcite are called calciocarbonatites.  Those with sodium-rich carbonate minerals are natrocarbonatites.  Examples with a significant dolomite component are magnesiocarbonatites.  If a significant siderite component is present, they're called ferrocarbonatites.  Calciocarbonatites are the most common variety - they tend to be very coarsely crystalline.  An alternate rock name for calciocarbonatite is sövite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This sample is a partial large calcite crystal showing rhombohedral cleavage.  It's from a calciocarbonatite body in central Arkansas' Magnet Cove Carbonatite, a mid-Cretaceous ring dike complex.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geologic unit: Magnet Cove Carbonatite, Arkansas Alkaline Province, late Albian to Cenomanian, mid-Cretaceous, 96-102 Ma\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Cove Creek, northern Hot Spring County, central Arkansas, USA",1737,{"id":1118,"source_url":1119,"license_code":1080,"credit_html":1120,"title":1121,"description":1122,"author":1123,"original_width":835,"original_height":1057},27215,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=72328627","John Sobolewski, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=72328627\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriite, Magnetite-627472.jpg","Thin striated and bronze colored film on massive black Magnetite. From: Little Chief Mine, Whitehorse Copper Belt, Whitehorse mining district, Yukon, Canada","John Sobolewski",{"id":1125,"source_url":1126,"license_code":810,"credit_html":1127,"title":1128,"description":1129,"author":1130,"original_width":1131,"original_height":1132},27614,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118201696","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118201696\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Vonsenite (Paigeite) with Magnetite (48002871612).jpg","Iwate Prefecture, Japan","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",6000,4000,{"id":1134,"source_url":1135,"license_code":810,"credit_html":1136,"title":1137,"description":1138,"author":1130,"original_width":1131,"original_height":1132},27615,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118201703","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118201703\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Vonsenite (Paigeite) with Magnetite (48002888263).jpg","\u003Cp>Swift River\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nYukon, Canada",{"id":1140,"source_url":1141,"license_code":830,"credit_html":1142,"title":1143,"description":1144,"author":853,"original_width":1145,"original_height":1146},31138,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=95371270","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=95371270\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-pyrite-actinolite rock (Jurassic, 156-162 Ma; Mina 5, Marcona Magnetite Deposit, Ica Department, Peru) 4.jpg","Magnetite-pyrite-actinolite rock from the Jurassic of Peru.\n\u003Cp>Rocks of the Jurassic-aged Marcona Magnetite Deposit in southern Peru are mined for their iron content.  The deposit has been called a skarn (= contact metamorphic deposit), but it appears to be a magmatic deposit - the magnetite crystallized from an iron oxide-rich melt (see Chen et al., 2010).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This particular sample is consistent with mineralization stage M-III of Chen et al. (2010) - it has magnetite (= black, Fe3O4 - iron oxide), pyrite (= brassy gold, FeS2 - iron sulfide), and actinolite amphibole (= dark green, Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2 - calcium magnesium iron hydroxy-silicate).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Age: Late Jurassic, 156 to 162 Ma\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Mina 5, Marcona Magnetite Deposit, southern Nazca Province, southern Ica Department, southern Peru (15° 11' 31.40\" South latitude, 74° 07' 42.70\" West longitude)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Some info. from:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nChen et al. (2010) - The Marcona Magnetite Deposit, Ica, south-central Peru: a product of hydrous, iron oxide-rich melts?  Economic Geology 105: 1441-1456.",3705,2330,{"id":1148,"source_url":1149,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1150,"title":1151,"description":1152,"author":899,"original_width":959,"original_height":958},31283,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175142","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175142\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetite-Adularia-37787.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Binn Valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWallis\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wallis\">Wallis (Valais)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3235.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This superb crystal is lustrous and razor sharp (and 1.7 cm long) – as good a Magnetite as you can reasonably hope to find. The crystal is complete all around save for a contact on the backside, and is definitely of competition quality! Alpine magnetites of this quality are highly desirable, extremely rare, and valued very highly in Europe. For a thumbnail, it is particularly well-balanced aesthetically. Add in the associations and matrix, and you have a fantastic specimen here. 2.7 x 2.2 x 1.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":1154,"source_url":1155,"license_code":1052,"credit_html":1156,"title":1157,"description":1158,"author":1159,"original_width":958,"original_height":958},31300,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955792","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955792\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aegirine - Acmite in syenite Sodium iron silicate Magnet Cove Hot Springs County Arkansas 2000.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",{"id":1161,"source_url":1162,"license_code":1080,"credit_html":1163,"title":1164,"description":1165,"author":1084,"original_width":1166,"original_height":835},32801,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12823485","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12823485\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anatase - Jones Mill Quarry, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co, Arkansas, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnatase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Anatase\">Anatase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Jones Mill (Martin Marietta) Quarry (Highway 51 Quarry; Mid-State Quarry), Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co., Arkansas, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Anatase on Quartz, 4 cm. x 0.9 cm. x 0.6 cm., the anatase crystals are about 2 mm. long. Collected in 1998. Ex-Clyde Hardin Collection. John Fender specimen, Kelly Nash photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",731,{"id":1168,"source_url":1169,"license_code":1080,"credit_html":1170,"title":1171,"description":1172,"author":1084,"original_width":1173,"original_height":835},34295,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11347907","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11347907\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Augite - Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co, Arkansas, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Augite\">Augite\u003C\u002Fa> (Size: 4.5 cm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>collected by Clyde Hardin in 1973, from the “Moore House, North Cove Creek” locality, and from his personal collection. Not a \"killer\" specimen, but a fairly unusual mineral and large crystal for the Cove. John Fender specimen\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",755,{"id":1175,"source_url":1176,"license_code":792,"credit_html":1177,"title":1178,"description":1179,"author":1180,"original_width":1181,"original_height":1182},36513,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46131456","Geomartin, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46131456\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mt Mulga-magnetite-chalcopyrite-bornite.JPG","Magnetite (light grey), chalcopyrite (yellow) and bornit (brown) ind barite (dark grey, low relief) - quartz (dark grey, high relief) matrix\n\u003Cp>Mt Mulga barite mine, Olary region, South Australia\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nImage width: 2.96mm","Geomartin",2048,1536,{"id":1184,"source_url":1185,"license_code":1052,"credit_html":1186,"title":1187,"description":1158,"author":1159,"original_width":958,"original_height":958},39838,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956021","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956021\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chondrodite with magnetite and silicate Basic magnesium fluosilicate Tilly Foster Mine, Brewster, Putnam County, New York 2659.jpg",{"id":1189,"source_url":1190,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1191,"title":1192,"description":1193,"author":899,"original_width":1194,"original_height":1195},39840,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126237","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126237\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chondrodite-Magnetite-37952.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChondrodite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chondrodite\">Chondrodite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tilly Foster mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBrewster\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Brewster\">Brewster\u003C\u002Fa>, Putnam County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_York\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New York\">New York\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4004.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The isolated red gemmy crystals of Chondrodite that you see here are classic, and this particular occurrence from the Tilly Foster Mine has the rare association with Magnetite. Small xls but of high quality! 2.8 x 2.6 x 2.1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,569,{"id":1197,"source_url":1198,"license_code":792,"credit_html":1199,"title":1200,"description":1201,"author":1202,"original_width":1203,"original_height":1204},50717,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=148199848","Ringwoodit, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=148199848\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cordierit-Magnetit-Hornfels XPL.jpg","Cordierit-Magnetit-Hornfels, Dünnschliff, XPL","Ringwoodit",5616,3744,{"id":1206,"source_url":1207,"license_code":840,"credit_html":1208,"title":1209,"description":1210,"author":1211,"original_width":958,"original_height":1014},54659,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1399636","No machine-readable author provided. Siim assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1399636\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Diorite pmg ss 2006.jpg","\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FUser:Siim\" title=\"User:Siim\">Siim Sepp\u003C\u002Fa>, 2006\nIgneous rock diorite. Photomicrograph with crossed polars. The width of the view is approximately 0,15 cm. \n\u003C\u002Fp>\nMain minerals are plagioclase, hornblende and magnetite.","No machine-readable author provided. Siim assumed (based on copyright claims).",{"id":1213,"source_url":1214,"license_code":830,"credit_html":1215,"title":1216,"description":1217,"author":853,"original_width":1218,"original_height":1219},61123,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516027","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516027\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilmenite-magnetite (Oka Carbonatite Complex, Early Cretaceous, 124-125 Ma; Oka Niobium Mine, Quebec, Canada) (14820239444).jpg","\u003Cp>Ilmenite & magnetite mass (4.0 cm across) with minor calcite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Oka Carbonatite Complex is located in Quebec, Canada.  It’s a large body of alkaline igneous rocks intruded through Precambrian metamorphics.  The Oka occurs in the western part of the Canadian Shield’s Monteregian Hills Province.  Published research indicates that Oka rocks cooled from magma produced by partial melting of upper mantle rocks (inferred to be metasomatized garnet lherzolites).  The rocks in the complex contain some rare elements, including economic concentrations of niobium (Nb).  Several mines exploit Oka rocks for their Nb content.  Oka rocks include coarsely-crystalline calciocarbonatites (a.k.a. sövites; a.k.a. C1 calciocarbonatites), alnoites, ijolites, and okaites.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Age: mid-Barremian Stage, mid-Early Cretaceous, 124-125 million years.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Oka Niobium Mine, southeastern part of the Oka Hills, Oka Hills Inlier, Deux-Montagnes County, just west of Montreal & Laval, far-southern Quebec Province, southeastern Canada.",694,701,{"id":1221,"source_url":1222,"license_code":1061,"credit_html":1223,"title":1224,"description":1225,"author":1226,"original_width":1227,"original_height":1228},65375,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476793","Nessa Eull, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476793\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Jacupirangite (GeoDIL number - 451).jpg","Jacupirangite is a type of ijolite, a term used to refer to any plutonic rock containing nepheline and 30-60% mafic minerals. Jacupirangite is one of the more mafic varieties of ijolite. It is hard to identify minerals in this hand specimen. In thin section this sample appears to be dominated by pyroxene (probably titanaugite). It also contains lesser amounts of nepheline, biotite and magnetite. This sample is 8.5 cm across.","Nessa Eull",2518,1938,{"id":1230,"source_url":1231,"license_code":810,"credit_html":1232,"title":1233,"description":1234,"author":1130,"original_width":1132,"original_height":1131},66014,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202409","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202409\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganosite with Zincite, Magnetite, and Red Fluorescing Calcite (47859408602).jpg","\u003Cp>Franklin\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nNew Jersey, USA",{"id":1236,"source_url":1237,"license_code":810,"credit_html":1238,"title":1239,"description":1240,"author":1130,"original_width":1132,"original_height":1131},66015,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202411","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202411\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganosite with Zincite and Magnetite (47859408732).jpg","\u003Cp>Frankline Furnace\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nNew Jersey, USA",{"id":1242,"source_url":1243,"license_code":1080,"credit_html":1244,"title":1245,"description":1246,"author":1084,"original_width":835,"original_height":1247},73335,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759493","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759493\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite2 - Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co, Arkansas, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>, penetration twin (9 mm) - Locality: Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA",897,{"id":1249,"source_url":1250,"license_code":810,"credit_html":1251,"title":1252,"description":1253,"author":1130,"original_width":1132,"original_height":1131},80871,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118197084","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118197084\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Stilpnomelane with Magnetite and Quartz (48603381241).jpg","\u003Cp>Texada Mine\nGillies Bay - Texada Island\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBritish Columbia, Canada",{"id":1255,"source_url":1256,"license_code":830,"credit_html":1257,"title":1258,"description":1259,"author":853,"original_width":1260,"original_height":1261},83156,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84515757","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84515757\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Melanite andradite garnet (Magnet Cove Complex, mid-Cretaceous; Diamond Joe Quarry, Arkansas, USA) (31885398654).jpg","\u003Cp>Melanite andradite garnet in matrix from the Cretaceous of Arkansas, USA. (crystal is 8.5 mm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are about 5400 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals.  All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry.  \"Silica\" refers to SiO2 chemistry.  The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4.  Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens \"belong\" to each silicon.  The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Garnet is a group of silicate minerals.  Garnets are expected to be red to dark red in color - many of them are, but several garnet varieties can be other colors, including purple, orange, olive green, deep green, and black.  Garnets form 12-sided crystals (dodecahedrons) or crystals with even more faces on them.  The crystals become more and more rounded as the crystal face number increases.  Garnet has a nonmetallic, glassy luster, whitish streak, is quite hard (H = 7), has no cleavage, and has conchoidal fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Common examples of garnet include almandine, grossular, spessartine, and andradite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Andradite is the most common variety of calcium garnet.  Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet (Ca3Fe2Si3O12 - calcium iron silicate).  It varies in color from yellowish to greenish to brownish to blackish.  Green, chromium-bearing andradite is called demantoid.  Black, titanium-bearing andradite is called melanite (e.g., sample shown above).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geologic unit: Magnet Cove Complex, Albian-Cenomanian Stages, mid-Cretaceous\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Diamond Joe Quarry, central Arkansas, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of melanite garnet:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=7443\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=7443\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=7443<\u002Fa>",714,571,{"id":1263,"source_url":1264,"license_code":810,"credit_html":1265,"title":1266,"description":1267,"author":1130,"original_width":1131,"original_height":1132},84721,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118194555","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118194555\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriite with Magnetite and Bornite (48603494112).jpg","\u003Cp>New Imperial Mines - Whitehorse\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nYukon Territory, Canada",{"id":1269,"source_url":1270,"license_code":810,"credit_html":1271,"title":1272,"description":1273,"author":1130,"original_width":1131,"original_height":1132},84722,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118197216","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118197216\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriite with Magnetite (48603401851).jpg","\u003Cp>Little Chief Mine - Whitehorse\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nYukon Territory, Canada",{"id":1275,"source_url":1276,"license_code":792,"credit_html":1277,"title":1278,"description":1279,"author":1280,"original_width":1281,"original_height":1282},84724,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162673533","Lodewicus de Honsvels, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162673533\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriit-Bornit-Magnetit.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FValleriite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Valleriite\">Valleriite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Weight: 668.5 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Marbridge Mine, Malarctic District, Quebec, Kanada\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Lodewicus de Honsvels",7302,4852,{"id":1284,"source_url":1285,"license_code":792,"credit_html":1286,"title":1287,"description":1288,"author":1280,"original_width":1131,"original_height":1289},84725,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162674430","Lodewicus de Honsvels, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=162674430\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Valleriit-Bornit-Magnetit 2.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FValleriite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Valleriite\">Valleriite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBornite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bornite\">Bornite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMagnetite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Magnetite\">Magnetite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Weight: 152.1 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Little Chief, San Udo, Quebec, Kanada\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3992,[1291,1297,1302,1307,1312],{"id":1292,"url":1293,"label":1294,"formula":1295,"spacegroup":1296,"year":731},8269,"\u002Fcif\u002F8269.cif","Glazyrin 2012","Fe3 O4","F d 3 m",{"id":1298,"url":1299,"label":1300,"formula":1295,"spacegroup":1296,"year":1301},8286,"\u002Fcif\u002F8286.cif","Bosi 2009 · Fe3 O4",2009,{"id":1303,"url":1304,"label":1305,"formula":1306,"spacegroup":1296,"year":1301},8287,"\u002Fcif\u002F8287.cif","Bosi 2009 · Fe2.904 Ti.096 O4","Fe2.904 Ti.096 O4",{"id":1308,"url":1309,"label":1310,"formula":1311,"spacegroup":1296,"year":1301},8288,"\u002Fcif\u002F8288.cif","Bosi 2009 · Fe2.902 Ti.098 O4","Fe2.902 Ti.098 O4",{"id":1313,"url":1314,"label":1315,"formula":1316,"spacegroup":1296,"year":1301},8289,"\u002Fcif\u002F8289.cif","Bosi 2009 · Fe2.814 Ti.186 O4","Fe2.814 Ti.186 O4",[1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354],"Aimant","Aimantine","Diamagnetite","Eisenmohr","Eisenmulm","Eisenoxydoxydul","Fer oxydé magnétique","Fer oxydulé","Ferro magnetico","Ferro ossidolato","Ferroferrit","Ferroferrita","Ferroferrite","Hammerschlag","Heraclion","Hierro magnético","Loadstone","Magnet","Magneteisenerz","Magneteisenstein","Magneti amica","Magnetic Iron Ore","Magnetischer Eisenstein","Magnetjernmalm","Magnetjernstein","Minera Ferri attractoria","Minera ferri nigricans","Morpholit","Morpholite","Octahedral Iron Ore","Oxydulated Iron","Sideritis","Siegelstein","Svertmalm","Syderit","Syderita","Syderite",[1356,1360,1369,1373,1377,1381,1385,1388,1392,1396,1400,1405,1410,1414,1419,1424,1428,1431,1437,1440,1444,1448,1457,1461,1464,1468,1472,1475,1479,1482,1486,1489,1493,1497,1502,1506,1509,1513,1516,1519,1522,1526,1529,1533,1536,1539,1543,1546,1550,1553,1557,1561,1564,1568,1571,1575,1578,1582,1586,1592,1596,1599,1602,1605,1608,1611,1614,1617,1621,1625,1629,1633,1636,1639,1643,1648,1651,1654,1657,1660,1663],{"lang":1357,"names":1358},"af",[1359],"Magnetiet",{"lang":1361,"names":1362},"ar",[1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368],"أكسيد الحديد الأسود","الماجنتيت","الماغنتيت","ماجنتيت","ماغنتيت","مغنيتيت",{"lang":1370,"names":1371},"ast",[1372],"Magnetita",{"lang":1374,"names":1375},"az",[1376],"Maqnetit",{"lang":1378,"names":1379},"be",[1380],"Магнетыт",{"lang":1382,"names":1383},"be-tarask",[1384],"Магнэтыт",{"lang":1386,"names":1387},"be-x-old",[1384],{"lang":1389,"names":1390},"bg",[1391],"Магнетит",{"lang":1393,"names":1394},"bn",[1395],"ম্যাগনেটাইট",{"lang":1397,"names":1398},"bs",[1399],"Magnetit",{"lang":1401,"names":1402},"ca",[1403,1404],"magnetita","òxid ferrós fèrric",{"lang":1406,"names":1407},"cs",[1408,1409],"magnetit","magnetovec",{"lang":1411,"names":1412},"da",[1408,1413],"magnetjernsten",{"lang":1415,"names":1416},"de",[1417,1321,1322,1323,1328,1418,1336,1337,1399,1345],"Eisenhammerschlag","Magneteisen",{"lang":1420,"names":1421},"el",[1422,1423],"Επιτεταρτοξείδιο του σιδήρου","Μαγνητίτης",{"lang":1425,"names":1426},"eo",[1427],"magnetito",{"lang":1429,"names":1430},"es",[1403],{"lang":1432,"names":1433},"et",[1434,1435,1436],"magnetiit","magnetrauamaak","must rauamaak",{"lang":1438,"names":1439},"eu",[1372],{"lang":1441,"names":1442},"fa",[1443],"مگنتیت",{"lang":1445,"names":1446},"fi",[1447],"magnetiitti",{"lang":1449,"names":1450},"fr",[1451,1452,1319,1453,1324,1325,1330,1454,1455,1346,1456],"1309-38-2","1317-61-9","Diamagnétite","Héraclion","magnétite","Pierre d'aimant",{"lang":1458,"names":1459},"ga",[1460],"maighnéidít",{"lang":1462,"names":1463},"gl",[1372],{"lang":1465,"names":1466},"he",[1467],"מגנטיט",{"lang":1469,"names":1470},"hi",[1471],"मैग्नेटाइट",{"lang":1473,"names":1474},"hr",[1399],{"lang":1476,"names":1477},"ht",[1478],"Mayetit",{"lang":1480,"names":1481},"hu",[1408],{"lang":1483,"names":1484},"hy",[1485],"Մագնետիտ",{"lang":1487,"names":1488},"id",[1399],{"lang":1490,"names":1491},"is",[1492],"Magnetít",{"lang":1494,"names":1495},"it",[1496],"magnetite",{"lang":1498,"names":1499},"ja",[1500,1501],"マグネタイト","磁鉄鉱",{"lang":1503,"names":1504},"ka",[1505],"მაგნეტიტი",{"lang":1507,"names":1508},"kk",[1391],{"lang":1510,"names":1511},"kk-arab",[1512],"ماگنەتىيت",{"lang":1514,"names":1515},"kk-cn",[1512],{"lang":1517,"names":1518},"kk-cyrl",[1391],{"lang":1520,"names":1521},"kk-kz",[1391],{"lang":1523,"names":1524},"kk-latn",[1525],"Magnetït",{"lang":1527,"names":1528},"kk-tr",[1525],{"lang":1530,"names":1531},"ko",[1532],"자철석",{"lang":1534,"names":1535},"ky",[1391],{"lang":1537,"names":1538},"li",[1359],{"lang":1540,"names":1541},"lt",[1542],"magnetitas",{"lang":1544,"names":1545},"mk",[1391],{"lang":1547,"names":1548},"ml",[1549],"മാഗ്നറ്റൈറ്റ്",{"lang":1551,"names":1552},"mn",[1391],{"lang":1554,"names":1555},"nb",[1556],"magnetitt",{"lang":1558,"names":1559},"nl",[1560],"magnetiet",{"lang":1562,"names":1563},"nn",[1556],{"lang":1565,"names":1566},"no",[1567],"Magnetitt",{"lang":1569,"names":1570},"oc",[1372],{"lang":1572,"names":1573},"pl",[1574],"magnetyt",{"lang":1576,"names":1577},"pt",[1403,7],{"lang":1579,"names":1580},"qu",[1581],"Winchu",{"lang":1583,"names":1584},"ro",[1408,1585],"Oxid feroferic",{"lang":1587,"names":1588},"ru",[1589,1590,1591],"магнетит","Магнетитный песок","Магнитный железняк",{"lang":1593,"names":1594},"scn",[1595],"magnititi",{"lang":1597,"names":1598},"sco",[1496],{"lang":1600,"names":1601},"sh",[1399],{"lang":1603,"names":1604},"sk",[1408,1409],{"lang":1606,"names":1607},"sl",[1408],{"lang":1609,"names":1610},"sr",[1391],{"lang":1612,"names":1613},"sr-ec",[1391],{"lang":1615,"names":1616},"sr-el",[1399],{"lang":1618,"names":1619},"sv",[1408,1620],"Svartmalm",{"lang":1622,"names":1623},"sw",[1624],"Maginetiti",{"lang":1626,"names":1627},"tr",[1628],"Manyetit",{"lang":1630,"names":1631},"uk",[1589,1632],"магнітний залізняк",{"lang":1634,"names":1635},"uz",[1399],{"lang":1637,"names":1638},"vi",[1399],{"lang":1640,"names":1641},"wuu",[1642],"磁铁矿",{"lang":1644,"names":1645},"zh",[1646,1647,1642],"氧化铁（II，III）","磁鐵礦",{"lang":1649,"names":1650},"zh-cn",[1642],{"lang":1652,"names":1653},"zh-hans",[1642],{"lang":1655,"names":1656},"zh-hant",[1647],{"lang":1658,"names":1659},"zh-hk",[1647],{"lang":1661,"names":1662},"zh-sg",[1642],{"lang":1664,"names":1665},"zh-tw",[1647],"Q181395",{"history":1668,"applications":1672},{"markdown":1669,"model_version":1670,"prompt_version":1671,"reviewed_at":11},"The story of magnetite begins long before it had that name. Lumps of the mineral lying on the ground occasionally carry a permanent magnetic field — they cling to iron and to each other. Ancient peoples noticed[1].\n\nThe earliest written record of this attraction comes from Greece in the 6th century BCE. The philosopher Thales of Miletus is credited with describing the way certain stones pulled iron toward themselves[2]. A separate tradition in China runs in parallel: the *Book of the Devil Valley Master*, a text from the 4th century BCE, contains the earliest Chinese literary reference to the same property[3].\n\nBy the 2nd century BCE, Chinese geomancers — practitioners of an earth-divination craft — were carving lodestone into a *south-pointing spoon*[4]. The ladle's handle settled toward the south when set on a polished bronze plate. This was the ancestor of the magnetic compass. The mineral had earned a job before it earned a modern name.\n\nThe compass took another thousand years to reach Europe. The first European mention is by the English scholar Alexander Neckam, around 1190[5]. By that point the magnetic stone was widely known as **lodestone** — Middle English for *leading stone*, from an obsolete sense of *lode* meaning a journey or way; the Oxford English Dictionary glosses it more bluntly as *way-stone*, after its role in guiding mariners[6]. The English name lodestone is recorded for the mineral as early as 1548[7].\n\nThe modern name **magnetite** is much younger. In 1845, the Austrian mineralogist Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger formalised it, drawing on the ancient Greek region of Magnesia, long associated with the magnetic stones[8].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":1673,"model_version":1670,"prompt_version":1671,"reviewed_at":11},"Magnetite is, first and above all, iron ore. Together with hematite it supplies the metal that becomes nearly every steel object made. Roughly 98 percent of mined iron ore ends up in steelmaking[1]. Magnetite carries 72.4 percent iron by weight, the highest of any common iron mineral[2].\n\n### As iron ore\n\nThe ore is reduced in blast furnaces to **pig iron** — crude high-carbon iron tapped molten from the furnace — or to **sponge iron**, the porous solid produced by reducing the ore without melting. Both feed the conversion to steel[3]. Most magnetite extracted today comes from **banded iron formations** — finely layered sedimentary rocks where iron-rich bands alternate with silica. In North America these are known as **taconite**[4]. The rock is hard and the magnetite grains are fine: the ore must be ground to between 32 and 45 µm before a low-silica concentrate can be magnetically separated out[4].\n\nThe world's largest concentrated source is the Pilbara region of Western Australia, currently producing about 844 million tonnes of iron ore per year and rising[5]. Australia and Brazil together account for roughly two-thirds of global iron-ore exports[6]. Recent production figures place Australia at 817 million tonnes annually, Brazil at 397 million, China at 375 million, India at 156 million, and Russia at 101 million[7]. Major magnetite deposits outside these top producers include the Chilean Iron Belt in the Atacama region, Kiruna in Sweden, and the Adirondack Mountains of New York[8].\n\n### Outside the steel mill\n\nA second long-standing use exploits the mineral's density rather than its iron. In coal washing, magnetite is suspended in water to make a fluid with intermediate density — between coal (1.3 to 1.4 tonnes per m³) and the shale waste (2.2 to 2.4 tonnes per m³). In the bath, coal floats and shale sinks[9]. The magnetite is then magnetically recovered and reused.\n\nPowdered magnetite-derived catalyst sits at the heart of the **Haber Process** — the industrial reaction that fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for fertiliser. Roughly 2 to 3 percent of the entire world energy budget runs through this reaction[10].\n\nMagnetite at the nanoscale opens further uses. **Ferrofluids** — suspensions of magnetite nanoparticles in a carrier liquid — can be steered through the human body by external magnets. That allows targeted drug delivery, and the same particles serve as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging[11]. In high-gradient magnetic separation, magnetite nanoparticles bind to contaminants in water — suspended solids, bacteria, plankton — and can then be pulled out with a magnet[12]."]