[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:26664":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":8,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":11,"nolocadd":12,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":8,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":8,"sigelements":8,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":14,"strunz10ed2":14,"strunz10ed3":14,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":8,"dana8ed2":8,"dana8ed3":8,"dana8ed4":8,"csystem":8,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":14,"a":8,"b":8,"c":8,"alpha":8,"beta":8,"gamma":8,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":12,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":8,"vhnmax":8,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":8,"dmeas2":8,"dcalc":8,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":8,"colour":8,"commentcolor":8,"colors":8,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":8,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":8,"opticalalpha2":8,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":8,"opticalbeta2":8,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":8,"opticalgamma2":8,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":8,"opticalomega2":8,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":8,"opticalepsilon2":8,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":8,"opticaln2":8,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":8,"optical2vcalc2":8,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":8,"optical2vmeasured2":8,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":15,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":16,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":8,"varieties":17,"group_members":23,"associates":24,"confused_with":70,"type_localities":71,"occurrence_total":72,"citations":73,"images":152,"structures":234,"synonyms":235,"language_names":238,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":239},26664,"1:1:26664:8","7fef9de2-bb50-4a2e-8eba-09eaf30e41df","Manganese Oxides",null,0,"mineral",8298,false,true,"0","A generic name given to manganese oxides and hydroxides of uncertain composition and mineralogy.","2026-05-15 19:04:47",[18],{"id":19,"name":20,"entrytype":21,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":14,"dcalc":14,"primary_image_id":22},26645,"Manganese Dendrites",2,65816,[],[25,35,45,55,62],{"id":26,"name":27,"entrytype":9,"csystem":28,"ima_formula":29,"mindat_formula":30,"hmin":31,"hmax":31,"dmeas":32,"dcalc":33,"primary_image_id":34},680,"Birnessite","Monoclinic","(Na,Ca,K)\u003Csub>0.6\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 1.5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·1.5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",1.5,"3","3.4",2153,{"id":36,"name":37,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":39,"mindat_formula":40,"hmin":41,"hmax":41,"dmeas":42,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":44},3315,"Pyrobelonite","Orthorhombic","PbMn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>VO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)","PbMn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(VO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)",3.5,"5.58","5.82",20255,{"id":46,"name":47,"entrytype":9,"csystem":48,"ima_formula":49,"mindat_formula":50,"hmin":51,"hmax":51,"dmeas":52,"dcalc":53,"primary_image_id":54},3810,"Strunzite","Triclinic","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",4,"2.52","2.49",23104,{"id":56,"name":57,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":58,"mindat_formula":58,"hmin":41,"hmax":41,"dmeas":59,"dcalc":60,"primary_image_id":61},4073,"Tangeite","CaCu(VO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","3.75","3.84",23552,{"id":63,"name":64,"entrytype":9,"csystem":48,"ima_formula":65,"mindat_formula":66,"hmin":41,"hmax":41,"dmeas":67,"dcalc":68,"primary_image_id":69},4129,"Ushkovite","MgFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","MgFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.38","2.40",2263,[],[],1225,[74,79,83,87,92,96,101,106,110,115,119,124,129,133,138,142,147],{"id":75,"year":76,"html":77,"doi":78},234852,1924,"Thiel, George A. (1924) The manganese minerals: their identification and paragenesis. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  19 (2). 107-145 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.2.107'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.2.107\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.2.107",{"id":80,"year":76,"html":81,"doi":82},234800,"Fairbanks, Ernest E. (1924) The identification of manganese minerals. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  19 (8) 769-770 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.8.769'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.8.769\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.8.769",{"id":84,"year":85,"html":86,"doi":8},523818,1962,"Crittenden, M. D., Cuttitta, Frank, Rose, H. J., Fleischer, Michael (1962) Studies on manganese oxide minerals. VI. Thallium in some manganese oxides. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  47 (11-12). 1461-1466 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM47\u002FAM47_1461.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":88,"year":89,"html":90,"doi":91},305802,1987,"Chukhrov, F. V., Gorshkov, A. I., Drits, V. A. (1987) Advances in the crystal chemistry of manganese oxides. \u003Ci>International Geology Review\u003C\u002Fi>,  29 (4). 435-444 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F00206818709466161'>doi:10.1080\u002F00206818709466161\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1080\u002F00206818709466161",{"id":93,"year":94,"html":95,"doi":8},528620,1989,"Bish, David L., Post, Jeffrey E. (1989) Thermal behavior of complex, tunnel-structure manganese oxides. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  74 (1-2) 177-186 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM74\u002FAM74_177.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":97,"year":98,"html":99,"doi":100},162612,1991,"HARIYA, Yu (1991) On the formation of manganese oxide minerals. \u003Ci>Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan\u003C\u002Fi>,  20 (1) 3-11 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2465\u002Fgkk1952.20.3'>doi:10.2465\u002Fgkk1952.20.3\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp\u002Farticle\u002Fgkk1952\u002F20\u002F1-2\u002F20_1-2_3\u002F_pdf\u002F-char\u002Fja\u002F' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2465\u002Fgkk1952.20.3",{"id":102,"year":103,"html":104,"doi":105},4414292,1999,"Feng, Qi, Kanoh, Hirofumi, Ooi, Kenta (1999) Manganese oxide porous crystals. \u003Ci>Journal of Materials Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>, 9. 319-333 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1039\u002Fa805369c'>doi:10.1039\u002Fa805369c\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1039\u002Fa805369c",{"id":107,"year":103,"html":108,"doi":109},1636793,"Post, J. E. (1999) Manganese oxide minerals: Crystal structures and economic and environmental significance. \u003Ci>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (7) 3447-3454 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.96.7.3447'>doi:10.1073\u002Fpnas.96.7.3447\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1073\u002Fpnas.96.7.3447",{"id":111,"year":112,"html":113,"doi":114},394417,2001,"McKeown, David A., Post, Jeffrey E. (2001) Characterization of manganese oxide mineralogy in rock varnish and dendrites using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  86 (5) 701-713 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2001-5-611'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2001-5-611\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2001-5-611",{"id":116,"year":117,"html":118,"doi":8},16133984,2019,"Bernardini, S., Bellatreccia, F., Casanova Municchia, A., Della Ventura, G., Sodo, A. (2019): Raman spectra of natural manganese oxides. J. Raman Spectrosc. 50, 873-888.",{"id":120,"year":121,"html":122,"doi":123},16133985,2020,"Post, Jeffrey E., McKeown, David A., Heaney, Peter J. (2020) Raman spectroscopy study of manganese oxides: Tunnel structures. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  105 (8) 1175-1190 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7390'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7390\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7390",{"id":125,"year":126,"html":127,"doi":128},12999916,2021,"Post, Jeffrey E., McKeown, David A., Heaney, Peter J. (2021) Raman spectroscopy study of manganese oxides: Layer structures. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  106 (3) 351-366 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2021-7666'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2021-7666\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2021-7666",{"id":130,"year":126,"html":131,"doi":132},13968179,"Bernardini, Simone, Bellatreccia, Fabio, Della Ventura, Giancarlo, Sodo, Armida (2021) A Reliable Method for Determining the Oxidation State of Manganese at the Microscale in Mn Oxides\n            \u003Ci>via\u003C\u002Fi>\n            Raman Spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research\u003C\u002Fi>, 45 (1) 223-244 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fggr.12361'>doi:10.1111\u002Fggr.12361\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fggr.12361",{"id":134,"year":135,"html":136,"doi":137},16463193,2023,"Hou, Zhaoliang, Woś, Dawid, Tschegg, Cornelius, Rogowitz, Anna, Rice, A. Hugh N., Nasdala, Lutz, Fusseis, Florian, Szymczak, Piotr, Grasemann, Bernhard (2023) Three-dimensional mineral dendrites reveal a nonclassical crystallization pathway. \u003Ci>Geology\u003C\u002Fi>, 51 (7) 626-630 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1130\u002Fg51127.1'>doi:10.1130\u002Fg51127.1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1130\u002Fg51127.1",{"id":139,"year":135,"html":140,"doi":141},16949674,"Vermeersch, Eva, Košek, Filip, De Grave, Johan, Jehlička, Jan, Vandenabeele, Peter, Rousaki, Anastasia (2023) Identification of tunnel structures in manganese oxide minerals using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Journal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (11) 1201-1212 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536'>doi:10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536",{"id":143,"year":144,"html":145,"doi":146},17921101,2024,"Bernardini, Simone; Ventura, Giancarlo Della; Mihailova, Boriana; Sodo, Armida (2024) The Stability of Manganese Oxides Under Laser Irradiation During Raman Analyses: I. Compact Versus Channel Structures. \u003Ci>Journal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (1). 95-112 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjrs.6740'>doi:10.1002\u002Fjrs.6740\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fjrs.6740",{"id":148,"year":149,"html":150,"doi":151},19049051,2025,"Bernardini, Simone; Ventura, Giancarlo Della; Jovane, Luigi; Sodo, Armida; Mihailova, Boriana (2025) The Stability of Manganese Oxides Under Laser Irradiation During Raman Analyses: II. Layer Structures. \u003Ci>Journal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (10). 1072-1088 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjrs.6829'>doi:10.1002\u002Fjrs.6829\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fjrs.6829",[153,163,172,179,187,196,206,215,224],{"id":154,"source_url":155,"license_code":156,"credit_html":157,"title":158,"description":159,"author":160,"original_width":161,"original_height":162},65835,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=48009692","CC BY-SA 3.0","Jens Galsgaard, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=48009692\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Forvitret ML2.jpg","Weathered olive grey clay till with stains of ochre and manganese oxides","Jens Galsgaard",1207,2007,{"id":164,"source_url":165,"license_code":156,"credit_html":166,"title":167,"description":168,"author":169,"original_width":170,"original_height":171},15286,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175164","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175164\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganese-Oxides-38272.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganese_Oxides\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganese Oxides\">Manganese Oxides\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3424.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Dendritic manganese oxide that has grown in seams in the feldspar matrix, creating strangely plant-like structures. This is an old Queen Mine piece from the Ed Ruggiero collection. 10.1 x 7.9 x 3.4 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",490,600,{"id":173,"source_url":174,"license_code":156,"credit_html":175,"title":176,"description":177,"author":169,"original_width":171,"original_height":178},15287,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175665","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175665\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganese-Oxides-112482.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganese_Oxides\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganese Oxides\">Manganese Oxides\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex, Atlantic Ocean (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-16805.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Ugliest specimen first! This is a true deep-ocean nodule of nearly pure manganese spewed out by vents at the mid-Atlantic rift. It weighs shockingly little, 155 grams despite being the size of a tangerine. This was picked up on some deep-ocean exploration, I was told. Victor Yount had some for sale in the late 1980s, of which I assume this is one such piece. 6.4 x 5.5 x 5.1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",515,{"id":180,"source_url":181,"license_code":156,"credit_html":182,"title":183,"description":184,"author":169,"original_width":185,"original_height":186},15288,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177150","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177150\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganese-Oxides-242669.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganese_Oxides\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganese Oxides\">Manganese Oxides\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex, Atlantic Ocean (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-16805.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.8 x 3.3 x 2.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 cm across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter, about the size of potatoes. Their surface is generally smooth, sometimes rough, mammilated (knobby) or otherwise irregular. The bottom, buried in sediment, is generally rougher than the top. This earthy brown specimen is derived from a hot springs vent associated with volcanic activity on the deep sea bottom. Light weight for its size, it weighs only 27 grams. Ex. Tarnowski Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",672,750,{"id":188,"source_url":189,"license_code":156,"credit_html":190,"title":191,"description":192,"author":193,"original_width":194,"original_height":195},15290,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15359643","W. Oelen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15359643\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganese heptoxide.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganese_heptoxide\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Manganese heptoxide\">Manganese heptoxide\u003C\u002Fa>, Mn\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>","W. Oelen",667,500,{"id":197,"source_url":198,"license_code":199,"credit_html":200,"title":201,"description":202,"author":203,"original_width":204,"original_height":205},15291,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80323750","CC BY-SA 4.0","Leiem, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80323750\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganese(III) oxide.jpg","​三氧化二锰，化学式Mn\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>，纯度99%.","Leiem",2332,2092,{"id":207,"source_url":208,"license_code":199,"credit_html":209,"title":210,"description":211,"author":212,"original_width":213,"original_height":214},15292,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119851293","கவிக்குமார் ப, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119851293\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganese ore.jpg","Subject-Initiative of Free knowledge club,periyar university","கவிக்குமார் ப",1600,736,{"id":216,"source_url":217,"license_code":199,"credit_html":218,"title":219,"description":220,"author":221,"original_width":222,"original_height":223},15349,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80119305","Joan Rosell, from rosellminerals.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80119305\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganonordite-(Ce).jpg",":Locality: Pegmatite No. 60, Lovozero Massif, Kola, Russian Federation\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Size: 1.4 × 1 × 0.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Manganonordite-(Ce) is a extremelly rare cerium, sodium and strontium silicate from the pegmatite 60 in Kromka stream, located in the northeastern part of the Karnasurt Mts. This pegmatite was discovered in 1955 by E.I. Semenov and it is the co-Type Locality for the species. Manganonordite-(Ce) shows a brownish radiated growths. Usually with rhabdophane-(Ce) and manganese oxides.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Joan Rosell, from rosellminerals.com",926,1000,{"id":225,"source_url":226,"license_code":227,"credit_html":228,"title":229,"description":230,"author":231,"original_width":232,"original_height":233},65844,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510513","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99510513\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hydrothermal vein in quartz monzonite (Orphan Girl Mine, Butte, Montana, USA) 18.jpg","The town of Butte, Montana (pronounced “byoot”) is known as the “Richest Hill on Earth” and \"The Mining City\".  The Butte Mining District has produced gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and other metals.\n\u003Cp>Seen here is an oxidized and stained underground bedrock exposure in a Butte mine.  The rock is part the Butte Quartz Monzonite (a.k.a. Butte Pluton), which is a component of the Boulder Batholith.  The Butte Quartz Monzonite (\"BQM\") formed 76.3 million years ago, during the mid-Campanian Stage in the Late Cretaceous.  BQM rocks have been intruded and altered by hydrothermal veins (= the band through the middle of the picture) that often bear valuable metallic minerals - principally sulfides.  Vein mineralization has been dated to 62-66 million years ago, during the latest Maastrichtian Stage (latest Cretaceous) and Danian Stage (Early Paleocene).  In the supergene enrichment zone of the area, the original sulfide mineralogy has been altered.  The vein in this photo appears to be principally quartz, stained by manganese oxides.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is the Orphan Girl Mine, on the western side of Montana Tech campus in Butte.  The site is now a museum and includes the original headframe of the Orphan Girl Mine, so named because it was so far away from other Butte mines - it was alone.  The mine operated from 1875 to 1957.  It was a zinc-lead-silver mine, but principally a zinc mine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. from onsite-signage:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>ORPHAN GIRL MINE\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>From the time it was located in 1875 until it was purchased by Marcus Daly and associates in 1879, ownership and fractional shares in the Orphan Girl Mine changed hands faster than the ante in a poker game.  The Orphan Girl eventually operated to a depth of over 3,000 feet.  While not a huge producer according to Butte standards, by 1944 hardrock miners had removed a respectable 7,626,540 ounces of silver as well as lead and zinc from her depths.  Cool temperatures between 55 and 65 degrees made the Orphan Girl - affectionately nicknamed \"Orphan Annie\" or \"the Girl\" - a desirable place to work, unlike some \"hot boxes\" where temperatures could top 100 degrees.  By the end of the 1920s, the Anaconda Company owned the Girl which operated until the 1950s.  In 1965, the Girl became the site of the World Museum of Mining.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\nLocality: Orphan Girl Mine, Butte Mining District, northeastern Silver Bow County, southwestern Montana, USA","James St. John",4000,3000,[],[236,237],"Manganmulm","Manganoxide",[],{"history":240,"applications":244},{"markdown":241,"model_version":242,"prompt_version":243,"reviewed_at":8},"Manganese Oxides is not a single mineral. It is a collective field name for fine-grained mixtures of manganese oxide and hydroxide minerals. Pyrolusite, romanèchite, manganite and cryptomelane all hide in such a sample, too intergrown to tell apart by eye. Miners long had a blunter word for the same dark, earthy material: **wad**. It is an old mining term for any black manganese oxide or hydroxide mineral-rich rock, found where an ore body has weathered[1].\n\nThe black powders these rocks yield are among the oldest pigments people used. At the Gargas caves in France, paintings 30,000 to 24,000 years old were made with the mineral form of manganese dioxide[2]. Blocks of the species pyrolusite turn up often at Neanderthal sites, kept as pigment — and perhaps powdered and mixed with tinder fungus to help light fires[3].\n\nA second ancient use was subtler. Egyptian and Roman glassmakers added a pinch of manganese mineral to molten glass to cancel the green and brown tints that iron impurities leave behind. The trick earned the material the name *glassmaker's soap*, and it kept the colour out of glass through the Middle Ages and beyond[4].\n\nThe metal hiding inside these ores was not isolated until 1774. That year the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele reacted manganese dioxide with acid and first described the gas we now call chlorine[5]. He recognised the dark mineral held an unknown element. His countryman Johan Gottlieb Gahn pulled the metal out the same year, reducing the dioxide with carbon to win an impure sample of manganese[6].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":245,"model_version":242,"prompt_version":243,"reviewed_at":8},"Taken together, the manganese oxide ores are the world's source of manganese — and most of that manganese goes into steel. Around 85 percent of the manganese ore mined in the United States feeds iron and steel production[1]. The ores are first smelted into ferromanganese, an iron-manganese alloy. Heating the oxide with coke — carbon-rich coal residue — strips away the oxygen and leaves the metal[2]. Mixed into molten steel, the manganese mops up sulfur and oxygen and toughens the finished metal.\n\nThe second great use is the battery. Manganese dioxide is the positive electrode material in ordinary dry cells, both the alkaline batteries and the older zinc-carbon (Leclanché) type. There it soaks up electrons as the cell discharges. Roughly 500,000 tonnes are consumed for this application each year[3]. The grade that matters most here is electrolytic manganese dioxide, a purified form grown on an electrode from a manganese-sulfuric-acid bath. Natural ore is rarely clean enough for a good battery[4].\n\nThe rest of the demand is chemical and decorative. Glassmakers still add a little manganese to cancel the green tint that iron leaves in glass. The same oxides serve as inorganic pigments in ceramics and glass[5]. Manganese dioxide is also a strong oxidising agent — a substance that pulls electrons from others. That makes it the starting point for chlorine gas and for potassium permanganate, a deep-purple disinfectant and laboratory reagent[6]."]