[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2519":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":19,"key_elements":11,"impurities":20,"cim":21,"ima_status":22,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":25,"strunz10ed1":26,"strunz10ed2":27,"strunz10ed3":28,"strunz10ed4":29,"dana8ed1":30,"dana8ed2":31,"dana8ed3":32,"dana8ed4":31,"csystem":33,"cclass":34,"spacegroup":35,"spacegroupset":36,"a":37,"b":38,"c":39,"alpha":40,"beta":41,"gamma":40,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":42,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":43,"twinning":44,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":45,"tlform":46,"hmin":47,"hmax":47,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":48,"vhnmax":49,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":50,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":51,"dmeas2":52,"dcalc":53,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":54,"lustre":11,"lustretype":55,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":56,"streak":57,"colour":58,"commentcolor":11,"colors":59,"streak_colors":64,"luminescence":11,"uv":65,"cleavage":66,"cleavagetype":67,"fracturetype":68,"tenacity":69,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":70,"opticalsign":71,"opticalalpha":72,"opticalalpha2":40,"opticalalphaerror":73,"opticalbeta":72,"opticalbeta2":40,"opticalbetaerror":73,"opticalgamma":74,"opticalgamma2":40,"opticalgammaerror":73,"opticalomega":40,"opticalomega2":40,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":40,"opticalepsilon2":40,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":40,"opticaln2":40,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":40,"optical2vcalc2":40,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":40,"optical2vmeasured2":40,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":75,"rimax":76,"opticaldispersion":77,"opticalpleochroism":78,"opticalpleochorismdesc":79,"opticalbirefringence":80,"opticalcomments":81,"opticalcolour":82,"opticalinternal":83,"opticaltropic":84,"opticalanisotropism":78,"opticalbireflectance":85,"opticalextinction":86,"opticalr":87,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":88,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":89,"otheroccurrence":90,"type_specimen_store":91,"description_short":92,"aboutname":93,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":94,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":95,"group_members":96,"associates":97,"confused_with":141,"type_localities":153,"occurrence_total":160,"citations":161,"images":253,"structures":331,"synonyms":350,"language_names":366,"wikidata_qid":529,"texts":530},2519,"1:1:2519:1","eff4c35a-f0c3-4f36-92b9-f1c24314884b","Manganite","Mnn",0,"mineral",null,9209,false,"Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>O(OH)",[16,17,18],"Mn","O","H",[16,17,18],",Fe,Ba,Pb,Cu,Al,Ca,,","7.18.7",[23,24],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1827","4","F","D","15","6","1","3","Monoclinic",5,14,"P21\u002Fc ","8.94","5.28","5.74","0","90",8,"Space group B21\u002Fd (non-standard setting); pseudo-orthorhombic.","1. On {011}, both as contact and penetration twins. Twinning often repeated with composition face either parallel or inclined. 2. Twin plane {100} lamellar, assuming a monoclinic symmetry for the species.","Crystals striated and short to long prismatic [001]. Often terminated by {001} alone, by {001} with macrodomes, or by a series of macropyramids; highly modified at times. Prismatic faces deeply striated [001], and terminal {h0l} or {hkl} faces striated parallel to their mutual intersections. Crystals often grouped or markedly composite subparallel [001]. Stalactitic; granular (rare).","Coarse rectangular prism, often with multiple parallel growth.",4,"630","743",100,"4.29","4.34","4.38","Calculated also (ICDD 18-805) = 4.32","Resinous,Sub-Metallic,Dull","Opaque","Reddish brown to black","Gray-black, black",[60,61,62,63],"black","gray","brown","red",[63,62,60],"Not fluorescent in ultraviolet.","{010} perfect; {110} and {001} good.","Perfect","Splintery","brittle","Biaxial","+","2.25",2,"2.53",2.25,2.53,"r > v extreme","Weak","X = reddish brown; Z = red brown.","0.028","Weak pleochroism distinguishes manganite from groutite.\r\nAbsorption: Z > X = Y.","Gray-white with brown tint","Blood-red","Anisotropic","Distinct in grays","X = a; Y = b; Z ∧ c = 0°–4°.","(18.0,25.1) 400,\r\n(18.0,24.8) 420,\r\n(18.0,24.5) 440,\r\n(17.9,24.1) 460,\r\n(17.8,23.7) 480,\r\n(17.6,23.2) 500,\r\n(17.3,22.7) 520,\r\n(17.0,22.2) 540,\r\n(16.8,21.6) 560,\r\n(16.5,21.2) 580,\r\n(16.3,20.8) 600,\r\n(16.1,20.6) 620,\r\n(16.0,20.3) 640,\r\n(15.8,20.1) 660,\r\n(15.7,19.9) 680,\r\n(15.7,19.7) 700","In a closed tube, yields water.","Hydrothermal veins","Low temperature hydrothermal or hot spring manganese deposits. Sedimentary deposits.","No designated type specimens.","Frequently as well-formed crystals or tight aggregates with a fibrous structure due to the mineral's perfect cleavage. May be compact fine-grained or in botryoidal formation.","Named in 1827 by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in allusion to the manganese content.","2025-08-11 12:14:21",[],[],[98,108,116,125,134],{"id":99,"name":100,"entrytype":9,"csystem":101,"ima_formula":102,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":34,"hmax":104,"dmeas":105,"dcalc":106,"primary_image_id":107},1719,"Goethite","Orthorhombic","FeO(OH)","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>O(OH)",5.5,"4.27","4.18",29787,{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":111,"ima_formula":112,"mindat_formula":112,"hmin":104,"hmax":104,"dmeas":113,"dcalc":114,"primary_image_id":115},2503,"Manganosite","Isometric","MnO","5.364","5.36",30158,{"id":117,"name":118,"entrytype":9,"csystem":119,"ima_formula":120,"mindat_formula":121,"hmin":122,"hmax":47,"dmeas":123,"dcalc":123,"primary_image_id":124},3406,"Rhodochrosite","Trigonal","Mn(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","MnCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"3.7",23851,{"id":126,"name":127,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":128,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":130,"hmax":130,"dmeas":131,"dcalc":132,"primary_image_id":133},3988,"Todorokite","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn,Mg,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3-4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn,Mg,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>·3-4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",1.5,"3.67","3.65",24311,{"id":135,"name":136,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":137,"mindat_formula":138,"hmin":73,"hmax":73,"dmeas":139,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":140},4171,"Vernadite","(Mn,Fe,Ca,Na)(O,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Ca,Na)(O,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.9",22138,[142,147],{"id":143,"name":144,"entrytype":9,"csystem":119,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":145,"primary_image_id":146},1473,"Feitknechtite","3.249",8418,{"id":148,"name":149,"entrytype":9,"csystem":101,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":122,"hmax":47,"dmeas":150,"dcalc":151,"primary_image_id":152},1756,"Groutite","4.144","4.172",10513,[154],{"id":155,"txt":156,"latitude":157,"longitude":158,"country":159},1813,"Manganese deposit, Ilfeld, Harztor, Nordhausen District, Thuringia, Germany",51.5916667,10.7511111,"Germany",706,[162,166,171,174,178,183,187,192,197,202,206,210,214,219,224,229,234,239,243,248],{"id":163,"year":164,"html":165,"doi":11},16116020,1826,"von Haidinger, W.K. (1826) On the crystalline forms and properties of the manganese ores. The Edinburgh Journal of Science: 4: 41-50.",{"id":167,"year":168,"html":169,"doi":170},2649089,1828,"Haidinger, W. (1828) Mineralogical Account of the Ores of Manganese. \u003Ci>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh\u003C\u002Fi>,  11 (1). p.119-142. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs0080456800021876'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs0080456800021876\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs0080456800021876",{"id":172,"year":168,"html":173,"doi":11},16111519,"Turner, E. (1828) Chemical examination of the oxides of manganese. Part II. On the composition of the ores of manganese described by Mr. Haidinger. The Philosophical Magazine: 4: 96-104.",{"id":175,"year":176,"html":177,"doi":11},16116022,1866,"How, H. (1866) Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, Pt. I, Manganite, Pyrolusite, Wad. Philosophical Magazine, Series 4: 31(208): 165-170.",{"id":179,"year":180,"html":181,"doi":182},5451,1892,"Rutley, Frank (1892) Note on Crystals of Manganite from Harzgerode. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  10 (45) 20-21 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1892.010.45.05'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1892.010.45.05\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_10\u002F10-45-20.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1892.010.45.05",{"id":184,"year":185,"html":186,"doi":11},16105129,1921,"Larsen, E.S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 671, 5-294.",{"id":188,"year":189,"html":190,"doi":191},104474,1931,"Ferrari, Adolfo, Scherillo, Antonio (1931) Ricerche sulla struttura cristallina della manganite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  78 (1). 496-502 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1931.78.1.496'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1931.78.1.496\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1931.78.1.496",{"id":193,"year":194,"html":195,"doi":196},400422,1935,"Garrido, Julio (1935) Structure de la manganite. \u003Ci>Bulletin de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (3) 224-241 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1935.4371'>doi:10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1935.4371\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1935.4371",{"id":198,"year":199,"html":200,"doi":201},105309,1936,"Buerger, M. J . (1936) The Symmetry and Crystal Structure of Manganite, Mn(OH)O. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  95 (1). 163-174 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1936.95.1.163'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1936.95.1.163\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fzk\u002Fvol95\u002FZK95_163.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1936.95.1.163",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":207,"year":208,"html":209,"doi":11},16116028,1960,"Nambu, M., Okada, K. Sakurai, K. (1960) Some pyrolusite pseudomorphs after crystals of manganite in Japan. Bulletin of the Research Institute of Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, Tohoku University: 15(2): 77-86.",{"id":211,"year":212,"html":213,"doi":11},524336,1965,"Bricker, Owen P. (1965) Some stability relations in the system Mn-O2-H2O at 25° and one atmosphere total pressure. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (9) 1296-1354 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM50\u002FAM50_1296.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":215,"year":216,"html":217,"doi":218},6068,1967,"Davis, R. J. (1967) Some manganese oxide pseudomorphs. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (278) 274-279 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.278.09'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.278.09\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_36\u002F36-278-274.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.278.09",{"id":220,"year":221,"html":222,"doi":223},6465,1971,"Champness, P. E. (1971) The transformation manganite → pyrolusite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (294) 245-248 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1971.038.294.14'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1971.038.294.14\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_38\u002F38-294-245.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1971.038.294.14",{"id":225,"year":226,"html":227,"doi":228},230946,1972,"Hewett, D. F. (1972) Manganite, hausmannite, braunite: Features, modes of Origin. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  67 (1). 83-102 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.67.1.83'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.67.1.83\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.67.1.83",{"id":230,"year":231,"html":232,"doi":233},146310,1987,"Golden, D. C. (1987) Transformation of Birnessite to Buserite, Todorokite, and Manganite under Mild Hydrothermal Treatment. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (4) 271-280 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404",{"id":235,"year":236,"html":237,"doi":238},583499,1997,"Kohler, Thomas, Armbruster, Thomas, Libowitzky, Eugen (1997) Hydrogen Bonding and Jahn–Teller Distortion in Groutite,α-MnOOH, and Manganite,γ-MnOOH, and Their Relations to the Manganese Dioxides Ramsdellite and Pyrolusite. \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  133. 486-500 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1006\u002Fjssc.1997.7516'>doi:10.1006\u002Fjssc.1997.7516\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1006\u002Fjssc.1997.7516",{"id":240,"year":241,"html":242,"doi":11},16965802,2005,"(2005) Manganite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fmanganite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":244,"year":245,"html":246,"doi":247},90531,2013,"SUZUKI, Akio (2013) Compression behavior of manganite. \u003Ci>Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences\u003C\u002Fi>,  108 (5) 295-299 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2465\u002Fjmps.130621b'>doi:10.2465\u002Fjmps.130621b\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp\u002Farticle\u002Fjmps\u002F108\u002F5\u002F108_130621b\u002F_pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2465\u002Fjmps.130621b",{"id":249,"year":250,"html":251,"doi":252},13421688,2021,"Chukanov, Nikita V., Varlamov, Dmitry A., Pekov, Igor V., Zubkova, Natalia V., Kasatkin, Anatoly V., Britvin, Sergey N. (2021) Coupled Substitutions in Natural MnO(OH) Polymorphs: Infrared Spectroscopic Investigation. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 11 (9) 969 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin11090969'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin11090969\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F11\u002F9\u002F969\u002Fpdf?version=1631070613' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin11090969",[254,264,271,280,286,293,298,306,314,322],{"id":255,"source_url":256,"license_code":257,"credit_html":258,"title":259,"description":260,"author":261,"original_width":262,"original_height":263},15298,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6662090","CC BY-SA 3.0","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6662090\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganit - Ilfeld, Harz2.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganite\">Manganite\u003C\u002Fa> - Locality: Ilfeld, Harz, Germany - Exposed in the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, Germany","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2600,1850,{"id":265,"source_url":266,"license_code":267,"credit_html":268,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":269,"original_height":270},30153,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119344","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119344\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":272,"source_url":273,"license_code":257,"credit_html":274,"title":275,"description":276,"author":277,"original_width":278,"original_height":279},15299,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10120343","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10120343\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganite-21327.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganite\">Manganite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: N'Chwaning Mines, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKuruman,_Northern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kuruman, Northern Cape\">Kuruman\u003C\u002Fa>, Kalahari manganese fields, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Cape\">Northern Cape Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-55925.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Very nice groups of small lustrous Manganite crystals generously coat the matrix. The quality of the crystals is excellent, and the specimen is much better in person. 4 x 2.5 x 1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,396,{"id":281,"source_url":282,"license_code":283,"credit_html":284,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":269,"original_height":285},30154,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127814","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127814\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",837,{"id":287,"source_url":288,"license_code":257,"credit_html":289,"title":290,"description":291,"author":277,"original_width":278,"original_height":292},15300,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165186","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165186\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganite-239863.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganite\">Manganite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Manganese deposit, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlfeld\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilfeld\">Ilfeld\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNordhausen\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nordhausen\">Nordhausen\u003C\u002Fa>, Harz Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThuringia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Thuringia\">Thuringia\u003C\u002Fa>, Germany (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-1813.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 9.6 x 8.2 x 5.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Manganite from the mid-1880s finds at Ilfeld in the Harz Mountains is one of those best-of-species finds that, although it happened long ago, still reverberates today for the sheer quality of the material. This is the standard for the species. This particular specimen dates to that era, and is a hand-sized piece with over a hundred small, but bright and extremely lustrous, crystals. It is nearly pristine. This specimen was in the collection of noted collector George Brush (1831-1912). He was the Professor of Metallurgy at Yale University from 1855 to 1871 and the collection was donated to his school in 1904. Very few specimens have ever been exchanged out of the collection, let alone with a good label. This piece came out legitimately, and in a trade with a collector for choice New England material. This has an original display label, of somewhat darkened old card stock (and the number on the label matches the number glued to the back of the specimen). Also here is a later, typed label made in duplication of the original, with (in pen) an added note \"from Herrman, 1872.\" Weighs 758 grams.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",506,{"id":294,"source_url":295,"license_code":267,"credit_html":296,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":269,"original_height":297},30155,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F40845","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F40845\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",618,{"id":299,"source_url":300,"license_code":257,"credit_html":301,"title":302,"description":303,"author":277,"original_width":304,"original_height":305},15301,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10438604","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10438604\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganite-sea55a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganite\">Manganite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Near Laramie, Wyoming\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.6 x 6.0 x 4.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Manganite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A hefty chunk of manganite ore, with a label noting \"near Laramie, Wyoming\" which I found most surprising. No locale for manganite in Wyoming is listed on Mindat, but that does not mean it is impossible. Ex. John White Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,668,{"id":307,"source_url":308,"license_code":257,"credit_html":309,"title":310,"description":311,"author":277,"original_width":312,"original_height":313},15302,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450883","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450883\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganite-lc1b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganite\">Manganite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIlfeld\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ilfeld\">Ilfeld\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNordhausen\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nordhausen\">Nordhausen\u003C\u002Fa>, Harz Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThuringia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Thuringia\">Thuringia\u003C\u002Fa>, Germany (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-187132.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6 x 5.5 x 4.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>MANGANITE\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen is a rich example of the classic, long-gone manganite crystals from this important locality (which produced best of species by any reckoning, in a small, aberrant, ultra-rich vein in the 1880's. It features numerous sharp, extremely lustrous, terminated crystals to 3 cm on a frontal display face. The lustre is VERY HIGH, much better than it appears in the photos. It is really quite a dramatic piece. Comes with custom lucite display base which mounts it rather elegantly, I think. Moreover, I have seen inferior pieces at the same price recently so all things considered, I believe it to be a relative bargain.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",601,750,{"id":315,"source_url":316,"license_code":257,"credit_html":317,"title":318,"description":319,"author":277,"original_width":320,"original_height":321},15303,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10451443","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10451443\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganite-lw47b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManganite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manganite\">Manganite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Caland pit, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAtikokan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Atikokan\">Atikokan\u003C\u002Fa>, Hutchinson Township, Rainy River District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOntario\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ontario\">Ontario\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-528.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.4 x 4.6 x 2 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Manganite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is an excellent specimen of Manganite, and exceptional for the locality. There are three generations of Manganite here: a thick layer acting as the base showing radial growth, a thin crust with a fine flat luster, and then the three superb near-rosettes composed of dozens of highly lustrous 2mm cubes. Any of the clusters by themselves would have been a find, but to have three nearly complete clusters is remarkable.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,210,{"id":323,"source_url":324,"license_code":283,"credit_html":325,"title":326,"description":327,"author":328,"original_width":329,"original_height":330},15305,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132780559","Eric Polk, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132780559\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manganite NHMLA.png","Sample of Manganite collected from Ilfeld, Harz Mountains, Germany.  On display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.","Eric Polk",1772,1961,[332,338,344],{"id":333,"url":334,"label":335,"formula":336,"spacegroup":337,"year":236},8413,"\u002Fcif\u002F8413.cif","Kohler 1997","Mn O2 H","P 1 21\u002Fc 1",{"id":339,"url":340,"label":341,"formula":342,"spacegroup":343,"year":199},8414,"\u002Fcif\u002F8414.cif","Buerger 1936","Mn O2","B 1 21\u002Fd 1",{"id":345,"url":346,"label":347,"formula":348,"spacegroup":349,"year":194},8415,"\u002Fcif\u002F8415.cif","Garrido 1935","O2 Mn","P n n m",[351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365],"Acerdèse","Braunmanganerz","Glanzmanganerz","Grau-Braunsteinerz","Graumanganerz","Gray Oxide of Manganese","Manganaise cristallisé","Manganèse oxydé metalloïde","Newkirkit","Newkirkita","Newkirkite","Prismatoidisches Mangan-Erz","Sphenomanganit","Sphenomanganita","Sphenomanganite",[367,371,375,379,383,387,391,394,398,402,406,409,413,416,420,424,434,438,442,445,449,453,457,461,464,467,470,474,477,481,484,488,492,496,499,502,505,508,511,514,517,521,524],{"lang":368,"names":369},"ar",[370],"منغنيت",{"lang":372,"names":373},"ast",[374],"Manganita",{"lang":376,"names":377},"az",[378],"Manqanit",{"lang":380,"names":381},"be",[382],"Манганіт",{"lang":384,"names":385},"bs",[386],"Manganit",{"lang":388,"names":389},"ca",[390],"manganita",{"lang":392,"names":393},"cs",[386],{"lang":395,"names":396},"de",[397,386],"Braunstein",{"lang":399,"names":400},"el",[401],"Μαγγανίτης",{"lang":403,"names":404},"eo",[405],"Manganito",{"lang":407,"names":408},"es",[390],{"lang":410,"names":411},"et",[412],"manganiit",{"lang":414,"names":415},"eu",[374],{"lang":417,"names":418},"fa",[419],"منگانیت",{"lang":421,"names":422},"fi",[423],"manganiitti",{"lang":425,"names":426},"fr",[351,427,428,429,430,361,431,432,433],"Magnésie noire","Manganaise cristallisée","Manganèse satinée","manganite","Pierre de Périgueux","Savon des verriers","Sphénomanganite",{"lang":435,"names":436},"hu",[437],"manganit",{"lang":439,"names":440},"hy",[441],"Մանգանիտ",{"lang":443,"names":444},"it",[7],{"lang":446,"names":447},"ja",[448],"水マンガン鉱",{"lang":450,"names":451},"ka",[452],"მანგანიტი",{"lang":454,"names":455},"kk",[456],"Манганит",{"lang":458,"names":459},"kk-arab",[460],"مانگانىيت",{"lang":462,"names":463},"kk-cn",[460],{"lang":465,"names":466},"kk-cyrl",[456],{"lang":468,"names":469},"kk-kz",[456],{"lang":471,"names":472},"kk-latn",[473],"Manganït",{"lang":475,"names":476},"kk-tr",[473],{"lang":478,"names":479},"ko",[480],"망가나이트",{"lang":482,"names":483},"ky",[456],{"lang":485,"names":486},"lt",[487],"Manganitas",{"lang":489,"names":490},"nb",[491],"manganitt",{"lang":493,"names":494},"nl",[495],"manganiet",{"lang":497,"names":498},"nn",[491],{"lang":500,"names":501},"pl",[437],{"lang":503,"names":504},"pt",[430],{"lang":506,"names":507},"pt-br",[7],{"lang":509,"names":510},"ro",[386],{"lang":512,"names":513},"ru",[456],{"lang":515,"names":516},"sv",[386],{"lang":518,"names":519},"uk",[520],"Манґаніт",{"lang":522,"names":523},"uz",[386],{"lang":525,"names":526},"zh",[527,528],"水錳礦","水锰矿","Q401047",{"history":531,"applications":535},{"markdown":532,"model_version":533,"prompt_version":534,"reviewed_at":11},"Long before anyone gave it a name, manganite was already useful. Powder of the black mineral turns up at Neanderthal sites, where it served two purposes[1]. It worked as a pigment, and it helped start fires: ground manganite lowers the temperature at which wood ignites, from about 350 °C down to 250 °C[1].\n\nThe mineral was described under several other names as early as 1772, before mineralogists settled on a single one[2]. That came in 1827, when the Austrian mineralogist Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger published the name *manganite*, chosen for the mineral's manganese content[3].\n\nThe finest crystals come from Ilfeld, in the Harz mountains of Germany. There manganite grows in veins alongside calcite and barite, in dark steel-grey prisms striated along their length[4]. These specimens made the locality famous among collectors and supplied the material that mineralogists first studied closely[4].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":536,"model_version":533,"prompt_version":534,"reviewed_at":11},"Manganite carries manganese — the metal that hardens steel and fills dry-cell batteries — but the world rarely turns to manganite to get it. As an ore it is much less abundant than pyrolusite or psilomelane, the two oxides that supply most of the manganese industry uses[1]. Where manganite gathers in quantity it can be worked as a local source, yet the metal that reaches steel mills and battery plants comes overwhelmingly from those richer ores, not from this one.\n\nIts larger value today is to collectors. The bundled steel-grey crystals from Ilfeld, in the Harz mountains of Germany, are prized specimens and the reason the mineral is so well known[2]."]