[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2746":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":19,"key_elements":20,"impurities":11,"cim":21,"ima_status":22,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":25,"strunz10ed2":26,"strunz10ed3":27,"strunz10ed4":28,"dana8ed1":25,"dana8ed2":29,"dana8ed3":30,"dana8ed4":31,"csystem":32,"cclass":33,"spacegroup":34,"spacegroupset":35,"a":36,"b":35,"c":37,"alpha":35,"beta":35,"gamma":35,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":38,"z":39,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":40,"tlform":11,"hmin":41,"hmax":42,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":35,"vhnmax":35,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":43,"dmeas2":44,"dcalc":45,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":46,"lustretype":46,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":47,"streak":48,"colour":49,"commentcolor":50,"colors":51,"streak_colors":55,"luminescence":56,"uv":11,"cleavage":57,"cleavagetype":58,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":59,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":35,"opticalalpha2":35,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":35,"opticalbeta2":35,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":35,"opticalgamma2":35,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":35,"opticalomega2":35,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":35,"opticalepsilon2":35,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":35,"opticaln2":35,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":35,"optical2vcalc2":35,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":35,"optical2vmeasured2":35,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":60,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":61,"opticalanisotropism":62,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":63,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":11,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":64,"aboutname":65,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":66,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":67,"group_members":72,"associates":88,"confused_with":174,"type_localities":176,"occurrence_total":177,"citations":178,"images":281,"structures":554,"synonyms":579,"language_names":583,"wikidata_qid":750,"texts":751},2746,"1:1:2746:1","dcd11eff-4ee7-48ff-8ec6-746da0185b83","Molybdenite","Mol",0,"mineral",null,34951,24845,false,"MoS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",[17,18],"Mo","S",[17,18],[17],"3.8.6",[23,24],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","2","E","A","30","12","10","1","Hexagonal",20,126,"0","3.16","12.3",106.37,2,"Tabular crystals, flakes",1,1.5,"4.62","4.73","4.998","Metallic","Opaque","Bluish gray","Black, lead gray, or gray","Pale yellow to deepish reddish brown in transmitted light",[52,53,54],"gray","black","blue",[54,52],"None","Perfect on {0001}","Perfect","flexible","Strong","Anisotropic","Very strong","(21.0,55.0) 400,\r\n(23.4,54.6) 440,\r\n(23.8,52.3) 480,\r\n(21.9,47.1) 520,\r\n(20.9,44.4) 560,\r\n(20.4,44.6) 600,\r\n(20.0,45.7) 640,\r\n(19.9,45.4) 680,\r\n(19.7,44.2) 700","Molybdenite is the most important ore of the metal molybdenum. Molybdenite is currently being researched as a possible replacement semiconductor for silicon in transistors in electronic chips.\r\n\r\nTwo polytypes are known: molybdenite-2H (very common) an...","Variations of the name molybdaena and molybdenite were used for lead ores by Dioscorides (50-70 CE), Pliny the Elder (79 CE), and Agricola (1556), but the modern use of molybdenite did not begin until Johan Gottschalk Wallerius wrote about molybdenite in Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket published in 1747. There was still a multiplicity of minerals receiving the same name, but modern molybdenite and graphite were the most common minerals given this name. The element molybdenum was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778 and he provided molybdenite to Peter Jacob Hjelm who was able to isolate molybdenum in 1781. Scheele showed that molybdenite, in the modern sense, was soluble in acid, while graphite was not. From the Greek μόλυβδοζ meaning \"lead\", but a name having a new usage unlike that of former times.","2026-03-03 14:31:00",[68],{"id":69,"name":70,"entrytype":39,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":71,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":35,"dcalc":35,"primary_image_id":11},25604,"Rhenium-bearing Molybdenite","(Mo,Re)S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",[73,79],{"id":74,"name":75,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":76,"mindat_formula":76,"hmin":39,"hmax":39,"dmeas":35,"dcalc":77,"primary_image_id":78},1322,"Drysdallite","MoSe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.248",7423,{"id":80,"name":81,"entrytype":9,"csystem":82,"ima_formula":83,"mindat_formula":83,"hmin":84,"hmax":84,"dmeas":85,"dcalc":86,"primary_image_id":87},4051,"Tungstenite","Trigonal","WS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"7.4","7.732",24740,[89,97,106,115,124,131,135,143,151,158,166],{"id":90,"name":91,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":93,"mindat_formula":93,"hmin":39,"hmax":84,"dmeas":94,"dcalc":95,"primary_image_id":96},683,"Bismoclite","Tetragonal","BiOCl","7.36","7.784",3339,{"id":98,"name":99,"entrytype":9,"csystem":100,"ima_formula":101,"mindat_formula":101,"hmin":102,"hmax":103,"dmeas":35,"dcalc":104,"primary_image_id":105},1083,"Clinosafflorite","Monoclinic","CoAs\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,5,"7.46",5906,{"id":107,"name":108,"entrytype":9,"csystem":109,"ima_formula":110,"mindat_formula":111,"hmin":41,"hmax":39,"dmeas":112,"dcalc":113,"primary_image_id":114},1496,"Ferrimolybdite","Orthorhombic","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mo\u003Csup>6+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub> · 7H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Fe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(MoO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.99","3.085",29710,{"id":116,"name":117,"entrytype":9,"csystem":100,"ima_formula":118,"mindat_formula":119,"hmin":120,"hmax":102,"dmeas":121,"dcalc":122,"primary_image_id":123},1940,"Hübnerite","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","MnWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",4,"7.12","7.234",29892,{"id":125,"name":126,"entrytype":9,"csystem":127,"ima_formula":128,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":35,"dcalc":35,"primary_image_id":130},2015,"Ilsemannite","Amorphous","Mo\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (?)","Mo\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",12169,{"id":132,"name":133,"entrytype":9,"csystem":127,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":41,"hmax":39,"dmeas":35,"dcalc":35,"primary_image_id":134},2114,"Jordisite",12695,{"id":136,"name":137,"entrytype":9,"csystem":100,"ima_formula":138,"mindat_formula":139,"hmin":102,"hmax":102,"dmeas":140,"dcalc":141,"primary_image_id":142},2405,"Lindgrenite","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mo\u003Csup>6+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(MoO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.2","4.29",14540,{"id":144,"name":145,"entrytype":9,"csystem":109,"ima_formula":146,"mindat_formula":146,"hmin":147,"hmax":120,"dmeas":148,"dcalc":149,"primary_image_id":150},2748,"Molybdite","MoO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",3,"4.5","4.72",30210,{"id":152,"name":153,"entrytype":9,"csystem":82,"ima_formula":154,"mindat_formula":154,"hmin":39,"hmax":84,"dmeas":155,"dcalc":156,"primary_image_id":157},684,"Native Bismuth","Bi","9.7","9.753",17098,{"id":159,"name":160,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":161,"mindat_formula":161,"hmin":162,"hmax":120,"dmeas":163,"dcalc":164,"primary_image_id":165},3275,"Powellite","Ca(MoO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",3.5,"4.26","4.255",19917,{"id":167,"name":168,"entrytype":9,"csystem":169,"ima_formula":170,"mindat_formula":171,"hmin":147,"hmax":147,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":172,"primary_image_id":173},40285,"Sveinbergeite","Triclinic","(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Ca(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)](Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Ti\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>[(OH)(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)]","(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Ca(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)](Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Ti\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>]\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>[(OH)(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)]","3.152",23361,[175],{"id":132,"name":133,"entrytype":9,"csystem":127,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":41,"hmax":39,"dmeas":35,"dcalc":35,"primary_image_id":134},[],6194,[179,183,187,191,195,199,202,207,211,215,218,222,226,229,234,239,244,249,253,257,262,267,271,276],{"id":180,"year":181,"html":182,"doi":11},16117505,1904,"Moses, A.J. (1904) The Crystallization of Molybdenite. American Journal of Science: 17(101): 359.",{"id":184,"year":185,"html":186,"doi":11},16117506,1923,"Dickinson, R.G., Pauling, L. (1923) The crystal structure of molybdenite. Journal of the American Chemical Society: 45(6): 1466-1471.",{"id":188,"year":189,"html":190,"doi":11},16117507,1926,"Meyer, A.W. (1926) The Optical Constants of Molybdenite in the Ultraviolet. Journal of the Optical Society of America: 13(5): 557-560.",{"id":192,"year":193,"html":194,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":196,"year":197,"html":198,"doi":11},523985,1963,"Fleischer, Michael (1963) New Mineral Names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  48 (11-12) 1413-1421 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM48\u002FAM48_1413.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":200,"year":197,"html":201,"doi":11},19457193,"Traill, R. J. (1963) A rhombohedral polytype of molybdenite. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  7 (3). 524-526",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":206},16117511,1964,"Graeser, G. (1964) Über Funde der neuen rhomboedrischen MoS2-Modifikation (Molybdänit-3R) und von Tungstenit in den Alpen. \u003Ci>Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen\u003C\u002Fi>,  44. 121-128 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5169\u002FSEALS-34329'>doi:10.5169\u002FSEALS-34329\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-periodica.ch\u002Fcntmng?pid=smp-001:1964:44::673?pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5169\u002FSEALS-34329",{"id":208,"year":204,"html":209,"doi":210},19245524,"Takéuchi, Y.; Nowacki, W. (1964) Detailed crystal structure of rhombohedral MoS2 and systematic deduction of possible polytypes of molybdenite. \u003Ci>Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen\u003C\u002Fi>,  44. 105-120 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5169\u002FSEALS-34328'>doi:10.5169\u002FSEALS-34328\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-periodica.ch\u002Fcntmng?pid=smp-001:1964:44::672?pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5169\u002FSEALS-34328",{"id":212,"year":213,"html":214,"doi":11},525504,1970,"Wickman, Frans E., Smith, Deane K. (1970) Molybdenite polytypes in theory and occurrence: I. Theoretical considerations of polytypism in molybdenite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (11-12) 1843-1856 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM55\u002FAM55_1843.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":216,"year":213,"html":217,"doi":11},525505,"Frondel, Judith W., Wickman, Frans E. (1970) Molybdenite polytypes in theory and occurrence: II. Some naturally-occurring polytypes of molybdenite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (11-12) 1857-1875 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM55\u002FAM55_1857.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":219,"year":220,"html":221,"doi":11},525728,1971,"Clark, Alan H. (1971) Molybdenite 2H1, molybdenite 3R, and jordisite from Carrizal Alto, Atacama, Chile. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (9-10). 1832-1834 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM56\u002FAM56_1832.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":223,"year":224,"html":225,"doi":11},527276,1979,"Newberry, Rainer J. J. (1979) Polytypism in molybdenite (I): a non-equilibrium impurity-induced phenomenon. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (7-8) 758-767 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM64\u002FAM64_758.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":227,"year":224,"html":228,"doi":11},527277,"Newberry, Rainer J. J. (1979) Polytypism in molybdenite (Il): relationships between polytypism, ore deposition\u002Falteration stages and rhenium contents. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (7-8) 768-775 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM64\u002FAM64_768.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":230,"year":231,"html":232,"doi":233},190865,1983,"Schönfeld, B.; Huang, J. J.; Moss, S. C. (1983) Anisotropic mean-square displacements (MSD) in single-crystals of 2\u003Ci>H\u003C\u002Fi>- and 3\u003Ci>R\u003C\u002Fi>-MoS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  39 (4). 404-407 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108768183002645'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108768183002645\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108768183002645",{"id":235,"year":236,"html":237,"doi":238},16591145,1986,"Bronsema, K. D.; De Boer, J. L.; Jellinek, F. (1986) On the structure of molybdenum diselenide and disulfide. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie\u003C\u002Fi>,  540 (9). 15-17 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fzaac.19865400904'>doi:10.1002\u002Fzaac.19865400904\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fzaac.19865400904",{"id":240,"year":241,"html":242,"doi":243},63417,2000,"Barkov, A. Y.; Martin, R. F.; Poirier, G.; Men'shikov, Y. P. (2000) Zoned Tungstenoan Molybdenite from a Fenitized Megaxenolith in the Khibina Alkaline Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (6). 1377-1385 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.38.6.1377'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.38.6.1377\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol38\u002FCM38_1377.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.38.6.1377",{"id":245,"year":246,"html":247,"doi":248},3707566,2001,"Stein, H. J., Markey, R. J., Morgan, J. W., Hannah, J. L., Schersten, A. (2001) The remarkable Re-Os chronometer in molybdenite: how and why it works. \u003Ci>Terra Nova\u003C\u002Fi>, 13 (6). 479-486 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3121.2001.00395.x'>doi:10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3121.2001.00395.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3121.2001.00395.x",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":11},16966080,2005,"(2005) Molybdenite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fmolybdenite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":254,"year":255,"html":256,"doi":11},16117517,2011,"www.eurekalert.org (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.eurekalert.org\u002Fpub_releases\u002F2011-01\u002Fepfd-nta012811.php'>http:\u002F\u002Fwww.eurekalert.org\u002Fpub_releases\u002F2011-01\u002Fepfd-nta012811.php\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":258,"year":259,"html":260,"doi":261},388750,2013,"Golden, Joshua, McMillan, Melissa, Downs, Robert T., Hystad, Grethe, Goldstein, Ian, Stein, Holly J., Zimmerman, Aaron, Sverjensky, Dimitri A., Armstrong, John T., Hazen, Robert M. (2013) Rhenium variations in molybdenite (MoS2): Evidence for progressive subsurface oxidation. \u003Ci>Earth and Planetary Science Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  366. 1-5 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.epsl.2013.01.034'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.epsl.2013.01.034\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.epsl.2013.01.034",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":266},4357999,2014,"Liang, Liangbo; Meunier, Vincent (2014) First-principles Raman spectra of MoS2, WS2 and their heterostructures. \u003Ci>Nanoscale\u003C\u002Fi>,  6. 5394 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1039\u002Fc3nr06906k'>doi:10.1039\u002Fc3nr06906k\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1039\u002Fc3nr06906k",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":11},16117516,2017,"Barra, F., Deditius, A., Reich, M., Kilburn, M.R., Guagliardo, P., Roberts, M.P. (2017) Dissecting the Re-Os molybdenite geochronometer. Scientific Reports: 7: 16054.",{"id":272,"year":273,"html":274,"doi":275},245187,2019,"Plotinskaya, Olga Y., Shilovskikh, Vladimir V., Najorka, Jens, Kovalchuk, Elena V., Seltmann, Reimar, Spratt, John (2019) Grain-scale distribution of molybdenite polytypes versus rhenium contents: μXRD and EBSD data. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  83 (5) 639-644 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fmgm.2019.49'>doi:10.1180\u002Fmgm.2019.49\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fmgm.2019.49",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":280},15154001,2022,"Belogub, Elena V., Shilovskikh, Vladimir V., Rassomakhin, Michail A., Plotinskaya, Olga Yu., Savichev, Alexandr N., Filippova, Ksenia A., Kirichenko, Sergey, Spratt, John, Seltmann, Reimar (2022) Scroll-like and platy molybdenite-3\u003Ci>R\u003C\u002Fi> from the Ufaley metamorphic block, South Urals: EBSD, XRD, SEM, EPMA and ICP-MS study. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>, 86 (3) 422-435 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fmgm.2022.35'>doi:10.1180\u002Fmgm.2022.35\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fmgm.2022.35",[282,289,298,302,312,318,327,336,344,352,359,369,377,386,393,402,412,420,427,434,442,449,458,464,473,481,488,495,503,510,518,528,536,542,548],{"id":283,"source_url":284,"license_code":285,"credit_html":286,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":287,"original_height":288},30207,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F106973","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F106973\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":290,"source_url":291,"license_code":292,"credit_html":293,"title":294,"description":7,"author":295,"original_width":296,"original_height":297},68204,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1854871","CC BY-SA 3.0","Chmee2, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1854871\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite23.jpg","Chmee2",2816,2112,{"id":299,"source_url":300,"license_code":285,"credit_html":301,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":287,"original_height":288},30208,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115020","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115020\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":303,"source_url":304,"license_code":305,"credit_html":306,"title":307,"description":308,"author":309,"original_width":310,"original_height":311},68205,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3892561","Public domain","Karelj, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3892561\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenit 1.jpg","Mineral molybdenite, chemical composition: MoS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>, from collection of \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCategory:National_Museum_(Prague)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Category:National Museum (Prague)\">National Museum\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPrague\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Prague\">Prague\u003C\u002Fa>, Czech Republic, originally from \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_South_Wales\" title=\"New South Wales\">New South Wales\u003C\u002Fa>","Karelj",1704,1260,{"id":313,"source_url":314,"license_code":315,"credit_html":316,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":287,"original_height":317},30209,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F90834","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F90834\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",711,{"id":319,"source_url":320,"license_code":315,"credit_html":321,"title":322,"description":323,"author":324,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},68206,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3926425","John Chapman (Pyrope), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3926425\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molly Hill molybdenite.JPG","Euhedral, hexagonal molybdenite on quartz, from Molly Hill mine, Quebec, Canada. The large crystal is 15mm across (corner to corner).","John Chapman (Pyrope)",1850,1387,{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":292,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":332,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},68208,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147902","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147902\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-Quartz-162512.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Moly Hill mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLa_Motte\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:La Motte\">La Motte\u003C\u002Fa>, Abitibi RCM, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAbitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Abitibi-Témiscamingue\">Abitibi-Témiscamingue\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuebec\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quebec\">Québec\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-589.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.0 x 5.5 x 5.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A splendent, 3.2 cm, thin tabular, hexagonal molybdenite crystal beautifully and jauntily set atop BOTH sides of the sculptural milky quartz matrix from a classic Quebec locality - Moly Hill. Classic crystal form and aesthetic composition on this fine piece.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",422,500,{"id":337,"source_url":338,"license_code":292,"credit_html":339,"title":340,"description":341,"author":333,"original_width":342,"original_height":343},68210,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10432363","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10432363\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-sea33b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Moly Hill mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLa_Motte\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:La Motte\">La Motte\u003C\u002Fa>, Abitibi RCM, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAbitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Abitibi-Témiscamingue\">Abitibi-Témiscamingue\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuebec\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quebec\">Québec\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-589.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 2.5 x 1.9 x 0.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A sharp single crystal of beautiful, metallic molybdenite from this important old specimen locale. Ex. John White Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,792,{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":292,"credit_html":347,"title":348,"description":349,"author":333,"original_width":350,"original_height":351},68212,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10448309","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10448309\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-es71b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Crown Point Mine (Aurelia Crown Mine; Crown Power Mine), Railroad Creek, Railroad Creek District, Chelan County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWashington\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Washington\">Washington\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8887.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 9 x 6.4 x 4.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This huge crystal of mirror bright, silvery molybdenite sits on a contrasting matrix of massive white quartz and is just spectacular in appearance and impressiveness for the price - let alone the fact that it is HUGE for the locality or any other US moly. It apparently has been re-attached or stabilized to its matrix, which is of no consequence given the tight fit.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",283,400,{"id":353,"source_url":354,"license_code":292,"credit_html":355,"title":356,"description":357,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":358},68213,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10451981","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10451981\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-lw77b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKingsgate\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kingsgate\">Kingsgate\u003C\u002Fa>, Gough County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_South_Wales\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New South Wales\">New South Wales\u003C\u002Fa>, Australia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-22763.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.1 x 4.6 x 4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Exceptional example of Molybdenite! This crystal is about 1.3 cm thick, and the 5.5 cm face has superb luster and shows beautiful radial growth. It is certainly one of the flashiest large moly roses I have seen for this price range, and size range; and they are old classics hard to obtain today from this locality. Terrific provenance now, being from two well-known collections.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",342,{"id":360,"source_url":361,"license_code":362,"credit_html":363,"title":364,"description":365,"author":366,"original_width":367,"original_height":368},68217,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616226","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616226\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite (Questa, New Mexico) 2 (19057184939).jpg","\u003Cp>Molybdenite from New Mexico, USA. (SDSMT 1769, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Museum of Geology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is a molybdenum sulfide mineral (MoS2).  It has hexagonal crystals, metallic luster, a bright silvery color, and a dark gray streak.  It is fairly soft (H=2) and has one cleavage.  Molybdenite is especially distinctive in being flexible - thin scales or plates of molybdenite will easily bend but won't snap back into shape like biotite or muscovite mica.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is nearly identical to graphite (C) in its physical characteristics (see: \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\u003C\u002Fa>).  Graphite is a principally a metamorphic mineral.  Molybdenite is usually an igneous mineral, occurring in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites.  It also occurs in some contact metamorphic rocks (skarns - \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Questa, central Taos County, northern New Mexico, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of molybdenite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\u003C\u002Fa>","James St. John",2096,1984,{"id":370,"source_url":371,"license_code":362,"credit_html":372,"title":373,"description":374,"author":366,"original_width":375,"original_height":376},68218,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616229","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616229\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite (Australia) (19055908840).jpg","\u003Cp>Molybdenite from Australia. (CMNH 4647, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is a molybdenum sulfide mineral (MoS2).  It has hexagonal crystals, metallic luster, a bright silvery color, and a dark gray streak.  It is fairly soft (H=2) and has one cleavage.  Molybdenite is especially distinctive in being flexible - thin scales or plates of molybdenite will easily bend but won't snap back into shape like biotite or muscovite mica.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is nearly identical to graphite (C) in its physical characteristics (see: \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\u003C\u002Fa>).  Graphite is a principally a metamorphic mineral.  Molybdenite is usually an igneous mineral, occurring in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites.  It also occurs in some contact metamorphic rocks (skarns - \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of molybdenite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\u003C\u002Fa>",731,823,{"id":378,"source_url":379,"license_code":315,"credit_html":380,"title":381,"description":382,"author":383,"original_width":384,"original_height":385},68219,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749601","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749601\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 516 - Molybdénite (Mexique).jpg","Molybdénite, en provenance du Mexique, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2252,1976,{"id":387,"source_url":388,"license_code":315,"credit_html":389,"title":390,"description":382,"author":383,"original_width":391,"original_height":392},68220,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749602","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113749602\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 517 - Molybdénite (Mexique).jpg",2168,2008,{"id":394,"source_url":395,"license_code":292,"credit_html":396,"title":397,"description":398,"author":399,"original_width":400,"original_height":401},16187,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=53356582","Joachim Esche, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=53356582\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-700339.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa> (image width: 1.3 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Moapa, Clark County, Nevada, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Original description: Molybdenite (EDS-analysed by Dan Topa; analysis fits mechanical properties and general appearance), originally sold as \"michenerite\", \"analyzed\" by Sid Williams (handwritten remark on the box); the label states only 'Moapa, Clark Co., Nevada', but it is most probably from the nearby Bunkerville district. See \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fmesg-7-404758.html\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fmesg-7-404758.html\u003C\u002Fa> for discussion\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Photo and collection Joachim Esche. Modified Wild M420 photomacroscope with apozoom and Canon EOS 550D.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Joachim Esche",2474,1751,{"id":403,"source_url":404,"license_code":405,"credit_html":406,"title":407,"description":408,"author":409,"original_width":410,"original_height":411},16491,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9000048","CC BY 3.0","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9000048\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite quebec2.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa> on \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" title=\"Quartz\">quartz\u003C\u002Fa> \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality :  Moly Hill mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLa_Motte\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:La Motte\">La Motte\u003C\u002Fa>, Abitibi RCM, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAbitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Abitibi-Témiscamingue\">Abitibi-Témiscamingue\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuebec\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quebec\">Québec\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : 5.5 x 3 x 3 cm)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",3462,2430,{"id":413,"source_url":414,"license_code":292,"credit_html":415,"title":416,"description":417,"author":333,"original_width":418,"original_height":419},16492,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126230","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126230\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-37948.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVogtland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Vogtland\">Vogtland\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSaxony\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Saxony\">Saxony\u003C\u002Fa>, Germany (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-22443.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>They may not seem like much, but to find such masses of silvery lustrous Molybdenite from germany seems to me a really big deal. Haven’t seen them before 2.9 x 2.1 x 1.9 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",426,600,{"id":421,"source_url":422,"license_code":292,"credit_html":423,"title":424,"description":425,"author":333,"original_width":419,"original_height":426},16493,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165088","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165088\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-238917.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Jamieson Mine, Lyndoch Township, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRenfrew_County,_Ontario\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Renfrew County, Ontario\">Renfrew County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOntario\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ontario\">Ontario\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14082.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.3 x 4.0 x 3.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A splendent, 4.3 cm, stainless steel-gray molybdenite crystal aesthetically set on quartz matrix from the less well-known Jamieson Mine of Ontario. This platy beauty has classic, hexagonal crystal form. Ex. O. Ivan Lee and Don Boyston Collections. This material probably dates to the 1950s or 60s and comes with an older Burminco label.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",480,{"id":428,"source_url":429,"license_code":292,"credit_html":430,"title":431,"description":432,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":433},16494,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453393","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453393\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-mrz235b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Malartic, Quebec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.6 x 4.1 x 2.8 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a shockingly good moly , with great balance on matrix, and in excellent condition. The crystal measures an inch vertically, and is 3 mm thick - quite robust, actually, for a molybdenite from this classic Canadian locale. Most are like thin foil sheets, and malleable as well as damaged on the edges. This is a freestanding, complete, and quite sturdy, crystal though. The rear of the upper termination, and the sides, have been fully excavated at some risk.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",364,{"id":435,"source_url":436,"license_code":362,"credit_html":437,"title":438,"description":439,"author":366,"original_width":440,"original_height":441},16495,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616234","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616234\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite in quartz-rich pegmatitic granite (Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Precambrian; Moly Hill Mine, Quebec, Canada) 2 (19236032102).jpg","\u003Cp>Molybdenite in pegmatitic granite from the Precambrian of Quebec, Canada. (4.1 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Dark silvery-gray = molybdenite\nWhitish-gray = quartz (SiO2 - silica\u002Fsilicon dioxide)\nShiny brownish-gray = muscovite mica\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is a molybdenum sulfide mineral (MoS2).  It has hexagonal crystals, metallic luster, a bright silvery color, and a dark gray streak.  It is fairly soft (H=2) and has one cleavage.  Molybdenite is especially distinctive in being flexible - thin scales or plates of molybdenite will easily bend but won't snap back into shape like biotite or muscovite mica.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is nearly identical to graphite (C) in its physical characteristics (see: \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\u003C\u002Fa>).  Graphite is a principally a metamorphic mineral.  Molybdenite is usually an igneous mineral, occurring in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites.  It also occurs in some contact metamorphic rocks (skarns - \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is molybdenite-bearing pegmatitic granite (\"pegmatite\").  Pegmatites are very coarsely-crystalline intrusive igneous rocks that are usually dominated by the minerals quartz (SiO2) and potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8).  They form by cooling of water-rich felsic magmas.  Pegmatites often have concentrations of unusual or uncommon minerals - in this case, molybdenite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geologic context: pegmatitic granite intruding the Preissac-Lacorne Batholith (Abitibi Greenstone Belt, late Neoarchean, 2.630-2.675 Ga)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Moly Hill Mine, near Malartic, Preissac Township, southwestern Quebec, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of molybdenite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\u003C\u002Fa>",741,764,{"id":443,"source_url":444,"license_code":292,"credit_html":445,"title":446,"description":447,"author":333,"original_width":448,"original_height":342},68207,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147535","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147535\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Quartz-Molybdenite-160103.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Confianza Mine, Tilama, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCoquimbo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Coquimbo Region\">Coquimbo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Chile (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-186945.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.2 x 2.2 x 1.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A fairly large crystal as far as this find went, for condition and quality, richly included throughout. One of several really showy, richly included specimens Dick bought from collector Terry Szenics, who found them in Chile in about 2004. Ex. Richard Hauck Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",336,{"id":450,"source_url":451,"license_code":315,"credit_html":452,"title":453,"description":454,"author":455,"original_width":456,"original_height":457},16497,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146206966","TomWG00, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146206966\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lapworth Museum of Geology - Molybdenite.jpg","A specimen of Molybdenite (molybdenum disulphide)","TomWG00",3024,4032,{"id":459,"source_url":460,"license_code":292,"credit_html":461,"title":462,"description":463,"author":333,"original_width":426,"original_height":335},68209,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166124","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166124\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-Quartz-244398.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Ogonja (Onganja), Seeis, Windhoek District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKhomas_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Khomas Region\">Khomas Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-29138.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.8 x 1.8 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A fine and very attractive Molybdenite crystal from the famous locality of Onganja. Note the rare, 3-dimensional, exceptionally thick crystal morphology. The large crystal is 2.2 cm across, and bipyramidal. The luster is superb, and the habit of this layered crystal is quite interesting - half is a complete layered crystal, while the other half shows multiple complex crystal growth. Complete, but on a smaller scale. And the Molybdenite is on matrix, no less. A fine specimen. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":465,"source_url":466,"license_code":315,"credit_html":467,"title":468,"description":469,"author":470,"original_width":471,"original_height":472},16498,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163704157","Motekov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163704157\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","MOLYBDENITE - CRYSTAL FROM VITOSHA, COLL. YOVCHO YOVCHEV - EARTH AND MAN NATIONAL MUSEUM.jpg","MOLYBDENITE - CRYSTAL FROM VITOSHA, COLL. YOVCHO YOVCHEV - EARTH AND MAN NATIONAL MUSEUM","Motekov",1207,1042,{"id":474,"source_url":475,"license_code":292,"credit_html":476,"title":477,"description":478,"author":333,"original_width":479,"original_height":480},68211,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445398","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445398\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-Quartz-car-41a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeaverhead_County,_Montana\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beaverhead County, Montana\">Beaverhead County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMontana\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Montana\">Montana\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24008.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 16.5 x 8.2 x 6.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Molybdenite on Quartz\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A large specimen of matrix molybdenite crystals, from this important old mining district. This piece has historical and locality significance and it is actually the ONLY such specimen I have personally ever seen for sale. Easily visible in teh showcase to teh left of the fireplace, in about the middle position (right next to the orange-on-white Hilltop Wulfenite).\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",700,429,{"id":482,"source_url":483,"license_code":292,"credit_html":484,"title":485,"description":486,"author":333,"original_width":487,"original_height":351},68214,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462004","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462004\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-Quartz-rhqtz-106b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Confianza Mine, Tilama, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCoquimbo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Coquimbo Region\">Coquimbo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Chile (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-186945.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.0 x 2.8 x 2.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Quartz with Molybdenite inclusions\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A sharp miinature with phantoms quartz points inside outlined by the moly inclusions in the lower portion of the crystal, and minute flecks of moly spread atop as well. One of several really showy, richly included specimens Dick bought from collector Terry Szenics , who found them in Chile in about 2004.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",398,{"id":489,"source_url":490,"license_code":292,"credit_html":491,"title":492,"description":493,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":494},68215,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462012","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462012\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-Quartz-rhqtz-108b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Confianza Mine, Tilama, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCoquimbo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Coquimbo Region\">Coquimbo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Chile (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-186945.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.5 x 3.2 x 3.2 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Quartz with Molybdenite inclusions\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>One of several really showy, richly included specimens Dick bought from collector Terry Szenics , who found them in Chile in about 2004. This particular miniature is a single robust crystal with the finest, largest molybdenite inclusions I have seen in any example from this find. They are dramatic, shiny, crysatllized inclusions to about 8mm in size and are vibrant within the quartz (which is undamaged). Superb example of this rare inclusion!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",351,{"id":496,"source_url":497,"license_code":362,"credit_html":498,"title":499,"description":500,"author":366,"original_width":501,"original_height":502},68216,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616215","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41616215\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite-chalcopyrite (latest Cretaceous to earliest Tertiary, 62-66 Ma; Continental Pit, Butte Mining District, Montana, USA) (18620226073).jpg","\u003Cp>Molybdenite-chalcopyrite from Montana, USA. (photo by Nicole Anderson)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery-gray = molybdenite\nBrassy gold = chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is a molybdenum sulfide mineral (MoS2).  It has hexagonal crystals, metallic luster, a bright silvery color, and a dark gray streak.  It is fairly soft (H=2) and has one cleavage.  Molybdenite is especially distinctive in being flexible - thin scales or plates of molybdenite will easily bend but won't snap back into shape like biotite or muscovite mica.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Molybdenite is nearly identical to graphite (C) in its physical characteristics (see: \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157650963514503\u003C\u002Fa>).  Graphite is a principally a metamorphic mineral.  Molybdenite is usually an igneous mineral, occurring in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites.  It also occurs in some contact metamorphic rocks (skarns - \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\">www.flickr.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fjsjgeology\u002Fsets\u002F72157646562268189\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The molybdenite-chalcopyrite specimen shown above is from a hydrothermal vein in Montana's Butte Mining District.  Butte was the top copper producer on Earth for many decades.  In that area, hydrothermal veins have intruded and altered the Butte Quartz Monzonite (Butte Pluton, mid-Campanian Stage, late Late Cretaceous, 76 million years), a large intrusive igneous mass forming part of the Boulder Batholith.  Copper sulfide-rich hydrothermal vein intrusion occurred at about 62 to 66 million years, around the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This specimen is from the only currently active mine in Butte - the Continental Pit.  The sample contains the two ore minerals that are the mining targets at Continental Pit - chalcopyrite, for its copper, and molybdenite, for its molybdenum.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Continental Pit, Butte Mining District, northeastern Silver Bow County, southwestern Montana, USA (46° 00' 37.39\" North, 112° 28' 42.36\" West)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of molybdenite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2746\u003C\u002Fa>",713,390,{"id":504,"source_url":505,"license_code":362,"credit_html":506,"title":507,"description":508,"author":366,"original_width":509,"original_height":241},11408,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516120","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516120\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnet-pyroxene-molybdenite-scheelite skarn (Late Cretaceous, 92 Ma; Reilly Mine, eastern side of Osgood Mountains, northern Nevada) 1 (15065590531).jpg","\u003Cp>Skarn from the Cretaceous of Nevada, USA. (field of view ~2.0 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Skarn is a contact metamorphic rock with a crystalline texture.  It forms by heating and addition of elements (metasomatism) to country rock in the immediate vicinity of an igneous intrusion (batholith, stock, sill, dike, laccolith).  Carbonate rock skarn is frequently called tactite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is an andradite-diopside skarn from Nevada having reddish-brown andradite garnets (ideally Ca3Fe2Si3O12), dark greenish diopside (a Ca-Mg pyroxene), silver-colored molybdenite (molybdenum sulfide - MoS2), a little quartz (silicon dioxide - SiO2), and a little scheelite (calcium tungstate - CaWO4).  The molybdenite content is high enough for this rock to qualify as a molybdenum ore.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geology - contact metamorphosed limestones of the Comus Formation (Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician) against the Osgood Mountain Stock, an early Late Cretaceous (92 Ma) granodiorite intrusion.  The garnet-rich skarn zone around the Osgood Mountain Stock is moderately rich in tungsten (W) and occasional molybdenum (Mo).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality - Reilly Mine (section 9, T38N, R42E), Potosi District, eastern side of the Osgood Mountains (Osgood Range), eastern Humboldt County, northern Nevada, USA (= approximately 41° 11’ 21” North, 117° 15’ 03” West)",3008,{"id":511,"source_url":512,"license_code":362,"credit_html":513,"title":514,"description":515,"author":366,"original_width":516,"original_height":517},11410,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516123","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84516123\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnet-pyroxene-molybdenite-scheelite skarn (Late Cretaceous, 92 Ma; Reilly Mine, eastern side of Osgood Mountains, northern Nevada) 2 (15045617316).jpg","\u003Cp>Skarn from the Cretaceous of Nevada, USA. (field of view ~4.6 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Skarn is a contact metamorphic rock with a crystalline texture.  It forms by heating and addition of elements (metasomatism) to country rock in the immediate vicinity of an igneous intrusion (batholith, stock, sill, dike, laccolith).  Carbonate rock skarn is frequently called tactite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is an andradite-diopside skarn from Nevada having reddish-brown andradite garnets (ideally Ca3Fe2Si3O12), dark greenish diopside (a Ca-Mg pyroxene), scattered silver-colored molybdenite (molybdenum sulfide - MoS2), a little quartz (silicon dioxide - SiO2), and whitish-colored scheelite (calcium tungstate - CaWO4).  The molybdenite content is high enough for this rock to qualify as a molybdenum ore.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>How do I know that the white stuff is scheelite?  Well, scheelite fluoresces bright blue under ultraviolet (UV) light - see the next photo in this album.  The garnet, pyroxene, and molybdenite don't fluoresce under UV light.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geology - contact metamorphosed limestones of the Comus Formation (Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician) against the Osgood Mountain Stock, an early Late Cretaceous (92 Ma) granodiorite intrusion.  The garnet-rich skarn zone around the Osgood Mountain Stock is moderately rich in tungsten (W) and occasional molybdenum (Mo).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality - Reilly Mine (section 9, T38N, R42E), Potosi District, eastern side of the Osgood Mountains (Osgood Range), eastern Humboldt County, northern Nevada, USA (= approximately 41° 11’ 21” North, 117° 15’ 03” West)",3072,2016,{"id":519,"source_url":520,"license_code":521,"credit_html":522,"title":523,"description":524,"author":525,"original_width":526,"original_height":527},12694,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206261","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206261\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite (Jordisite) (47911623361).jpg","\u003Cp>Valencia County\nNew Mexico, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nS-74-1854","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",6000,4000,{"id":529,"source_url":530,"license_code":292,"credit_html":531,"title":532,"description":533,"author":333,"original_width":534,"original_height":535},16501,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10164220","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10164220\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdite-Molybdenite-233200.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenum_trioxide\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenum trioxide\">Molybdite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMolybdenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Molybdenite\">Molybdenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Questa Molybdenum Mine (Moly Mine; R and S Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuesta,_New_Mexico\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Questa, New Mexico\">Questa\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTaos_County,_New_Mexico\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Taos County, New Mexico\">Taos County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_Mexico\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New Mexico\">New Mexico\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-19266.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 11.0 x 6.7 x 4.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Molybdite is an uncommon molybdenum oxide and this cabinet specimen is a rare and rich specimen from New Mexico out of the Mullane Collection. Pastel-yellow molybdite richly covers the metallic-gray molybdenite and quartz on both sides of this old-time piece from the Questa Molybdenum Mine in Taos County. Accompanied by an old and faded handwritten label.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,522,{"id":537,"source_url":538,"license_code":521,"credit_html":539,"title":540,"description":541,"author":525,"original_width":527,"original_height":526},16505,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206288","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206288\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Molybdenite with Molybdite (40945025253).jpg","\u003Cp>Atlin\nBritish Columbia, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nS-74-1845",{"id":543,"source_url":544,"license_code":521,"credit_html":545,"title":546,"description":547,"author":525,"original_width":526,"original_height":527},32193,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202844","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202844\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Altaite with Pyrite, Gold, Chalcopyrite, and Molybdenite (47762673972).jpg","\u003Cp>Lakeshore Mine\nOntario, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\u003Cli>1097\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Fol>",{"id":549,"source_url":550,"license_code":521,"credit_html":551,"title":552,"description":553,"author":525,"original_width":526,"original_height":527},77735,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206577","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206577\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Safflorite with Pyrrhotite and Molybdenite (46995681155).jpg","\u003Cp>Rossland\nBritish Columbia, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nS-74-1752",[555,561,566,570,574],{"id":556,"url":557,"label":558,"formula":559,"spacegroup":560,"year":231},9447,"\u002Fcif\u002F9447.cif","Schonfeld 1983 · Mo S2 (1)","Mo S2","P 63\u002Fm m c",{"id":562,"url":563,"label":564,"formula":559,"spacegroup":565,"year":231},9448,"\u002Fcif\u002F9448.cif","Schonfeld 1983 · Mo S2 (2)","R 3 m",{"id":567,"url":568,"label":569,"formula":559,"spacegroup":560,"year":197},9449,"\u002Fcif\u002F9449.cif","Wyckoff 1963 · Mo S2 (1)",{"id":571,"url":572,"label":573,"formula":559,"spacegroup":565,"year":197},9450,"\u002Fcif\u002F9450.cif","Wyckoff 1963 · Mo S2 (2)",{"id":575,"url":576,"label":577,"formula":559,"spacegroup":560,"year":578},9451,"\u002Fcif\u002F9451.cif","Hassel 1925",1925,[580,581,582],"Eutomglanz","Molaibdéinít","Molybdänglanz",[584,588,592,596,600,604,608,611,615,619,624,628,631,635,638,642,647,654,658,661,665,668,673,677,681,684,688,691,695,699,703,706,711,714,717,721,724,727,731,735,742,746],{"lang":585,"names":586},"af",[587],"Molibdeniet",{"lang":589,"names":590},"ar",[591],"مولبدينيت",{"lang":593,"names":594},"ast",[595],"Molibdenita",{"lang":597,"names":598},"az",[599],"Molibdenit",{"lang":601,"names":602},"be",[603],"Малібдэніт",{"lang":605,"names":606},"be-tarask",[607],"малібдэніт",{"lang":609,"names":610},"be-x-old",[603],{"lang":612,"names":613},"ca",[614],"molibdenita",{"lang":616,"names":617},"cs",[618],"Molybdenit",{"lang":620,"names":621},"de",[580,582,622,623],"Molybdänit","Wasserblei",{"lang":625,"names":626},"el",[627],"Μολυβδαινίτης",{"lang":629,"names":630},"es",[614],{"lang":632,"names":633},"et",[634],"molübdeniit",{"lang":636,"names":637},"eu",[595],{"lang":639,"names":640},"fa",[641],"مولیبدنیت",{"lang":643,"names":644},"fi",[645,646],"molybdeenihohde","molybdeniitti",{"lang":648,"names":649},"fr",[650,651,652,653],"1317-33-5","molybdénite","MoS2","Muchuanite",{"lang":655,"names":656},"he",[657],"מוליבדניט",{"lang":659,"names":660},"hu",[599],{"lang":662,"names":663},"hy",[664],"Մոլիբդենիտ",{"lang":666,"names":667},"id",[599],{"lang":669,"names":670},"it",[671,672,7],"Hielmite","molibdenite",{"lang":674,"names":675},"ja",[676],"輝水鉛鉱",{"lang":678,"names":679},"kk",[680],"Молибденит",{"lang":682,"names":683},"kk-cyrl",[680],{"lang":685,"names":686},"kk-latn",[687],"Molïbdenït",{"lang":689,"names":690},"ky",[680],{"lang":692,"names":693},"lt",[694],"Molibdenitas",{"lang":696,"names":697},"nb",[698],"molybdenitt",{"lang":700,"names":701},"nl",[702],"molybdeniet",{"lang":704,"names":705},"nn",[698],{"lang":707,"names":708},"pl",[709,710],"błyszcz molibdenowy","molibdenit",{"lang":712,"names":713},"pt",[595,672],{"lang":715,"names":716},"ro",[599],{"lang":718,"names":719},"ru",[680,720],"Молибденовый блеск",{"lang":722,"names":723},"sk",[618],{"lang":725,"names":726},"sl",[599],{"lang":728,"names":729},"sv",[730,618],"Molybdenglans",{"lang":732,"names":733},"uk",[734],"молібденіт",{"lang":736,"names":737},"uz",[738,739,740,741,599],"Molibden yaltirog`i","Molibden yaltirog'i","Molibden yaltirog‘i","Molibden yaltirogʻi",{"lang":743,"names":744},"vi",[618,745],"Molypdenit",{"lang":747,"names":748},"zh",[749],"辉钼矿","Q382994",{"history":752,"applications":756},{"markdown":753,"model_version":754,"prompt_version":755,"reviewed_at":11},"The name **molybdenite** comes from a Greek word that means *lead*[1]. For most of antiquity and the centuries that followed, the word travelled with the wrong mineral — anything dark, soft, and metallic that left a grey streak was lumped under it, lead ores most of all.\n\nThe Greek physician Dioscorides used variants of the name for lead ores in the first century CE[2]. Pliny the Elder repeated the usage in his *Natural History* of 79 CE[2]. The German mineralogist Agricola was still applying it to lead ores in 1556[2]. One word covered several minerals at once. Galena (the chief lead ore), graphite (the soft black carbon that marks paper), and what we now call molybdenite all answered to it.\n\nThe modern usage was fixed in 1747. The Swedish mineralogist Johan Gottschalk Wallerius wrote about *molybdenite* in his treatise *Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket*[3]. Even then the name was not unique to one mineral. Graphite and molybdenite, both soft, both grey-black, both greasy to the touch, kept sharing it.\n\nThe disambiguation arrived in 1778. The Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that molybdenite, in the modern sense, dissolved in acid, while graphite did not[4]. The same year he proposed that molybdenite was the ore of a distinct new element[5]. Three years later, in 1781, the Swedish chemist Peter Jacob Hjelm isolated that element using carbon and linseed oil as reductants[6]. Hjelm worked from a sample Scheele had provided[6]. He called the new metal *molybdaenum* — the name carried over from the ore that had given it up.\n\nThe mineral kept a long shadow in industry. Demand for the metal climbed sharply during the First World War. Allied armies discovered that German tanks owed their toughness to molybdenum-strengthened steel[7]. The Climax mine in Colorado, which began shipping ore in 1915, came at its peak to supply roughly three quarters of the world's molybdenum[7].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":757,"model_version":754,"prompt_version":755,"reviewed_at":11},"Almost every tonne of molybdenite mined today is fed to a steel mill. The mineral is the most common source of the metal molybdenum, and molybdenum's place in the industrial world is as an alloying agent — a small percentage in the mix that hardens iron and steel and resists corrosion[1].\n\nAbout 86 % of the molybdenum produced goes into metallurgy[2]. Structural steels absorb the largest share at 35 %, followed by stainless steel at 25 %, chemicals at 14 %, tool and high-speed steels at 9 %, and cast iron at 6 %[2]. Most high-strength steel alloys contain between 0.25 % and 8 % molybdenum by weight[3]. The same metal is a standard ingredient of superalloys — the nickel- and cobalt-based blends that hold their strength inside jet engines and gas turbines[3].\n\nMolybdenite reaches the alloy as ferromolybdenum, an iron-rich master alloy stirred directly into molten steel[4]. This is by far the most common end use of the metal[4].\n\nProduction splits across two kinds of deposits. Some mines — notably Climax and Henderson in Colorado — work molybdenite as the primary ore[5]. Others recover it as a by-product of porphyry copper mining. The molybdenum is too dilute to extract on its own, but it rides along once the copper circuit has been built. Bingham Canyon in Utah and Chuquicamata in northern Chile are the two best-known examples[6]. The largest national producers are China, the United States, Chile, Peru, and Mexico[7].\n\n### Beyond the steel mill\n\nMolybdenite earns a second life on its own merits. Its crystal structure is layered — sheets of molybdenum atoms sandwiched between sheets of sulfur — and the sheets slide past one another with very little friction. This makes molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) a solid lubricant, mixed into greases and applied as a dry film where conventional oils fail. Catalysts and pigments round out the non-metallurgical demand for the metal and its compounds[1].\n\nA newer line of work treats a single sheet of molybdenite as an electronic material. Peeled down to one atomic layer, the mineral becomes a direct-band-gap semiconductor. That is the property a transistor needs to switch cleanly and a light-emitting device needs to glow. Monolayer molybdenite shows good charge-carrier mobility and can be used to build small, low-voltage transistors, with potential uses in optoelectronics[8]."]