[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2751":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":16,"ima_formula":15,"elements":17,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":22,"impurities":11,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":27,"strunz10ed1":28,"strunz10ed2":29,"strunz10ed3":30,"strunz10ed4":31,"dana8ed1":32,"dana8ed2":33,"dana8ed3":34,"dana8ed4":35,"csystem":36,"cclass":37,"spacegroup":11,"spacegroupset":38,"a":39,"b":40,"c":41,"alpha":38,"beta":42,"gamma":38,"aerror":43,"berror":44,"cerror":45,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":46,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":47,"twinning":48,"tranglide":11,"parting":49,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":50,"tlform":51,"hmin":37,"hmax":52,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":38,"vhnmax":38,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":53,"dmeas2":54,"dcalc":55,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":56,"lustre":11,"lustretype":57,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":58,"streak":59,"colour":60,"commentcolor":11,"colors":61,"streak_colors":68,"luminescence":11,"uv":69,"cleavage":70,"cleavagetype":71,"fracturetype":72,"tenacity":73,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":74,"opticalsign":75,"opticalalpha":76,"opticalalpha2":77,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":78,"opticalbeta2":79,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":80,"opticalgamma2":81,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":38,"opticalomega2":38,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":38,"opticalepsilon2":38,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":38,"opticaln2":38,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":82,"optical2vcalc2":83,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":84,"optical2vmeasured2":85,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":86,"rimax":87,"opticaldispersion":88,"opticalpleochroism":89,"opticalpleochorismdesc":90,"opticalbirefringence":91,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":92,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":93,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":94,"industrial":95,"occurrence":96,"otheroccurrence":97,"type_specimen_store":98,"description_short":99,"aboutname":100,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":101,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":102,"group_members":107,"associates":130,"confused_with":183,"type_localities":190,"occurrence_total":195,"citations":196,"images":430,"structures":530,"synonyms":541,"language_names":555,"wikidata_qid":590,"texts":591},2751,"1:1:2751:5","d8b37e41-1613-41a6-9a0a-156fda8b1aaf","Monazite-(Ce)","Mnz-Ce",0,"mineral",null,2750,12184,false,"Ce(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","Always contains major to minor amounts of other REE (Nd, La, Sm, ...) replacing Ce. Also often contains trace amounts of U and Th (coupled with Ca).",[18,19,20],"Ce","O","P",[18,19,20],[18],"19.9.3",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1829","8","A","D","50","38","4","3","1","Monoclinic",5,"0","6.7902","7.0203","6.4674","103.6",10,6,7,4,"Space-group setting P21\u002Fn.","On {100}, common; cruciform at times. Also on {001}, lamellar, rare. Doubtfully reported on {201} and \u003Cmi>{_902}.\u003C\u002Fmi>","Well-marked frequently present on {001}; on \u003Cmi>{_111}\u003C\u002Fmi>, rare.","Crystals usually small but may be large and coarse at times. Frequently flattened {100} or elongate [010]; prismatic by extension of \u003Cmi>{_111} at times; equant, or wedge-shaped by the large development of {100} and {_111}. Crystal faces commonly rough, striated or uneven\u003C\u002Fmi>.","Red to red-brown tabular crystals",5.5,"5","5.5","5.26","Density increases with an increase in the Th content (to 5.4).","Sub-Adamantine,Vitreous,Sub-Vitreous,Resinous,Waxy,Greasy","Translucent","White, faintly coloured.","Commonly reddish brown to brown; shades of green to brown, yellow brown, rarely nearly white; yellow, colourless in transmitted light.",[62,63,64,65,66,67],"brown","red","yellow","green","white","colorless",[66],"Not fluorescent","On {100}, distinct; on {010}, difficult; also on {110}, {101}, and {011}, indistinct as observed at times.","Distinct\u002FGood","Irregular\u002FUneven,Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","+","1.770","1.793","1.778","1.800","1.823","1.860","18","24","10","26",1.77,1.86,"r > v or r \u003C v, weak","Weak","Faint to imperceptible. In pale yellows.","0.060","X=b, Z^c = 2° - 6°","Paramagnetic","Slowly decomposed by acids.\r\nDull brown cathodoluminescence.","Ore of the rare earth elements.","Originally described from a \"quartz-leeren Zirkon Granits\", which could be the same as a syenite pegmatite.","Pegmatites of various kinds associated with granitic or syenitic igneous rocks.","Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany 19539","The overwhelmingly most common member of the monazite group. Monazite-(Ce) is a widely distributed mineral, as an accessory in granitic igneous rocks and gneissic metamorphic rocks, and in detrital sands derived from them.\r\n\r\nMay belong to monazite-(Ce...","Named in 1829 by Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt from the Greek μουάζω \"to be solitary\" in allusion to the rarity of its presence in the first known localities. The suffix \"Ce\" conforms to the Levinson Rule for rare earth minerals, for the cerium dominant member of the monazite series.","2026-05-07 19:16:42",[103],{"id":104,"name":105,"entrytype":106,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},26918,"Turnerite",2,[108,113,120,125],{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":111,"mindat_formula":111,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":112,"primary_image_id":11},470481,"Monazite-(Gd)","Gd(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","5.55",{"id":114,"name":115,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":116,"mindat_formula":116,"hmin":37,"hmax":52,"dmeas":117,"dcalc":118,"primary_image_id":119},2752,"Monazite-(La)","La(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","5.17","5.13",7635,{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":37,"hmax":52,"dmeas":38,"dcalc":124,"primary_image_id":119},2753,"Monazite-(Nd)","Nd(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","5.43",{"id":126,"name":127,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":128,"mindat_formula":128,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":38,"dcalc":129,"primary_image_id":119},11438,"Monazite-(Sm)","Sm(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","5.51",[131,140,146,155,161,167,175],{"id":132,"name":133,"entrytype":9,"csystem":134,"ima_formula":135,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":37,"hmax":44,"dmeas":137,"dcalc":138,"primary_image_id":139},2013,"Ilmenite","Trigonal","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>TiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.68","4.789",29925,{"id":141,"name":142,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":143,"mindat_formula":144,"hmin":37,"hmax":44,"dmeas":145,"dcalc":38,"primary_image_id":11},2050,"Ishikawaite","(U,Fe,Y)NbO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","U\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Nb\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.2",{"id":147,"name":148,"entrytype":9,"csystem":149,"ima_formula":150,"mindat_formula":150,"hmin":52,"hmax":151,"dmeas":152,"dcalc":153,"primary_image_id":154},2538,"Magnetite","Isometric","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,"5.175","5.2",65576,{"id":156,"name":157,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":158,"mindat_formula":158,"hmin":37,"hmax":44,"dmeas":53,"dcalc":159,"primary_image_id":160},3512,"Samarskite-(Y)","YFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Nb\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.28",21478,{"id":162,"name":163,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":164,"mindat_formula":165,"hmin":37,"hmax":44,"dmeas":38,"dcalc":166,"primary_image_id":11},29545,"Uedaite-(Ce)","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>CeAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>)(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O(OH)","(Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ce)(AlAlFe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)O[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>][SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>](OH)","4.19",{"id":168,"name":169,"entrytype":9,"csystem":170,"ima_formula":171,"mindat_formula":171,"hmin":46,"hmax":37,"dmeas":172,"dcalc":173,"primary_image_id":174},4333,"Xenotime-(Y)","Tetragonal","Y(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","4.4","4.277",28346,{"id":176,"name":177,"entrytype":9,"csystem":170,"ima_formula":178,"mindat_formula":178,"hmin":179,"hmax":179,"dmeas":180,"dcalc":181,"primary_image_id":182},4421,"Zircon","Zr(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",7.5,"4.6","4.714",31046,[184],{"id":185,"name":186,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":187,"mindat_formula":187,"hmin":37,"hmax":37,"dmeas":38,"dcalc":188,"primary_image_id":189},1656,"Gasparite-(Ce)","Ce(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","5.63",9674,[191],{"id":192,"txt":193,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":194},5440,"Ilmen Nature Reserve, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia","Russia",1095,[197,201,204,208,212,216,219,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,250,254,258,262,266,271,276,280,284,288,292,295,298,302,306,309,313,316,319,323,326,329,333,337,341,344,347,351,355,358,362,366,369,373,377,381,385,390,393,398,403,407,411,415,420,425],{"id":198,"year":199,"html":200,"doi":11},12911329,1823,"Phillips, William (1823) \u003Ci>An Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (3rd ed.) \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fbub_gb_xscpAAAAYAAJ\u002Fbub_gb_xscpAAAAYAAJ.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":202,"year":199,"html":203,"doi":11},16117532,"Lévy (1823) Annals of Philosophy, London: 5: 241 (as Turnerite).",{"id":205,"year":206,"html":207,"doi":11},16117554,1829,"Breithaupt, A. (1829) Ueber den Monazit, eine neue Specie des Mineral-Reichs. Journal für Chemie und Physik, Nuremberg: 55: 301-303 (as Monazite).",{"id":209,"year":210,"html":211,"doi":11},16117535,1831,"Brooke, H. (1831) Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: 10: 189 (as Mengite).",{"id":213,"year":214,"html":215,"doi":11},16117555,1837,"Shepard, C.U. (1837) American Journal of Science: 32: 162 (as Edwardsite).",{"id":217,"year":214,"html":218,"doi":11},16117556,"Shepard, C.U. (1837) American Journal of Science: 32: 341 (as Eremite).",{"id":220,"year":221,"html":222,"doi":11},16117536,1838,"Dana, J.D. (1838) American Journal of Science: 33: 70.",{"id":224,"year":225,"html":226,"doi":11},16117557,1846,"Wöhler, F. (1846) Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, Göttingen: 19 (as Kryptolith).",{"id":228,"year":229,"html":230,"doi":11},16117558,1847,"Hermann (1847) Journal für praktische Chemie, Leipzig: 40: 21 (as Monazitoid).",{"id":232,"year":233,"html":234,"doi":11},16117559,1849,"Watts (1849) Journal of the Chemical Society, London: 2: 131.",{"id":236,"year":237,"html":238,"doi":11},12911330,1852,"Brooke, Henry J., Phillips, William (1852) \u003Ci>An Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.) \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fbub_gb_mxsIAAAAIAAJ\u002Fbub_gb_mxsIAAAAIAAJ.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":240,"year":241,"html":242,"doi":11},16866440,1855,"Forbes, D., Dahll, T. (1855) Mineralogiske Iagttagelser omkring Arendal og Kragerö [Mineralogical observations around Arendal and Kragerö]. \u003Ci>Nyt magazin for naturvidenskaberne [New magazine for the natural sciences]\u003C\u002Fi>,  8. 213-229",{"id":244,"year":245,"html":246,"doi":11},16117538,1863,"Des Cloizeaux (1863) Manuel de minéralogie: 533.",{"id":248,"year":245,"html":249,"doi":11},16117540,"Vom Rath (1863) Poggendorff's Annalen: 119: 247.",{"id":251,"year":252,"html":253,"doi":11},16117561,1874,"Radominski (1874) Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 78: 764 (as Kårarfveit).",{"id":255,"year":256,"html":257,"doi":11},16117541,1876,"Trechmann (1876) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie: 593.",{"id":259,"year":260,"html":261,"doi":11},17606816,1878,"Koksharov, Nikolai (1878) \u003Ci>Materialien zur Mineralogie Russlands\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 8. Carl Kray.",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":11},16117542,1882,"Dana, E.S. (1882) American Journal of Science: 24: 247.",{"id":267,"year":268,"html":269,"doi":270},6219921,1885,"Miers, II. A. (1885) On Monazite from Cornwall, and Connellite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 6 (30). 164-167 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1885.006.030.04'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1885.006.030.04\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1885.006.030.04",{"id":272,"year":273,"html":274,"doi":275},1127677,1890,"Goldschmidt, Victor (1890) \u003Ci>Index der Krystallformen der Mineralien\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-662-25553-7'>doi:10.1007\u002F978-3-662-25553-7\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fcloudflare-ipfs.com\u002Fipfs\u002Fbafykbzaceb46rkmliwahjmt47g5kvy3u6hzlkskwfgmbh4x6o7hmsdddpxtwm?filename=Dr.%20Victor%20Goldschmidt%20%28auth.%29%20-%20Index%20der%20Krystallformen%20der%20Mineralien_%20Zweiter%20Band-Springer-Verlag%20Berlin%20Heidelberg%20%281890%29.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002F978-3-662-25553-7",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},1118647,1892,"Dana, Edward Salisbury; Dana, James Dwight (1892) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":11},16117565,1897,"Ramsay and Zilliacus (1897) Ofv. Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten, Helsingfors (Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae; Suomen Tiedesura), Förh.: 39.",{"id":285,"year":286,"html":287,"doi":11},15618354,1913,"Schetelig, Jakob (1913) Mineralogische studien 1 [Mineralogical Studies 1]. \u003Ci>Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology]\u003C\u002Fi>,  2 (3) 1-38 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fforeninger.uio.no\u002Fngf\u002Fngt\u002Fpdfs\u002FNGT_02_3(09)_1-38.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":289,"year":290,"html":291,"doi":11},16117567,1914,"Busz (1914) Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Beil.-Bd.: 39: 492.",{"id":293,"year":290,"html":294,"doi":11},16117568,"Doelter, C. (1914) Handbuch der Mineral-chemie (in 4 volumes divided into parts): 3[1]: 546.",{"id":296,"year":290,"html":297,"doi":11},16117569,"Johnstone (1914) Journal of the Society Chem. Ind.: 33: 55.",{"id":299,"year":300,"html":301,"doi":11},4468628,1920,"(1920) \u003Ci>Atlas Der Krystallformen\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 6 - Text - Band VI - Markasit-Pyrit. Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg.",{"id":303,"year":304,"html":305,"doi":11},16117571,1921,"Shibata, Y., Kimura, K. (1921) Chemical studies of rare-earth element minerals found in the Orient. Part 1. Analysis of naegite, fergusonite, and monazite found at Naegi in Gifu Prefecture. Japan Chemical Society Journal: 42(1): 1-16. (in Japanese)",{"id":307,"year":304,"html":308,"doi":11},16117572,"Shibata, Y., Kimura, K. (1921) Chemical studies of rare-earth element minerals found in the Orient. Part 2. Analysis of columbite and monazite found in Iwaki, Ishikawa-machi, Fukushima Prefecture. Japan Chemical Society Journal: 42(11): 957-964. (in Japanese)",{"id":310,"year":311,"html":312,"doi":11},16117573,1922,"Hintze, C. (1922) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [4A]: 298.",{"id":314,"year":311,"html":315,"doi":11},16117574,"Pisani analysis in: Lacroix, Alfred (1922)",{"id":317,"year":311,"html":318,"doi":11},16150837,"Lacroix, Alfred (1922) \u003Ci> Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive\u003C\u002Fi>. Augustin Challamel. 624 pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fia601308.us.archive.org\u002F18\u002Fitems\u002FMineralogieDeMadagascarTome1\u002Flacroix-a-mineralogie-vol1-1922-RTL014358.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":320,"year":321,"html":322,"doi":11},16117576,1923,"Hintze, C. (1923) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [4A]: 368.",{"id":324,"year":321,"html":325,"doi":11},16117577,"Shibata, Y., Kimura, K. (1923) The chemical investigation of Japanese minerals containing rarer elements. Part 1. Analyses of fergusonite, naegite, and monazite, of Naegi, Mino Province. Japanese Journal of Chemical Transactions and Abstracts: 2(1): 1-6.",{"id":327,"year":321,"html":328,"doi":11},16117578,"Shibata, Y., Kimura, K. (1923) The chemical investigation of Japanese minerals containing rare elements. Part 3. Analyses of columbite, monazite, samarskite and ishikawaite (a new mineral), of Ishikawa, Iwaki Province. Japanese Journal of Chemical Transactions and Abstracts: 2(1): 13-20.",{"id":330,"year":331,"html":332,"doi":11},16117579,1925,"Niggli and Faesy (1925) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 62: 557.",{"id":334,"year":335,"html":336,"doi":11},519940,1932,"Ellsworth, H. V. (1932) Monazite colored by carbon from Dickens Township, Nipissing District, Ontario. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (1) 19-28 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM17\u002FAM17_19.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":338,"year":339,"html":340,"doi":11},16117581,1936,"Bearth (1936) Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Frauenfeld: 14: 442.",{"id":342,"year":339,"html":343,"doi":11},16117582,"Thoreau, Breckpot, and Vaes (1936) Académie royale des sciences de Belgique, Brussels, Bull.: 22[5]: 1111.",{"id":345,"year":339,"html":346,"doi":11},16117583,"Zemel (1936) Journal of Applied Chemistry, Leningrad: 9: 1969.",{"id":348,"year":349,"html":350,"doi":11},520614,1937,"Parker, Robert L. (1937) A note on the morphology of monazite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  22 (5) 572-580 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM22\u002FAM22_572.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":352,"year":353,"html":354,"doi":11},520943,1939,"Parrish, William (1939) Unit cell and space group of monazite (La,Ce,Y)PO4. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (10) 651-652 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM24\u002FAM24_651.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":356,"year":353,"html":357,"doi":11},16117586,"Gordon (1939) Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, Notulae Naturae: no. 2.",{"id":359,"year":353,"html":360,"doi":361},105628,"Gliszçzynski, S. von (1939) Beitrag zur »Isomorphie« von Monazit und Krokoit. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  101 (1-6). 1-16 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1939.101.1.1'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1939.101.1.1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1939.101.1.1",{"id":363,"year":364,"html":365,"doi":11},16117588,1941,"Sahama and Vähätalo (1941) C.r. soc. géol. Finlande, no. 14: 50.",{"id":367,"year":364,"html":368,"doi":11},16117589,"Sarkar (1941) Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science: 13: section A: 245.",{"id":370,"year":371,"html":372,"doi":11},16117590,1944,"Mawson (1944) Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia: 68: 3354.",{"id":374,"year":375,"html":376,"doi":11},521662,1947,"Hutton, C. Osborne (1947) Determination of xenotime. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  32 (3-4) 141-145 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM32\u002FAM32_141.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":378,"year":379,"html":380,"doi":11},16117592,1948,"Holmes, A. (1948) Monazite from Bodmin Moor, Cornwall: A study in geochronology. Part I. Monazite as a geological timekeeper. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: 63: 115-129.",{"id":382,"year":383,"html":384,"doi":11},1118652,1951,"Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.",{"id":386,"year":387,"html":388,"doi":389},572719,1967,"Overstreet, William C. (1967) The geologic occurrence of monazite. \u003Ci>Professional Paper\u003C\u002Fi> 530. US Geological Survey p.1-327. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fpp530'>doi:10.3133\u002Fpp530\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fpp\u002F0530\u002Freport.pdf?reftype=.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fpp530",{"id":391,"year":387,"html":392,"doi":11},16117594,"Ueda, T. (1967) Re-examination of the crystal structure of monazite. Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists, and Economic Geologists: 58: 170-179.",{"id":394,"year":395,"html":396,"doi":397},3193,1980,"Kucha, Henryk (1980) Continuity in the monazite-huttonite series. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (332) 1031-1034 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1980.043.332.12'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1980.043.332.12\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_43\u002F43-332-1031.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1980.043.332.12",{"id":399,"year":400,"html":401,"doi":402},16791268,1981,"Beall, G.W., Boatner, L.A., Mullica, D.F., Milligan, W.O. (1981) The structure of cerium orthophosphate, a synthetic analogue of monazite. \u003Ci>Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (1) 101-105 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-1902(81)80443-5'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-1902(81)80443-5\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-1902(81)80443-5",{"id":404,"year":405,"html":406,"doi":11},16346690,1986,"Mannucci, G., Diella, V., Gramaccioli, C.M., Pilati, T. (1986): A comparative study of some pegmatitic and fissure monazite from the Alps. Canadian Mineralogist, 24, 469-474.",{"id":408,"year":409,"html":410,"doi":11},16117596,1988,"Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal (1988): 10: 37.",{"id":412,"year":413,"html":414,"doi":11},16117545,1991,"Demartin, F., Pilati, T., Diella, V., Donzelli, S., and Gramaccioli, C.M. (1991) Alpine monazite: further data. The Canadian Mineralogist: 29: 61-67.",{"id":416,"year":417,"html":418,"doi":419},393228,1995,"Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1995) Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  80 (1) 21-26 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-1995-1-203'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-1995-1-203\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol80\u002FAM80_21.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-1995-1-203",{"id":421,"year":422,"html":423,"doi":424},289648,1996,"Montel, Jean-Marc, Foret, Suzanne, Veschambre, Michèle, Nicollet, Christian, Provost, Ariel (1996) Electron microprobe dating of monazite. \u003Ci>Chemical Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  131 (1) 37-53 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0009-2541(96)00024-1'>doi:10.1016\u002F0009-2541(96)00024-1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0009-2541(96)00024-1",{"id":426,"year":427,"html":428,"doi":429},160775,1997,"HEINRICH, W., REHS, G., FRANZ, G. (1997) Monazite-xenotime miscibility gap thermometry. I. An empirical calibration. \u003Ci>Journal of Metamorphic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (1) 3-16 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1525-1314.1997.t01-1-00052.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1525-1314.1997.t01-1-00052.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1525-1314.1997.t01-1-00052.x",[431,441,448,456,463,469,477,485,492,499,509,516,523],{"id":432,"source_url":433,"license_code":434,"credit_html":435,"title":436,"description":437,"author":438,"original_width":439,"original_height":440},16555,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10144038","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10144038\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-139650.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLlallagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Llallagua\">Llallagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRafael_Bustillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rafael Bustillo Province\">Rafael Bustillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-336.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.0 x 3.4 x 2.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Monazite gets its name from the Greek word \"monazein\", which means \"to be alone\", in allusion to its isolated crystals and their rarity when first found. This is a remarkable, very well crystallized, ridiculously rare, specimen consisting of sharp, lustrous, gemmy, crystals of orange-pink, twinned crystals of Monazite-(Ce) on Quartz on matrix. Monazite is usually found in granitic pegmatites, but these crystals are found in hydrothermal tin veins where is an absolute absence of Thorium (usually a trace element in Monazite). It is very difficult to obtain any specimens of this incredibly beautiful and rare phosphate, especially in crystals from Bolivia like this. This piece is from the same mine for which this material was discovered along the Contacto and San Jose veins in this mine and was first described by Sam Gordon and Mark Bandy. It is so unbelievably rare to find matrix specimens of Monazite-(Ce) from any locality in Bolivia or anywhere else in the world. This species is often dark and opaque from most localities and rarely bright like these. These crystals also show a distinct color change in various lightings.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",534,360,{"id":442,"source_url":443,"license_code":434,"credit_html":444,"title":445,"description":446,"author":438,"original_width":447,"original_height":440},16556,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10148334","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10148334\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-164025.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLlallagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Llallagua\">Llallagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRafael_Bustillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rafael Bustillo Province\">Rafael Bustillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-336.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.2 x 3.1 x 2.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Monazite gets its name from the Greek word \"monazein\", which means \"to be alone\", in allusion to its isolated crystals and their rarity when first found. Monazite is usually found in granitic pegmatites, but these crystals are found in hydrothermal tin veins where is an absolute absence of Thorium (usually a trace element in Monazite). This is a remarkable, very well crystallized, ridiculously rare, specimen consisting of sharp, lustrous, translucent, orange-pink, twinned crystals on Monazite-(Ce) measuring up to 7 mm (!) on Quartz crystal matrix. These twins are some of the most distinct and impressive twinned Monazite crystals I have seen from Bolivia. The crystals actually perform a color change in different lighting ranging from orange-pink to almost colorless depending upon the light source. This specimen has some of the largest crystals I have seen from this mine, and this piece just came out of the ground a few months ago! It is very difficult to obtain any specimens of this incredibly beautiful and rare phosphate, especially in crystals from Bolivia like this. This piece is from the same mine for which this material was discovered along the Contacto and San Jose veins in this mine and was first described by Sam Gordon and Mark Bandy. It is so unbelievably rare to find matrix specimens of Monazite-(Ce) from any locality in Bolivia or anywhere else in the world. This species is often dark and opaque from most localities and rarely bright like these. These crystals also do a color change from indoor lighting to sunlight (more pink indoors). Ex. Brian Kosnar.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",411,{"id":449,"source_url":450,"license_code":434,"credit_html":451,"title":452,"description":453,"author":438,"original_width":454,"original_height":455},16557,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10148861","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10148861\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-166908.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLlallagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Llallagua\">Llallagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRafael_Bustillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rafael Bustillo Province\">Rafael Bustillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-336.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.5 x 3.9 x 2.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Monazite gets its name from the Greek word \"monazein\", which means \"to be alone\", in allusion to its isolated crystals and their rarity when first found. Monazite is usually found in granitic pegmatites, but these crystals are found in hydrothermal tin veins, where there is an absolute absence of Thorium (usually a trace element in Monazite). This is a remarkable, very well crystallized, ridiculously rare, specimen consisting of sharp, lustrous, translucent, orange-pink, twinned crystals on Monazite-(Ce) measuring up to 4 mm on Quartz crystal matrix. These twins are some of the most distinct and impressive twinned Monazite crystals I have seen from Bolivia. The crystals actually perform a color change in different lighting ranging from orange-pink to almost colorless depending upon the light source. This piece is from the same mine for which this material was discovered along the Contacto and San Jose veins in this mine and was first described by Sam Gordon and Mark Bandy.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",500,398,{"id":457,"source_url":458,"license_code":434,"credit_html":459,"title":460,"description":461,"author":438,"original_width":462,"original_height":440},16558,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150192","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150192\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-172099.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLlallagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Llallagua\">Llallagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRafael_Bustillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rafael Bustillo Province\">Rafael Bustillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-336.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.6 x 4.2 x 1.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Monazite gets its name from the Greek word \"monazein\", which means \"to be alone\", in allusion to its isolated crystals and their rarity when first found. Monazite is usually found in granitic pegmatites, but these crystals are found in hydrothermal tin veins where is an absolute absence of Thorium (usually a trace element in Monazite). This is a remarkable, very well crystallized, ridiculously rare, specimen hosting a sharp, lustrous, translucent, orange-pink, twinned crystal on Monazite-(Ce) measuring 7 mm (!) on Quartz crystals on matrix. There is also a smaller twin of equal quality on the piece. These twins are some of the most distinct and impressive twinned Monazite crystals I have seen from Bolivia. The crystals actually perform a color change in different lighting ranging from orange-pink to almost colorless depending upon the light source. This specimen has some of the largest crystals I have seen from this mine, and it just came out of the ground a few months ago! This piece is from the same mine for which this material was discovered along the Contacto and San Jose veins in this mine and was first described by Sam Gordon and Mark Bandy.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",276,{"id":464,"source_url":465,"license_code":434,"credit_html":466,"title":467,"description":461,"author":438,"original_width":468,"original_height":440},16559,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150195","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150195\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-172101.jpg",359,{"id":470,"source_url":471,"license_code":434,"credit_html":472,"title":473,"description":474,"author":438,"original_width":475,"original_height":476},16560,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10160556","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10160556\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-210574.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLlallagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Llallagua\">Llallagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRafael_Bustillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rafael Bustillo Province\">Rafael Bustillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-336.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.3 x 7.1 x 4.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Monazite gets its name from the Greek word \"monazein\", which means \"to be alone\", in allusion to its isolated crystals and their rarity when first found. Monazite is usually found in granitic pegmatites, but these crystals are found in hydrothermal tin veins where is an absolute absence of Thorium (usually a trace element in Monazite). This is a remarkable, very well crystallized, ridiculously rare, specimen hosting sharp, lustrous, translucent, orange-pink, twinned crystals of Monazite-(Ce) measuring 9 mm on Quartz crystals on matrix. These twins are some of the most distinct and impressive twinned Monazite crystals I have seen from Bolivia. The crystals actually perform a color change in different lighting ranging from orange-pink to almost colorless depending upon the light source. This piece is from the same mine for which this material was discovered along the Contacto and San Jose veins in this mine and was first described by Sam Gordon and Mark Bandy.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",471,432,{"id":478,"source_url":479,"license_code":434,"credit_html":480,"title":481,"description":482,"author":438,"original_width":483,"original_height":484},16561,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163946","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163946\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-231259.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLei\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Lei\">Leis\u003C\u002Fa>, Valé, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVals\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Vals\">Vals\u003C\u002Fa>, Vals Valley, Lugnez Valley (Lumnezia Valley), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGraub%C3%BCnden\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Graubünden\">Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-191754.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.4 x 4.4 x 3.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A very important locality specimen with a rich coating of sharp, gemmy, sub-mm brown monazite-(Ce) crystals and a minor associated anatase, from this old classic locality. Accompanied by a scan of the original Krantz label, dating from 1890-1900.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,502,{"id":486,"source_url":487,"license_code":434,"credit_html":488,"title":489,"description":490,"author":438,"original_width":491,"original_height":440},16562,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165617","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10165617\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-Quartz-242332.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLlallagua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Llallagua\">Llallagua\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRafael_Bustillo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rafael Bustillo Province\">Rafael Bustillo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-336.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.5 x 2.6 x 1.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Monazite gets its name from the Greek word \"monazein\", which means \"to be alone\", in allusion to its isolated crystals and their rarity when first found. Monazite is usually found in granitic pegmatites, but these crystals are found in hydrothermal tin veins where is an absolute absence of Thorium (usually a trace element in Monazite). This is a remarkable, very well crystallized, ridiculously rare, specimen consisting of sharp, lustrous, translucent, orange-pink, twinned crystals on Monazite-(Ce) measuring up to 5 mm on Quartz crystals on matrix. The crystals actually perform a color change in different lighting ranging from orange-pink to a white\u002Fyellow depending upon the light source (more pink indoors). This piece is from the same mine at which this material was discovered along the Contacto and San Jose veins in this mine and was first described by Sam Gordon and Mark Bandy.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",415,{"id":119,"source_url":493,"license_code":434,"credit_html":494,"title":495,"description":496,"author":438,"original_width":497,"original_height":498},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175320","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175320\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-48115.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2247.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A rare monazite crystal, SHARP as heck, and complete. This is a very fine example for the species in quality of form and crystallography and is likely an older piece from the early to mid 1900s, of which much was brought home from madagascar by French geologists such as Jean Behier who worked there. 3.1 x 1.9 x 0.6cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",345,400,{"id":500,"source_url":501,"license_code":502,"credit_html":503,"title":504,"description":505,"author":506,"original_width":507,"original_height":508},16574,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181810211","CC BY 4.0","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181810211\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(La).jpg","Orange crystal aggregates of the rare member of the monazite group, monazite-(La), from Lovozero, Russia (Pegmatite #47, Lepkhe-Nel'm Mountain, Seidozero Lake, Lovozero Massif, Murmansk Oblast, Russian Federation). Ex. Erich Laskowski collection (USA).","David Hospital",800,542,{"id":510,"source_url":511,"license_code":434,"credit_html":512,"title":513,"description":514,"author":438,"original_width":515,"original_height":507},53012,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176122","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176122\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-155027.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSelva\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Selva\">Selva\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTujetsch\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tujetsch\">Sedrun\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTujetsch\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tujetsch\">Tujetsch (Tavetsch)\u003C\u002Fa>, Vorderrhein Valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGraub%C3%BCnden\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Graubünden\">Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-28873.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.3 x 2.7 x 1.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A GEMMY, transparent, stunning 6mm-long monazite on matrix from a classic old locality. Ex. American Museum of Natural History, Clarence Bement collection, donated in 1910.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",749,{"id":517,"source_url":518,"license_code":434,"credit_html":519,"title":520,"description":521,"author":438,"original_width":483,"original_height":522},53013,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176619","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176619\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-201689.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Madiaomby pegmatite, Anjozorobe District, Ankazobe Pegmatite Field, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnalamanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Analamanga\">Analamanga Region\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAntananarivo_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Antananarivo Province\">Antananarivo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-108322.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.3 x 3.2 x 2.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A large, crudely euhedral, earthy brown monazite crystal from an uncommon Madagascar locale - the Madiaomby pegmatite, mined chiefly for gem beryl. This is classic material for this rare earth, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, thorium phosphate. Not pretty to look at, but highly representative and large for the species and locale. Accompanied by an older, faded Ward’s label. The collection this came out of was a museum stash dating to prior to World War I.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",437,{"id":524,"source_url":525,"license_code":434,"credit_html":526,"title":527,"description":528,"author":438,"original_width":529,"original_height":507},79575,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10158669","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10158669\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monazite-(Ce)-Sillimanite-199870.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonazite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monazite\">Monazite-(Ce)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSillimanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sillimanite\">Sillimanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Yantic Falls, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorwich\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Norwich\">Norwich\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_London_County,_Connecticut\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New London County, Connecticut\">New London County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FConnecticut\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Connecticut\">Connecticut\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6787.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.1 x 6.0 x 2.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A rare locality piece of monazite-(Ce), in sillimanite. The sharp crystal noted is 5 or 6mm and fully crystallized. Ex. Samuel Ashmead Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",595,[531,537],{"id":532,"url":533,"label":534,"formula":535,"spacegroup":536,"year":417},9487,"\u002Fcif\u002F9487.cif","Ni 1995","Ce P O4","P 1 21\u002Fn 1",{"id":538,"url":539,"label":540,"formula":535,"spacegroup":536,"year":379},9489,"\u002Fcif\u002F9489.cif","Mooney 1948",[542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554],"Edwardsita","Edwardsite (of Shepard)","Edwarsit","Eremite","Karafveit","Kårarfveit","Korarfveite","Kularit","Kularita","Mengite (of Brooke)","Monaziet-(Ce)","Monazitoid","Phosphocerite",[556,561,566,569,573,577,581,585],{"lang":557,"names":558},"ca",[559,560],"Monazita-","monazita-(Ce)",{"lang":562,"names":563},"cs",[564,565],"Monazit-","Monazit-(Ce)",{"lang":567,"names":568},"de",[565],{"lang":570,"names":571},"eu",[559,572],"Monazita-(Ce)",{"lang":574,"names":575},"hu",[576],"monacit-Ce",{"lang":578,"names":579},"it",[580,7],"Monazite-",{"lang":582,"names":583},"sr",[584],"монацит-",{"lang":586,"names":587},"ta",[588,589],"மோனசைட்டு-","மோனசைட்டு-(Ce)","Q3860580",{"history":592,"applications":596},{"markdown":593,"model_version":594,"prompt_version":595,"reviewed_at":11},"The name comes from a Greek word meaning \"to be solitary.\" When the mineral was first found, its crystals turned up one at a time, scattered and alone rather than clustered. That habit gave it its name in 1829, when the German mineralogist Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt described it[1].\n\nThe full name carries a second clue. Monazite is not one mineral but a small family, and its members differ by which rare-earth element fills the same slot in the crystal. The \"-(Ce)\" tag marks the cerium-dominant member — cerium is a soft, silvery rare-earth metal. The suffix follows a naming convention used across rare-earth minerals to flag the element present in the greatest amount[2].\n\nFor most of its working life, monazite was valued not for those rare earths but for the thorium mixed in with them. Thorium is a faintly radioactive metal. In the 1880s the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach noticed monazite sand carried as ballast in the holds of ships arriving from Brazil[3]. He was hunting thorium to feed his newly invented incandescent gas mantles. These were fragile woven hoods that glowed brilliant white when heated, lighting streets and homes before the electric bulb took over. Monazite sand was quickly taken up as the thorium source[3].\n\nThat demand built an industry. Brazilian and Indian monazite dominated it before the Second World War, with especially rich sands found in southern India[4]. The mineral kept its place as the main thorium ore, and a major source of lanthanum and cerium, into the mid-twentieth century[5].\n\nThen it lost ground. The thorium that had first made monazite useful became a liability. Thorium decays through a chain of radioactive daughter products, and disposing of them safely is difficult. In the 1960s a different rare-earth mineral, bastnäsite, displaced monazite in the production of the rare earths because it carries far less thorium[6].","claude-opus-4-8","1.0.0",{"markdown":597,"model_version":594,"prompt_version":595,"reviewed_at":11},"Crack open a grain of monazite and you find a pantry of rare-earth elements. These are a set of seventeen metals prized for the unusual things they do in magnets, screens and catalysts. By weight, the rare earths inside the mineral run to roughly 45 to 48 percent cerium, about 24 percent lanthanum, around 17 percent neodymium, and about 5 percent praseodymium[1]. That makes it one of the principal ore minerals from which the world's rare earths are won[2].\n\nWhat those metals end up doing spans several industries. The largest single use is in catalysts — substances that speed chemical reactions, especially in refining crude oil[3]. Others go into the strong permanent magnets that spin in electric motors and wind turbines, into the polishing powders that finish glass and silicon, into ceramics and specialty glass, and into metal alloys[3].\n\nThe mineral is rarely dug for on its own. It travels with the dense, dark grains of heavy-mineral sands, and is recovered as a by-product when those sands are mined for titanium and zirconium minerals. In the southeastern United States it is set aside as a separated concentrate or left in with the heavy-mineral-sand product rather than processed[4].\n\nThere is a catch that shadows every ton. Monazite is radioactive, because thorium and, less often, uranium sit alongside the rare earths in its structure[5]. Handling that radioactivity, and disposing of it safely, is costly. It is a large part of why a competing mineral, bastnäsite, overtook monazite as the main rare-earth feedstock decades ago and still carries much of the load[6]. World rare-earth production today is heavily concentrated, with China supplying the bulk of mined output[7]."]