[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:1209":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":8,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":8,"elements":15,"sigelements":16,"key_elements":17,"impurities":11,"cim":18,"ima_status":19,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":22,"strunz10ed2":23,"strunz10ed3":23,"strunz10ed4":24,"dana8ed1":22,"dana8ed2":22,"dana8ed3":22,"dana8ed4":25,"csystem":26,"cclass":27,"spacegroup":28,"spacegroupset":29,"a":30,"b":29,"c":29,"alpha":29,"beta":29,"gamma":29,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":31,"z":32,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":33,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":34,"tlform":11,"hmin":35,"hmax":36,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":37,"vhnmax":38,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":39,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":40,"dmeas2":41,"dcalc":42,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":43,"lustretype":43,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":44,"streak":45,"colour":46,"commentcolor":11,"colors":47,"streak_colors":51,"luminescence":52,"uv":11,"cleavage":52,"cleavagetype":53,"fracturetype":54,"tenacity":55,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":29,"opticalalpha2":29,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":29,"opticalbeta2":29,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":29,"opticalgamma2":29,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":29,"opticalomega2":29,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":29,"opticalepsilon2":29,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":29,"opticaln2":29,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":29,"optical2vcalc2":29,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":29,"optical2vmeasured2":29,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":56,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":57,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":58,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":59,"industrial":60,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":61,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":62,"aboutname":63,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":64,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":65,"group_members":79,"associates":102,"confused_with":237,"type_localities":238,"occurrence_total":239,"citations":240,"images":290,"structures":1110,"synonyms":1136,"language_names":1195,"wikidata_qid":1310,"texts":1311},1209,"1:1:1209:2","75ac46c8-1239-43c7-8062-2c12584435c6","Native Copper","Cu",0,"mineral",null,32720,91754,false,[8],[8],[8],"1.1",[20,21],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1","A","05","3","Isometric",32,224,"0","3.615",47.24,4,"Spinel twins {111}","Cubes, dodecahedra, and as tetrahexahedra; rarely as octahedra and complex combinations. Filiform, herringbone, arborescent, wires and massive.",2.5,3,"77","99",100,"8.94","8.95","8.93","Metallic","Opaque","Copper-red","Copper-red. Tarnishes to black or green in air.",[48,49,50],"red","black","green",[48],"None","None Observed","Hackly","malleable","Reflectivity data from Criddle & Stanley (1993).","Isotropic","(45.0,35.3) 400,\r\n(47.9,39.1) 420,\r\n(51.3,42.4) 440,\r\n(54.4,45.5) 460,\r\n(55.7,46.8) 470,\r\n(56.9,48.0) 480,\r\n(58.9,50.0) 500,\r\n(60.5,51.9) 520,\r\n(63.0,55.0) 540,\r\n(64.6,56.0) 546,\r\n(70.5,64.0) 560,\r\n(86.1,82.5) 580,\r\n(92.2,89.9) 589,\r\n(95.9,94.6) 600,\r\n(98.5,97.9) 620,\r\n(98.7,98.2) 640,\r\n(98.8,98.3) 650,\r\n(98.7,98.2) 660,\r\n(98.7,98.2) 680,\r\n(98.7,98.3) 700","Completely soluble with Gold.","Electrical wire, cooking utensils, in alloys such as brass and bronze.","In the oxidation zone above sulfide copper deposits, basalts, and sedimentary rocks (Red Bed deposits), rarely in meteorites.","Copper Group.\r\n\r\nNative Copper is the preferred name here to avoid confusion, the formal IMA name is simply 'copper'.\r\n\r\nCopper was one of the first metals to be worked into implements and the first metal to be smelted from ores. Its excellent ductilit...","From Greek \"kyprios\", of Cyprus, the location of ancient copper mines; Latin \"cuprum\".","2025-08-11 12:14:19",[66,71,76],{"id":67,"name":68,"entrytype":69,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":70,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},43829,"Nickel-bearing Copper",2,"(Cu,Ni,Fe)",{"id":72,"name":73,"entrytype":69,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":74,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":29,"dcalc":29,"primary_image_id":75},31541,"Tin-bearing Copper","(Cu,Sn)",69796,{"id":77,"name":78,"entrytype":69,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},38709,"Whitneyite",[80,88,95],{"id":81,"name":82,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":83,"mindat_formula":83,"hmin":84,"hmax":69,"dmeas":85,"dcalc":86,"primary_image_id":87},2553,"Maldonite","Au\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Bi",1.5,"15.46","15.70",15215,{"id":89,"name":90,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":91,"hmin":35,"hmax":36,"dmeas":92,"dcalc":93,"primary_image_id":94},1720,"Native Gold","Au","15","19.309",17156,{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":98,"mindat_formula":98,"hmin":35,"hmax":36,"dmeas":99,"dcalc":100,"primary_image_id":101},3664,"Native Silver","Ag","10.1","10.497",17318,[103,112,120,128,136,144,151,158,167,173,178,186,193,200,207,216,223,230],{"id":104,"name":105,"entrytype":9,"csystem":106,"ima_formula":107,"mindat_formula":108,"hmin":36,"hmax":32,"dmeas":109,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":111},44,"Agardite-(Y)","Hexagonal","YCu\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","YCu\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3.61","3.66",377,{"id":113,"name":114,"entrytype":9,"csystem":106,"ima_formula":115,"mindat_formula":116,"hmin":32,"hmax":32,"dmeas":117,"dcalc":118,"primary_image_id":119},114,"Algodonite","Cu\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>As\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub> (x ≈ 0.15)","(Cu\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>As\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>)","8.38","8.72",651,{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":124,"hmax":124,"dmeas":125,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":127},423,"Auricupride","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Au",3.5,"11.5","13.77",2329,{"id":129,"name":130,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":131,"mindat_formula":131,"hmin":132,"hmax":132,"dmeas":133,"dcalc":134,"primary_image_id":135},439,"Awaruite","Ni\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe",5,"7.8","7.74",2385,{"id":137,"name":138,"entrytype":9,"csystem":139,"ima_formula":140,"mindat_formula":140,"hmin":124,"hmax":32,"dmeas":141,"dcalc":142,"primary_image_id":143},447,"Azurite","Monoclinic","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.77","3.834",29186,{"id":145,"name":146,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":147,"mindat_formula":147,"hmin":124,"hmax":32,"dmeas":148,"dcalc":149,"primary_image_id":150},1172,"Cuprite","Cu\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","6.14","6.15",29569,{"id":152,"name":153,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":154,"mindat_formula":154,"hmin":36,"hmax":124,"dmeas":155,"dcalc":156,"primary_image_id":157},1306,"Domeykite","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>As","7.2","7.86",7328,{"id":159,"name":160,"entrytype":9,"csystem":161,"ima_formula":162,"mindat_formula":162,"hmin":163,"hmax":163,"dmeas":164,"dcalc":165,"primary_image_id":166},1708,"Glaucochroite","Orthorhombic","CaMn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",6,"3.407","3.465",10023,{"id":168,"name":169,"entrytype":9,"csystem":161,"ima_formula":170,"mindat_formula":170,"hmin":171,"hmax":171,"dmeas":29,"dcalc":172,"primary_image_id":11},1837,"Haycockite","Cu\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,"4.33",{"id":174,"name":175,"entrytype":9,"csystem":176,"ima_formula":177,"mindat_formula":177,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},40647,"Icosahedrite","Icosahedral","Al\u003Csub>63\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>13\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":179,"name":180,"entrytype":9,"csystem":181,"ima_formula":182,"mindat_formula":183,"hmin":84,"hmax":84,"dmeas":184,"dcalc":185,"primary_image_id":11},53206,"Jeankempite","Triclinic","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(AsO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(HAsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 7H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.92","2.922",{"id":187,"name":188,"entrytype":9,"csystem":139,"ima_formula":189,"mindat_formula":189,"hmin":124,"hmax":32,"dmeas":190,"dcalc":191,"primary_image_id":192},2550,"Malachite","Cu\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.6","4",30149,{"id":194,"name":195,"entrytype":9,"csystem":196,"ima_formula":197,"mindat_formula":197,"hmin":32,"hmax":32,"dmeas":198,"dcalc":199,"primary_image_id":11},2772,"Mooihoekite","Tetragonal","Cu\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.36","4.37",{"id":201,"name":202,"entrytype":9,"csystem":26,"ima_formula":203,"mindat_formula":203,"hmin":69,"hmax":124,"dmeas":204,"dcalc":205,"primary_image_id":206},107,"Native Aluminium","Al","2.707","2.697",17075,{"id":208,"name":209,"entrytype":9,"csystem":181,"ima_formula":210,"mindat_formula":211,"hmin":212,"hmax":212,"dmeas":213,"dcalc":214,"primary_image_id":215},3524,"Santaclaraite","CaMn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>14\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CaMn\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>14\u003C\u002Fsub>OH](OH)·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",6.5,"3.31","3.379",21536,{"id":217,"name":218,"entrytype":9,"csystem":139,"ima_formula":219,"mindat_formula":220,"hmin":84,"hmax":69,"dmeas":221,"dcalc":29,"primary_image_id":222},3528,"Saponite","(Ca,Na)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ca\u003Csub>0.25\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.24",21551,{"id":224,"name":225,"entrytype":9,"csystem":161,"ima_formula":226,"mindat_formula":226,"hmin":124,"hmax":124,"dmeas":227,"dcalc":228,"primary_image_id":229},4073,"Tangeite","CaCu(VO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","3.75","3.84",23552,{"id":231,"name":232,"entrytype":9,"csystem":139,"ima_formula":233,"mindat_formula":233,"hmin":124,"hmax":124,"dmeas":234,"dcalc":235,"primary_image_id":236},3912,"Tenorite","CuO","6.45","6.515",30811,[],[],3784,[241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,278,282,286],{"id":242,"year":243,"html":244,"doi":11},16107153,1886,"Dana (1886) American Journal of Science: 32: 413.",{"id":246,"year":247,"html":248,"doi":11},16107154,1914,"Bragg (1914) Philadelphia Magazine: 28: 255.",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":11},4468627,1918,"(1918) \u003Ci>Atlas Der Krystallformen\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 5 - Text - Band V - Kainit-Margarosanit. Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg.",{"id":254,"year":255,"html":256,"doi":11},519672,1929,"Ramsdell, L. S. (1929) An X-ray study of the domeykite group. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (5) 188-196 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM14\u002FAM14_188.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":258,"year":259,"html":260,"doi":11},16107157,1933,"Owen, Yates (1933) Philadelphia Magazine: 15: 472.",{"id":262,"year":263,"html":264,"doi":11},16107158,1934,"Vegard and Kloster (1934) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 89: 560.",{"id":266,"year":267,"html":268,"doi":11},16107159,1935,"Owen and Rogers (1935) Journal of the Institute of Metals, London: 57: 257.",{"id":270,"year":271,"html":272,"doi":11},16107160,1944,"Palache, C., Berman, H., and Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I: 99-102.",{"id":274,"year":275,"html":276,"doi":277},16596174,1969,"Ramdohr, Paul (1969) \u003Ci>The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths\u003C\u002Fi>. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x'>doi:10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fc2013-0-10027-x",{"id":279,"year":280,"html":281,"doi":11},16107161,1980,"Mezger, D. (1980) Copper in the World Economy.",{"id":283,"year":284,"html":285,"doi":11},16963793,2005,"(2005) Copper. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fcopper.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":287,"year":288,"html":289,"doi":11},16118465,2016,"Ma, C., Lin, C., Bindi, L., Steinhardt, P.J. (2016) Discovery of new Al-Cu-Fe minerals in the Khatyrka CV3 meteorite. \u003Ci>79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society\u003C\u002Fi>.  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hou.usra.edu\u002Fmeetings\u002Fmetsoc2016\u002Fpdf\u002F6017.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",[291,301,309,317,327,336,344,352,360,369,376,385,395,402,410,420,429,437,446,455,464,474,483,492,502,510,517,522,531,540,546,552,560,569,576,586,593,600,607,614,620,627,635,643,651,660,670,677,683,689,698,704,711,719,727,734,742,750,758,766,774,782,790,795,803,808,813,818,826,831,840,845,853,860,867,875,883,892,899,906,913,920,927,932,939,946,953,961,969,977,983,990,997,1004,1010,1017,1024,1031,1037,1044,1051,1060,1067,1074,1082,1089,1097,1105],{"id":292,"source_url":293,"license_code":294,"credit_html":295,"title":296,"description":297,"author":298,"original_width":299,"original_height":300},17148,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2539963","CC BY-SA 3.0","“Jon Zander (Digon3)", via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2539963\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Natural Copper Ore Macro 1.JPG","Macro of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fnative_copper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:native copper\">native copper\u003C\u002Fa> about 1 ½ inches (4 cm) in size.","“Jon Zander (Digon3)\"",2272,1704,{"id":302,"source_url":303,"license_code":294,"credit_html":304,"title":305,"description":297,"author":306,"original_width":307,"original_height":308},17149,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3456831","“Jonathan Zander (Digon3)", via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3456831\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native Copper Macro Digon3.jpg","“Jonathan Zander (Digon3)\"",1590,1425,{"id":310,"source_url":311,"license_code":294,"credit_html":312,"title":313,"description":297,"author":314,"original_width":315,"original_height":316},17150,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7223304","Native_Copper_Macro_Digon3.jpg: “Jonathan Zander (Digon3)" derivative work: Materialscientist (talk), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7223304\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","NatCopper.jpg","Native_Copper_Macro_Digon3.jpg: “Jonathan Zander (Digon3)\" derivative work: Materialscientist (talk)",1534,1452,{"id":318,"source_url":319,"license_code":320,"credit_html":321,"title":322,"description":323,"author":324,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},17151,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8995108","CC BY-SA 4.0","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8995108\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cuivre Michigan.jpg","Crystals of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">native copper\u003C\u002Fa> \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality : Lake Superior, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County, Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : 12 × 8.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",4036,2779,{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":294,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":332,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},69382,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10137825","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10137825\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-72284.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Ogonja Mine (Onganja Mine), Ogonja (Onganja), Seeis, Windhoek District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKhomas_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Khomas Region\">Khomas Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6824.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An incredibly aesthetic, completely crystallized copper from Onganja. It has these two beautifully balanced branches, made up of sharp, chunky crystals from top to bottom, and a wonderful antique patina (less red in person). You just couldn’t ask for much more in a copper mini for the locality, where you rarely see such 3-dimensional individual crystals of copper. A superb copper mini, particularly for the locality! 4 x 2.8 x 0.6 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",528,700,{"id":337,"source_url":338,"license_code":294,"credit_html":339,"title":340,"description":341,"author":333,"original_width":342,"original_height":343},17152,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10120576","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10120576\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-21991.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Ray Mine, Scott Mountain area, Mineral Creek District (Ray District), Dripping Spring Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPinal_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pinal County, Arizona\">Pinal County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3377.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a copper from Ray of a rather untradtitional form and of high quality, i think. It comes from the second collection of Steve Neely, who got it from Al over a decade ago. It came to me through Steve actually, rather than from Al with the rest of the specimens shown here. It is exceptionally well-formed on both sides, and can be displayed from either side with equal effect. No matrix (its propped on putty in the photo). One of the more unique Ray Coppers!, compared to many other Ray coppers I have seen! 5.25 x 4 x 1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",396,500,{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":294,"credit_html":347,"title":348,"description":349,"author":333,"original_width":350,"original_height":351},69383,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462842","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462842\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-rut321c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTsumeb\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tsumeb\">Tsumeb\u003C\u002Fa>, Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-43981.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.5 x 3.5 x 1.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Copper\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Not often do you find Native Copper from Tsumeb! Speicmens are actually pretty rare for the locale, despite its richness as ore. This is an attractive specimen consisting of many very fine small cubic crystals as well as other habits including leaves and spinel twins. Purchased from the Zweibels in 1976\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",319,400,{"id":353,"source_url":354,"license_code":294,"credit_html":355,"title":356,"description":357,"author":358,"original_width":359,"original_height":271},17153,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=141501779","John Mortimore, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=141501779\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native Copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula Michigan.jpg","Native Copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula Michigan about 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) long. (Photo by John Mortimore)","John Mortimore",2592,{"id":361,"source_url":362,"license_code":320,"credit_html":363,"title":364,"description":365,"author":366,"original_width":367,"original_height":368},17154,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157539976","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157539976\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Raw natural copper crystal 1.jpg","Raw natural copper crystal. Displayed on an upside-down drinking glass (for size). Studio photography in Vibble, Visby, Gotland, Sweden.","W.carter",1335,1002,{"id":370,"source_url":371,"license_code":320,"credit_html":372,"title":373,"description":365,"author":366,"original_width":374,"original_height":375},17155,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157539977","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157539977\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Raw natural copper crystal 2.jpg",1200,960,{"id":377,"source_url":378,"license_code":320,"credit_html":379,"title":380,"description":381,"author":382,"original_width":383,"original_height":384},69395,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=141899337","Tavoromann, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=141899337\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Oxidized surface of copper.jpg","Oxidized surface of copper seen under a microscope. Sheet of copper was corroded, the bluish compound is copper(II) carbonate hydroxide.\nOptical darkfield microscopy image, stacked from multiple images.","Tavoromann",6000,4000,{"id":386,"source_url":387,"license_code":388,"credit_html":389,"title":390,"description":391,"author":392,"original_width":393,"original_height":394},69401,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158057840","CC BY 4.0","JayCubby, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158057840\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Splattered copper droplets.jpg","Edited with Photoshop 2024. Created in late December by me and my Olympus TG-6 camera, but I screwed up the metadata somewhere.","JayCubby",12000,9000,{"id":396,"source_url":397,"license_code":320,"credit_html":398,"title":399,"description":400,"author":401,"original_width":359,"original_height":271},7993,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=52134093","Nozhnici, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=52134093\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","CuCl2·nH2O (Copper(II) chloride hydrate).jpg","Copper(II) chloride hydrate crystals. Prepared at dissolving of metallic copper in diluted hydrochloric acid.","Nozhnici",{"id":403,"source_url":404,"license_code":294,"credit_html":405,"title":406,"description":407,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":409},9546,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136672","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136672\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-65460.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuincy_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quincy Mine\">Quincy Mine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHancock\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hancock\">Hancock\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHoughton_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Houghton County, Michigan\">Houghton County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3842.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is an incredible, important, matrix copper-calcite specimen from the late 1800s. It is classic material, but seldom do we see such aesthetically fine, and matrix, specimens! The crystals are lustrous, gemmy, and pristine! The cluster measures 3.5 inches across, with crystals to 2 inches (and doubly-terminated). The matrix is a heavy mix of copper wires infusing and penetrating a basalt, and in fact the basalt is probably held together by the rich network of the copper.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\n\u003Cul>\u003Cli>According to Ed, he owned this copper some 15 years ago, sold it, and it went to Larry Conklin for his own personal collection, from whom Ed bought it back in due time. It was formerly in the collection of Robert Hesse and ROBERT B. GAGE , dating it back to the heyday of Michigan mining (sadly, though, no labels have survived with the specimen from the Gage era, although the history is noted on the Conklin label). Robert B. Gage (1875-1946) of Trenton, New Jersey, worked as a chemist for the New Jersey State Highway Commission and was a key individual in the collecting and identification of minerals, particularly from Franklin, New Jersey. The mineral Gageite was named after him. Gage frequently corresponded with Washington Roebling, Frederick Canfield and other important collectors in the early part of the 20th century. Gage supplied these collectors with minerals from Franklin, New Jersey. 18.8 x 13.4 x 6.9 cm\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>",600,445,{"id":411,"source_url":412,"license_code":413,"credit_html":414,"title":415,"description":416,"author":417,"original_width":418,"original_height":419},9816,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=292546","Public domain","User:Walkerma., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=292546\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate.jpg","A sample of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fcopper(II)_nitrate\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:copper(II) nitrate\">copper(II) nitrate\u003C\u002Fa> trihydrate.","User:Walkerma.",480,484,{"id":421,"source_url":422,"license_code":413,"credit_html":423,"title":424,"description":425,"author":426,"original_width":427,"original_height":428},9817,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2174584","Benjah-bmm27, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2174584\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper(II)-nitrate-trihydrate-sample.jpg","Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate","Benjah-bmm27",2048,1516,{"id":430,"source_url":431,"license_code":432,"credit_html":433,"title":434,"description":435,"author":436,"original_width":384,"original_height":383},19466,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118196492","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118196492\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wehrlite (46010908905).jpg","\u003Cp>Miller Copper Mines, Southwest of Gaspé\nQuebec, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nS-89-172","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",{"id":438,"source_url":439,"license_code":320,"credit_html":440,"title":441,"description":442,"author":443,"original_width":444,"original_height":445},24150,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=100657871","Fennefoss geomuseum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=100657871\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Forseglet flaske med thortveitittkorn og et eksemplar med thortveitittkrystaller i feltspat.jpg","I en periode på 1950\u002F60-tallet var thortveititt 3x dyrere enn gull. Gruvearbeidere gikk rundt med pinsett til å plukke opp selv de minste korn.","Fennefoss geomuseum",2254,2121,{"id":447,"source_url":448,"license_code":294,"credit_html":449,"title":450,"description":451,"author":452,"original_width":453,"original_height":454},39108,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=565837","Stephanb, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=565837\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper sulfate.jpg","copper sulfate ; mineral name: Chalcanthite","Stephanb",900,922,{"id":456,"source_url":457,"license_code":294,"credit_html":458,"title":459,"description":460,"author":461,"original_width":462,"original_height":463},39120,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10698100","The High Fin Sperm Whale, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10698100\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","CuSO4.JPG","Lab-grown \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper(II)_sulfate\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Copper(II) sulfate\">Copper(II) sulfate\u003C\u002Fa> pentahydride crystals.","The High Fin Sperm Whale",3128,2472,{"id":465,"source_url":466,"license_code":467,"credit_html":468,"title":469,"description":470,"author":471,"original_width":472,"original_height":473},49413,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11792306","CC BY 3.0","Xlollitox, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11792306\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Carbonato rameico.JPG","Copper carbonate CuCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Xlollitox",3456,2304,{"id":475,"source_url":476,"license_code":320,"credit_html":477,"title":478,"description":479,"author":480,"original_width":481,"original_height":482},49417,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57134113","Leiem, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57134113\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Basic copper carbonate sample 1.jpg","Basic copper carbonate","Leiem",3264,2448,{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":320,"credit_html":486,"title":487,"description":488,"author":489,"original_width":490,"original_height":491},53610,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178903932","Jojowikiscience, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=178903932\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnesio solfato.jpg","Macrophotoraphy of copper sulfate","Jojowikiscience",7376,4932,{"id":493,"source_url":494,"license_code":495,"credit_html":496,"title":497,"description":498,"author":499,"original_width":500,"original_height":501},56432,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119980077","CC0 1.0","SebSchu95, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=119980077\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kupfer(II)-nitrat Kristalle Cu(NO3)2 • xH2O.jpeg","Kupfer(II)-nitrat Kristalle Cu(NO3)2 • xH2O","SebSchu95",950,842,{"id":503,"source_url":504,"license_code":388,"credit_html":505,"title":506,"description":507,"author":508,"original_width":509,"original_height":509},63561,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=177387686","I2Overcome, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=177387686\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper Replacement Agate.png","Copper replacement Lake Superior agate from Wolverine Mine, MI","I2Overcome",1536,{"id":511,"source_url":512,"license_code":413,"credit_html":513,"title":514,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":335,"original_height":335},2113,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955923","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955923\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Arthurite on rock Hydrous basic copper iron arsenate Majuba Hill Pershing County Nevada 2231.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",{"id":518,"source_url":519,"license_code":413,"credit_html":520,"title":521,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":335,"original_height":335},2816,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955969","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955969\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bastnaesite w-limonite barite and calcite Fluocarbonate of the cerium metals Mount Pass Station near Baker San Bernardino County California 2309.jpg",{"id":523,"source_url":524,"license_code":467,"credit_html":525,"title":526,"description":527,"author":528,"original_width":529,"original_height":530},3635,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9427508","Rock Currier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9427508\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tincalconite and Borax - Baker mine, US Borax Mine, Kramer Borate deposit, California, USA.jpg","\u003Cb>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTincalconite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tincalconite\">Tincalconite\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fb> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudomorph\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudomorph\">pseudomorph\u003C\u002Fa> after \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBorax\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Borax\">Borax\u003C\u002Fa>:","Rock Currier",1024,871,{"id":532,"source_url":533,"license_code":432,"credit_html":534,"title":535,"description":536,"author":537,"original_width":538,"original_height":539},3652,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74845347","GorissM, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=74845347\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite (Peacock Copper Ore) (6735665277).jpg","With thanks to 1artygal i was able to find out what this mineral is.","GorissM",3136,2352,{"id":541,"source_url":542,"license_code":432,"credit_html":543,"title":544,"description":545,"author":436,"original_width":383,"original_height":384},4486,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118187802","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118187802\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calumetite with Copper (48522616397).jpg","\u003Cp>Centennial #2 Mine - Calumet\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nMichigan, USA",{"id":547,"source_url":548,"license_code":413,"credit_html":549,"title":550,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":551,"original_height":551},5040,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956009","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956009\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ceruleite Hydrous Copper Aluminum Arsenide Huanaco - Tal Tal Province Chile 1965.jpg",640,{"id":553,"source_url":554,"license_code":294,"credit_html":555,"title":556,"description":557,"author":333,"original_width":558,"original_height":559},6209,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462527","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10462527\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cerussite-Copper-rice-31a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCerussite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cerussite\">Cerussite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Campbell Mine (Campbell shaft), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBisbee\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bisbee\">Bisbee\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWarren_(biogeographic_region)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Warren (biogeographic region)\">Warren District\u003C\u002Fa>, Mule Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCochise_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cochise County, Arizona\">Cochise County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3300.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 1.8 x 1.7 x 1.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Cerussite with copper staining\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A very cute, single crystal of sixling-twinned cerussite colored slightly reddish by either hematite or copper inclusions. I presume copper, since small specks of malachite are dotted on the outside of the crystal. Esker Mayberry was the Bisbee barber and amassed a large and fine collection of Bisbee specimens in part by trading haircuts!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,778,{"id":561,"source_url":562,"license_code":495,"credit_html":563,"title":564,"description":565,"author":566,"original_width":567,"original_height":568},6682,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163475289","Darla Sondrol, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163475289\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Partzite (GeoDIL number - 175).jpg","Partzite is a copper antimony oxy-hydroxide, near to Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 in composition, formed by weathering of copper-antimony sulfosalts. It is generally bluish to olive green, and (as in this specimen) tarnishes black. This specimen is about 7 cm.","Darla Sondrol",2669,1682,{"id":570,"source_url":571,"license_code":294,"credit_html":572,"title":573,"description":574,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":575},7330,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10131438","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10131438\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Domeykite-Copper-Quartz-42135.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDomeykite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Domeykite\">Domeykite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mohawk Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMohawk\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mohawk\">Mohawk\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3851.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic, sliced ore specimen of a vein of massive, brass-colored domeykite in quartz with copper. Domeykite is a copper arsenide and this is a fine, rich representative piece from the famous Mohawk Mine of Michigan. Ex Richard Hauck Collection. This small cabinet weighs over 1 and 1\u002F2 pounds or 688 grams! 6.7 x 6.4 x 4.0 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",570,{"id":577,"source_url":578,"license_code":579,"credit_html":580,"title":581,"description":582,"author":583,"original_width":584,"original_height":585},10188,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165973","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165973\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Blue goldstone 11.jpg","\"Blue goldstone\" refers to artificial material consisting of dark bluish glass having small inclusions of elemental copper and\u002For cobalt (reportedly).\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGoldstone_(glass)","James St. John",3015,2483,{"id":587,"source_url":588,"license_code":579,"credit_html":589,"title":590,"description":591,"author":583,"original_width":592,"original_height":275},10189,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165978","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165978\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Goldstone 8.jpg","\"Goldstone\" refers to artificial material consisting of reddish-brown glass having small inclusions of elemental copper.\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGoldstone_(glass)",2938,{"id":594,"source_url":595,"license_code":579,"credit_html":596,"title":597,"description":591,"author":583,"original_width":598,"original_height":599},10190,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165979","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165979\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Goldstone 9.jpg",2876,1647,{"id":601,"source_url":602,"license_code":579,"credit_html":603,"title":604,"description":591,"author":583,"original_width":605,"original_height":606},10191,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165981","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165981\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Goldstone 11.jpg",2083,1646,{"id":608,"source_url":609,"license_code":579,"credit_html":610,"title":611,"description":591,"author":583,"original_width":612,"original_height":613},10192,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165982","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165982\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Goldstone 12.jpg",3013,2124,{"id":615,"source_url":616,"license_code":579,"credit_html":617,"title":618,"description":591,"author":583,"original_width":619,"original_height":613},10193,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165988","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153165988\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Goldstone 16.jpg",2850,{"id":621,"source_url":622,"license_code":294,"credit_html":623,"title":624,"description":625,"author":333,"original_width":626,"original_height":351},11243,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154555","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154555\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hetaerolite-Copper-187660.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHetaerolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hetaerolite\">Hetaerolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper_Queen_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper Queen Mine\">Copper Queen Mine (Halero Mine)\u003C\u002Fa>, Queen Hill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBisbee\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bisbee\">Bisbee\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWarren_(biogeographic_region)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Warren (biogeographic region)\">Warren District\u003C\u002Fa>, Mule Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCochise_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cochise County, Arizona\">Cochise County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3318.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.5 x 2.2 x 1.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Hetaerolite is a rare zinc, manganese oxide. Rust-brown, bubbly hetaerolite totally coats a copper leaf. Ex. Dave Stoudt Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",384,{"id":628,"source_url":629,"license_code":294,"credit_html":630,"title":631,"description":632,"author":333,"original_width":633,"original_height":634},11244,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155253","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155253\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hetaerolite-Copper-191624.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHetaerolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hetaerolite\">Hetaerolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper_Queen_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper Queen Mine\">Copper Queen Mine (Halero Mine)\u003C\u002Fa>, Queen Hill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBisbee\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bisbee\">Bisbee\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWarren_(biogeographic_region)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Warren (biogeographic region)\">Warren District\u003C\u002Fa>, Mule Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCochise_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cochise County, Arizona\">Cochise County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3318.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.6 x 3.2 x 1.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Hetaerolite is a rare zinc, manganese oxide. So, we have here a showy, rare and old combination specimen from the famous Copper Queen Mine at Bisbee. Dark, rust-brown, bubbly hetaerolite totally coats a copper leaf. Ex. Dave Stoudt and Chuck Youngblood Collections.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",521,455,{"id":636,"source_url":637,"license_code":294,"credit_html":638,"title":639,"description":640,"author":333,"original_width":641,"original_height":642},11245,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10156946","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10156946\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hetaerolite-Copper-195439.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHetaerolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hetaerolite\">Hetaerolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper_Queen_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper Queen Mine\">Copper Queen Mine (Halero Mine)\u003C\u002Fa>, Queen Hill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBisbee\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bisbee\">Bisbee\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWarren_(biogeographic_region)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Warren (biogeographic region)\">Warren District\u003C\u002Fa>, Mule Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCochise_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cochise County, Arizona\">Cochise County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3318.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.5 x 3.1 x 2.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Hetaerolite is a rare zinc, manganese oxide. So, we have here a showy, rare and old combination specimen from the famous Copper Queen Mine at Bisbee. Dark, rust-brown, bubbly hetaerolite totally coats a copper leaf. The botryoids look like a grape cluster, which is nicely accented by a diagonal flat plate of goethite on one side. Ex. Dave Stoudt Collection, who according to their catalogue, purchased this piece in Bisbee in 1994 from then Bisbee rock shop owner Chuck Youngblood.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",479,750,{"id":644,"source_url":645,"license_code":294,"credit_html":646,"title":647,"description":648,"author":333,"original_width":649,"original_height":650},11501,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10120439","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10120439\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Zincite-Copper-Hodgkinsonite-21559.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZincite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zincite\">Zincite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHodgkinsonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hodgkinsonite\">Hodgkinsonite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFranklin_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Franklin Mine\">Franklin Mine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFranklin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Franklin\">Franklin\u003C\u002Fa>, Franklin Mining District, Sussex County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_Jersey\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New Jersey\">New Jersey\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8541.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Deep red crystals of zincite along the top of a hefty matrix specimen, fronted with bright veins of native copper (lower-mid right side of specimen and top-middle photo). The zincite crystals are in a calcite vein with dispersed purplish hodgkinsonite. 9 x 8 x 5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",674,531,{"id":652,"source_url":653,"license_code":320,"credit_html":654,"title":655,"description":656,"author":657,"original_width":658,"original_height":659},14110,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179299455","Ethmostigmus, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179299455\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lavendulan (copper arsenate) at Melbourne Museum.jpg","A specimen of lavendulan (copper arsenate) on display at Melbourne Museum in Victoria, Australia. This specimen was sourced from the Dome Rock Copper Mine near Boolcamatta, South Australia.","Ethmostigmus",5142,3428,{"id":661,"source_url":662,"license_code":663,"credit_html":664,"title":665,"description":666,"author":667,"original_width":668,"original_height":669},16429,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9686518","GFDL 1.2","Alchemist-hp (talk) (www.pse-mendelejew.de), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9686518\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mohawkite.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMohawkite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mohawkite\">Mohawkite nugget\u003C\u002Fa>, a mixture of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fdomeykite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:domeykite\">domeykite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Falgodonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:algodonite\">algodonite\u003C\u002Fa> and native copper, chemical formula: Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>As up to Cu\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>As. Locality: Mohawk Mine, Houghton, Keweenaw, Michigan, USA. Size ca. 50 × 40 × 28 mm. Collection M.R.","Alchemist-hp (talk) (www.pse-mendelejew.de)",4276,3188,{"id":671,"source_url":672,"license_code":294,"credit_html":673,"title":674,"description":675,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":676},16430,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175199","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175199\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mohawkite-39579.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMohawkite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mohawkite\">Mohawkite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mohawk Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMohawk\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mohawk\">Mohawk\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3851.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a rare arsenide of copper containing nickel and cobalt. Found only on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan. It is unusual in that much of the material was either smelted or polished for lapidar objects, while this remains in its natural form 5.6 x 5 x 1.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",497,{"id":678,"source_url":679,"license_code":294,"credit_html":680,"title":681,"description":682,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":129},16433,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175843","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175843\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mohawkite-121691.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMohawkite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mohawkite\">Mohawkite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAhmeek,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ahmeek, Michigan\">Ahmeek\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24712.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.8 x 3.7 x 1.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\"Mohawkite\", a rare mixture of copper and copper arsenides, is named after the Mohawk-Ahmeek area of Keweenaw County in Michigan. This 2.9-ounce nugget has been polished to show its pretty silvery tone with a hint of gold. Mined in the 1950s.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":684,"source_url":685,"license_code":294,"credit_html":686,"title":687,"description":688,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":351},16435,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176750","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176750\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mohawkite-210766.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMohawkite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mohawkite\">Mohawkite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mohawk Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMohawk\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mohawk\">Mohawk\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3851.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.9 x 2.8 x 2.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Mohawkite, a rare compound of copper and arsenic, is found only one place in the world - in the Mohawk-Ahmeek area of Keweenaw County in Michigan. This 3-ounce nugget has been polished to show its pretty silvery tone with a hint of gold. From an old stash, which was mined in the 1950s. It had been sitting in a garage for a long, long time.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":690,"source_url":691,"license_code":388,"credit_html":692,"title":693,"description":694,"author":695,"original_width":696,"original_height":697},17322,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588334","Slashme, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588334\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Silber Kupfer.jpg","Native silver and copper from the Potergayevskoye mine, Rubstovoskoye deposit, Altai, Russia","Slashme",3082,3462,{"id":699,"source_url":700,"license_code":413,"credit_html":701,"title":702,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":703,"original_height":703},18273,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956164","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956164\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Osarizawaite Hydrous Lead Copper sulfate Silver Hill Mine Pima County Arizona 1946.jpg",1100,{"id":705,"source_url":706,"license_code":294,"credit_html":707,"title":708,"description":709,"author":333,"original_width":710,"original_height":351},20547,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457562","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457562\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-09b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.2 x 3.1 x 1.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is an intergrown plate of equant, splendent, black, ramsdellite, in crystals to .5 cm across.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",367,{"id":712,"source_url":713,"license_code":467,"credit_html":714,"title":715,"description":716,"author":717,"original_width":529,"original_height":718},21548,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14627374","David M. Maietta, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14627374\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chamosite, Saponite, Copper-188771.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChamosite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chamosite\">Chamosite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSaponite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Saponite\">Saponite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Central Mine, Central, Keweenaw County, Michigan, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Clusters of dark-green chamosite balls with light-green saponite balls and copper crystals, lining a basalt vesicle from which a calcite cover was removed. Field of view is 8.3 mm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>recording data:\u003C\u002Fi>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Lens: Mitutoyo M Plan Apo 2 0.055\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>F-stop: N\u002FA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Mounting: Normal, with tube lens\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>FOV: 8.3 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Lighting: Dual fiber, partially diffused\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Processing: CombineZP pyramid-do-stack retouched with pyramid-max-contrast\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","David M. Maietta",731,{"id":720,"source_url":721,"license_code":579,"credit_html":722,"title":723,"description":724,"author":583,"original_width":725,"original_height":726},23946,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915705","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915705\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 2.jpg","Chalcocite from Poland. (~5.1 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This chalcocite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite (Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide), pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",2182,2207,{"id":728,"source_url":729,"license_code":579,"credit_html":730,"title":731,"description":724,"author":583,"original_width":732,"original_height":733},23947,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915706","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915706\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 1.jpg",2527,2571,{"id":735,"source_url":736,"license_code":579,"credit_html":737,"title":738,"description":739,"author":583,"original_width":740,"original_height":741},23948,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915708","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915708\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 4.jpg","Chalcocite from Poland. (~5.8 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This chalcocite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite (Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide), pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",2474,2206,{"id":743,"source_url":744,"license_code":579,"credit_html":745,"title":746,"description":747,"author":583,"original_width":748,"original_height":749},23949,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915709","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915709\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcocite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 5.jpg","Chalcocite from Poland. (~5.7 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chalcocite is a significant copper ore mineral having the formula Cu2S - copper sulfide.  It has a metallic luster, a dark gray to black color and streak, no obvious cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and is moderately soft (H = 2.5 to 3).  Chalcocite is found with other copper minerals such as chalcopyrite.  It usually forms in the near-surface, secondary enrichment zone at and below the water table, in areas having copper mineralization.  It also occurs as a primary mineral in some hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This chalcocite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite (Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide), pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of chalcocite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=962\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",2248,2258,{"id":751,"source_url":752,"license_code":579,"credit_html":753,"title":754,"description":755,"author":583,"original_width":756,"original_height":757},23950,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915746","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115915746\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite (Lubin Copper Mine, Poland) 3.jpg","Bornite from Poland. (~6.7 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5700 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bornite is a copper iron sulfide mineral (Cu5FeS4).  It's one of several economically significant copper ore minerals (others include chalcocite and chalcopyrite).  On fresh, unweathered surfaces, bornite has a metallic copper-orange appearance.  Fresh surfaces tarnish relatively quickly.  Early-formed bornite tarnish is iridescent, with blues and purples and reds and greens, resulting in the nickname “peacock ore”.  As the tarnish thickens, more blues and purples stand out.  Late-stage bornite tarnish is a dark purplish-blue.  The tarnish material is actually covellite (CuS).  With weathering, oxidation, and breakdown, bornite converts to covellite and chalcocite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bornite is moderately soft (H=3), has no cleavage, and is noticeably heavy for its size.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This bornite sample comes from a copper mine in Poland.  Mining targets a copper sulfide-rich horizon known as the \"Kupferschiefer\" (= \"copper shale\").  The unit is a thin (less than 1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain.  The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Reported metallic minerals include chalcocite (Cu2S - copper sulfide), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite, pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others.  Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature.  Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals.  Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene).  Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphic context: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Lubin Copper Mine, southwestern Poland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of bornite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=727\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\nde-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog\u002Fwiki\u002FKupferschiefer?_x_...\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Partly synthesized from:\nGuilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits.  985 pp.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBorg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits.  Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486.",3314,2544,{"id":759,"source_url":760,"license_code":579,"credit_html":761,"title":762,"description":763,"author":583,"original_width":764,"original_height":765},24167,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84622668","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84622668\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Thunder egg quartz (Baker Ranch Agate Mine, Luna County, New Mexico, USA) (34346707651).jpg","\u003Cp>Quartz (\"Thunder Egg\") from New Mexico, USA.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals.  All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry.  \"Silica\" refers to SiO2 chemistry.  The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4.  Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens \"belong\" to each silicon.  The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The simplest & most abundant silicate mineral in the Earth's crust is quartz (SiO2).  All other silicates have silica + impurities.  Many silicates have a significant percentage of aluminum (the aluminosilicates).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Quartz (silicon dioxide\u002Fsilica - SiO2) is the most common mineral in the Earth's crust.  It is composed of the two most abundant elements in the crust - oxygen and silicon.  It has a glassy, nonmetallic luster, is commonly clearish to whitish to grayish in color, has a white streak, is quite hard (H≡7), forms hexagonal crystals, has no cleavage, and has conchoidal fracture.  Quartz can be any color: clear, white, gray, black, brown, pink, red, purple, blue, green, orange, etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The quartz specimen shown above is a \"thunder egg\", which refers to agate- and\u002For quartz-filled masses that fill former cavities in rocks.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Baker Mine (Baker Ranch Agate Mine), Luna County, southwestern New Mexico, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of quartz and amethyst\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3337\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3337\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3337<\u002Fa>",2654,2462,{"id":767,"source_url":768,"license_code":579,"credit_html":769,"title":770,"description":771,"author":583,"original_width":772,"original_height":773},25117,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022818","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022818\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Silver-prehnite-copper (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-1.06 Ga; Quincy Mine, Hancock, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) (16665235963).jpg","\u003Cp>Silver-prehnite-copper from the Precambrian of Michigan, USA. (public display, Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery-gray = native silver (Ag)\nPale green = prehnite (Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2)\nDark coppery-red = native copper (Cu)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silver is part of the gold-group of metallic elements.  Silver is a precious metal, but is far less valuable than gold or platinum.  Silver usually occurs as a silver sulfide mineral, but it also occurs in nature in its native state, often in the form of twisted wires.  Silver is moderately soft and has a silvery-white color on fresh surfaces that tarnishes to darker colors.  Elemental silver in nature is often found alloyed with other metals.  Naturally alloyed gold-silver is called electrum.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The colorful silver-prehnite-copper specimen shown above is from northern Michigan's Portage Lake Volcanic Series, an extremely thick, Precambrian-aged, flood-basalt deposit that fills up an ancient continental rift valley.  This rift valley, analogous to the present-day East African Rift Valley, extends from Kansas to Minnesota to the Lake Superior area to southern Michigan.  Unlike many flood basalts (e.g., Deccan Traps, Siberian Traps, Columbia River), the Portage Lake only filled up the rift valley.  The unit is exposed throughout Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula, in the vicinity of the towns of Houghton & Hancock.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Portage Lake succession thickens northward through the Keweenaw, up to >5.5 km worth of section in places.  The dominant rock type is basalt - vesicular basalts, for the most part.  Most of the original vesicles (gas bubbles) have since been filled up with a wide variety of different minerals.  A vesicular basalt that has had its vesicles filled up with minerals is called an amygdaloidal basalt (try saying that five times quickly).  Keweenaw amygdaloidal basalts have long had significant economic importance because native copper (Cu) is one of the more common vesicle-filling and fracture-filling minerals.  Native silver (Ag) is sometimes found closely associated with copper.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silver and copper mineralization occurred during the late Mesoproterozoic, at 1.05 to 1.06 billion years ago.  The Portage Lake host rocks are 1.093 to 1.097 billion years old.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Quincy Mine, Hancock, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA",3086,2320,{"id":775,"source_url":776,"license_code":579,"credit_html":777,"title":778,"description":779,"author":583,"original_width":780,"original_height":781},26833,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951123","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951123\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper and silver (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-1.06 Ga; Adventure Mine, Ontonagon County, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) (16691572374).jpg","\u003Cp>Copper and silver from the Precambrian of Michigan, USA. (public display, Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Copper is the only metallic element that has a \"reddish\" color - it’s actually a metallic orange color.  Most metallic elements, apart from gold & copper, are silvery-gray colored.  Copper tends to form sharp-edged, irregular, twisted masses of moderately high density.  It is moderately soft, but is extremely difficult to break.  It has no cleavage and has a distinctive hackly fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The beautiful copper-and-silver rock shown above comes from northern Michigan's Portage Lake Volcanic Series, an extremely thick, Precambrian-aged, flood-basalt deposit that fills up an ancient continental rift valley.  This rift valley, analogous to the present-day East African Rift Valley, extends from Kansas to Minnesota to the Lake Superior area to southern Michigan.  Unlike many flood basalts (e.g., Deccan Traps, Siberian Traps, Columbia River), the Portage Lake only filled up the rift valley.  The unit is exposed throughout Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula, in the vicinity of the towns of Houghton & Hancock.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Portage Lake succession thickens northward through the Keweenaw, up to >5.5 km worth of section in places.  The dominant rock type is basalt - vesicular basalts, for the most part.  Most of the original vesicles (gas bubbles) have since been filled up with a wide variety of different minerals.  A vesicular basalt that has had its vesicles filled up with minerals is called an amygdaloidal basalt (try saying that five times quickly).  Keweenaw amygdaloidal basalts have long had significant economic importance because native copper (Cu) is one of the more common vesicle-filling and fracture-filling minerals.  Native silver (Ag) is sometimes closely associated with copper.  Copper and silver mineralization occurred during the late Mesoproterozoic, at 1.05 to 1.06 billion years ago.  The Portage Lake host rocks are 1.093 to 1.097 billion years old.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Adventure Mine, Ontonagon County, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA",2662,1905,{"id":783,"source_url":784,"license_code":579,"credit_html":785,"title":786,"description":787,"author":583,"original_width":788,"original_height":789},26834,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951133","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951133\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper and silver (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-.1.06 Ga; Isle Royale Number 3 Mine, Houghton County, northern Michigan, USA) (17126307298).jpg","\u003Cp>Copper and silver from the Precambrian of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, USA. (public display, Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Copper is the only metallic element that has a \"reddish\" color - it’s actually a metallic orange color.  Most metallic elements, apart from gold & copper, are silvery-gray colored.  Copper tends to form sharp-edged, irregular, twisted masses of moderately high density.  It is moderately soft, but is extremely difficult to break.  It has no cleavage and has a distinctive hackly fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The copper-silver specimen shown above comes from northern Michigan's Portage Lake Volcanic Series, an extremely thick, Precambrian-aged, flood-basalt deposit that fills up an ancient continental rift valley.  This rift valley, analogous to the present-day East African Rift Valley, extends from Kansas to Minnesota to the Lake Superior area to southern Michigan.  Unlike many flood basalts (e.g., Deccan Traps, Siberian Traps, Columbia River), the Portage Lake only filled up the rift valley.  The unit is exposed throughout Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula, in the vicinity of the towns of Houghton & Hancock.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Portage Lake succession thickens northward through the Keweenaw, up to >5.5 km worth of section in places.  The dominant rock type is basalt - vesicular basalts, for the most part.  Most of the original vesicles (gas bubbles) have since been filled up with a wide variety of different minerals.  A vesicular basalt that has had its vesicles filled up with minerals is called an amygdaloidal basalt (try saying that five times quickly).  Keweenaw amygdaloidal basalts have long had significant economic importance because native copper (Cu) is one of the more common vesicle-filling and fracture-filling minerals.  Native silver (Ag) is sometimes closely associated with copper.  Copper and silver mineralization occurred during the late Mesoproterozoic, at 1.05 to 1.06 billion years ago.  The Portage Lake host rocks are 1.093 to 1.097 billion years old.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Isle Royale Number 3 Mine, Houghton County, northern Michigan, USA",2187,1713,{"id":791,"source_url":792,"license_code":413,"credit_html":793,"title":794,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":551,"original_height":551},28736,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956336","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956336\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Zeunerite 2 on quartz Copper urano-arsenate Perry Jones Group Plumas County California 1969.jpg",{"id":796,"source_url":797,"license_code":388,"credit_html":798,"title":799,"description":800,"author":801,"original_width":558,"original_height":802},31349,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=145369739","Nicola Shreeve, conservator for National Trust, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=145369739\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","ALaRonde̠ OctagonChair Conservation Paint Layers Digital Micropscope NT CCBYSA open.png","Using a digital microscope to reveal historic paint layers. Losses to the post 1850 overpaint layer reveals the original copper-based green (Verdigris) and lead white painted surface beneath. Octagon chair (1312248.6), c.1795, at A la Ronde. Uploaded as part of a National Trust pilot, see \u003Ca class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWikipedia:GLAM\u002FNational_Trust\u002FPilot_2\">https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWikipedia:GLAM\u002FNational_Trust\u002FPilot_2\u003C\u002Fa>","Nicola Shreeve, conservator for National Trust",1000,{"id":804,"source_url":805,"license_code":413,"credit_html":806,"title":807,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":551,"original_height":551},31671,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955839","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955839\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ajoite 2 in rock Copper aluminum silicate New Cornelia Mine Ajo Pima County Arizona 2131.jpg",{"id":809,"source_url":810,"license_code":413,"credit_html":811,"title":812,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":551,"original_height":551},31672,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955840","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955840\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ajoite in rock Copper aluminum silicate New Cornelia Mine Ajo Pima County Arizona.jpg",{"id":814,"source_url":815,"license_code":413,"credit_html":816,"title":817,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":335,"original_height":335},34167,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955934","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955934\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Atacamite Basic copper chloride Chuquicamata Chile 2295.jpg",{"id":819,"source_url":820,"license_code":467,"credit_html":821,"title":822,"description":823,"author":824,"original_width":825,"original_height":529},34307,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9989754","Corie Mattar, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9989754\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aurichalcite and Hemimorphite - Blue Bell claims, Baker, San Bernardino County, California, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAurichalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aurichalcite\">Aurichalcite\u003C\u002Fa> (pale blue) and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHemimorphite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hemimorphite\">Hemimorphite\u003C\u002Fa> (colorless)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Blue Bell claims (Hard Luck claims), Baker, San Bernardino Co., California, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Original description: Beautifully colored aurichalcite crystals nestled in among varied hemimorphite crystals - FOV approx 2.5cm wide and 4 cm tall\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Corie Mattar",798,{"id":827,"source_url":828,"license_code":413,"credit_html":829,"title":830,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":558,"original_height":558},35207,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955974","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955974\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bayldonite on quartz Hydrous basic lead copper arsenate Brandygill Caldbeck Falls Cumberland England 2053.jpg",{"id":832,"source_url":833,"license_code":320,"credit_html":834,"title":835,"description":836,"author":837,"original_width":838,"original_height":839},36163,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716262","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716262\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 039 - Chalcopyrite, minerai de cuivre.jpg","Chalcopyrite, minerai de cuivre, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",1844,1680,{"id":841,"source_url":842,"license_code":413,"credit_html":843,"title":844,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":551,"original_height":551},36504,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955996","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955996\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite w - chalcopyrite Copper iron sulfide Mount Con Mine Butte Silver Bow County Montana 2319.jpg",{"id":846,"source_url":847,"license_code":848,"credit_html":849,"title":850,"description":851,"author":852,"original_width":408,"original_height":351},39109,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=645295","CC BY 2.5","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=645295\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper sulfate Chalcanthite.jpg","copper sulfate, Mineral name: Chalcanthite","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",{"id":854,"source_url":855,"license_code":294,"credit_html":856,"title":857,"description":858,"author":333,"original_width":859,"original_height":558},39118,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159452","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159452\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-Copper-202081.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcanthite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcanthite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: New Rambler mine (Rambler Mine; Holmes Mine; Electrolytic Mine; Great Rambler Mine), New Rambler District, Albany County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWyoming\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wyoming\">Wyoming\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7493.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 22.7 x 13.4 x 11.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The Rambler mine was in its heyday by 1900 or so, and continued for a number of years afterwards to dominate copper production in this region. This particular specimen is the only Chalcanthite of any kind that I have personally seen from the state is the only listed locality likely to have produced such a piece, although the label accompanying just says \"chalcanthite - Wyoming - natural\"). The specimen carries an old label from dealer Gary Hansen. Could it be formed from mine run-off? It DOES have the look of deposition from flowing solution, but this could have formed naturally, as the label says, during flow of water through the mine, completely unrelated to human mining. I am disinclined to think these to be manmade fakes. The giveaway is the presence of COPPER-REPLACED wood, embedded in the chalcanthite at the bottom and rear of the specimen. If you knock on it with a key or finger, the slender wood timber clinks like metal. The replacement is not 100% complete, as the wood is still somewhat malleable\u002Fbendable, but it is far enough along that you can say the copper has replaced much of the wood. So, we have a naturally formed example of chalcanthite, not made on a lab table - but formed post-mining from the runoff of the copper-laden waters running over old mine timbers. Ex. Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",585,{"id":861,"source_url":862,"license_code":294,"credit_html":863,"title":864,"description":865,"author":333,"original_width":866,"original_height":351},39119,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10456371","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10456371\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcanthite-Copper-pas-178c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcanthite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcanthite\">Chalcanthite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: New Rambler mine (Rambler Mine; Holmes Mine; Electrolytic Mine; Great Rambler Mine), New Rambler District, Albany County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWyoming\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wyoming\">Wyoming\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7493.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: large cabinet, 22.7 x 13.4 x 11.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Chalcanthite with COPPER replacing Wood\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The Rambler mine was in its heyday by 1900 or so, and continued for a number of years afterwards to dominate copper production in this region. This particular specimen is the only Chalcanthite of any kind that I have personally seen from the state (and this is the only listed locality likely to have produced such a piece, although the label accompanying just says \"chalcanthite - wyoming - natural\"). The specimen carries an old label from dealer Gary Hansen. Could it be formed from mine run-off? It DOES have the look of deposition from flowing solution, but this could have formed naturally, as the label says, during flow of water through the mine, completely unrelated to human mining. As with another museum chalcanthite of large size in this collection, I am disinclined to think these to be manmade fakes - something I would be very suspicious of today from contemporary mining locations. So, which is it? The giveaway is the presence of COPPER-REPLACED wood, embedded in the chalcanthite at the bottom and rear of the specimen. No kidding, if you knock on it with a key or finger, the slender wood timber clinks like metal. The replacement is not 100% complete, as the wood is still somewhat malleable\u002Fbendable, but it is far enough along that you can say the copper has replaced much of the wood. So , we have a naturally formed example of chalcanthite, not made on a lab table - but formed postmining from the runoff of the copper-laden waters running over old mine timbers. In any case, it is a huge, beautiful, breathtakingly colorful display specimen!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",308,{"id":868,"source_url":869,"license_code":320,"credit_html":870,"title":871,"description":872,"author":873,"original_width":383,"original_height":874},39337,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=120379865","Vyacheslav Bukharov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=120379865\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Collections of the Nizhny Tagil Local History Museum - 5.jpg","Коллекции Нижнетагильского историко-краеведческого музея. Куприт Меднорудянского месторождения. Подпись: \"Куприт, медь самородная, гётит в буром железняке. Меднорудянское месторождение.\"","Vyacheslav Bukharov",3376,{"id":876,"source_url":877,"license_code":388,"credit_html":878,"title":879,"description":880,"author":695,"original_width":881,"original_height":882},39339,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588373","Slashme, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588373\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cuprit Kupfer 1.jpg","Cuprite and copper from the Rubsovskiy Mine, Altai, Russia",4162,2900,{"id":884,"source_url":885,"license_code":320,"credit_html":886,"title":887,"description":888,"author":889,"original_width":890,"original_height":891},49426,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=151950089","Pompilos, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=151950089\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cueva de los Hombres Verdes de Urbiola (01).jpg","Cueva de extracción de mineral de cobre, luego usada como enterramiento comunitario","Pompilos",4896,3672,{"id":893,"source_url":894,"license_code":294,"credit_html":895,"title":896,"description":897,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":898},49864,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162090","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162090\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calcite-219311.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cobaltoan Calcite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14352.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 10.2 x 9.8 x 5.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The wall of a pocket completely lined with deep pink crystals of cobaltoan calcite, not only intensely colorful, but with shiny luster as well.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",334,{"id":900,"source_url":901,"license_code":294,"credit_html":902,"title":903,"description":904,"author":333,"original_width":905,"original_height":558},49879,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126034","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126034\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dolomite-37755.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cobaltoan Dolomite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen did not photograph well and is actually a deep salmon pink, and the crystals are not just your typical druse of microcrystals, but are quite sizeable and flashy! 10.5 x 10 x 4 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",747,{"id":907,"source_url":908,"license_code":294,"credit_html":909,"title":910,"description":911,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":912},49880,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126302","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126302\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dolomite-38053.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cobaltoan Dolomite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A super-colorful, sparkly bright crust of bright pink cobaltoan dolomite crystals on matrix. Some of the crystals are very well defined and are up to 5 mm. 10.5 x 6.1 x 3.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",650,{"id":914,"source_url":915,"license_code":294,"credit_html":916,"title":917,"description":918,"author":333,"original_width":919,"original_height":351},49882,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127275","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127275\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dolomite-39500.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cobaltoan Dolomite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4326.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An absolutely stunning specimen, this is a unique piece in terms of composition and aesthetics. It consists of a 1mm thick or so coating of cobaltoan dolomite over dolomite, showing interesting orientation patterns. It is complete on five sides and naturally contacted in the back. The color, luster, and gemminess of the fined coating of crystals is amazing! 2.4 x 2.2 x 1.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",371,{"id":921,"source_url":922,"license_code":294,"credit_html":923,"title":924,"description":925,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":926},49889,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155854","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155854\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dolomite-194089.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cobaltoan Dolomite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4326.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.4 x 3.4 x 2.9 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A fine specimen of deep pink cobaltoan dolomite from Katanga. These are transparent crystals, beautifully isolated, to 0.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",303,{"id":928,"source_url":929,"license_code":294,"credit_html":930,"title":931,"description":925,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":626},49890,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155856","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155856\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dolomite-194091.jpg",{"id":933,"source_url":934,"license_code":294,"credit_html":935,"title":936,"description":937,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":938},49892,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162467","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162467\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dolomite-222530.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cobaltoan Dolomite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mashamba West Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4334.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.2 x 3.8 x 3.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Shocking, lustrous, vivid pink cobaltoan dolomite rhombs richly line a 4.7 cm vug in matrix. The crystals have an amazing saturation of color.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",421,{"id":940,"source_url":941,"license_code":294,"credit_html":942,"title":943,"description":944,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":945},53490,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443225","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443225\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-Epidote-Quartz-3d63b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEpidote\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Epidote\">Epidote\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhoenix_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phoenix Mine\">Phoenix Mine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhoenix\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phoenix\">Phoenix\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6847.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 2.8 x 1.5 x 1.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Copper, Quartz, Epidote\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Superlative Copper from one of the world�s great localities. The Copper is very well-crystallized, led by a sharp euhedral 1 cm , HOLLOW, crystal. These crystals are intergrown with numerous quality quartz crystals. This is a great thumb!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",300,{"id":947,"source_url":948,"license_code":294,"credit_html":949,"title":950,"description":625,"author":333,"original_width":951,"original_height":952},58820,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154554","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154554\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hetaerolite-Copper-187659.jpg",339,446,{"id":954,"source_url":955,"license_code":320,"credit_html":956,"title":957,"description":958,"author":959,"original_width":960,"original_height":649},59878,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=112452915","Hyalophane, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=112452915\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Glasfragment halv.jpg","Sericitersatt glasfragment med konkava avgränsningar. Den konkava avgränsningen på fragmentet är spår efter gasbubblor, vilket illustreras med vita fyllda cirklar och pilar. Fotograferad med mikroskop.","Hyalophane",953,{"id":962,"source_url":963,"license_code":320,"credit_html":964,"title":965,"description":966,"author":967,"original_width":968,"original_height":968},68600,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84857222","Michał Milczarek, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84857222\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Crystals of nickel sulfate on copper.jpg","Nickel (II) sulfate crystals, which were formed on copper after evaporation of water from an aqueous nickel sulfate solution. Photo taken in the Extended Focal Image mode with an Olympus DSX microscope, magnification is x693, and the size of the photographed area is 400x400 micrometers.","Michał Milczarek",1194,{"id":970,"source_url":971,"license_code":294,"credit_html":972,"title":973,"description":974,"author":333,"original_width":975,"original_height":976},72475,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477878","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477878\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-Papagoite-Quartz-tmu46c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPapagoite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Papagoite\">Papagoite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Messina mine, Messina District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLimpopo\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Limpopo\">Limpopo Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-54250.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7.0 x 3.7 x 2.6 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Papagoite and Copper included in Quartz\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Usually, papagoite is dispersed in veils, but in this piece it is extremely concentrated in richness and in color saturation, right at the tip! This is a phenomenal crystal with unusually vivid coloration. The termination is sharp and complete, unusually pristine. Note also the slight wisps of copper inside, dispersed in the zone of deep blue papagoite. A classic, unique to this locality, such crystals are highly desirable in this quality. Papagoite is much rarer, here, than the ajoite inclusions. MUCH better in person, this is one of the sharpest such examples that I expect to be able to offer. It is from new finds in late 2009.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",1267,1500,{"id":978,"source_url":979,"license_code":294,"credit_html":980,"title":981,"description":974,"author":333,"original_width":982,"original_height":976},72476,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477881","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10477881\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-Papagoite-Quartz-tmu46b.jpg",1344,{"id":984,"source_url":985,"license_code":294,"credit_html":986,"title":987,"description":988,"author":333,"original_width":989,"original_height":558},76264,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457546","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457546\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-05a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.0 x 3.1 x 1.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>On matrix is a plate of intergrown, short prismatic, splendent black crystals of ramsdellite, to .5 cm across.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",543,{"id":991,"source_url":992,"license_code":294,"credit_html":993,"title":994,"description":995,"author":333,"original_width":996,"original_height":351},76265,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457551","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457551\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-06b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.3 x 4.6 x 2.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Emplaced on matrix is a plate of equant, short prismatic, splendent , black crystals of ramsdellite, to .5 cm across. One of the larger pieces recovered, as they tended to fracture fairly readily into small plates. Also, this is more 3-dimensional, with backing matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",329,{"id":998,"source_url":999,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1000,"title":1001,"description":1002,"author":333,"original_width":1003,"original_height":558},76266,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457566","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457566\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-11a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.3 x 2.9 x 1.9 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This matrix specimen features equant, splendent, black, ramsdellite crystals to .7 cm across. The price is higher for the bit of extra size, and good isolation. A fine miniature!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",601,{"id":1005,"source_url":1006,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1007,"title":1008,"description":1002,"author":333,"original_width":351,"original_height":1009},76267,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457568","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457568\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-11b.jpg",372,{"id":1011,"source_url":1012,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1013,"title":1014,"description":1015,"author":333,"original_width":558,"original_height":1016},76268,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457569","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457569\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-12a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.4 x 2.6 x 1.3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This intergrown plate of ramsdellite is covered with equant, splendent, black crystals, to .5 cm across.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",406,{"id":1018,"source_url":1019,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1020,"title":1021,"description":1022,"author":333,"original_width":1023,"original_height":351},76269,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457598","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457598\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-23b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.8 x 3.5 x 1.7 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a plate of intergrown, equant, splendent, black, crystals of ramsdellite, to .5 cm across.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",395,{"id":1025,"source_url":1026,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1027,"title":1028,"description":1029,"author":333,"original_width":1030,"original_height":351},76270,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457603","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457603\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-25b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.1 x 3.4 x 1.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Equant, splendent, black, ramsdellite crystals, to .5 cm across, totally cover this specimen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",346,{"id":1032,"source_url":1033,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1034,"title":1035,"description":1036,"author":333,"original_width":111,"original_height":351},76271,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457604","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457604\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-26b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 8.9 x 5.7 x 3.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>The largest overall specimen I have, with a pocket in heavy ore. Nestled in a vug of massive ramsdellite, are equant, splendent, black crystals of the same species, reaching .5 cm across. Beautiful, large, display-sized example from this find with INCREDIBLE lustre for the species!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":1038,"source_url":1039,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1040,"title":1041,"description":1042,"author":333,"original_width":1043,"original_height":335},76272,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457609","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457609\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-27a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.5 x 4.5 x 2.7 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Sparkling, equant, splendent, black, ramsdellite crystals, to .5 cm across on a 3-dimensional matrix. nice!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",654,{"id":1045,"source_url":1046,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1047,"title":1048,"description":1049,"author":333,"original_width":1050,"original_height":351},76273,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457611","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457611\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ramsdellite-ram-28b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRamsdellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ramsdellite\">Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mistake Mine (Box Canyon deposits), Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYavapai_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yavapai County, Arizona\">Yavapai County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3397.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.8 x 2.9 x 1.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ramsdellite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Crystals of equant, splendent, black ramsdellite reach .5 cm across.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",389,{"id":1052,"source_url":1053,"license_code":467,"credit_html":1054,"title":1055,"description":1056,"author":1057,"original_width":1058,"original_height":1059},80264,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671370","Sailko, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671370\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sferocobaltite, da likasi, kalanda, shaba, zaire 01.JPG","Museo di storia naturale (Florence) - Mineralogy section","Sailko",952,1620,{"id":1061,"source_url":1062,"license_code":467,"credit_html":1063,"title":1064,"description":1056,"author":1057,"original_width":1065,"original_height":1066},80265,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671373","Sailko, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671373\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sferocobaltite, da likasi, kalanda, shaba, zaire 02.JPG",541,1127,{"id":1068,"source_url":1069,"license_code":467,"credit_html":1070,"title":1071,"description":1056,"author":1057,"original_width":1072,"original_height":1073},80266,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671374","Sailko, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671374\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sferocobaltite, da likasi, kalanda, shaba, zaire 03.JPG",1252,844,{"id":1075,"source_url":1076,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1077,"title":1078,"description":1079,"author":333,"original_width":1080,"original_height":1081},82329,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10122326","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10122326\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-Cuprite-Tenorite-26415.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCuprite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cuprite\">Cuprite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTenorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tenorite\">Tenorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Indiana Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWinona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Winona\">Winona\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOntonagon_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ontonagon County, Michigan\">Ontonagon County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-11957.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An excellent and very sculpturally-shaped cluster of elongated tetrahexahedron copper crystals with EXCELLENT cuprite and tenorite patinas from the recent finds at the Old Indiana Mine in Ontonagon County, Michigan. Dramatic, 3-dimensional, and better in person! 7.2 x 5.5 x 3.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",488,618,{"id":1083,"source_url":1084,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1085,"title":1086,"description":1087,"author":333,"original_width":408,"original_height":1088},82330,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149504","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149504\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-Tenorite-169808.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTenorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tenorite\">Tenorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhoenix_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phoenix Mine\">Phoenix Mine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhoenix\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phoenix\">Phoenix\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6847.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 1.7 x 1.1 x 0.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Lustrous, super-sharp, tenorite-coated copper crystals comprise this classic, KILLER, old-time thumbnail from the famous Phoenix Mine of Michigan. Ex. Seaman Museum Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",422,{"id":1090,"source_url":1091,"license_code":579,"credit_html":1092,"title":1093,"description":1094,"author":583,"original_width":1095,"original_height":1096},82333,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951085","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951085\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper and tenorite (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-1.06 Ga; Keweenaw Peninsula area, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) (17307754805).jpg","\u003Cp>Copper from the Precambrian of Michigan, USA. (SMM LLH 580, Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Copper is the only metallic element that has a \"reddish\" color - it’s actually a metallic orange color.  Most metallic elements, apart from gold & copper, are silvery-gray colored.  Copper tends to form sharp-edged, irregular, twisted masses of moderately high density.  It is moderately soft, but is extremely difficult to break.  It has no cleavage and has a distinctive hackly fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The crystalline copper specimen shown above comes from northern Michigan's Portage Lake Volcanic Series, an extremely thick, Precambrian-aged, flood-basalt deposit that fills up an ancient continental rift valley.  This rift valley, analogous to the present-day East African Rift Valley, extends from Kansas to Minnesota to the Lake Superior area to southern Michigan.  Unlike many flood basalts (e.g., Deccan Traps, Siberian Traps, Columbia River), the Portage Lake only filled up the rift valley.  The unit is exposed throughout Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula, in the vicinity of the towns of Houghton & Hancock.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Portage Lake succession thickens northward through the Keweenaw, up to >5.5 km worth of section in places.  The dominant rock type is basalt - vesicular basalts, for the most part.  Most of the original vesicles (gas bubbles) have since been filled up with a wide variety of different minerals.  A vesicular basalt that has had its vesicles filled up with minerals is called an amygdaloidal basalt (try saying that five times quickly).  Keweenaw amygdaloidal basalts have long had significant economic importance because native copper (Cu) is one of the more common vesicle-filling and fracture-filling minerals.  Copper mineralization occurred during the late Mesoproterozoic, at 1.05 to 1.06 billion years ago.  The Portage Lake host rocks are 1.093 to 1.097 billion years old.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The black material covering portions of this copper specimen is the mineral tenorite (CuO - copper oxide).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: unrecorded site in the Keweenaw Peninsula area, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA",1767,1549,{"id":1098,"source_url":1099,"license_code":294,"credit_html":1100,"title":1101,"description":1102,"author":1103,"original_width":1104,"original_height":538},82825,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32651666","峠 武宏, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32651666\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Newmexico004.jpg","Baker mine thunderegg from Baker Ranch, near Deming, southwest of New Mexico, U.S.A.","峠 武宏",4704,{"id":1106,"source_url":1107,"license_code":413,"credit_html":1108,"title":1109,"description":515,"author":516,"original_width":551,"original_height":551},87036,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956337","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956337\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Zeunerite on quartz Copper urano-arsenate Perry Jones Group Plumas County Calfornia 1968.jpg",[1111,1117,1122,1127,1131],{"id":1112,"url":1113,"label":1114,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1115,"year":1116},3155,"\u002Fcif\u002F3155.cif","Suh 1988","F m 3 m",1988,{"id":1118,"url":1119,"label":1120,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1115,"year":1121},3165,"\u002Fcif\u002F3165.cif","Wyckoff 1963",1963,{"id":1123,"url":1124,"label":1125,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1115,"year":1126},3166,"\u002Fcif\u002F3166.cif","Otte 1961",1961,{"id":1128,"url":1129,"label":1130,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1115,"year":259},3167,"\u002Fcif\u002F3167.cif","Owen 1933",{"id":1132,"url":1133,"label":1134,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1115,"year":1135},3168,"\u002Fcif\u002F3168.cif","Davey 1925",1925,[1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,8,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194],"Aes Cyprium","Anta","Anti","Bakar","Baker","Bakır","Bakri","Chīltic tepoztli","Cobbyr","Cobre","Coire","Copar","Copper","Copr","Coure","Cuivre","Cupper","Cupru","Cuprum","Đồng","Gediegen Kupfer","Gedigent Kobber","Kober","Kobre","Koffer","Konukura","Kopar","Koper","Koppar","Kopper","Kuiv","Kupari","Kupfer","Kupro","Miedź","Mis","Mutako","Native Cu","Ram","Rame","Rami","Ramu","Réz","Shaba","Tanso","Tembaga","Tunka","Umthofu","Varis","Varš","Vask","Venus","Yarvi","Χαλκός","તાંબુ","செப்பு","రాగి","ചെമ്പ്",[1196,1200,1204,1208,1212,1216,1220,1224,1228,1232,1236,1240,1244,1248,1253,1258,1262,1266,1270,1274,1278,1283,1287,1291,1295,1299,1304,1307],{"lang":1197,"names":1198},"ar",[1199],"نحاس طبيعي",{"lang":1201,"names":1202},"az",[1203],"Sərbəst mis",{"lang":1205,"names":1206},"ca",[1207],"coure natiu",{"lang":1209,"names":1210},"cs",[1211],"měď",{"lang":1213,"names":1214},"de",[1215],"Kupfer, gediegen",{"lang":1217,"names":1218},"eo",[1219],"natura kupro",{"lang":1221,"names":1222},"es",[1223],"cobre nativo",{"lang":1225,"names":1226},"fa",[1227],"مس بومی",{"lang":1229,"names":1230},"fr",[1231],"cuivre natif",{"lang":1233,"names":1234},"hu",[1235],"termésréz",{"lang":1237,"names":1238},"hy",[1239],"Բնածին պղինձ",{"lang":1241,"names":1242},"it",[1243],"rame nativo",{"lang":1245,"names":1246},"ja",[1247],"自然銅",{"lang":1249,"names":1250},"ko",[1251,1252],"자연 구리","자연동",{"lang":1254,"names":1255},"mk",[1256,1257],"Природен бакар","самороден бакар",{"lang":1259,"names":1260},"mn",[1261],"Байгалийн зэс",{"lang":1263,"names":1264},"nb",[1265],"kobber",{"lang":1267,"names":1268},"nl",[1269],"gedegen koper",{"lang":1271,"names":1272},"oc",[1273],"Coire natiu",{"lang":1275,"names":1276},"pl",[1277],"Miedź rodzima",{"lang":1279,"names":1280},"ru",[1281,1282],"медь самородная","самородная медь",{"lang":1284,"names":1285},"sk",[1286],"Meď",{"lang":1288,"names":1289},"sr",[1290],"самородни бакар",{"lang":1292,"names":1293},"uk",[1294],"Самородна мідь",{"lang":1296,"names":1297},"vi",[1298],"Đồng tự sinh",{"lang":1300,"names":1301},"zh",[1302,1303],"天然銅","自然铜",{"lang":1305,"names":1306},"zh-cn",[1303],{"lang":1308,"names":1309},"zh-hant",[1247],"Q583353",{"history":1312,"applications":1316},{"markdown":1313,"model_version":1314,"prompt_version":1315,"reviewed_at":11},"No one discovered native copper. It was already on the ground when humans began to work metal. They picked it up as a curious red pebble and slowly understood it as a stone that did not behave like stone.\n\nThe earliest known use of the metal dates to about 9000 BCE in the Middle East[1]. A native copper pendant found in northern Iraq has been dated to 8700 BCE[2]. By about 8000 BCE, Neolithic peoples — those of the late Stone Age — were using the metal in place of stone[3]. It served them for both tools and ornaments. Cold hammering was the entry point. Native copper is malleable enough that a stone can flatten it into a sheet or a point, without any need for fire.\n\nA parallel story unfolded on the other side of the world. Around the Great Lakes of North America, a culture archaeologists call the **Old Copper Complex** mined and worked native copper from local quarries[4]. The major workings sat on Isle Royale, the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, and the Brule River[4]. The earliest dated artifacts run from about 6500 BCE to 1580 BCE[4]. A copper spearpoint found in Wisconsin has been dated to 6500 BCE[5]. By heating, annealing and hammering, these communities produced spearpoints, knives, awls, and decorative objects[4]. **Annealing** — re-softening the metal between blows — is what lets cold-worked copper be shaped without cracking. The native copper of Lake Superior is unusually pure, occurring as the metal itself rather than as an ore[6]. That is why a culture without smelting could still build a metallurgy around it.\n\nThe leap to true metallurgy — extracting copper from ore with heat — came later in the Middle East. In Mesopotamia, copper was cast to shape in moulds around 4000 BCE and deliberately alloyed with tin into bronze around 3500 BCE[7]. From that moment, native copper stopped being the only source of the metal.\n\nThe name that survived all of this came from Cyprus, the location of ancient copper mines, called *kyprios* — \"of Cyprus\" — in Greek[8]. The Romans drew their copper almost entirely from the island, and called the metal *aes Cyprium*[9]. *Aes* was the generic Latin word for copper and its alloys; *Cyprium* meant \"of Cyprus\"[9]. The phrase was shortened to *cyprium* and later worn down to *cuprum*[10]. Old English took it up as *coper* in the twelfth century, and modern English *copper* descends directly from that[11].\n\nThe native copper of the Great Lakes returned to industry in the nineteenth century. Commercial mining of the Keweenaw deposits began in 1844 at the Phoenix mine. The first successful operation, the Cliff mine, opened the following year[12]. The deposits sometimes produced single masses of native copper weighing hundreds of tons. Removing a single mass could take miners months of chiselling, breaking it down to pieces small enough to hoist out of the shaft[13].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":1317,"model_version":1314,"prompt_version":1315,"reviewed_at":11},"Most of the copper you handle in a day — the wire behind a power socket, a saucepan on the stove, the brass keys on a doorknob — never started life as native copper. The metal is extracted overwhelmingly from sulphide ores: chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite and chalcocite, in which copper is locked into chemistry with sulphur and iron[1]. Native copper, the rare masses and sheets of nearly pure metal occasionally pulled from places like Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula, supplies only a marginal share of modern output. The mineral is, today, mostly a museum specimen; the element it is made of is one of the busiest industrial substances on Earth.\n\nRoughly three quarters of all copper used today goes into electrical work — building wiring, power transmission, generation, telecommunication, and electrical and electronic products[2]. Copper is among the best electrical conductors known, and it is cheaper than the few metals that beat it. That balance of conductivity and price is the reason copper sits behind every wall socket and inside every motor.\n\nBuilding construction is the single largest market, followed by electronics and electronic products, transportation, industrial machinery, and consumer and general products[2]. In a house, copper appears twice over — as the wiring threaded through the walls and as the plumbing carrying water through them. Copper pipe resists corrosion well enough to outlast most of the building around it.\n\nThe element also travels under different names. **Brass** — copper alloyed with zinc — turns into instruments, fittings and decorative hardware, including the cooking utensils and household goods that have long made the mineral familiar in daily life[1]. **Bronze** — copper alloyed with tin, often with small additions of other metals — has been cast into bells for centuries and still is[1]. **Cupronickel** stiffens marine hardware and most modern coinage; **constantan**, a copper-nickel alloy, is the active wire in strain gauges and thermocouples[1]. Each alloy borrows copper's conductivity, corrosion resistance, or workability and trades a little of one for more of another.\n\nDemand for the metal is climbing because the world is shifting away from fuels burned for energy toward electricity moved by wire[1]. Electric vehicles, wind turbines, solar arrays, grid-scale batteries and the transmission lines that connect them are all copper-intensive. China alone now accounts for more than half of world demand[1], and global mine production reached an estimated 22.8 million metric tons in 2024[1], with Chile supplying the largest share[1]. Most of that flow comes from sulphide-ore concentrates fed into smelters[2]; native copper itself, in its mineral form, no longer drives any of it."]