[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:2047":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":8,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":8,"elements":15,"sigelements":16,"key_elements":11,"impurities":17,"cim":18,"ima_status":19,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":22,"strunz10ed2":23,"strunz10ed3":24,"strunz10ed4":25,"dana8ed1":26,"dana8ed2":26,"dana8ed3":26,"dana8ed4":26,"csystem":27,"cclass":28,"spacegroup":29,"spacegroupset":26,"a":30,"b":26,"c":26,"alpha":26,"beta":26,"gamma":26,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":31,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":32,"tranglide":11,"parting":33,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":34,"tlform":11,"hmin":35,"hmax":35,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":36,"vhnmax":26,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":37,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":38,"dmeas2":39,"dcalc":40,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":41,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":42,"streak":43,"colour":44,"commentcolor":11,"colors":45,"streak_colors":48,"luminescence":11,"uv":49,"cleavage":50,"cleavagetype":51,"fracturetype":52,"tenacity":53,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":54,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":26,"opticalalpha2":26,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":26,"opticalbeta2":26,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":26,"opticalgamma2":26,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":26,"opticalomega2":26,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":26,"opticalepsilon2":26,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":26,"opticaln2":26,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":26,"optical2vcalc2":26,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":26,"optical2vmeasured2":26,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":55,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":56,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":57,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":58,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":59,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":60,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":11,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":61,"aboutname":62,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":63,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":64,"group_members":75,"associates":102,"confused_with":122,"type_localities":136,"occurrence_total":141,"citations":142,"images":175,"structures":1304,"synonyms":1332,"language_names":1396,"wikidata_qid":11,"texts":1397},2047,"1:1:2047:9","5f9c04d2-6729-44b8-bf79-df09f63d6866","Native Iron","Fe",0,"mineral",null,43607,3086,false,[8],[8],"Ni,C,Co,P,Cu,S","1.57",[20,21],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1","A","E","05","0","Isometric",32,226,"2.8664",2,"(111), in lamellar masses also {112}.","On (112)","Usually in small blebs or grains.",4.5,"160",100,"7.3","7.87","7.874","Metallic","Opaque","Grey","Iron-black",[46,47],"black","gray",[47],"Not fluorescent in UV","On {001}","Imperfect\u002FFair","Hackly","malleable","Isotropic","Non-pleochroic","White","Anisotropic","(56.8) 400,\r\n(57.2) 420,\r\n(57.6) 440,\r\n(57.8) 460,\r\n(57.9) 480,\r\n(58.0) 500,\r\n(58.1) 520,\r\n(58.1) 540,\r\n(58.1) 560,\r\n(58.1) 580,\r\n(58.1) 600,\r\n(58.2) 620,\r\n(58.2) 640,\r\n(58.4) 660,\r\n(58.6) 680,\r\n(58.8) 700","Ferromagnetic","Magnetic","Very rare in igneous and sedimentary rocks. Forms the majority of the earth's core.\r\n\r\nNickel is commonly reported in iron in quantities up to several percents; meteoric iron generally contains at least 5%, and up to 25% to 65%, nickel. Because of the ...","Old English word for the metal.","2026-04-10 10:46:32",[65,71],{"id":66,"name":67,"entrytype":31,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":68,"hmin":69,"hmax":69,"dmeas":26,"dcalc":26,"primary_image_id":70},2143,"Kamacite","(Fe,Ni)",4,62045,{"id":72,"name":73,"entrytype":31,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":26,"dcalc":26,"primary_image_id":74},10010,"Martensite",66282,[76,82,88,94],{"id":77,"name":78,"entrytype":9,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":79,"mindat_formula":79,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":80,"primary_image_id":81},43604,"Native Vanadium","V","6.033",17370,{"id":83,"name":84,"entrytype":9,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":85,"mindat_formula":86,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":87,"primary_image_id":11},45989,"Steinhardtite","Al","Al\u003Csub>0.38\u003C\u002Fsub>Ni\u003Csub>0.32\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>0.30\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.52",{"id":89,"name":90,"entrytype":9,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":91,"hmin":92,"hmax":93,"dmeas":26,"dcalc":26,"primary_image_id":11},3868,"Taenite","(Ni,Fe)",5,5.5,{"id":95,"name":96,"entrytype":9,"csystem":97,"ima_formula":98,"mindat_formula":98,"hmin":99,"hmax":99,"dmeas":26,"dcalc":100,"primary_image_id":101},3927,"Tetrataenite","Tetragonal","FeNi",3.5,"8.28",24001,[103,108,114],{"id":104,"name":105,"entrytype":9,"csystem":106,"ima_formula":107,"mindat_formula":107,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},40647,"Icosahedrite","Icosahedral","Al\u003Csub>63\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>13\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":85,"mindat_formula":85,"hmin":31,"hmax":99,"dmeas":111,"dcalc":112,"primary_image_id":113},107,"Native Aluminium","2.707","2.697",17075,{"id":115,"name":116,"entrytype":9,"csystem":117,"ima_formula":118,"mindat_formula":118,"hmin":99,"hmax":35,"dmeas":119,"dcalc":120,"primary_image_id":121},4029,"Troilite","Hexagonal","FeS","4.67","4.85",24586,[123,130],{"id":124,"name":125,"entrytype":9,"csystem":117,"ima_formula":126,"mindat_formula":126,"hmin":127,"hmax":128,"dmeas":26,"dcalc":129,"primary_image_id":11},6992,"Hexaferrum","(Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)",6,7,"10.69",{"id":131,"name":132,"entrytype":9,"csystem":27,"ima_formula":133,"mindat_formula":133,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":26,"dcalc":134,"primary_image_id":135},7982,"Native Tungsten","W","19.226",17364,[137],{"id":138,"txt":139,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":140},1953,"Disko Island, Qeqertalik, Greenland","Greenland",1124,[143,147,152,156,160,165,170],{"id":144,"year":145,"html":146,"doi":11},16113018,1944,"Palache, C., Berman, H., and Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I: 114-116.",{"id":148,"year":149,"html":150,"doi":151},166360,1977,"Bird, John M., Weathers, Maura S. (1977) Native Iron Occurrences of Disko Island, Greenland. \u003Ci>The Journal of Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  85 (3) 359-371 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1086\u002F628305'>doi:10.1086\u002F628305\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1086\u002F628305",{"id":153,"year":154,"html":155,"doi":11},16965040,2005,"(2005) Iron. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Firon.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":157,"year":158,"html":159,"doi":11},16099354,2014,"Mokhov, A.V., Gornostaeava, T.A., Kartashov, P.M., Asadulin, E.E., Bogatidov, O.A. (2014) Nanocrystals of native molybdenum, iron, and titanium in the impact glasses of the lunar regolith. \u003Ci>New Data on Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 14-22",{"id":161,"year":162,"html":163,"doi":164},16664176,2023,"Goryunov, Michael V.; Maksimova, Alevtina A.; Oshtrakh, Michael I. (2023) Advances in Analysis of the Fe-Ni-Co Alloy and Iron-Bearing Minerals in Meteorites by Mössbauer Spectroscopy with a High Velocity Resolution. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (9). 1126 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13091126'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13091126\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13091126",{"id":166,"year":167,"html":168,"doi":169},17494361,2024,"Sun, Liang, Liu, Hao, Duan, Xiaoxi, Zhang, Huan, Guan, Zanyang, Yang, Weimin, Feng, Xiaokang, Zhang, Youjun, Li, Yulong, Li, Sanwei, Yang, Dong, Wang, Zhebin, Yang, Jiamin, Liu, Jin, Yang, Wenge, Sekine, Toshimori, Zhao, Zongqing (2024) In Situ XRD Measurement for High-Pressure Iron in Laser-Driven Off-Hugoniot State. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (7)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin14070715'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin14070715\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin14070715",{"id":171,"year":172,"html":173,"doi":174},18203939,2025,"Vereshchagin, Oleg S.; Shilovskikh, Vladimir V.; Kamaeva, Larisa V.; Khmelnitskaya, Maya O.; Gorelova, Liudmila A.; Vapnik, Yevgeny; Vlasenko, Natalia S.; Britvin, Sergey N. (2025) Iron-based eutectics, a valuable geological record. \u003Ci>Lithos\u003C\u002Fi>,  504-505. 108057 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.lithos.2025.108057'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.lithos.2025.108057\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.lithos.2025.108057",[176,186,196,206,215,225,234,243,253,262,271,279,288,297,306,314,319,328,333,338,346,354,362,370,377,383,388,393,398,403,408,413,418,423,428,434,442,451,459,467,475,483,491,498,507,515,520,528,537,546,555,561,569,578,585,593,602,609,617,625,630,636,641,646,651,659,667,675,683,688,696,701,710,717,726,735,743,752,761,770,779,788,796,804,809,814,821,829,837,845,853,860,865,870,875,880,887,892,897,902,907,915,922,929,936,944,949,956,965,972,978,986,994,1002,1007,1015,1024,1033,1040,1045,1050,1058,1065,1072,1078,1085,1092,1099,1106,1113,1120,1127,1134,1141,1148,1157,1166,1175,1183,1188,1196,1201,1210,1215,1220,1229,1238,1247,1255,1261,1268,1275,1284,1289,1294,1299],{"id":177,"source_url":178,"license_code":179,"credit_html":180,"title":181,"description":182,"author":183,"original_width":184,"original_height":185},17186,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6318681","CC BY-SA 3.0","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6318681\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Eisen gediegen - Bühl bei Kassel.jpg","native \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIron\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Iron\">Iron\u003C\u002Fa> in Basalt - Locality: Bühl bei Kassel (Germany) - Exposed in the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, Germany","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2200,1600,{"id":187,"source_url":188,"license_code":189,"credit_html":190,"title":191,"description":192,"author":193,"original_width":194,"original_height":195},17189,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=78021605","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=78021605\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native terrestrial iron from the Tertiary of Greenland.jpg","Native terrestrial iron from the Tertiary of Greenland. (Tertiary; Disko Island, Greenland)","James St. John",2955,2059,{"id":197,"source_url":198,"license_code":199,"credit_html":200,"title":201,"description":202,"author":203,"original_width":204,"original_height":205},17190,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=90494807","CC0 1.0","Smithsonian Institution, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=90494807\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Basalt with Native Iron Inclusions from Nugsuaks Peninsula at Kaersut in Greenland - Smithsonian Institution Rock Sample 53479.jpg","Basalt with native iron inclusions from Nugsuaks Peninsula at Kaersut in Greenland. Smithsonian Institution rock sample 53479. A detailed description can be found in: Phalen, W.C., (1903) \u003Ci>\"Notes on the rocks of nugsuaks peninsula and its environs, Greenland\"\u003C\u002Fi>, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, volume 45, number 17, pages 183–223.","Smithsonian Institution",1528,1146,{"id":207,"source_url":208,"license_code":199,"credit_html":209,"title":210,"description":211,"author":212,"original_width":213,"original_height":214},17191,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128558141","Darla Sondrol, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128558141\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native Iron from Disko Island in Greenland - GeoDIL 0898.jpg","Native iron from Disko Island, Greenland. This sample of native iron is about 5 cm across.\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cp>This item is from the University of North Dakota Mineralogy Collection (sample 37). \u003Cbr>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nGeoscience Digital Image Library (GeoDIL) photo 898.","Darla Sondrol",2854,1717,{"id":216,"source_url":217,"license_code":218,"credit_html":219,"title":220,"description":221,"author":222,"original_width":223,"original_height":224},17192,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588367","CC BY 4.0","Slashme, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588367\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Eisen.jpg","Iron from Ozernaya mountain, Nizhnaya Tunguska, Siberia, Russia","Slashme",4592,2229,{"id":226,"source_url":227,"license_code":179,"credit_html":228,"title":229,"description":230,"author":231,"original_width":232,"original_height":233},2527,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175567","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175567\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chlorite-Group-Garnet-Group-65646.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorite_group\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chlorite group\">Chlorite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGarnet\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Garnet\">Garnet\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Michigamme Mine (Mt Shasta mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigamme\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigamme\">Michigamme\u003C\u002Fa>, Marquette iron range, Marquette County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-12364.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A well formed, floater, dodecahedron of garnet has been replaced by chlorite. A few nicks are evident, but this is still a neat old specimen. One of the sharpest I have ever seen! 3.5 x 3.1 x 2.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",775,800,{"id":235,"source_url":236,"license_code":199,"credit_html":237,"title":238,"description":239,"author":240,"original_width":241,"original_height":242},9517,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476009","Shannon Heinle, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476009\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gadolinite (GeoDIL number - 270).jpg","Gadolinite is a yttrium iron beryllium silicate that also contains significant amounts of cerium, lanthanum, and neodynium. Its formula is (Ce,La,Nd,Y)2FeBe2Si2O10. This sample is black and vitreous, but some gadolinite has a green or blue color. Gadolinite occurs in alkalic pegmatites and granites. This sample, from Hitterbo, Norway, is about 5 cm across.","Shannon Heinle",1720,1244,{"id":244,"source_url":245,"license_code":246,"credit_html":247,"title":248,"description":249,"author":250,"original_width":251,"original_height":252},16545,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56741937","CC BY-SA 4.0","Leiem, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56741937\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron(III) chloride anhydrate.jpg","Anhydrous iron(III) chloride, AR. Yellow spot is formed due to the exposure of iron(III) chloride to moisture.","Leiem",2448,3264,{"id":254,"source_url":255,"license_code":179,"credit_html":256,"title":257,"description":258,"author":259,"original_width":260,"original_height":261},21066,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31706831","Craven, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31706831\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Eisen(II)-chlorid-Tetrahydrat.jpg","This is iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate. The brown colour comes from oxidation processes with air-oxygen. It gets rapidly brown under normal air conditions. So this is a slight moist product direct after production too get the nice green colour.","Craven",1684,1456,{"id":263,"source_url":264,"license_code":265,"credit_html":266,"title":267,"description":268,"author":269,"original_width":154,"original_height":270},22266,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2116160","Public domain","Benjah-bmm27, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2116160\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron(II)-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIron(II)_sulfate\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Iron(II) sulfate\">Iron(II) sulfate\u003C\u002Fa> heptahydrate sample","Benjah-bmm27",1504,{"id":272,"source_url":273,"license_code":246,"credit_html":274,"title":275,"description":276,"author":250,"original_width":277,"original_height":278},22268,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=36451759","Leiem, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=36451759\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate.JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIron(II)_sulfate\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Iron(II) sulfate\">Iron(II) sulfate\u003C\u002Fa> heptahydrate, FeSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>.7H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",5152,3864,{"id":280,"source_url":281,"license_code":218,"credit_html":282,"title":283,"description":284,"author":285,"original_width":286,"original_height":287},50089,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128568274","Unknown authorUnknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128568274\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron carbide.jpg","White iron showing plates of iron carbide","Unknown authorUnknown author",1536,1500,{"id":289,"source_url":290,"license_code":179,"credit_html":291,"title":292,"description":293,"author":294,"original_width":295,"original_height":296},65811,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2948747","Kuebi = Armin Kübelbeck, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2948747\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dendrite 01.JPG","Iron-Manganese dendrite in Solnhofener limestone","Kuebi = Armin Kübelbeck",3504,2336,{"id":298,"source_url":299,"license_code":179,"credit_html":300,"title":301,"description":302,"author":303,"original_width":304,"original_height":305},66853,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5104502","Jerome Mathey, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5104502\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfate de fer.jpg","Cristaux de sulfate de Fer heptahydraté","Jerome Mathey",1037,691,{"id":307,"source_url":308,"license_code":246,"credit_html":309,"title":310,"description":311,"author":312,"original_width":313,"original_height":145},78712,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=38817053","PePeEfe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=38817053\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron travertine- Arroyo de La Peña del Hierro -Nerva-Huelva-Spain 02.JPG","Ferric \"travertine\". Arroyo de la Peña de Hierro (in Spanish \u003Ci>Iron Rock Creek\u003C\u002Fi>), Nerva (Huelva, Spain).\nMineralogy: hydroxysulphates and oxyhydroxides of iron (III) as schwertmannite, jarosite and goethite (\u003Ci>cf.\u003C\u002Fi> Asta, M. P.; Cama, J. y Ayora, C. (2008) \"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ehu.eus\u002Fsem\u002Fmacla_pdf\u002Fmacla9\u002Fmacla9_35.pdf\">Atenuación natural de arsénico en el drenaje ácido de mina\u003C\u002Fa>\". \u003Ci>Macla\u003C\u002Fi>, \u003Cb>9\u003C\u002Fb>: 35-36).","PePeEfe",2592,{"id":315,"source_url":316,"license_code":246,"credit_html":317,"title":318,"description":311,"author":312,"original_width":313,"original_height":145},78713,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=38817054","PePeEfe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=38817054\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron travertine- Arroyo de La Peña del Hierro -Nerva-Huelva-Spain 01.JPG",{"id":320,"source_url":321,"license_code":246,"credit_html":322,"title":323,"description":324,"author":325,"original_width":326,"original_height":327},86508,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179983961","Kristo Oks, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179983961\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mikrokosmos rauasulatusšlakis 1.jpg","Iron smelting slag seen through a microscope under polarized light","Kristo Oks",2560,1920,{"id":329,"source_url":330,"license_code":246,"credit_html":331,"title":332,"description":324,"author":325,"original_width":326,"original_height":327},86510,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179983966","Kristo Oks, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179983966\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mikrokosmos rauasulatusšlakis 5.jpg",{"id":334,"source_url":335,"license_code":246,"credit_html":336,"title":337,"description":324,"author":325,"original_width":326,"original_height":327},86511,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179983968","Kristo Oks, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179983968\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mikrokosmos rauasulatusšlakis 4.jpg",{"id":339,"source_url":340,"license_code":189,"credit_html":341,"title":342,"description":343,"author":193,"original_width":344,"original_height":345},17187,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022700","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022700\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native iron in basalt (Siberian Traps Flood Basalt, Permian-Triassic boundary times, 251 Ma; Putoran Plateau, Siberia, Russia) 1 (17151514269).jpg","\u003Cp>Native terrestrial iron in basalt\u002Fdolerite from the ~Permian-Triassic boundary of Russia. (cut surface, 1.5 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron is quite rare in its elemental state at the Earth's surface.  In the presence of oxygen, iron turns to rust (iron oxide).  Many meteorites that fall to Earth from the asteroid belt are composed of native iron (plus impurities).  Very few localities on Earth have native iron of terrestrial origin.  These occurrences are along natural smelting zones, where magma or lava has come in direct contact with coals or other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks.  In such smelting zones, reducing conditions are created, and metallic iron can crystallize.  Famous localities where this has happened include Disko Island in Greenland and the Siberian Traps Flood Basalt Province.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron has a metallic luster, a silvery-gray color, is somewhat hard (H = 4 to 4.5), is strongly magnetic, has no cleavage, is malleable, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Native iron is always alloyed with nickel in meteorites.  In terrestrial iron occurrences, the Fe is also alloyed with a little Ni.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The remarkable rock shown above is from the Putoran Plateau of Siberia.  The silvery-gray colored material is vesicle-filling native iron.  The black-colored material is the basalt\u002Fdolerite host rock, which contains labradorite plagioclase feldspar & bytownite plagioclase feldspar & pyroxene.  Available chemical information indicates that the metal is about 94% Fe, 4% Ni, plus impurities.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This Siberian rock formed during the largest outpouring of flood basalt in Earth’s history.  The Siberian Traps Flood Basalts erupted through crustal fissures as the large head of a new hotspot (mantle plume) surfaced.  This happened at Permian-Triassic boundary times (~251 Ma), and the timing suggests that Siberian Traps volcanism is related to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction in some way, and it appears to be antipodal to the Wilkes Land Impact Crater in Antarctica.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Late Paleozoic sedimentary succession of Siberia contains coal beds, as do many Late Paleozoic successions on Earth.  The magmas came into direct contact with the coal beds, resulting in reducing conditions, which permitted the formation of elemental iron.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Putoran Plateau, Siberia, Russia",1172,725,{"id":347,"source_url":348,"license_code":189,"credit_html":349,"title":350,"description":351,"author":193,"original_width":352,"original_height":353},17188,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022701","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022701\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native iron in basalt (Siberian Traps Flood Basalt, Permian-Triassic boundary times, 251 Ma; Putoran Plateau, Siberia, Russia) 2 (17338266745).jpg","\u003Cp>Native terrestrial iron in basalt\u002Fdolerite from the ~Permian-Triassic boundary of Russia. (cut surface; CM 28271, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron is quite rare in its elemental state at the Earth's surface.  In the presence of oxygen, iron turns to rust (iron oxide).  Many meteorites that fall to Earth from the asteroid belt are composed of native iron (plus impurities).  Very few localities on Earth have native iron of terrestrial origin.  These occurrences are along natural smelting zones, where magma or lava has come in direct contact with coals or other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks.  In such smelting zones, reducing conditions are created, and metallic iron can crystallize.  Famous localities where this has happened include Disko Island in Greenland and the Siberian Traps Flood Basalt Province.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron has a metallic luster, a silvery-gray color, is somewhat hard (H = 4 to 4.5), is strongly magnetic, has no cleavage, is malleable, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Native iron is always alloyed with nickel in meteorites.  In terrestrial iron occurrences, the Fe is also alloyed with a little Ni.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The remarkable rock shown above is from the Putoran Plateau of Siberia.  The silvery-gray colored material is vesicle-filling native iron.  The black-colored material is the basalt\u002Fdolerite host rock, which contains labradorite plagioclase feldspar & bytownite plagioclase feldspar & pyroxene.  Available chemical information indicates that the metal is about 94% Fe, 4% Ni, plus impurities.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This Siberian rock formed during the largest outpouring of flood basalt in Earth’s history.  The Siberian Traps Flood Basalts erupted through crustal fissures as the large head of a new hotspot (mantle plume) surfaced.  This happened at Permian-Triassic boundary times (~251 Ma), and the timing suggests that Siberian Traps volcanism is related to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction in some way, and it appears to be antipodal to the Wilkes Land Impact Crater in Antarctica.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Late Paleozoic sedimentary succession of Siberia contains coal beds, as do many Late Paleozoic successions on Earth.  The magmas came into direct contact with the coal beds, resulting in reducing conditions, which permitted the formation of elemental iron.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Putoran Plateau, Siberia, Russia",2197,1266,{"id":355,"source_url":356,"license_code":199,"credit_html":357,"title":358,"description":359,"author":212,"original_width":360,"original_height":361},17193,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163479943","Darla Sondrol, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163479943\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native iron and magnetite (GeoDIL number - 882).jpg","This basalt sample contains pieces of what appears to be native iron. Some of the iron has oxidized to produce magnetite and hematite. However, natural iron is probably not “native” to Earth since it rarely occurs on the Earth's surface by terrestrial processes. It is mostly derives from meteorites that have impacted the Earth's surface. This specimen is about 7 cm across.",2674,1872,{"id":363,"source_url":364,"license_code":265,"credit_html":365,"title":366,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},734,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955842","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955842\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Allanite w-rock Basic calcium iron Rare Earth aluminum silicate near 29 Palms San Bernardino County California 2204.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",640,{"id":371,"source_url":372,"license_code":265,"credit_html":373,"title":374,"description":375,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},839,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955846","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955846\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Alluaudite 2 Sodium iron manganese phosphate Pleasant Valley Mine near Fourmile Custer County South Dakota 2264Spp.jpg","\u003Cp>Mineral of Custer County, South Dakota.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>These mineral images are free to use how you wish.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",700,{"id":378,"source_url":379,"license_code":265,"credit_html":380,"title":381,"description":382,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},840,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955847","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955847\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Alluaudite Sodium iron manganese phosphate Pleasant Valley Mine near Fourmile Custer County South Dakota 2263.jpg","\u003Cp>Mineral of South Dakota.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>These mineral images are free to use how you wish.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":384,"source_url":385,"license_code":265,"credit_html":386,"title":387,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},1818,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955909","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955909\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Argentojarosite 2 w- carminite arseniosiderite and quartz Basic silver iron sulfate Santa Ana Sonora Mexico 2030.jpg",{"id":389,"source_url":390,"license_code":265,"credit_html":391,"title":392,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},1819,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955910","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955910\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Argentojarosite w- carminite arseniosiderite and quartz Basic silver iron sulfate Santa Ana Sonora Mexico 2030.jpg",{"id":394,"source_url":395,"license_code":265,"credit_html":396,"title":397,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},2081,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955919","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955919\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Arsenopyrite in rock iron sulfarsenide Gwyn Mine Pardee Reservoir Amador County California 2106.jpg",{"id":399,"source_url":400,"license_code":265,"credit_html":401,"title":402,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},2113,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955923","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955923\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Arthurite on rock Hydrous basic copper iron arsenate Majuba Hill Pershing County Nevada 2231.jpg",{"id":404,"source_url":405,"license_code":265,"credit_html":406,"title":407,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},2384,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955944","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955944\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Awaruite - Josephinite Nickel iron alloy Josephine COunty Oregon 2042.jpg",{"id":409,"source_url":410,"license_code":265,"credit_html":411,"title":412,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},2687,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955965","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955965\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Barkevikite 2in syenite Basic sodium calcium magnesium iron aluminum silicate near the Dallas Gem Mine San Benito County California 2179.jpg",{"id":414,"source_url":415,"license_code":265,"credit_html":416,"title":417,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},2688,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955966","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955966\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Barkevikite in syenite Basic sodium calcium magnesium iron aluminum silicate near the Dallas Gem Mine San Benito County California 2182.jpg",{"id":419,"source_url":420,"license_code":265,"credit_html":421,"title":422,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},2788,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955870","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955870\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amphibole - Hornblende in rock Iron aluminum silicate Lucas County Iowa 2072.jpg",{"id":424,"source_url":425,"license_code":265,"credit_html":426,"title":427,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},3796,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955997","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955997\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Brannerite in rock with pyrite Titanium uranium thorium calcium iron rare earth oxide Algom Nordic Mine, Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada.jpg",{"id":429,"source_url":430,"license_code":265,"credit_html":431,"title":432,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":433,"original_height":433},3797,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956155","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956155\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Normal Brannerite in rock with pyrite Titanium uranium thorium calcium iron rare earth oxide Algom Nordic Mine, Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada.jpg",400,{"id":435,"source_url":436,"license_code":179,"credit_html":437,"title":438,"description":439,"author":440,"original_width":433,"original_height":441},3816,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=188970","Tomasz Kuran aka Meteor2017, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=188970\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Limonite bog iron cm02.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBog_iron\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bog iron\">en:Bog ore\u003C\u002Fa> (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Flimonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:limonite\">en:limonite\u003C\u002Fa>) from forest near \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpl.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"pl:Żyrardów\">pl:Żyrardów\u003C\u002Fa> (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPoland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Poland\">en:Poland\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMasovia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Masovia\">en:Masovia\u003C\u002Fa>).","Tomasz Kuran aka Meteor2017",316,{"id":443,"source_url":444,"license_code":246,"credit_html":445,"title":446,"description":447,"author":448,"original_width":449,"original_height":450},3830,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716258","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716258\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 036 - Goethite, minerai de fer.jpg","Goethite, minerai de fer, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",1800,1744,{"id":452,"source_url":453,"license_code":199,"credit_html":454,"title":455,"description":456,"author":212,"original_width":457,"original_height":458},4033,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163475168","Darla Sondrol, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163475168\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Goethite filling the fissures in iron ore (GeoDIL number - 153).jpg","Goethite, FeO(OH), is a common product when iron-rich rocks oxidize (rust). Here we see yellow-brown goethite filling the fissures in a sample of iron formation from Minnesota's Mesabi Iron Range, near Biwabik, Minnesota. The sample is about 5 cm in length.",2770,1884,{"id":460,"source_url":461,"license_code":189,"credit_html":462,"title":463,"description":464,"author":193,"original_width":465,"original_height":466},4034,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977744","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977744\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ironstone concretion 6.jpg","This concretion is composed of multiple, nested, dark brown ironstone crusts.  The bands are consistent with \"Liesegang banding\", which are iron oxide-rich bands in porous rocks formed by precipitation from moving groundwater.",3179,1533,{"id":468,"source_url":469,"license_code":189,"credit_html":470,"title":471,"description":472,"author":193,"original_width":473,"original_height":474},4035,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977745","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977745\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ironstone concretion 5.jpg","This concretion is bordered by a dark brown ironstone crust.  The bands are consistent with \"Liesegang banding\", which are iron oxide-rich bands in porous rocks formed by precipitation from moving groundwater.",2000,1910,{"id":476,"source_url":477,"license_code":189,"credit_html":478,"title":479,"description":480,"author":193,"original_width":481,"original_height":482},4037,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977750","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977750\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ironstone concretion 2.jpg","This concretion is composed of numerous, irregularly-nested, dark brown ironstone crusts.  The bands are consistent with \"Liesegang banding\", which are iron oxide-rich bands in porous rocks formed by precipitation from moving groundwater.",3500,2532,{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":189,"credit_html":486,"title":487,"description":488,"author":193,"original_width":489,"original_height":490},4038,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977751","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977751\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ironstone-bordered nodule 2.jpg","This nodule is bordered by dark brown ironstone bands.  They are consistent with \"Liesegang banding\" - iron oxide-rich bands in porous rocks formed by precipitation from moving groundwater.",3014,2579,{"id":492,"source_url":493,"license_code":189,"credit_html":494,"title":495,"description":480,"author":193,"original_width":496,"original_height":497},4039,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977752","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104977752\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ironstone concretion 1.jpg",3409,2836,{"id":499,"source_url":500,"license_code":246,"credit_html":501,"title":502,"description":503,"author":504,"original_width":505,"original_height":506},4046,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147663506","Jeremyhoj, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147663506\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Siderite iron ore.jpg","A nodule of siderite clay ironstone also showing a weathered, oxidised surface of limonite, discovered at Oaklands Romano-British ironworking site at Sedlescombe, East Sussex.","Jeremyhoj",1280,960,{"id":508,"source_url":509,"license_code":246,"credit_html":510,"title":511,"description":512,"author":513,"original_width":233,"original_height":514},5807,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=127449738","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=127449738\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Clino-ferro-suenoite.jpg","Brownish crystal aggregates of the rare mineral clino-ferro-suenoite from a locality in the United Kingdom: Carr Brae, Dornie, Lochalsh, Highland, Scotland. Ex Vandenbroucke Museum collection from Waregem, Belgium.","David Hospital",600,{"id":516,"source_url":517,"license_code":265,"credit_html":518,"title":519,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},5843,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4393798","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4393798\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Enstatite Magnesium iron silicate Mirabel Springs Mount St Helena - lake County California 2475.jpg",{"id":521,"source_url":522,"license_code":265,"credit_html":523,"title":524,"description":525,"author":368,"original_width":526,"original_height":527},6606,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955869","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955869\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amphibole - Cummingtonite w- chlorite in schist Magnesium iron silicate 3800 foot level Homestake Mine Lawrence COunty South Dakota 2071.jpg","\u003Cp>Mineral of South Dakota\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>These mineral images are free to use how you wish.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",568,470,{"id":529,"source_url":530,"license_code":179,"credit_html":531,"title":532,"description":533,"author":534,"original_width":535,"original_height":536},7603,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866610","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866610\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-edenite-111337.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFerro-edenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ferro-edenite\">Ferro-edenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Hendersons Quarry, Mt. Ngongotaha, Rotorua, Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>3 mm Ferro-Edenite crystal. Specimen and photo Leon Hupperichs.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Leon Hupperichs",784,574,{"id":538,"source_url":539,"license_code":246,"credit_html":540,"title":541,"description":542,"author":543,"original_width":544,"original_height":545},8336,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147531592","Ahmad Fairuz, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147531592\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sericho Pallasite.png","detailed picture of Sericho Pallasite shows the mixture of Nickel-Iron and Olivine Crystals. Farringtonite also shown with lighter cream color in the picture","Ahmad Fairuz",3440,2102,{"id":547,"source_url":548,"license_code":218,"credit_html":549,"title":550,"description":551,"author":552,"original_width":553,"original_height":554},8523,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=133966610","Mariko Nagashima, Teruyoshi Imaoka, Takashi Kano, Jun-ichi Kimura, Qing Chang and Takashi Matsumoto, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=133966610\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-ferri-holmquistite (a).png","Microphotograph (a) and back-scattered electron (BSE) image (b) of ferro-ferri-holmquistite. Red square shown in (a) corresponds to area of BSE image (b). Abbreviations: Bt = biotite (strongly altered), Pl = plagioclase and Qz = quartz.\nThe image is published in an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F\">https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F\u003C\u002Fa>).","Mariko Nagashima, Teruyoshi Imaoka, Takashi Kano, Jun-ichi Kimura, Qing Chang and Takashi Matsumoto",565,376,{"id":556,"source_url":557,"license_code":246,"credit_html":558,"title":559,"description":560,"author":513,"original_width":233,"original_height":514},8542,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=107443446","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=107443446\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite.jpg","Black crystals of the rare amphibole mineral potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite in a whitish contrasting matrix from the TL in Somalialand (Mohlileh Hill, Darkainle Complex,Borama District, Awdal, Somaliland). Ex Vandenbroucke Museum collection from Waregem, Belgium.",{"id":562,"source_url":563,"license_code":218,"credit_html":564,"title":565,"description":566,"author":513,"original_width":567,"original_height":568},8677,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=170419307","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=170419307\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-anthophyllite.jpg","A specimen of ferroanthophyllite from Strandvika, Norway. Ex Vandenbroucke Museum collection from Waregem, Belgium.",637,523,{"id":570,"source_url":571,"license_code":218,"credit_html":572,"title":573,"description":574,"author":575,"original_width":576,"original_height":577},8678,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179852337","Bosi, Ferdinando, Alessandra Altieri, Henrik Skogby, Federico Pezzotta, Ulf Hålenius, Gioacchino Tempesta, Paolo Ballirano, Tomáš Flégr, and Jan Cempírek., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=179852337\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Holotype fragment of ferro-bosiite.png","Photos of tourmaline from the ‘Marina’ pegmatite, Mavuco, Mozambique, with an overgrowth of acicular black tourmaline (red dotted rectangle) containing the holotype fragment of ferro-bosiite (red circle).","Bosi, Ferdinando, Alessandra Altieri, Henrik Skogby, Federico Pezzotta, Ulf Hålenius, Gioacchino Tempesta, Paolo Ballirano, Tomáš Flégr, and Jan Cempírek.",1000,656,{"id":579,"source_url":580,"license_code":246,"credit_html":581,"title":582,"description":583,"author":513,"original_width":576,"original_height":584},8715,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=85637660","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=85637660\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-gedrite & Sekaninaite.jpg","Needles of ferro-gedrite on cleavage plane (001) of sekaninaite. Ferrogedrite is a product of weathering and decay of sekaninaite. From: Dolní Bory, Křižanov, Žďár nad Sázavou, Vysočina Region, Czech Republic.",667,{"id":586,"source_url":587,"license_code":179,"credit_html":588,"title":589,"description":590,"author":231,"original_width":591,"original_height":592},8719,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=116246729","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=116246729\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-papikeite-665076.png","4.4 x 2.4 x 1.6 cm. Sodic-ferrogedrite is a very rare member of the Amphibole Group. Tiny, lustrous, gray-black, bladed grains comprise the spear-point-shaped piece. \"In order to better distinguish between amphibole end-member member compositions, the CNMNC has decided to rename sodic-ferrogedrite. The name is not yet (Nov 2012) decided (MINDAT)\". MINDAT lists only two localities worldwide for this varietal and neither is in Japan. MINDAT only lists ferro-gedrite for the Kawai Mine. Ex. Eugene Carmichael Collection. Possibly very rare material.",462,490,{"id":594,"source_url":595,"license_code":596,"credit_html":597,"title":598,"description":599,"author":600,"original_width":433,"original_height":601},8728,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=85532342","CC BY 3.0","Erik Vercammen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=85532342\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-glaucophane-773305.jpg","Dark blue needles of ferro-glaucophane from a former subduction zone; acquired from the late Dave Shannon at the Tucson Show in 1998. Locality: Groix island, Morbihan, Brittany, France. Collection and photo Erik Vercammen","Erik Vercammen",277,{"id":603,"source_url":604,"license_code":246,"credit_html":605,"title":606,"description":607,"author":513,"original_width":608,"original_height":584},8737,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=68625800","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=68625800\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-katophorite.jpg","Sharp black ferro-katophorite associated to orange pyrochlore crystals from this classic locality in Azores (Agua de Pau Volcano, San Miguel Island, Azores District, Portugal).",766,{"id":610,"source_url":611,"license_code":218,"credit_html":612,"title":613,"description":614,"author":615,"original_width":327,"original_height":616},8738,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130467794","Henk Smeets – tomeikminerals.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130467794\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferrokatophorite4102-1.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFerro-katophorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ferro-katophorite\">Ferro-katophorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 3 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Azores, Portugal\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Henk Smeets – tomeikminerals.com",1261,{"id":618,"source_url":619,"license_code":218,"credit_html":620,"title":621,"description":622,"author":513,"original_width":623,"original_height":624},8742,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=145961585","David Hospital, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=145961585\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferro-richterite.jpg","Dark microcrystals of the very rare mineral ferro-richterite on a pale colored matrix from Libby, Libby Mining District, Montana, United States of America. Ex Vandenbroucke Museum collection from Waregem, Belgium.",695,503,{"id":626,"source_url":627,"license_code":265,"credit_html":628,"title":629,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},10313,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956090","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956090\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Graftonite with Triphylite Iron manganese calcium phosphate Palermo Mine, North Groton, New Hampshire 2863.jpg",{"id":631,"source_url":632,"license_code":265,"credit_html":633,"title":634,"description":635,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},10474,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956092","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956092\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Griphite Basic sodium aluminum calcium iron manganese phosphate Everly Mine, Harney, South Dakota 2915.jpg","\u003Cp>\u003Cb>\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCategory:Griphite\" title=\"Category:Griphite\">Griphite\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fb> — basic sodium aluminum calcium iron manganese phosphate \n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>From Everly Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHarney_Peak\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Harney Peak\">Harney Peak\u003C\u002Fa> district in the \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCategory:Black_Hills_National_Forest\" title=\"Category:Black Hills National Forest\">Black Hills National Forest\u003C\u002Fa>, Harney, South Dakota.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\n\u003Cdiv style=\"clear:both;\">\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cul>\u003Cli>These mineral images are free to use how you wish.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>",{"id":637,"source_url":638,"license_code":265,"credit_html":639,"title":640,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},10783,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956101","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956101\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Halotrichite Hydrous iron aluminum sulfate Corral, California 3009.jpg",{"id":642,"source_url":643,"license_code":265,"credit_html":644,"title":645,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},10997,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956103","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956103\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hectorite Hydrous magnesium iron silicate Hector, California.jpg",{"id":647,"source_url":648,"license_code":265,"credit_html":649,"title":650,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},11275,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956109","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956109\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Heterosite-Purpite Iron Manganese phosphate Palmermo Mine, North Groton, New Hampshire 2922.jpg",{"id":652,"source_url":653,"license_code":265,"credit_html":654,"title":655,"description":656,"author":269,"original_width":657,"original_height":658},12336,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2116162","Benjah-bmm27, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2116162\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron(II)-sulfide-sample.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIron(II)_sulfide\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Iron(II) sulfide\">Iron(II) sulfide\u003C\u002Fa>, FeS",1714,1286,{"id":660,"source_url":661,"license_code":265,"credit_html":662,"title":663,"description":664,"author":665,"original_width":369,"original_height":666},12338,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2894868","Ondřej Mangl, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2894868\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfid železnatý.JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIron(II)_sulfide\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Iron(II) sulfide\">Iron(II) sulfide\u003C\u002Fa> FeS","Ondřej Mangl",468,{"id":668,"source_url":669,"license_code":179,"credit_html":670,"title":671,"description":672,"author":673,"original_width":674,"original_height":584},12339,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15359144","W. Oelen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15359144\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ferrous sulfide.jpg","Iron(II) sulfide","W. Oelen",500,{"id":676,"source_url":677,"license_code":246,"credit_html":678,"title":679,"description":680,"author":250,"original_width":681,"original_height":682},12343,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125930368","Leiem, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125930368\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Commercial sample of iron(II) sulfide.jpg","Commercial iron(II) sulfide (Fe 60.0~72.0%, 1~10 mm), CAS No. 1317-37-9.",2252,2220,{"id":684,"source_url":685,"license_code":265,"credit_html":686,"title":687,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},12537,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956114","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956114\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Jarosite on quartz Potassium iron sulfate Arabia District, Pershing County, Nevada 2779.jpg",{"id":689,"source_url":690,"license_code":218,"credit_html":691,"title":692,"description":693,"author":694,"original_width":327,"original_height":695},14345,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130468049","Henk Smeets - Tomeik Minerals, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130468049\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lemmleiniteba15783-2.jpg","Lemmleinite-Ba with natrolite - Russia, Kola, Kovdor Massif - Iron Mine (TL) - 5 mm","Henk Smeets - Tomeik Minerals",1271,{"id":697,"source_url":698,"license_code":265,"credit_html":699,"title":700,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},15018,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956132","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956132\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnesiohornblende Basic calcium magnesium iron aluminum silicate-fluoride Nickenicher,Sattel,Eifel,Germany 2886.jpg",{"id":702,"source_url":703,"license_code":246,"credit_html":704,"title":705,"description":706,"author":707,"original_width":708,"original_height":709},16123,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129668551","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129668551\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron meteorite. Hammersley Range, Australia-8911.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIron_meteorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Iron meteorite\">Iron meteorite\u003C\u002Fa> with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWidmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Widmanstätten pattern\">Widmanstätten pattern\u003C\u002Fa> - Place of discovery: Hammersley Range, Australia","Raimond Spekking",5004,4472,{"id":711,"source_url":712,"license_code":246,"credit_html":713,"title":714,"description":715,"author":707,"original_width":716,"original_height":716},16124,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129668580","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129668580\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron meteorite. Toluca, Mexico-8913.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIron_meteorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Iron meteorite\">Iron meteorite\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FToluca_(meteorite)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Toluca (meteorite)\">Toluca\u003C\u002Fa> with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWidmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Widmanstätten pattern\">Widmanstätten pattern\u003C\u002Fa> - Place of discovery: Toluca, Mexico",3849,{"id":718,"source_url":719,"license_code":218,"credit_html":720,"title":721,"description":722,"author":723,"original_width":724,"original_height":725},16127,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=152084050","Wikitarisch, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=152084050\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron meteorite (Museum für Natur und Umwelt Lübeck) 04.jpg","Iron meteorite (Museum für Natur und Umwelt Lübeck)","Wikitarisch",2736,3648,{"id":727,"source_url":728,"license_code":246,"credit_html":729,"title":730,"description":731,"author":732,"original_width":733,"original_height":734},20015,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=66468666","Joan Rosell, from rosellminerals.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=66468666\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Proto-ferro-suenoite.jpg","Proto-ferro-suenoite is a very rare mineral known from only two localities (2016). It occurs acicular crystals in wheat formed aggregates together with rhodonite, pyroxmangite, spessartine and rhodochrosite at the type locality and as an small (sub-mm to mm) fibres as an alteration product of Mn-rich fayalite. This specimen was adquired in 2015 to A. Petrov. Very rare species.\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Suishoyama pegmatite, Iizaka, Kawamata, Fukushima, Japan\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.5 × 1.8 × 1.6 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Joan Rosell, from rosellminerals.com",928,894,{"id":736,"source_url":737,"license_code":265,"credit_html":738,"title":739,"description":740,"author":368,"original_width":741,"original_height":742},20280,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956081","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956081\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnet Group-Pyrope Iron aluminum silicate Barton Mines, Gore Mountain, Warren County, New York 2861.jpg","Pyrope aggregate.",573,328,{"id":744,"source_url":745,"license_code":246,"credit_html":746,"title":747,"description":748,"author":749,"original_width":750,"original_height":751},22657,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98883426","Ivar Leidus, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98883426\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sphalerite - Iron Cap mine, Graham, Arizona, USA.jpg","Sphalerite (4.5 × 3.5 × 2.0 cm) from Iron Cap mine, Graham, Arizona, USA","Ivar Leidus",6000,5143,{"id":753,"source_url":754,"license_code":179,"credit_html":755,"title":756,"description":757,"author":758,"original_width":759,"original_height":760},24182,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1723741","Gregory Phillips, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1723741\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron8.jpg","Slab of tiger iron, a rock composed of tiger's eye, jasper and hematite. Photographed wet to simulate a polished finish.","Gregory Phillips",300,215,{"id":762,"source_url":763,"license_code":265,"credit_html":764,"title":765,"description":766,"author":767,"original_width":768,"original_height":769},24183,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3360795","Tim Thiele at German Wikipedia (Original text: Tim Thiele), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3360795\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron5.jpg","Trommelstein: Tigereisen","Tim Thiele at German Wikipedia (Original text: Tim Thiele)",1327,871,{"id":771,"source_url":772,"license_code":773,"credit_html":774,"title":775,"description":776,"author":777,"original_width":778,"original_height":185},24184,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3415518","CC BY-SA 2.5","Hannes Grobe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3415518\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron4.jpg","\u003Cb>Tiger's-eye\u003C\u002Fb> with hematite (also called \u003Ci>tiger-iron\u003C\u002Fi>)","Hannes Grobe",2500,{"id":780,"source_url":781,"license_code":199,"credit_html":782,"title":783,"description":784,"author":785,"original_width":786,"original_height":787},24186,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22021701","Archbob, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22021701\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron.jpg","2.5 billion year old Tiger Iron from Australia","Archbob",2790,1590,{"id":789,"source_url":790,"license_code":189,"credit_html":791,"title":792,"description":793,"author":193,"original_width":794,"original_height":795},24187,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=35018146","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=35018146\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron2.jpg","Folded jaspilite (“tiger iron”) (field of view ~11 cm from top to bottom) from Western Australia's Hamersley Range, an area famous for its “tiger iron” BIFs.  Several stratigraphic units in the Hamersley Group contain banded iron formation (e.g., the Marra Mamba Fe-Fm. & the Brockman Fe-Fm.).  The sample here is folded jaspilite with bands of yellowish-brown “tiger-eye” (= asbestiform quartz having chatoyancy).  The Hamersley Group is an upper Neoarchean to lower Paleoproterozoic unit (~2.47 to 2.55 billion years) that outcrops in parts of the Hamersley Range (Pilbara Craton) of Western Australia.",1226,1191,{"id":797,"source_url":798,"license_code":218,"credit_html":799,"title":800,"description":801,"author":802,"original_width":505,"original_height":803},24189,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=187642678","Nj27media, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=187642678\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger iron slabs.jpg","Cut tiger iron slabs at a rock and mineral show. Polished carving in background.","Nj27media",1279,{"id":805,"source_url":806,"license_code":265,"credit_html":807,"title":808,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},24280,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956275","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956275\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titantaramellite 2 in sanbornite barium titanium iron magnesium borosilicate and chloride Esquire -1 Mine Rush Creek Fresno COunty California 1646.jpg",{"id":810,"source_url":811,"license_code":265,"credit_html":812,"title":813,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},24281,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956276","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956276\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titantaramellite in sanbornite barium titanium iron magnesium borosilicate and chloride Esquire -1 Mine Rush Creek Fresno COunty California 1645.jpg",{"id":815,"source_url":816,"license_code":179,"credit_html":817,"title":818,"description":819,"author":231,"original_width":820,"original_height":514},24771,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176205","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176205\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Turgite-165055.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTurgite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Turgite\">Turgite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSanta_Eulalia_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Santa Eulalia District\">Santa Eulalia District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquiles_Serd%C3%A1n,_Chihuahua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquiles Serdán, Chihuahua\">Municipio de Aquiles Serdán\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChihuahua\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chihuahua\">Chihuahua\u003C\u002Fa>, Mexico (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2311.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.9 x 8.5 x 4.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Shimmering spectral colors, predominantly purple and green, light up the surface of this hematite specimen with a botryoidal surface (commonly known as turgite in this colorful form). Just behind this beautiful surface the specimen looks like what it really is - basically oxidized iron or rust - which makes it all the more impressive that it can be so pretty.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",514,{"id":822,"source_url":823,"license_code":189,"credit_html":824,"title":825,"description":826,"author":193,"original_width":827,"original_height":828},25809,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022702","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022702\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron (Tertiary; Disko Island, Greenland) 1 (17337594291).jpg","\u003Cp>Native terrestrial iron from the Tertiary of Greenland.\n(public display, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Museum of Geology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron is quite rare in its elemental state at the Earth's surface.  In the presence of oxygen, iron turns to rust (iron oxide).  Many meteorites that fall to Earth from the asteroid belt are composed of native iron (plus impurities).  Very few localities on Earth have native iron of terrestrial origin.  These occurrences are along natural smelting zones, where magma or lava has come in direct contact with coals or other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks.  In such smelting zones, reducing conditions are created, and metallic iron can crystallize.  Famous localities where this has happened include Disko Island in Greenland and the Siberian Traps Flood Basalt Province.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron has a metallic luster, a silvery-gray color, is somewhat hard (H = 4 to 4.5), is strongly magnetic, has no cleavage, is malleable, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Native iron is always alloyed with nickel in meteorites.  In terrestrial iron occurrences, the Fe is also alloyed with a little Ni.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is a mass of native terrestrial iron from the famous Disko Island, Greenland locality.  During the Tertiary, basaltic dikes intruded Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks of Disko Island.  These rocks included coals and carbonaceous shales.  The meeting of mafic magma and carbon resulted in a reducing environment - a natural smelter.  Native iron formed in the magma as small blebs.  When erupted as basalt lava flows or intruded as basalt sills, the iron blebs settled to flow bases and sill bases to form iron masses.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chemical analysis has shown that Disko Island iron masses contain native iron (Fe) and cohenite (iron carbide) plus various inclusions of silicates, sulfides, and oxides (see list in Bird et al., 1981).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Disko Island, offshore western Greenland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Disko Island geology synthesized from:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBird, J.M., C.A. Goodrich & M.S. Weathers.  1981.  Petrogenesis of Uivfaq iron, Disko Island, Greenland.  Journal of Geophysical Research 86(B12): 11,787-11,805.",2738,1485,{"id":830,"source_url":831,"license_code":189,"credit_html":832,"title":833,"description":834,"author":193,"original_width":835,"original_height":836},25810,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022703","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022703\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron (Tertiary; Disko Island, Greenland) 2 (17150419318).jpg","\u003Cp>Native terrestrial iron from the Tertiary of Greenland.\n(public display, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron is quite rare in its elemental state at the Earth's surface.  In the presence of oxygen, iron turns to rust (iron oxide).  Many meteorites that fall to Earth from the asteroid belt are composed of native iron (plus impurities).  Very few localities on Earth have native iron of terrestrial origin.  These occurrences are along natural smelting zones, where magma or lava has come in direct contact with coals or other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks.  In such smelting zones, reducing conditions are created, and metallic iron can crystallize.  Famous localities where this has happened include Disko Island in Greenland and the Siberian Traps Flood Basalt Province.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron has a metallic luster, a silvery-gray color, is somewhat hard (H = 4 to 4.5), is strongly magnetic, has no cleavage, is malleable, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Native iron is always alloyed with nickel in meteorites.  In terrestrial iron occurrences, the Fe is also alloyed with a little Ni.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is a mass of native terrestrial iron from the famous Disko Island, Greenland locality.  During the Tertiary, basaltic dikes intruded Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks of Disko Island.  These rocks included coals and carbonaceous shales.  The meeting of mafic magma and carbon resulted in a reducing environment - a natural smelter.  Native iron formed in the magma as small blebs.  When erupted as basalt lava flows or intruded as basalt sills, the iron blebs settled to flow bases and sill bases to form iron masses.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chemical analysis has shown that Disko Island iron masses contain native iron (Fe) and cohenite (iron carbide) plus various inclusions of silicates, sulfides, and oxides (see list in Bird et al., 1981).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Disko Island, offshore western Greenland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Disko Island geology synthesized from:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBird, J.M., C.A. Goodrich & M.S. Weathers.  1981.  Petrogenesis of Uivfaq iron, Disko Island, Greenland.  Journal of Geophysical Research 86(B12): 11,787-11,805.",3576,2513,{"id":838,"source_url":839,"license_code":189,"credit_html":840,"title":841,"description":842,"author":193,"original_width":843,"original_height":844},25811,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022706","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022706\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron (Tertiary; Disko Island, Greenland) 3 (17338210655).jpg","Native terrestrial iron from the Tertiary of Greenland.\n\u003Cp>(public display, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron is quite rare in its elemental state at the Earth's surface.  In the presence of oxygen, iron turns to rust (iron oxide).  Many meteorites that fall to Earth from the asteroid belt are composed of native iron (plus impurities).  Very few localities on Earth have native iron of terrestrial origin.  These occurrences are along natural smelting zones, where magma or lava has come in direct contact with coals or other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks.  In such smelting zones, reducing conditions are created, and metallic iron can crystallize.  Famous localities where this has happened include Disko Island in Greenland and the Siberian Traps Flood Basalt Province.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron has a metallic luster, a silvery-gray color, is somewhat hard (H = 4 to 4.5), is strongly magnetic, has no cleavage, is malleable, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Native iron is always alloyed with nickel in meteorites.  In terrestrial iron occurrences, the Fe is also alloyed with a little Ni.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rock shown above is a mass of native terrestrial iron from the famous Disko Island, Greenland locality.  During the Tertiary, basaltic dikes intruded Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks of Disko Island.  These rocks included coals and carbonaceous shales.  The meeting of mafic magma and carbon resulted in a reducing environment - a natural smelter.  Native iron formed in the magma as small blebs.  When erupted as basalt lava flows or intruded as basalt sills, the iron blebs settled to flow bases and sill bases to form iron masses.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chemical analysis has shown that Disko Island iron masses contain native iron (Fe) and cohenite (iron carbide) plus various inclusions of silicates, sulfides, and oxides (see list in Bird et al., 1981).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Disko Island, offshore western Greenland\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Disko Island geology synthesized from:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBird, J.M., C.A. Goodrich & M.S. Weathers.  1981.  Petrogenesis of Uivfaq iron, Disko Island, Greenland.  Journal of Geophysical Research 86(B12): 11,787-11,805.",3129,2259,{"id":846,"source_url":847,"license_code":189,"credit_html":848,"title":849,"description":850,"author":193,"original_width":851,"original_height":852},26406,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022705","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40022705\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron (Virginia, USA) (16718063283).jpg","\u003Cp>Native terrestrial iron from Virginia, USA.\n(public display, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Iron is quite rare in its elemental state at the Earth's surface.  In the presence of oxygen, iron turns to rust (iron oxide).  Many meteorites that fall to Earth from the asteroid belt are composed of native iron (plus impurities).  Very few localities on Earth have native iron of terrestrial origin.  These occurrences are along natural smelting zones, where magma or lava has come in direct contact with coals or other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks.  In such smelting zones, reducing conditions are created, and metallic iron can crystallize.  Famous localities where this has happened include Disko Island in Greenland and the Siberian Traps Flood Basalt Province.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nIron has a metallic luster, a silvery-gray color, is somewhat hard (H = 4 to 4.5), is strongly magnetic, has no cleavage, is malleable, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Native iron is always alloyed with nickel in meteorites.  In terrestrial iron occurrences, the Fe is also alloyed with a little Ni.",2374,1851,{"id":854,"source_url":855,"license_code":265,"credit_html":856,"title":857,"description":858,"author":368,"original_width":859,"original_height":859},27608,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956314","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956314\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Vonsenite w-magnesite calcite Iron magnesium borate New City Quarry Riverside Riverside County California.jpg","\u003Cp>\u003Cb>\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCategory:Vonsenite\" title=\"Category:Vonsenite\">Vonsenite\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fb> — w-magnesite calcite Iron magnesium borate \n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Locale: New City Quarry — Riverside, Riverside County, California.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThese mineral images are free to use how you wish.",900,{"id":861,"source_url":862,"license_code":265,"credit_html":863,"title":864,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},28514,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956329","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956329\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Yoderite 2 in talc Hydrous magnesium iron aluminum silicate Mautia Hill Central Province tanzania 1939.jpg",{"id":866,"source_url":867,"license_code":265,"credit_html":868,"title":869,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},28515,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956330","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956330\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Yoderite in talc Hydrous magnesium iron aluminum silicate Mautia Hill Central Province tanzania 1938.jpg",{"id":871,"source_url":872,"license_code":265,"credit_html":873,"title":874,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},28597,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956334","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956334\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Yuksporite Hydrous sodium potassium calcium barium titanium aluminum iron silicate Khibiny Massif Kola Peninsula Russia 1960.jpg",{"id":876,"source_url":877,"license_code":265,"credit_html":878,"title":879,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},31300,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955792","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955792\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aegirine - Acmite in syenite Sodium iron silicate Magnet Cove Hot Springs County Arkansas 2000.jpg",{"id":881,"source_url":882,"license_code":265,"credit_html":883,"title":884,"description":885,"author":886,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},31314,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1773356","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1773356\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aerinite Iron magnesium calcium aluminum silicate Estopinian Huesca Province Spain 2062.jpg","Aerinite. Chemical composition; iron, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, silicate. Location; Estopinian, Huesca province, Spain","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",{"id":888,"source_url":889,"license_code":265,"credit_html":890,"title":891,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},33111,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955898","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955898\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Annite w-almandine Basic potassium iron aluminum silicate and fluoride Kawai Mine Ena shi Gifu Prefecture Japan 2083.jpg",{"id":893,"source_url":894,"license_code":265,"credit_html":895,"title":896,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},36504,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955996","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955996\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bornite w - chalcopyrite Copper iron sulfide Mount Con Mine Butte Silver Bow County Montana 2319.jpg",{"id":898,"source_url":899,"license_code":265,"credit_html":900,"title":901,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},37291,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956017","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956017\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chamosite in chert w pyrite Hydrous iron magnesium aluminum silicate Bonita San Diego County California 2494.jpg",{"id":903,"source_url":904,"license_code":265,"credit_html":905,"title":906,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},37292,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956018","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956018\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chamosite in chert w pyrite Hydrous iron magnesium aluminum silicate Bonita San Diego County California 2495.jpg",{"id":908,"source_url":909,"license_code":596,"credit_html":910,"title":911,"description":912,"author":913,"original_width":576,"original_height":914},37377,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9990101","Corie Mattar, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9990101\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Quartz with Limonite - Butte County, California, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa> with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLimonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Limonite\">Limonite\u003C\u002Fa> (reddish)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Butte County, California, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Original description: This is a 5 layer composite photo of a small vug found inside of an iron-stained bull quartz. The limonite coated xls are well developed and surprisingly undamaged, considering the fact that I smashed it with my crack hammer! - The xls are approximately 5mm in size, FOV approx 25mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Corie Mattar",716,{"id":916,"source_url":917,"license_code":265,"credit_html":918,"title":919,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":920,"original_height":921},49398,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=577784","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=577784\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron stained quartz.jpg",333,440,{"id":923,"source_url":924,"license_code":265,"credit_html":925,"title":926,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":927,"original_height":928},50164,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956082","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956082\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnet Group Andradite variety Colophonite in wollastonite Iron calcium silicate Willsboro, Essex County, New York.jpg",598,386,{"id":930,"source_url":931,"license_code":265,"credit_html":932,"title":933,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":934,"original_height":935},50165,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956083","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956083\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnet Group Andradite variety Colophonite in wollastonite Iron calcium silicate Willsboro, Essex County, New York 2756.jpg",639,390,{"id":937,"source_url":938,"license_code":179,"credit_html":939,"title":940,"description":941,"author":231,"original_width":942,"original_height":943},50616,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149334","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149334\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Descloizite-168701.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDescloizite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Descloizite\">Descloizite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Cuprian Descloizite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Berg Aukas (Berg Aukus), Grootfontein District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOtjozondjupa_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Otjozondjupa Region\">Otjozondjupa Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2424.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 13.5 x 8.2 x 7.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Berg Aukus is the premier locality for Descloizite specimens. This piece is a very attractive display specimen featuring dozens of incredibly well formed, attractive, olive-brown, orthorhombic chisel-shaped crystals of Descloizite. The piece has a light dusting of iron-oxide for a nice color accent. Ex. Richard Kosnar Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",904,576,{"id":945,"source_url":946,"license_code":265,"credit_html":947,"title":948,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},52284,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956312","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956312\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Vivianite 2 w-triphylite and feldspar (Hydrous iron phosphate Custer County South Dakota 1652.jpg",{"id":950,"source_url":951,"license_code":179,"credit_html":952,"title":953,"description":954,"author":231,"original_width":233,"original_height":955},53740,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176635","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176635\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Esmeraldite-202017.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEsmeraldite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Esmeraldite\">Esmeraldite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEsmeralda_County,_Nevada\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Esmeralda County, Nevada\">Esmeralda County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNevada\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nevada\">Nevada\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14193.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Thumbnail. A rare hydrated iron oxide, apparently not well studied as yet because the MINDAT page is basically nonexistent. This tube of flakes and bits of the material is particularly important for such studies because this is the original stuff from the author, with label. It dates to 1912, and the type locality. The author, and donor of the specimen listed here, described this species in 1901. This is mentioned in the Minerals of Nevada. Ex. Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",290,{"id":957,"source_url":958,"license_code":265,"credit_html":959,"title":960,"description":961,"author":962,"original_width":963,"original_height":964},54192,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6206388","Unnameduploads, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6206388\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tigers eye egg shape.jpg","Tiger's eye gemstone as an egg shape with some iron stripes on it.","Unnameduploads",2138,1620,{"id":966,"source_url":967,"license_code":179,"credit_html":968,"title":969,"description":970,"author":231,"original_width":514,"original_height":971},54489,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149088","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149088\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Variscite-167955.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVariscite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Variscite\">Variscite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Ferrian Variscite)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Boa Vista pegmatite, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLaranjeiras\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Laranjeiras\">Laranjeiras\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGalil%C3%A9ia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Galiléia\">Galiléia\u003C\u002Fa>, Doce valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinas_Gerais\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Minas Gerais\">Minas Gerais\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8769.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.5 x 4.6 x 3.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Variscite is RARE in pegmatite deposits. It is usually found deposited from phosphatic waters reacting with aluminous rocks at surface or near-surface conditions (low temperature). This uncommon and showy iron rich (ferrian) variscite specimen from the Boa Vista pegmatite of Minas Gerais features sparkly, cherry-red variscite microcrystals richly scattered in a very starkly contrasting snow-white matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",350,{"id":973,"source_url":974,"license_code":179,"credit_html":975,"title":976,"description":970,"author":231,"original_width":433,"original_height":977},54490,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149089","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149089\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Variscite-167956.jpg",356,{"id":979,"source_url":980,"license_code":189,"credit_html":981,"title":982,"description":983,"author":193,"original_width":984,"original_height":985},54810,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84622548","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84622548\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Quartz with hematite inclusions (hosted in Soudan Iron-Formation, Neoarchean, ~2.722 Ga; iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota, USA) 1 (23302649460).jpg","\u003Cp>Quartz from the Precambrian of Minnesota, USA. (public display, Minnesota Discovery Center, Chisholm, Minnesota, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are about 5400 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals.  All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry.  \"Silica\" refers to SiO2 chemistry.  The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4.  Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens \"belong\" to each silicon.  The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The simplest & most abundant silicate mineral in the Earth's crust is quartz (SiO2).  All other silicates have silica + impurities.  Many silicates have a significant percentage of aluminum (the aluminosilicates).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Quartz (silicon dioxide\u002Fsilica - SiO2) is the most common mineral in the Earth's crust.  It is composed of the two most abundant elements in the crust - oxygen and silicon.  It has a glassy, nonmetallic luster, is commonly clearish to whitish to grayish in color, has a white streak, is quite hard (H≡7), forms hexagonal crystals, has no cleavage, and has conchoidal fracture.  Quartz can be any color: clear, white, gray, black, brown, pink, red, purple, blue, green, orange, etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The reddish coloration in the quartz crystals shown above is due to abundant inclusions of hematite (Fe2O3 - iron oxide).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy of host rocks: Soudan Iron-Formation, Neoarchean, ~2.722 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: iron mine in Soudan, northeastern Minnesota, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of quartz:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3337\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3337\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3337<\u002Fa>",3993,2413,{"id":987,"source_url":988,"license_code":989,"credit_html":990,"title":991,"description":992,"author":993,"original_width":506,"original_height":674},58591,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=333366","CC BY-SA 2.0","Eurico Zimbres , via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=333366\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","HematitaEZ.jpg","A 5x7cm sample of hematite, a type of iron ore, from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Photographed by Eurico Zimbres, Faculty of Geology, Rio de Janeiro State University.","Eurico Zimbres ",{"id":995,"source_url":996,"license_code":218,"credit_html":997,"title":998,"description":999,"author":1000,"original_width":185,"original_height":1001},58598,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84669847","Rylan Bachman, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84669847\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bluegreen-shale-335x-scalebar.jpg","Blue-green shale from the Coleraine formation is a fine mixture of hematite and limonite in a greenish iron-clay matrix. The Coleraine formation is a Cretaceous period geological formation in Minnesota that contains sediments and fossils from the Western Interior Seaway approximately 90 million years ago. This layer was exposed by iron mining on the Mesabi Iron Range. This rock was found in Hill Annex Mine State Park in Calumet, MN. The image was taken with a ZEISS Smartzoom 5 microscope at 335X magnification using extended depth of field.","Rylan Bachman",1300,{"id":1003,"source_url":1004,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1005,"title":1006,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},60628,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956111","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956111\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ilvanite with quartz and limonite Calcium iron silicate Laxey Mine, South Mountain, Owyhee County, Idaho 3016.jpg",{"id":1008,"source_url":1009,"license_code":989,"credit_html":1010,"title":1011,"description":1012,"author":1013,"original_width":1014,"original_height":1014},61058,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2640281","Rama., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2640281\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hematite Iron Rose mg 7978.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHematite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hematite\">Hematite\u003C\u002Fa>. Photographed at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGotthard_Base_Tunnel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gotthard Base Tunnel\">Gotthard Base Tunnel\u003C\u002Fa> exhibition.","Rama.",2538,{"id":1016,"source_url":1017,"license_code":246,"credit_html":1018,"title":1019,"description":1020,"author":1021,"original_width":1022,"original_height":1023},61060,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8918529","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8918529\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hématite Rose de Fer.jpg","Hematite Iron-Rose \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality : Miguel Burnier (São Julião), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Southeast Region, Brazil\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : (6x3.6cm)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",4144,2473,{"id":1025,"source_url":1026,"license_code":179,"credit_html":1027,"title":1028,"description":1029,"author":1030,"original_width":1031,"original_height":1032},61063,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61927790","Tiia Monto, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61927790\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron rose.jpg","Iron rose in Augsburg Naturmuseum.","Tiia Monto",777,375,{"id":1034,"source_url":1035,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1036,"title":1037,"description":1038,"author":1039,"original_width":252,"original_height":251},62057,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387168","Waifer X, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10387168\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Widmanstatten hand.jpg","Acid-etched iron meteorite slice, revealing the characteristic Widmanstatten pattern, indicative of slow cooling and crystallization within the iron-nickel cores of larger asteroids.  Note the \"vug\" inclusion on the middle left of the slice.  From the California Polytechnic State University Physics Department meteorite collection, presented at the April 2009 meeting of the Central Coast Astronomical Society.  Photo by Cuesta College Physical Sciences Division instructor Dr. Patrick M. Len.","Waifer X",{"id":1041,"source_url":1042,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1043,"title":1044,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},64310,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955985","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955985\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Biotite Basic potassium magnesium iron aluminum silicate Adirondack Mountains New York 2253.jpg",{"id":1046,"source_url":1047,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1048,"title":1049,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},64311,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956122","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956122\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lepidomelane Basic potassium iron magnesium aluminum silicate Silver Crater Mine, Faraday, Ontario, Canada 2884.jpg",{"id":1051,"source_url":1052,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1053,"title":1054,"description":1055,"author":193,"original_width":1056,"original_height":1057},65509,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288970","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288970\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 6.jpg","Magnetite is Fe3O4, a moderately common iron oxide mineral and the # 2 iron ore mineral.  It has a metallic to submetallic luster, dark gray to black color and streak, a hardness of 6 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, has no cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and often forms octahedral crystals.  Magnetite is readily identified - a magnet will stick to it, hence the name.\n\u003Cp>Seen here is a remarkable specimen of spherulitic magnetite from an iron mine at Rudnogorsk, Siberia.  \"Spherulitic\" refers to the oolite-like, concentrically-layered, rounded to subrounded masses.  The Rudnogorsk Deposit is part of the Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, a regional cluster of magnetite-rich, metasomatized breccia pipes of explosive volcanic origin.  The occurrence and geometry of magnetite bodies in the pipes is varied and complex.  Magnetite mineralization occurred during emplacement of the Siberian Traps - mafic intrusions both predate and cut the breccia pipes.  Siberian Traps rocks date to Permian-Triassic boundary times (~251 Ma).  The major ore minerals in the district are magnesium-bearing iron oxides: magnomagnetite (MgxFe1-xFe2O4) and magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4).  The light-colored material in this rock includes calcite, but 1 or more other nonmetalic minerals are also present.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: mine just west of the town of Rudnogorsk, Irkutsk Region, northwest of Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of magnetite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2538",2118,1731,{"id":1059,"source_url":1060,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1061,"title":1062,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1064,"original_height":545},65510,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288973","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288973\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 7.jpg","Magnetite is Fe3O4, a moderately common iron oxide mineral and the # 2 iron ore mineral.  It has a metallic to submetallic luster, dark gray to black color and streak, a hardness of 6 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, has no cleavage, is moderately heavy for its size, and often forms octahedral crystals.  Magnetite is readily identified - a magnet will stick to it, hence the name.\n\u003Cp>Seen here is a remarkable specimen of spherulitic magnetite from an iron mine at Rudnogorsk, Siberia.  \"Spherulitic\" refers to the oolite-like, concentrically-layered, rounded to subrounded masses.  The Rudnogorsk Deposit is part of the Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, a regional cluster of magnetite-rich, metasomatized breccia pipes of explosive volcanic origin.  The occurrence and geometry of magnetite bodies in the pipes is varied and complex.  Magnetite mineralization occurred during emplacement of the Siberian Traps - mafic intrusions both predate and cut the breccia pipes.  Siberian Traps rocks date to Permian-Triassic boundary times (~251 Ma).  The major ore minerals in the district are magnesium-bearing iron oxides: magnomagnetite (MgxFe1-xFe2O4) and magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4). The light-colored material in this rock includes calcite, but 1 or more other nonmetalic minerals are also present.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: mine just west of the town of Rudnogorsk, Irkutsk Region, northwest of Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of magnetite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2538",1938,{"id":1066,"source_url":1067,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1068,"title":1069,"description":1055,"author":193,"original_width":1070,"original_height":1071},65511,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288976","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288976\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 3.jpg",2512,2318,{"id":1073,"source_url":1074,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1075,"title":1076,"description":1055,"author":193,"original_width":1077,"original_height":1064},65512,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288978","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288978\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 1.jpg",2730,{"id":1079,"source_url":1080,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1081,"title":1082,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1083,"original_height":1084},65513,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409029","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409029\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 14.jpg",2048,1693,{"id":1086,"source_url":1087,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1088,"title":1089,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1090,"original_height":1091},65514,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409053","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409053\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 9.jpg",2330,1780,{"id":1093,"source_url":1094,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1095,"title":1096,"description":1055,"author":193,"original_width":1097,"original_height":1098},65640,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288972","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288972\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 5.jpg",2214,2250,{"id":1100,"source_url":1101,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1102,"title":1103,"description":1055,"author":193,"original_width":1104,"original_height":1105},65641,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288974","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288974\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 4.jpg",2169,2008,{"id":1107,"source_url":1108,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1109,"title":1110,"description":1055,"author":193,"original_width":1111,"original_height":1112},65642,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288975","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99288975\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 2.jpg",2724,2031,{"id":1114,"source_url":1115,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1116,"title":1117,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1118,"original_height":1119},65643,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409037","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409037\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 13.jpg",1960,2064,{"id":1121,"source_url":1122,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1123,"title":1124,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1125,"original_height":1126},65644,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409038","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409038\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 12.jpg",1832,2300,{"id":1128,"source_url":1129,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1130,"title":1131,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1132,"original_height":1133},65645,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409054","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409054\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 10.jpg",1511,2363,{"id":1135,"source_url":1136,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1137,"title":1138,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1139,"original_height":1140},65646,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409070","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409070\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 8.jpg",2219,1743,{"id":1142,"source_url":1143,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1144,"title":1145,"description":1063,"author":193,"original_width":1146,"original_height":1147},65647,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409071","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=104409071\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spherulitic magnetite (Rudnogorsk Deposit, Angara-Ilim Iron Ore District, Irkutsk Region, Siberia, Russia) 11.jpg",1551,2375,{"id":1149,"source_url":1150,"license_code":179,"credit_html":1151,"title":1152,"description":1153,"author":1154,"original_width":1155,"original_height":1156},67356,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=219317","H. Raab (User:Vesta), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=219317\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","TolucaMeteorite.jpg","A 500g endcut from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FToluca_(meteorite)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Toluca (meteorite)\">Toluca iron meteorite\u003C\u002Fa> (coarse octahedrite, class IA). Shown here is the cut, polished and etched face, displaying Widmanstätten Pattern.","H. Raab (User:Vesta)",1024,768,{"id":1158,"source_url":1159,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1160,"title":1161,"description":1162,"author":1163,"original_width":1164,"original_height":1165},67358,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=16688920","Daderot, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=16688920\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Meteorite, iron, found in Henbury, Australia, 1931 - Higgins Armory Museum - DSC05457.JPG","Exhibit in the Higgins Armory Museum, 100 Barber Avenue, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. The museum permitted photography without any restriction, both in writing and when I asked verbally.","Daderot",4320,3240,{"id":1167,"source_url":1168,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1169,"title":1170,"description":1171,"author":1172,"original_width":1173,"original_height":1174},67365,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79317693","Giovanni Celoria, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79317693\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Celoria - Atlante Astronomico, 1890 (page XXV - fig2).png","Didascalia originale: Ferro di Pallas da questi trovato nel 1776 a Krasnojarsk.","Giovanni Celoria",1044,1088,{"id":1176,"source_url":1177,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1178,"title":1179,"description":1180,"author":1172,"original_width":1181,"original_height":1182},67366,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79317695","Giovanni Celoria, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79317695\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Celoria - Atlante Astronomico, 1890 (page XXV - fig1).png","Didascalia originale: Ferro meteorico di Agram (26 Maggio 1751).",1046,826,{"id":1184,"source_url":1185,"license_code":218,"credit_html":1186,"title":1187,"description":722,"author":723,"original_width":724,"original_height":725},67371,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=152084046","Wikitarisch, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=152084046\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Iron meteorite details (Museum für Natur und Umwelt Lübeck).jpg",{"id":1189,"source_url":1190,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1191,"title":1192,"description":1193,"author":193,"original_width":1194,"original_height":1195},67640,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=93640536","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=93640536\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Quartz-chalcedony-iron oxide geode (probably Indiana, USA) 2.jpg","(crack surface)\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5500 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals.  All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry.  \"Silica\" refers to SiO2 chemistry.  The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4.  Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens \"belong\" to each silicon.  The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The simplest & most abundant silicate mineral in the Earth's crust is quartz (SiO2).  All other silicates have silica + impurities.  Many silicates have a significant percentage of aluminum (the aluminosilicates).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Quartz (silicon dioxide\u002Fsilica - SiO2) is the most common mineral in the Earth's crust.  It is composed of the two most abundant elements in the crust - oxygen and silicon.  It has a glassy, nonmetallic luster, is commonly clearish to whitish to grayish in color, has a white streak, is quite hard (H≡7), forms hexagonal crystals, has no cleavage, and has conchoidal fracture.  Quartz can be any color: clear, white, gray, black, brown, pink, red, purple, blue, green, orange, etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Seen here is the interior of a geode.  Geodes are small to large, subspherical to irregularly-shaped, crystal-lined cavities in rocks.  They form when water enters a void in a host rock and precipitates crystals.  The most common geode-lining mineral is quartz.  The glassy gray material in this specimen is macrocrystalline quartz.  The dark reddish-brown areas are iron oxide (hematite) staining.  A thin layer of milky white, opaque chalcedony (= fibrous microcrystalline quartz) occurs just below the iron oxide.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Geode info. from the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, Illinois, USA):\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"Geodes are hollow, subspherical bodies, ranging from an inch or two to a foot or more in diameter.  Most geodes occur in limestones, rarely in shales.  They have an outer chalcedonic silica layer which is separated from the enclosing limestone matrix by a thin clay film.  The inner surface of the chalcedonic layer is usually lined with inward projecting quartz crystals, though in many geodes drusy coatings of calcite and dolomite occur commonly.  Of less common occurrence, are crystals of magnetite, pyrite, sphalerite, and a few other such minor and rarer constituents.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The mode of origin of geodes in sedimentary rocks is but imperfectly understood.  That geodes originate in an initial cavity, such as the unfilled space within a fossil, is well recognized, but whether such a cavity is a necessary prerequisite is open to question; geodes may originate in cavities formed by solution.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Many geodes show evidence of expansion, apparently resulting from pressure.  A notable example of this singular phenomenon of expansion of the growing geodes is the \"exploding bomb\" structure.\n\"\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of quartz:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3337",2901,2146,{"id":1197,"source_url":1198,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1199,"title":1200,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":376,"original_height":376},74828,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956079","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956079\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Garnet Group Andradite variety Polyadelphite with franklinite and rhodonite Calcium iron manganese silicate Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey 2813.jpg",{"id":1202,"source_url":1203,"license_code":596,"credit_html":1204,"title":1205,"description":1206,"author":1207,"original_width":1208,"original_height":1209},76837,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7168734","Lysippos, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7168734\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","BIFormation.JPG","rock sample from a banded iron formation (BIF), polished surface (size app. 11 x 8 cm)","Lysippos",771,540,{"id":1211,"source_url":1212,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1213,"title":1214,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},80865,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956236","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956236\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Stilpnomelane Iron silicate near Longvale Mendocino County California 1808.jpg",{"id":1216,"source_url":1217,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1218,"title":1219,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},81108,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956239","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956239\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Strengite on purpurite Hydrous iron phosphate near Usakos - Klienspitzkop Namibia Africa 1814.jpg",{"id":1221,"source_url":1222,"license_code":179,"credit_html":1223,"title":1224,"description":1225,"author":1226,"original_width":1227,"original_height":1228},82916,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=709231","Simon Eugster --Simon 15:33, 16 April 2006 (UTC), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=709231\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron6.jpg","Tigereisen, \"spiegelnd\" - Handelsname für ein lagenförmig aufgebautes Sedimentgestein, bestehend aus Hämatit, Jaspis, Radiolarit (Chert) oder Tigeraugenquarz","Simon Eugster --Simon 15:33, 16 April 2006 (UTC)",859,643,{"id":1230,"source_url":1231,"license_code":179,"credit_html":1232,"title":1233,"description":1234,"author":1235,"original_width":1236,"original_height":1237},82917,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=709250","Simon Eugster --Simon 15:37, 16 April 2006 (UTC), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=709250\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron7.jpg","Tigereisen, nicht \"spiegelnd\" - Handelsname für ein lagenförmig aufgebautes Sedimentgestein, bestehend aus Hämatit, Jaspis, Radiolarit (Chert) oder Tigeraugenquarz","Simon Eugster --Simon 15:37, 16 April 2006 (UTC)",855,642,{"id":1239,"source_url":1240,"license_code":596,"credit_html":1241,"title":1242,"description":1243,"author":1244,"original_width":1245,"original_height":1246},82918,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22018351","Adam Ognisty, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22018351\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron1.jpg","Tygrysie oko z hematytem, polerowane plastry z RPA","Adam Ognisty",2816,2112,{"id":1248,"source_url":1249,"license_code":246,"credit_html":1250,"title":1251,"description":1252,"author":1253,"original_width":185,"original_height":1254},82924,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=81372362","Tiit Hunt, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=81372362\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 178021 photo (g229 g229-385 jpg).jpg","Tiger iron ore cabochon. Collected from Australia. More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61224\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F178021\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiit Hunt",1200,{"id":1256,"source_url":1257,"license_code":246,"credit_html":1258,"title":1259,"description":1260,"author":1253,"original_width":185,"original_height":1254},82925,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=81761972","Tiit Hunt, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=81761972\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 178090 photo (g229 g229-453 jpg).jpg","Tiger iron ore cabochon. Collected from West-Australia. More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61188\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F178090\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":1262,"source_url":1263,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1264,"title":1265,"description":1266,"author":193,"original_width":1267,"original_height":473},82926,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82969468","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82969468\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Jaspilite banded iron formation (BIF) (Hamersely Group, Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic, ~2.47-2.55 Ga; Hamersley Range, Western Australia) (15036345446).jpg","\u003Cp>Jaspilite (“tiger iron”) from the Precambrian of Australia. (field of view: ~4 cm from top to bottom)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Banded iron formations, or BIFs, are unusual, dense sedimentary rocks consisting of alternating layers of iron-rich oxides and iron-rich silicates.  Most BIFs are Proterozoic in age (although some are Late Archean), and do not form today - they're “extinct”!  Many specific varieties of iron formation are known, and some are given special rock names.  For example, jaspilite is an attractive reddish & silvery gray banded rock consisting of hematite, red chert (“jasper”), and specular hematite or magnetite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Because of their age, most BIFs have been around long enough to have been subjected to one or more orogenic (mountain-building) events.  As such, most BIFs are folded and\u002For metamorphosed to varying degrees. \n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>BIFs are known from around the world, but some of the most famous & extensive BIF deposits are found in the vicinity of North America’s Lake Superior Basin.  Many BIFs have economic concentrations of iron and are mined.  BIFs are the most important variety of iron ore on Earth.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThe attractive BIF shown above is from Western Australia's Hamersley Range, an area famous for its “tiger iron” BIFs.  Several stratigraphic units in the Hamersley Group contain banded iron formation (e.g., the Marra Mamba Fe-Fm. & the Brockman Fe-Fm.).  The sample here is jaspilite with bands of yellowish-brown “tiger-eye” (= asbestiform quartz having chatoyancy).  The Hamersley Group is an upper Neoarchean to lower Paleoproterozoic unit (~2.47 to 2.55 billion years) that outcrops in parts of the Hamersley Range (Pilbara Craton) of Western Australia.",3008,{"id":1269,"source_url":1270,"license_code":189,"credit_html":1271,"title":1272,"description":1273,"author":193,"original_width":1267,"original_height":1274},82927,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82969470","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82969470\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Faulted jaspilite banded iron formation (BIF) (Hamersely Group, Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic, ~2.47-2.55 Ga; Hamersley Range, Western Australia) 2 (14872822457).jpg","\u003Cp>Folded & faulted jaspilite (\"tiger iron\") from the Precambrian of Australia.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Banded iron formations, or BIFs, are unusual, dense sedimentary rocks consisting of alternating layers of iron-rich oxides and iron-rich silicates.  Most BIFs are Proterozoic in age (although some are Late Archean), and do not form today - they're “extinct”!  Many specific varieties of iron formation are known, and some are given special rock names.  For example, jaspilite is an attractive reddish & silvery gray banded rock consisting of hematite, red chert (“jasper”), and specular hematite or magnetite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Because of their age, most BIFs have been around long enough to have been subjected to one or more orogenic (mountain-building) events.  As such, most BIFs are folded and\u002For metamorphosed to varying degrees. \n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>BIFs are known from around the world, but some of the most famous & extensive BIF deposits are found in the vicinity of North America’s Lake Superior Basin.  Many BIFs have economic concentrations of iron and are mined.  BIFs are the most important variety of iron ore on Earth.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThe attractive BIF shown here is from Western Australia's Hamersley Range, an area famous for its “tiger iron” BIFs.  Several stratigraphic units in the Hamersley Group contain banded iron formation (e.g., the Marra Mamba Fe-Fm. & the Brockman Fe-Fm.).  The sample here is faulted and folded jaspilite with bands of yellowish-brown “tiger-eye” (= asbestiform quartz having chatoyancy).  The Hamersley Group is an upper Neoarchean to lower Paleoproterozoic unit (~2.47 to 2.55 billion years) that outcrops in parts of the Hamersley Range (Pilbara Craton) of Western Australia.",1921,{"id":1276,"source_url":1277,"license_code":246,"credit_html":1278,"title":1279,"description":1280,"author":1281,"original_width":1282,"original_height":1283},82929,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=109277041","DORSUISOAN, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=109277041\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tiger Iron3.jpg","HKU 薄扶林校園 PFL campus \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fzh.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"zh:香港大學\">zh:香港大學\u003C\u002Fa> James Hsioung Lee Science Building 厲樹雄科學館 許士芬地質博物館 Stephen Hui Geological Museum in August 2021","DORSUISOAN",3088,4128,{"id":1285,"source_url":1286,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1287,"title":1288,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":233,"original_height":233},83602,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956287","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956287\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Triphylite in Pegmatite Lithium iron phosphate Chandler Mills Mine Newport New Hampshire 1832.jpg",{"id":1290,"source_url":1291,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1292,"title":1293,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},83619,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956288","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956288\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Triplite 2 Manganese iron fluophosphate Jefferson County Colorado 1825.jpg",{"id":1295,"source_url":1296,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1297,"title":1298,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},83620,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956289","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956289\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Triplite 3 Manganese iron fluophosphate Jefferson County Colorado 1826.jpg",{"id":1300,"source_url":1301,"license_code":265,"credit_html":1302,"title":1303,"description":367,"author":368,"original_width":369,"original_height":369},83621,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956290","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956290\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Triplite Manganese iron fluophosphate Jefferson County Colorado 1824.jpg",[1305,1311,1317,1322,1327],{"id":1306,"url":1307,"label":1308,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1309,"year":1310},6592,"\u002Fcif\u002F6592.cif","Nishihara 2012","F m 3 m",2012,{"id":1312,"url":1313,"label":1314,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1315,"year":1316},6645,"\u002Fcif\u002F6645.cif","Fjellvag 2002","I m 3 m",2002,{"id":1318,"url":1319,"label":1320,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1315,"year":1321},6647,"\u002Fcif\u002F6647.cif","Zhang 1999",1999,{"id":1323,"url":1324,"label":1325,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1315,"year":1326},6667,"\u002Fcif\u002F6667.cif","Wilburn 1978",1978,{"id":1328,"url":1329,"label":1330,"formula":8,"spacegroup":1309,"year":1331},6680,"\u002Fcif\u002F6680.cif","Wyckoff 1963",1963,[1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,8,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395],"Acier natif","Acier volcanique","Airn","Besi","Burdina","Chuki","Chuma","Demir","Dəmir","Dzelzs","Ebendé","Eisen","Fé","Fè","Fer","Fero","Fèrre","Ferrite (of English)","Ferro","Ferru","Ferrum","Fier","Fierro","Gediegen Eisen","Gedigent Jern","Geležis","Haearn","Hekuri","Hesin","Hierro","Houarn","Ħadid","Iarann","Iesen","Iezer","IJzer","Iron","Järn","Járn","Kibende","Kuarepoti","Raud","Rauta","Rino","Sắt","Tellureisen","Tellurisches Eisen","Temir","Thiet","Tirse","Tlīltepoztli","Vas","Wesi","Yiarn","Yster","Żelazo","Železo","Željezo","Σίδηρος","લોખંડ","இரும்பு","ఇనుము","ഇരുമ്പ്",[],{"history":11,"applications":11}]