[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3067":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":8,"elements":15,"sigelements":17,"key_elements":18,"impurities":19,"cim":20,"ima_status":21,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":24,"strunz10ed1":25,"strunz10ed2":26,"strunz10ed3":27,"strunz10ed4":28,"dana8ed1":25,"dana8ed2":29,"dana8ed3":25,"dana8ed4":30,"csystem":31,"cclass":32,"spacegroup":33,"spacegroupset":34,"a":35,"b":36,"c":36,"alpha":36,"beta":36,"gamma":36,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":37,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":11,"tlform":11,"hmin":38,"hmax":39,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":36,"vhnmax":36,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":40,"dmeas2":40,"dcalc":41,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":42,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":43,"streak":11,"colour":44,"commentcolor":11,"colors":45,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":11,"cleavagetype":11,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":48,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":36,"opticalalpha2":36,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":36,"opticalbeta2":36,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":36,"opticalgamma2":36,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":36,"opticalomega2":36,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":36,"opticalepsilon2":36,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":36,"opticaln2":36,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":36,"optical2vcalc2":36,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":36,"optical2vmeasured2":36,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":44,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":49,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":50,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":51,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":11,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":52,"aboutname":53,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":54,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":55,"group_members":60,"associates":61,"confused_with":71,"type_localities":72,"occurrence_total":77,"citations":78,"images":114,"structures":328,"synonyms":355,"language_names":386,"wikidata_qid":412,"texts":413},3067,"1:1:3067:6","537143c5-b9d4-4fa5-adc5-8e43ab9efde3","Native Palladium","Pd",0,"mineral",null,246,false,"(Pd,Pt)",[8,16],"Pt",[8],[8],",Pt,Ir,Pb,Sn,Bi,Sb,Hg,,","1.66",[22,23],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1803","1","A","F","10","2","4","Isometric",32,224,"Fm3m ","3.8898","0",4,4.5,5,"11.9","12.04","Metallic","Opaque","Whitish steel-gray",[46,47],"gray","white","malleable","Isotropic","(60.6) 400,\r\n(62.0) 420,\r\n(63.4) 440,\r\n(64.6) 460,\r\n(65.6) 480,\r\n(66.4) 500,\r\n(67.2) 520,\r\n(67.8) 540,\r\n(68.3) 560,\r\n(68.9) 580,\r\n(69.5) 600,\r\n(70.2) 620,\r\n(70.9) 640,\r\n(71.7) 660,\r\n(72.5) 680,\r\n(73.4) 700","Catalyst","Platinum Group. Gold-Palladium Series, Palladium-Silver Series and Palladium-Platinum Series.\r\n\r\nNatural Palladium always contains some Platinum.\r\n\r\n(Pd,Cu) alloys, some with the approximate composition PdCu4, are reported by Kapsiotis et al. (2010).","William Hyde Wollaston named the element in 1802 after the asteroid Pallas 2 (which had been discovered two months earlier), which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas.","2025-08-11 12:14:22",[56],{"id":57,"name":58,"entrytype":59,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},10658,"Platinum-bearing Palladium",2,[],[62],{"id":63,"name":64,"entrytype":9,"csystem":65,"ima_formula":66,"mindat_formula":67,"hmin":37,"hmax":37,"dmeas":68,"dcalc":69,"primary_image_id":70},303,"Arsenopalladinite","Triclinic","Pd\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>As\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Pd\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(As,Sb)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","10.40","11.028",2080,[],[73],{"id":74,"txt":75,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":76},422,"Córrego Bom Sucesso placers, Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil","Brazil",66,[79,83,87,91,95,100,104,109],{"id":80,"year":81,"html":82,"doi":11},16110574,1922,"McKeehan (1922) Physical Review, a Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics: 20: 424.",{"id":84,"year":85,"html":86,"doi":11},16119262,1924,"Holgersson, Sedström (1924) Annalen der Physik: 75: 143.",{"id":88,"year":89,"html":90,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":92,"year":93,"html":94,"doi":11},15942486,1976,"Cabri, L.J., Chen, T.T., Stewart, J.M., Laflamme, J.H. Gilles (1976) Two new palladium-arsenic-bismuth minerals from the Sillwater Complex, Montana. The Canadian Mineralogist: 14: 410-413.",{"id":96,"year":97,"html":98,"doi":99},63622,2002,"Fleet, M. E.; De Almeida, C. M.; Angeli, N. (2002) Botryoidal platinum, palladium and potarite from the Bom Sucesso stream, Minas Gerais, Brazil: compositional zoning and origin. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  40 (2). 341-355 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.40.2.341'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.40.2.341\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol40\u002FCM40_341.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.40.2.341",{"id":101,"year":102,"html":103,"doi":11},16966495,2005,"(2005) Palladium. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fpalladium.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":105,"year":106,"html":107,"doi":108},240917,2010,"Kapsiotis, Argyrios, Grammatikopoulos, Tassos A., Tsikouras, Basilios, Hatzipanagiotou, Konstantinos (2010) Platinum-Group Mineral Characterization in Concentrates from High-Grade PGE Al-rich Chromitites of Korydallos Area in the Pindos Ophiolite Complex (NW Greece) \u003Ci>Resource Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  60 (2) 178-191 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1751-3928.2010.00124.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1751-3928.2010.00124.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1751-3928.2010.00124.x",{"id":110,"year":111,"html":112,"doi":113},244386,2013,"Bindi, L., Zaccarini, F., Garuti, G., Angeli, N. (2013) The solid solution between platinum and palladium in nature. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  77 (3) 269-274 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.2013.077.3.04'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.2013.077.3.04\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.2013.077.3.04",[115,125,133,143,151,157,165,172,180,187,194,201,208,216,223,231,239,246,254,262,270,278,285,292,300,307,314,321],{"id":116,"source_url":117,"license_code":118,"credit_html":119,"title":120,"description":121,"author":122,"original_width":123,"original_height":124},17254,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7817093","CC BY 3.0","Jurii, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7817093\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palladium.jpg","Palladium crystal, 1 * 0.5 cm.","Jurii",511,450,{"id":126,"source_url":127,"license_code":118,"credit_html":128,"title":129,"description":130,"author":131,"original_width":132,"original_height":132},69639,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28857836","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28857836\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palladium (46 Pd).jpg","The noble metal palladium is very similar to platinum, and, like platinum, is often used for catalysts and for jewellery. Palladium is more reactive than platinum. Palladium has excellent capability to absorb, store, and then release hydrogen.","Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements",730,{"id":134,"source_url":135,"license_code":136,"credit_html":137,"title":138,"description":139,"author":140,"original_width":141,"original_height":142},3773,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84501008","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84501008\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S) in sulfidic serpentinite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) (14808934796).jpg","\u003Cp>Braggite in sulfidic serpentinite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view 1.7 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery area near center = braggite\nBrownish bronze = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite\nYellow brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nDull greenish gray = serpentinite host rock (formerly a dunite)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Shown above is a specimen of the very rare sulfide mineral braggite (= silver-colored patch near the center).  Braggite is platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide - (Pt,Pd,Ni)S.  Macroscopic crystals have been reported from only two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA","James St. John",3072,2016,{"id":144,"source_url":145,"license_code":136,"credit_html":146,"title":147,"description":148,"author":140,"original_width":149,"original_height":150},3775,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896483","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896483\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 4.jpg","Sulfidic serpentinite with braggite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA.\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic and mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum-palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt-Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) (= dull brassy colored) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) (= yellow brassy colored).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Seen here is a Stillwater serpentinite with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and a visible mass of braggite (= silver-colored patch near the center of the photo).  Braggite is a very rare sulfide mineral, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S - platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide.  Macroscopic braggite has been reported from two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: \"footwall rocks\" beneath the main olivine-bearing zone associated with the Johns-Manville Reef, Troctolite-Anorthosite I zone, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground and west of the Stillwater River, southwest of the town of Nye, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3028,1895,{"id":152,"source_url":153,"license_code":136,"credit_html":154,"title":155,"description":156,"author":140,"original_width":141,"original_height":142},3778,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=124923742","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=124923742\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S) in sulfidic serpentinite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA).jpg","Braggite in sulfidic serpentinite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view: 1.7 centimeters across)\n\u003Cp>Silvery area near center = braggite\nBrownish bronze = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite\nYellow brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nDull greenish gray = serpentinite host rock (formerly a dunite)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Shown above is a specimen of the very rare sulfide mineral braggite (= silver-colored patch near the center).  Braggite is platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide - (Pt,Pd,Ni)S.  Macroscopic crystals have been reported from only two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",{"id":158,"source_url":159,"license_code":136,"credit_html":160,"title":161,"description":162,"author":140,"original_width":163,"original_height":164},11554,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253387","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253387\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive Pt-Pd-rich sulfide (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 2.jpg","Massive sulfide from the Precambrian of Montana, USA.\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of the few platinum mines in all of North America.  Platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic and mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum-palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  The Pt-Pd occurs in intercumulate sulfides, typically pale brassy-colored pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and yellow-brassy colored chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stillwater's intercumulate sulfides usually fill spaces between crystals of plagioclase or pyroxene or olivine\u002Fserpentine.  Occasionally, the sulfide minerals occur in a massive state, such as the J-M Reef sample seen here.  The rock principally contains the usual Pt-Pd-rich chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite.  Other minerals are also present, such as bornite (Cu5FeS4) and small patches of some silvery-colored mineral (what?).  Several rare sulfide and element and element-alloy minerals have been reported from the Stillwater, including hollingworthite ((Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS), native gold (Au), tetraferroplatinum (PtFe), palladobismutharsenide (Pd2(Bi,As)), braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S), keithconnite (Pd3-xTe), moncheite (Pt(Te,Bi)2), vysotskite ((Pd,Ni)S), etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 46W500 stope (4600’ elevation above sea level and 500’ west of shaft), Stillwater Mine, underground and west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",2623,2025,{"id":166,"source_url":167,"license_code":136,"credit_html":168,"title":169,"description":162,"author":140,"original_width":170,"original_height":171},11555,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253390","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253390\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive Pt-Pd-rich sulfide (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 1.jpg",2664,1957,{"id":173,"source_url":174,"license_code":136,"credit_html":175,"title":176,"description":177,"author":140,"original_width":178,"original_height":179},13088,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625707","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625707\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive sulfide (bornite & Pt Pd-rich chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite) (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) (14828837001).jpg","\u003Cp>Massive sulfide from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (4.6 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Platinum- and palladium-bearing pyrrhotite & chalcopyrite in the Stillwater Complex usually occur as intercumulate fills between crystals of plagioclase or pyroxene or olivine\u002Fserpentine.  Occasionally, these sulfide minerals occur in a massive state.  This is a fragment of massive sulfide from the Stillwater Complex’s J-M Reef.  The yellowish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite, and the brownish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite.  There are other minerals present, including bornite (Cu5FeS4) (dark, multicolored areas), and small patches of some silvery-colored mineral (what?).  Several rare sulfide and element and element-alloy minerals have been reported from the Stillwater, including hollingworthite ((Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS), gold (Au), tetraferroplatinum (PtFe), palladobismutharsenide (Pd2(Bi,As)), braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S), keithconnite (Pd3-xTe), moncheite (Pt(Te,Bi)2), vysotskite ((Pd,Ni)S), etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 46W500 stope (4600’ elevation above sea level & 500’ west of shaft), Stillwater Mine, underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",2632,1807,{"id":181,"source_url":182,"license_code":136,"credit_html":183,"title":184,"description":162,"author":140,"original_width":185,"original_height":186},13089,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253376","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253376\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive Pt-Pd-rich sulfide (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 6.jpg",1998,1727,{"id":188,"source_url":189,"license_code":136,"credit_html":190,"title":191,"description":162,"author":140,"original_width":192,"original_height":193},13090,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253380","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253380\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive Pt-Pd-rich sulfide (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 5.jpg",2292,1853,{"id":195,"source_url":196,"license_code":136,"credit_html":197,"title":198,"description":162,"author":140,"original_width":199,"original_height":200},13091,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253382","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253382\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive Pt-Pd-rich sulfide (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 4.jpg",2121,2181,{"id":202,"source_url":203,"license_code":136,"credit_html":204,"title":205,"description":162,"author":140,"original_width":206,"original_height":207},13092,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253384","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99253384\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive Pt-Pd-rich sulfide (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 3.jpg",2380,2196,{"id":209,"source_url":210,"license_code":136,"credit_html":211,"title":212,"description":213,"author":140,"original_width":214,"original_height":215},20378,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34530426","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34530426\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic bronzitite (platinum-palladium ore) Stillwater Mine MT.jpg","\u003Cp>Sulfidic bronzitite (field of view ~3.65 cm across) from the Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex (Neoarchean, 2.71 b.y.) in the Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Brownish bronze = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Yellow brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Brown = bronzite pyroxene.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr> \n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a very high grade platinum ore from the Stillwater Mine's J-M Reef. The platinum\u002Fpalladium-bearing sulfides are here hosted in bronzitite rock, the rarest known host rock in the mine. Bronzitite is a coarsely-crystalline, intrusive igneous rock composed almost entirely of bronzite pyroxene. An alternate name for bronzitite is bronzite pyroxenite (a type of peridotite). What makes this rock so high grade? It is about 25% intercumulate Pt\u002FPd-rich sulfides.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr> \n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This rock has an ore grade of about 10 ounces of Pd-Pt per ton of rock (wow!), with a Pd-Pt ratio of ~3.5:1 (= highest grade platinum group metals deposit in the world). This is the rarest host rock & highest-grade type of platinum ore known at the Stillwater Mine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr> \n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: small bronzitite lens in the 5300 West 13300 D6 West area of the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D6 level, ~84' below the 5300' elevation datum & 13,300' west of shaft), Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cpre>-------------------\n\u003C\u002Fpre>\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThe main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).",945,827,{"id":217,"source_url":218,"license_code":136,"credit_html":219,"title":220,"description":148,"author":140,"original_width":221,"original_height":222},36804,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896475","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896475\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 11.jpg",4000,1918,{"id":224,"source_url":225,"license_code":136,"credit_html":226,"title":227,"description":228,"author":140,"original_width":229,"original_height":230},36805,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896479","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896479\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 8.jpg","Sulfidic serpentinite with braggite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA.\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic and mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum-palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt-Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) (= dull brassy colored) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) (= yellow brassy colored).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Seen here is a Stillwater serpentinite with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and a visible mass of braggite (= silver-colored patch in the lower left portion of the photo).  Braggite is a very rare sulfide mineral, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S - platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide.  Macroscopic braggite has been reported from two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: \"footwall rocks\" beneath the main olivine-bearing zone associated with the Johns-Manville Reef, Troctolite-Anorthosite I zone, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground and west of the Stillwater River, southwest of the town of Nye, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3105,2416,{"id":232,"source_url":233,"license_code":136,"credit_html":234,"title":235,"description":236,"author":140,"original_width":237,"original_height":238},36806,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896480","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896480\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 7.jpg","Sulfidic serpentinite with braggite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA.\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic and mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum-palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt-Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) (= dull brassy colored) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) (= yellow brassy colored).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Seen here is a Stillwater serpentinite with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and a visible mass of braggite (= silver-colored patch in the upper left portion of the photo).  Braggite is a very rare sulfide mineral, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S - platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide.  Macroscopic braggite has been reported from two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: \"footwall rocks\" beneath the main olivine-bearing zone associated with the Johns-Manville Reef, Troctolite-Anorthosite I zone, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground and west of the Stillwater River, southwest of the town of Nye, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3948,2201,{"id":240,"source_url":241,"license_code":136,"credit_html":242,"title":243,"description":236,"author":140,"original_width":244,"original_height":245},36807,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896481","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896481\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 6.jpg",3719,2625,{"id":247,"source_url":248,"license_code":136,"credit_html":249,"title":250,"description":251,"author":140,"original_width":252,"original_height":253},36808,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896482","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896482\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 5.jpg","Sulfidic serpentinite with braggite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA.\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic and mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum-palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt-Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) (= dull brassy colored) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) (= yellow brassy colored).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The J-M Reef has other Pt\u002FPd-rich minerals besides pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, but they are uncommon to rare.  Seen here is a Stillwater serpentinite with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and a visible mass of braggite (= silver-colored patch a bit left of center of the photo).  Braggite is a very rare sulfide mineral, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S - platinum-palladium-nickel sulfide.  Macroscopic braggite has been reported from two localities on Earth - Montana's Stillwater Complex and South Africa's platinum mines.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: \"footwall rocks\" beneath the main olivine-bearing zone associated with the Johns-Manville Reef, Troctolite-Anorthosite I zone, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground and west of the Stillwater River, southwest of the town of Nye, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",2852,1679,{"id":255,"source_url":256,"license_code":136,"credit_html":257,"title":258,"description":259,"author":140,"original_width":260,"original_height":261},37188,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626929","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626929\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic bronzitite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 3 (30800357083).jpg","\u003Cp>Sulfidic bronzitite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view ~8.4 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery & brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite & Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nBrown = bronzite pyroxene\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a very high grade platinum ore from the Stillwater Mine's J-M Reef.  The platinum\u002Fpalladium-bearing sulfides are here hosted in bronzitite rock, the rarest known host rock in the mine.  Bronzitite is a coarsely-crystalline, intrusive igneous rock composed almost entirely of bronzite pyroxene.  An alternate name for bronzitite is bronzite pyroxenite.  What makes this rock so high grade?  It is about 25% intercumulate Pt\u002FPd-rich sulfides.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This rock has an ore grade of about 10 ounces of Pd-Pt per ton of rock (wow!), with a Pd-Pt ratio of ~3.5:1 (= highest grade platinum group metals deposit in the world).  This is the rarest host rock & highest-grade type of platinum ore known at the Stillwater Mine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: small bronzitite lens in the 5300 West 13300 D6 West area of the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D6 level, ~84' below the 5300' elevation datum & 13,300' west of shaft), Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3940,2600,{"id":263,"source_url":264,"license_code":136,"credit_html":265,"title":266,"description":267,"author":140,"original_width":268,"original_height":269},37189,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626930","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626930\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic bronzitite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 2 (31610193425).jpg","\u003Cp>Sulfidic bronzitite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view ~10.3 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery & brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite & Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nBrown = bronzite pyroxene\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a very high grade platinum ore from the Stillwater Mine's J-M Reef.  The platinum\u002Fpalladium-bearing sulfides are here hosted in bronzitite rock, the rarest known host rock in the mine.  Bronzitite is a coarsely-crystalline, intrusive igneous rock composed almost entirely of bronzite pyroxene.  An alternate name for bronzitite is bronzite pyroxenite.  What makes this rock so high grade?  It is about 25% intercumulate Pt\u002FPd-rich sulfides.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This rock has an ore grade of about 10 ounces of Pd-Pt per ton of rock (wow!), with a Pd-Pt ratio of ~3.5:1 (= highest grade platinum group metals deposit in the world).  This is the rarest host rock & highest-grade type of platinum ore known at the Stillwater Mine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: small bronzitite lens in the 5300 West 13300 D6 West area of the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D6 level, ~84' below the 5300' elevation datum & 13,300' west of shaft), Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3860,2220,{"id":271,"source_url":272,"license_code":136,"credit_html":273,"title":274,"description":275,"author":140,"original_width":276,"original_height":277},37190,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626937","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626937\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic bronzitite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 5 (30800356293).jpg","\u003Cp>Sulfidic bronzitite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view ~10.6 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery & brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite & Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nBrown = bronzite pyroxene\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a very high grade platinum ore from the Stillwater Mine's J-M Reef.  The platinum\u002Fpalladium-bearing sulfides are here hosted in bronzitite rock, the rarest known host rock in the mine.  Bronzitite is a coarsely-crystalline, intrusive igneous rock composed almost entirely of bronzite pyroxene.  An alternate name for bronzitite is bronzite pyroxenite.  What makes this rock so high grade?  It is about 25% intercumulate Pt\u002FPd-rich sulfides.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This rock has an ore grade of about 10 ounces of Pd-Pt per ton of rock (wow!), with a Pd-Pt ratio of ~3.5:1 (= highest grade platinum group metals deposit in the world).  This is the rarest host rock & highest-grade type of platinum ore known at the Stillwater Mine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: small bronzitite lens in the 5300 West 13300 D6 West area of the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D6 level, ~84' below the 5300' elevation datum & 13,300' west of shaft), Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3924,2116,{"id":279,"source_url":280,"license_code":136,"credit_html":281,"title":282,"description":283,"author":140,"original_width":221,"original_height":284},37191,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626938","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626938\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic bronzitite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 4 (30800356643).jpg","\u003Cp>Sulfidic bronzitite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (field of view ~9.5 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silvery & brassy = Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite & Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite\nBrown = bronzite pyroxene\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a very high grade platinum ore from the Stillwater Mine's J-M Reef.  The platinum\u002Fpalladium-bearing sulfides are here hosted in bronzitite rock, the rarest known host rock in the mine.  Bronzitite is a coarsely-crystalline, intrusive igneous rock composed almost entirely of bronzite pyroxene.  An alternate name for bronzitite is bronzite pyroxenite.  What makes this rock so high grade?  It is about 25% intercumulate Pt\u002FPd-rich sulfides.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This rock has an ore grade of about 10 ounces of Pd-Pt per ton of rock (wow!), with a Pd-Pt ratio of ~3.5:1 (= highest grade platinum group metals deposit in the world).  This is the rarest host rock & highest-grade type of platinum ore known at the Stillwater Mine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: small bronzitite lens in the 5300 West 13300 D6 West area of the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D6 level, ~84' below the 5300' elevation datum & 13,300' west of shaft), Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",2308,{"id":286,"source_url":287,"license_code":136,"credit_html":288,"title":289,"description":259,"author":140,"original_width":290,"original_height":291},37192,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626941","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84626941\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfidic bronzitite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 6 (30800355943).jpg",3992,2436,{"id":293,"source_url":294,"license_code":136,"credit_html":295,"title":296,"description":297,"author":140,"original_width":298,"original_height":299},37194,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896469","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896469\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bronzite in sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 4.jpg","Bronzite in sulfidic serpentinite from the Precambrian of Montana, USA.\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic and mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum-palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt-Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) (= dull brassy colored) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) (= yellow brassy colored).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This Stillwater rock is principally a sulfidic serpentinite.  The highly lustrous areas are cleavage planes of bronzite, a type of orthopyroxene.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: \"footwall rocks\" beneath the main olivine-bearing zone associated with the Johns-Manville Reef, Troctolite-Anorthosite I zone, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 50W141 D7 West in the Stillwater Mine (= western side of the D7 level, ~98’ below the 5000’ elevation level, 141’ west of shaft), underground and west of the Stillwater River, southwest of the town of Nye, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",3707,2567,{"id":301,"source_url":302,"license_code":136,"credit_html":303,"title":304,"description":297,"author":140,"original_width":305,"original_height":306},37195,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896471","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896471\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bronzite in sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 3.jpg",3172,2262,{"id":308,"source_url":309,"license_code":136,"credit_html":310,"title":311,"description":297,"author":140,"original_width":312,"original_height":313},37196,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896472","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896472\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bronzite in sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 2.jpg",3269,2663,{"id":315,"source_url":316,"license_code":136,"credit_html":317,"title":318,"description":297,"author":140,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},37197,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896473","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896473\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bronzite in sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 5.jpg",3843,2535,{"id":322,"source_url":323,"license_code":136,"credit_html":324,"title":325,"description":297,"author":140,"original_width":326,"original_height":327},37198,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896474","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=98896474\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bronzite in sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) 1.jpg",2882,1784,[329,335,340,345,350],{"id":330,"url":331,"label":332,"formula":8,"spacegroup":333,"year":334},10335,"\u002Fcif\u002F10335.cif","Ellner 1981","F m 3 m",1981,{"id":336,"url":337,"label":338,"formula":8,"spacegroup":333,"year":339},10336,"\u002Fcif\u002F10336.cif","Wyckoff 1963",1963,{"id":341,"url":342,"label":343,"formula":8,"spacegroup":333,"year":344},10337,"\u002Fcif\u002F10337.cif","Owen 1933",1933,{"id":346,"url":347,"label":348,"formula":8,"spacegroup":333,"year":349},10338,"\u002Fcif\u002F10338.cif","Bredig 1927",1927,{"id":351,"url":352,"label":353,"formula":8,"spacegroup":333,"year":354},10340,"\u002Fcif\u002F10340.cif","Barth 1926",1926,[356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385],"Gediegen Palladium","Jinmrpaladi","Pal·ladi","Paladi","Paladij","Paladijum","Paladio","Paládio","Paladis","Paladiu","Paladium","Paládium","Paladyòm","Paladyum","Pallaadium","Pallaadjum","Pallad","Palladi","Pallādijs","Palladín","Palladio","Palladiu","Palládium","Palladium","Palladiy","Palladyûm","Παλλάδιο","பலேடியம்","ಪಲ್ಲಾಡಿಯಮ್","പലേഡിയം",[387,391,395,399,403,407],{"lang":388,"names":389},"ca",[390],"pal·ladi natiu",{"lang":392,"names":393},"de",[394],"Palladium, gediegen",{"lang":396,"names":397},"fr",[398],"Palladium natif",{"lang":400,"names":401},"it",[402],"palladio nativo",{"lang":404,"names":405},"pl",[406],"pallad rodzimy",{"lang":408,"names":409},"uk",[410,411],"Паладій самородний","Самородний паладій","Q3892269",{"history":11,"applications":11}]