[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3826":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":8,"elements":16,"sigelements":17,"key_elements":11,"impurities":18,"cim":19,"ima_status":20,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":23,"strunz10ed1":24,"strunz10ed2":25,"strunz10ed3":25,"strunz10ed4":26,"dana8ed1":24,"dana8ed2":27,"dana8ed3":28,"dana8ed4":24,"csystem":29,"cclass":30,"spacegroup":31,"spacegroupset":32,"a":33,"b":34,"c":35,"alpha":32,"beta":32,"gamma":32,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":36,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":37,"tranglide":11,"parting":38,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":39,"tlform":11,"hmin":40,"hmax":41,"hardtype":42,"vhnmin":32,"vhnmax":32,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":43,"dmeas2":43,"dcalc":44,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":45,"lustretype":46,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":47,"streak":48,"colour":49,"commentcolor":11,"colors":50,"streak_colors":57,"luminescence":58,"uv":11,"cleavage":59,"cleavagetype":60,"fracturetype":61,"tenacity":62,"commentbreak":63,"opticaltype":64,"opticalsign":65,"opticalalpha":66,"opticalalpha2":32,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":67,"opticalbeta2":32,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":68,"opticalgamma2":32,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":32,"opticalomega2":32,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":32,"opticalepsilon2":32,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":32,"opticaln2":32,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":69,"optical2vcalc2":32,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":70,"optical2vmeasured2":32,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":71,"rimax":72,"opticaldispersion":73,"opticalpleochroism":74,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":75,"other":11,"industrial":76,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":77,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":78,"aboutname":79,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":80,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":81,"group_members":88,"associates":99,"confused_with":196,"type_localities":199,"occurrence_total":200,"citations":201,"images":261,"structures":555,"synonyms":585,"language_names":656,"wikidata_qid":727,"texts":728},3826,"1:1:3826:9","6444da40-d673-4fdd-bcc9-71c30297ebc7","Native Sulphur","S",0,"mineral",null,39470,32172,false,"S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",[8],[8],"Se,Te","1.51",[21,22],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","Know","1","C","05","3","5","Orthorhombic",8,53,"0","10.468","12.870","24.49",128,"On {101}{011}{110} rare.","Parting on {111}","Over 50 forms have been noted, blocky dipyramidal ones most common, also tabular and sphenoidal; also found as powdery coatings, massive material, and in reniform and stalactic forms.",1.5,2.5,3,"2.07","2.076","Resinous","Resinous,Greasy","Transparent,Translucent","Colourless","Yellow, sulphur-yellow, brownish or greenish yellow, orange, white",[51,52,53,54,55,56],"yellow","orange","brown","green","white","colorless",[56],"None","Imperfect on {001}, {110} and {111}.","Imperfect\u002FFair","Irregular\u002FUneven,Conchoidal","brittle","Also can be somewhat sectile","Biaxial","+","1.9579","2.0377","2.2452","70","68",1.9579,2.2452,"relatively weak r\u003C v","Visible","With a low melting point of 113°C, sulphur burns readily in air, with a low blue flame, and gives off choking fumes of sulphur-dioxide - acrid odor (forms sulphurous and eventually sulphuric acid in air).","Used in a great many applications, ranging from matches and fireworks to rubber.","Usually formed from volcanic action - as a deposition product from volcanic gasses associated with realgar, cinnabar and other minerals. It is also found in some vein deposits and as an alteration product of sulphide minerals. It can also be formed biogenically - a major source being salt domes, where it has formed by the bacterial decomposition of calcium sulfate.","Sulphur Group.\r\n\r\nCrystals are usually yellow to yellowish-brown blocky dipyramids, with thick tabular and disphenoidal crystals less common. Also found more typically as powdery yellow coatings. Most native sulphur is found in sedimentary rocks, where...","A name in Middle English, introduced at least as early as 1390. Also known as brimstone. Theophrastus (~300 BCE) wrote μαλώδης (\"malódis\", an otherwise unknown word) for what may be sulphur impregnated pumice, but Caley and Richards (1956) in their analysis and translation of Περι Λιθον (\"Peri Lithon\", \"About Stones\") suggest that the actual word should have been μηλώδης (\"milódis\", meaning quince-yellow). Other interpretations have been given.","2025-08-11 12:14:24",[82],{"id":83,"name":84,"entrytype":85,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":86,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":32,"dcalc":32,"primary_image_id":87},11044,"Selenium-bearing Sulphur",2,"(S,Se)",78915,[89,94],{"id":90,"name":91,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},39990,"Clinosulphur","Monoclinic","2.0",{"id":95,"name":96,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":85,"hmax":42,"dmeas":32,"dcalc":97,"primary_image_id":98},3458,"Rosickýite","2.02",5909,[100,106,114,123,132,141,148,156,164,171,179,189],{"id":101,"name":102,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":103,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":40,"hmax":40,"dmeas":104,"dcalc":104,"primary_image_id":105},91,"Alacránite","As\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.43",524,{"id":107,"name":108,"entrytype":9,"csystem":29,"ima_formula":109,"mindat_formula":110,"hmin":41,"hmax":42,"dmeas":111,"dcalc":112,"primary_image_id":113},233,"Anglesite","Pb(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","PbSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.37","6.36",1430,{"id":115,"name":116,"entrytype":9,"csystem":29,"ima_formula":117,"mindat_formula":118,"hmin":42,"hmax":119,"dmeas":120,"dcalc":121,"primary_image_id":122},234,"Anhydrite","Ca(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CaSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"2.98","2.95",1438,{"id":124,"name":125,"entrytype":9,"csystem":29,"ima_formula":126,"mindat_formula":127,"hmin":119,"hmax":128,"dmeas":129,"dcalc":130,"primary_image_id":131},307,"Aragonite","Ca(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CaCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",4,"2.947","2.944",29132,{"id":133,"name":134,"entrytype":9,"csystem":135,"ima_formula":136,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":137,"hmax":85,"dmeas":138,"dcalc":139,"primary_image_id":140},637,"Berndtite","Trigonal","SnS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",1,"4.5","4.55",3126,{"id":142,"name":143,"entrytype":9,"csystem":29,"ima_formula":144,"mindat_formula":144,"hmin":40,"hmax":40,"dmeas":145,"dcalc":146,"primary_image_id":147},1292,"Dimorphite","As\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.58","3.60",7231,{"id":149,"name":150,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":151,"mindat_formula":152,"hmin":85,"hmax":85,"dmeas":153,"dcalc":154,"primary_image_id":155},2424,"Livingstonite","HgSb\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(S)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","HgSb\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(S\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)","4.88","5.013",14658,{"id":157,"name":158,"entrytype":9,"csystem":159,"ima_formula":160,"mindat_formula":160,"hmin":85,"hmax":119,"dmeas":161,"dcalc":162,"primary_image_id":163},107,"Native Aluminium","Isometric","Al","2.707","2.697",17075,{"id":165,"name":166,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":167,"mindat_formula":167,"hmin":85,"hmax":85,"dmeas":168,"dcalc":169,"primary_image_id":170},3131,"Patrónite","VS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.82","2.834",18873,{"id":172,"name":173,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":174,"mindat_formula":175,"hmin":85,"hmax":42,"dmeas":176,"dcalc":177,"primary_image_id":178},3469,"Rozenite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","FeSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.293","2.29",21251,{"id":180,"name":181,"entrytype":9,"csystem":182,"ima_formula":183,"mindat_formula":183,"hmin":184,"hmax":185,"dmeas":186,"dcalc":187,"primary_image_id":188},3614,"Sellaite","Tetragonal","MgF\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",5,5.5,"3.15","3.08",22039,{"id":190,"name":191,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":192,"mindat_formula":193,"hmin":85,"hmax":85,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":194,"primary_image_id":195},46824,"Shumwayite","[(UO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>]\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(UO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3.844",22242,[197,198],{"id":90,"name":91,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},{"id":95,"name":96,"entrytype":9,"csystem":92,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":85,"hmax":42,"dmeas":32,"dcalc":97,"primary_image_id":98},[],2115,[202,206,210,215,220,224,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257],{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":207,"year":208,"html":209,"doi":11},16124720,1951,"Ventriglia, U. (1951) Sulla struttura dello zolfo rombico. Periodico di Mineralogia: 237-255.",{"id":211,"year":212,"html":213,"doi":214},466216,1955,"Abrahams, S. C. (1955) The crystal and molecular structure of orthorhombic sulfur. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica\u003C\u002Fi>,  8 (11) 661-671 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0365110x55002089'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0365110x55002089\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0365110x55002089",{"id":216,"year":217,"html":218,"doi":219},612210,1961,"Abrahams, S. C. (1961) Scale factors, form factors and bond lengths in orthorhombic sulfur. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (3) 311 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0365110x61000930'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0365110x61000930\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0365110x61000930",{"id":221,"year":217,"html":222,"doi":223},613534,"Cooper, A. S., Bond, W. L., Abrahams, S. C. (1961) The lattice and molecular constants in orthorhombic sulfur. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (9) 1008 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0365110x61002953'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0365110x61002953\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0365110x61002953",{"id":225,"year":226,"html":227,"doi":228},620504,1965,"Caron, A., Donohue, J. (1965) Bond lengths and thermal vibrations in orthorhombic sulfur. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (3) 562-565 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0365110x65001238'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0365110x65001238\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0365110x65001238",{"id":230,"year":226,"html":231,"doi":232},620505,"Abrahams, S. C. (1965) Bond lengths and thermal vibrations in orthorhombic sulfur. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (3) 566 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0365110x6500124x'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0365110x6500124x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0365110x6500124x",{"id":234,"year":235,"html":236,"doi":11},16124721,1976,"Meyer, B. (1976) Elemental sulfur. Chemical Reviews: 76: 367-388.",{"id":238,"year":239,"html":240,"doi":11},16124722,1987,"Rettig, S.J. and Trotter, J. (1987) Refinement of the structure of orthorhombic sulfur, α-S8. Acta Crystallographica: C43: 2260-2262.",{"id":242,"year":243,"html":244,"doi":11},16124723,1988,"Steudel, R. and Holz, B. (1988) Detection of reactive sulfur molecules (S6, S7, S9, S∞) in commercial sulfur, in sulfur minerals, and in sulfur melts slowly cooled to 20°C [1]. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B: 43(5): 581-589.",{"id":246,"year":247,"html":248,"doi":11},1118654,1997,"Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine W.; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian; Rosenzweig, Abraham; King, Vandall T. (1997) \u003Ci>Dana's New Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. 1872 pp.",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":11},12909334,2002,"Pagano, Renato (2002) Artificial. \u003Ci>The Mineralogical Record\u003C\u002Fi>, 33 (2) 149-153",{"id":254,"year":255,"html":256,"doi":11},16124726,2003,"Peterson, R.C., Kyser, K., Pagano, R., and Klassen, K. (2003) Sulfur isotope analysis for the identification of sulfur sources. Mineralogical Record: 34(2): 171-175.",{"id":258,"year":259,"html":260,"doi":11},16967527,2007,"(2007) Sulphur. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fsulphur.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",[262,272,282,292,302,312,321,330,337,345,354,363,372,381,391,399,405,414,423,431,439,445,453,460,465,474,483,490,498,504,513,520,528,534,542,549],{"id":263,"source_url":264,"license_code":265,"credit_html":266,"title":267,"description":268,"author":269,"original_width":270,"original_height":271},69838,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=721477","CC BY 2.5","Thomas Bresson, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=721477\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Soufre.jpg","Sulphur \u002F Sulfur \u002F Soufre\u003Cbr>","Thomas Bresson",1024,834,{"id":273,"source_url":274,"license_code":275,"credit_html":276,"title":277,"description":278,"author":279,"original_width":280,"original_height":281},69839,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2116193","Public domain","Ben Mills, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2116193\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfur-sample.jpg","A sample of sulfur","Ben Mills",1925,1444,{"id":283,"source_url":284,"license_code":285,"credit_html":286,"title":287,"description":288,"author":289,"original_width":290,"original_height":291},17327,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50494229","CC BY 2.0","UCL Mathematical and Physical Sciences from London, UK, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50494229\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native sulphur (12904989955).jpg","Native sulphur sample from UCL Geology Collections. Credit: UCL Geology Collections","UCL Mathematical and Physical Sciences from London, UK",3209,3429,{"id":293,"source_url":294,"license_code":295,"credit_html":296,"title":297,"description":298,"author":299,"original_width":300,"original_height":301},17328,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=58609806","CC BY-SA 4.0","AyselkaDjabrailova, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=58609806\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Native sulphur.jpg","Native sulphur","AyselkaDjabrailova",711,1586,{"id":303,"source_url":304,"license_code":305,"credit_html":306,"title":307,"description":308,"author":309,"original_width":310,"original_height":311},17330,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=159733499","CC BY 4.0","Artyom Svetlov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=159733499\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Moscow State University sulphur 2025-02 1739112516.tif","sulphur","Artyom Svetlov",2009,1649,{"id":313,"source_url":314,"license_code":295,"credit_html":315,"title":316,"description":317,"author":318,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},69848,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=81566870","Frank Schulenburg, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=81566870\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mudpot at Sulphur Works, Lassen Volcanic National Park.jpg","Mudpot at Sulphur Works, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California","Frank Schulenburg",4236,3273,{"id":322,"source_url":323,"license_code":295,"credit_html":324,"title":325,"description":326,"author":327,"original_width":328,"original_height":329},69849,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=93936415","Safa.daneshvar, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=93936415\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","990617-SulfurStone-IMG 5572 copy 03.jpg","Sulfur Stone\n\u003Cp>From Damavand Summit (5610m)\nAugust 3, 2020 (990513 Solar)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nPhoto by: Safa Daneshvar (990617)","Safa.daneshvar",3801,2534,{"id":331,"source_url":332,"license_code":295,"credit_html":333,"title":334,"description":326,"author":327,"original_width":335,"original_height":336},69850,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=93936423","Safa.daneshvar, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=93936423\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","990617-SulfurStone-IMG 5572 copy 05.jpg",3120,2080,{"id":338,"source_url":339,"license_code":295,"credit_html":340,"title":341,"description":342,"author":327,"original_width":343,"original_height":344},69851,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=95958974","Safa.daneshvar, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=95958974\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","990802-Taftan-IMG 5804-2.jpg","Sulfur deposits around the Taftan shelter, Elevation about 3200m, October 23, 2020, Photo by: Safa Daneshvar",4200,2800,{"id":346,"source_url":347,"license_code":295,"credit_html":348,"title":349,"description":350,"author":351,"original_width":352,"original_height":353},69852,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=101699872","Ivar Leidus, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=101699872\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfur - El Desierto mine, San Pablo de Napa, Daniel Campos Province, Potosí, Bolivia.jpg","Sulfur crystals on the matrix (4.8 × 3.5 × 3 cm). Found from El Desierto mine, San Pablo de Napa, Daniel Campos Province, Potosí, Bolivia","Ivar Leidus",6000,5000,{"id":355,"source_url":356,"license_code":285,"credit_html":357,"title":358,"description":359,"author":360,"original_width":361,"original_height":362},69854,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=105250481","Thomas Quine, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=105250481\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfur crystals (43550283234).jpg","Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 2017","Thomas Quine",5472,3648,{"id":364,"source_url":365,"license_code":295,"credit_html":366,"title":367,"description":368,"author":369,"original_width":370,"original_height":371},69856,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=109933479","Galessandroni, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=109933479\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Zolfo di Ca' Bernardi.jpg","Zolfo di Ca' Bernardi","Galessandroni",3000,4000,{"id":373,"source_url":374,"license_code":295,"credit_html":375,"title":376,"description":377,"author":378,"original_width":379,"original_height":380},1714,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7215316","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7215316\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Soufresicile2.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulphur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulphur\">Sulphur\u003C\u002Fa> - aragonite and celestine \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality : Floristella Mine, Valguarnera, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProvince_of_Enna\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Province of Enna\">Enna Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSicily\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sicily\">Sicily\u003C\u002Fa>, Italy\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : 12.5 x 10.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",3497,2869,{"id":382,"source_url":383,"license_code":384,"credit_html":385,"title":386,"description":387,"author":388,"original_width":389,"original_height":390},931,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177200","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177200\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulphur-Alum-(K)-244319.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulphur\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Alum\">Alum-(K)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: El Desierto mine, San Pablo de Napa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDaniel_Campos_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Daniel Campos Province\">Daniel Campos Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4505.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.5 x 6.5 x 3.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is one of the most striking sulphur specimens from an amazingly gemmy batch of specimens that came out last year from this contemporary sulphur find. This dramatic piece has isolated, gemmy, canary-yellow crystals on the starkly contrasting, snow-white alum-covered matrix. The crystals on this plate are particularly gemmy – not opaque bright yellow, but transparent and jewel-like.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,549,{"id":392,"source_url":393,"license_code":384,"credit_html":394,"title":395,"description":396,"author":388,"original_width":397,"original_height":398},932,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177321","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177321\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulphur-Alum-(K)-251149.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulphur\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Alum\">Alum-(K)\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: El Desierto mine, San Pablo de Napa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDaniel_Campos_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Daniel Campos Province\">Daniel Campos Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPotos%C3%AD_Department\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Potosí Department\">Potosí Department\u003C\u002Fa>, Bolivia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4505.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 11.9 x 7.9 x 5.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is one of the most striking sulphur specimens from an amazingly gemmy batch of specimens that came out last year (2008) from this contemporary sulphur find. This excellent piece has isolated, gemmy, canary-yellow crystals on the starkly contrasting, alum-covered matrix. The finds of beautiful crystallized sulfur in Bolivia came at a great time, when old specimens from Sicily have become really hard to get, and only a trickle is coming from Russia. The crystals on this plate are particularly gemmy – not opaque bright yellow, but transparent and jewel-like.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",583,750,{"id":400,"source_url":401,"license_code":384,"credit_html":402,"title":403,"description":396,"author":388,"original_width":389,"original_height":404},933,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177323","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177323\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulphur-Alum-(K)-251150.jpg",574,{"id":406,"source_url":407,"license_code":384,"credit_html":408,"title":409,"description":410,"author":411,"original_width":412,"original_height":413},1435,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=33576765","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=33576765\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anglésite, galène, soufre 300-4-5394.JPG","crystals of anglesite, crystals of galena, crystals of sulfur : Touissit, Touissit District, Oujda-Angad Province, Oriental Region, Morocco","Parent Géry",4288,2848,{"id":415,"source_url":416,"license_code":285,"credit_html":417,"title":418,"description":419,"author":420,"original_width":421,"original_height":422},1668,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181383500","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181383500\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulfur-bearing mineral (near Centralia, Pennsylvania, USA) 2 (8281950196).jpg","\u003Cp>Unidentified, red-colored, sulfur-bearing mineral from Centralia Underground Coal Fire.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Centralia, Pennsylvania is a famous place for observing the effects of an underground coal fire.  The fire started in 1962, and for many years, smoke & fumes have risen from yards, streets, and people's basements.  Folks started moving out in the late 1960s.  Attempts to put out the fire failed.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The fire commenced in late May 1962.  Several stories are around that purport to explain the start of the fire.  The most plausible is that the fire was accidentally set by firemen hired by town officials - they were burning garbage in the town dump to increase space (or to diminish foul odors), in preparation for an upcoming holiday (Memorial Day).  An exposed coal bed was ignited, and it's been burning ever since.  It'll burn forever (as long as the coal seam exists).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In early 1981, a smoking sinkhole formed underneath a young boy, and he sank down to his waist.  He tried wriggling out, but a larger, deeper hole formed around him.  He hung on to plant roots at about 3 feet down to keep from falling further.  His cousin was yards away, and came to his rescue.  The smoke was so dense that the cousin could barely see the kid's red cap only three feet down.  He grabbed blindly into the hole & dragged the boy out.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Most Centralia families left after this incident, which made national headlines.  Centralia is now a ghost town - the last Centralia residents left in early 2010.  Before then, an occasional standing house could still be seen in “town”.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Centralia now consists of abandoned, overgrown streets and alleyways, with sidewalks and front steps leading nowhere.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The burning coal horizon is the Buck Mountain Coal (also known as the Number 5 Coal), at the base of the Llewellyn Formation (mid-Desmoinesian Stage, upper Middle Pennsylvanian).  The bed defines the stratigraphic contact between the Llewellyn Formation and the underlying Pottsville Formation.  Anthracite and semi-anthracite coal beds of the Llewellyn Formation have tremendous economic significance in eastern Pennsylvania.  The most important coal interval in the Llewellyn is the Mammoth Coal Zone (= Number 8 Coal & Number 8½ Coal & Number 9 Coal).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A major, expensive operation was undertaken to extinguish the coal fire.  A huge trench was dug just south of town.  Officials hoped to intercept & dig out the offending coal seam before the fire spread too far.  The interception trench project failed to put out the fire.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Smoking vents have been and still are common along the walls of the interception trench.  Unusual minerals litter the ground in the vicinity of the vents - some are still unidentified.  Technically, they aren't minerals, because this is not a natural occurrence.  Reported minerals include native sulfur (S), tschermigite ((NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O), and apjohnite (MnAl2(SO4)4·22H2O) - the latter two minerals are very rare.  The above photo shows an undetermined, red-colored mineral.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nSome mineral info. provided by Matt Livingood, Jason Winicaties, and Jared Stein.","James St. John",872,720,{"id":424,"source_url":425,"license_code":384,"credit_html":426,"title":427,"description":428,"author":429,"original_width":389,"original_height":430},11510,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10174689","Thomas Witzke, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10174689\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hoelite, sulfur - Carolaschacht Mine, Freital, Saxony, Germany.jpg","Yellow acicular crystals of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHoelite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hoelite\">Hoelite\u003C\u002Fa> (picture size: 10 mm) - Locality: Carolaschacht Mine, Freital near Dresden, Saxony, Germany","Thomas Witzke",450,{"id":432,"source_url":433,"license_code":275,"credit_html":434,"title":435,"description":436,"author":437,"original_width":438,"original_height":438},12659,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956115","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956115\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Johannsenite Calcium manganese silicate Onagusa Mine, Katsuyama-cho Township, Okayyama-ken Prefecture, Honshu, Japan 2782.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",900,{"id":440,"source_url":441,"license_code":275,"credit_html":442,"title":443,"description":436,"author":437,"original_width":444,"original_height":444},12660,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956116","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956116\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Johannsenite Calcium manganese silicate Onagusa Mine, Katsuyama-cho Township, Okayyama-ken Prefecture, Honshu, Japan 2783.jpg",800,{"id":446,"source_url":447,"license_code":384,"credit_html":448,"title":449,"description":450,"author":388,"original_width":451,"original_height":452},15782,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10139731","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10139731\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Melanophlogite-Sulphur-119495.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMelanophlogite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Melanophlogite\">Melanophlogite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulphur\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRacalmuto\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Racalmuto\">Racalmuto\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProvince_of_Agrigento\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Province of Agrigento\">Agrigento Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSicily\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sicily\">Sicily\u003C\u002Fa>, Italy (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-130811.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.7 x 3.2 x 3.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Sparkly, micro cubes of the ULTRA-RARE organic quartz, melanophlogite, RICHLY cover the VERY AESTHETIC, spearpoint-shaped, en-echelon sulfur crystals on matrix from near the Type Locality in Sicily. This is not only an excellent sulfur specimen, but also contains a very rare organic mineral - a super combo. Ex. Dr. E.W. Heinrich and Seaman Museum Collections. Dr. Heinrich was a well-known mineralogy professor at the University of Michigan and his 15,000 piece collection was acquired by the Seaman.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",499,398,{"id":454,"source_url":455,"license_code":384,"credit_html":456,"title":457,"description":458,"author":388,"original_width":389,"original_height":459},33525,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10124666","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10124666\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aragonite-Sulphur-35879.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAragonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aragonite\">Aragonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulphur\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProvince_of_Agrigento\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Province of Agrigento\">Agrigento Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSicily\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sicily\">Sicily\u003C\u002Fa>, Italy (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2132.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>From a deposit long since closed, I think this is an outstanding aragonite from a classic find of the early 1970s. On a crust of massive aragonite with minor sulfur are numerous colorless, twinned, lustrous, gemmy aragonite crystals up to 2.5 cm in length. The basal pinacoids (flat faces atop) are gemmier than the prism faces which can be opaque and chalky white in places, creating a shocking contrast . These are highly fluorescent 9.6 x 9.4 x 3.6 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",568,{"id":461,"source_url":462,"license_code":275,"credit_html":463,"title":464,"description":436,"author":437,"original_width":444,"original_height":444},36932,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955998","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955998\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Braunite Manganese oxide and silicate Kuratomi Mine, Tsukumi-shi, Oita-ken, Kyushu, Japan 2382.jpg",{"id":466,"source_url":467,"license_code":384,"credit_html":468,"title":469,"description":470,"author":471,"original_width":472,"original_height":473},53328,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4517539","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4517539\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Strontianite with Sulphur.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStrontianite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Strontianite\">Strontianite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulfur\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 4.0 cm × 3.3 cm × 2.9 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Machor, Poland\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Colorless to white, prismatic strontianite crystals with some sulfur (yellow)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2600,1900,{"id":475,"source_url":476,"license_code":295,"credit_html":477,"title":478,"description":479,"author":480,"original_width":481,"original_height":482},53340,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=65945974","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=65945974\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Strontianit und Schwefel-1697.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStrontianite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Strontianite\">Strontianite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulfur\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 4.0 cm × 3.3 cm × 2.9 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Machor, Poland\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Colorless to white, prismatic strontianite crystals with some sulfur (yellow) from the collection of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBenutzerin:Ra%27ike\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Benutzerin:Ra'ike\">Ra'ike\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Raimond Spekking",5177,3883,{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":384,"credit_html":486,"title":487,"description":488,"author":388,"original_width":489,"original_height":389},66784,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147030","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147030\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sulphur-Calcite-158433.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulphur\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAgrigento\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Agrigento\">Agrigento (Girgenti)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProvince_of_Agrigento\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Province of Agrigento\">Agrigento Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSicily\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sicily\">Sicily\u003C\u002Fa>, Italy (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-157335.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.0 x 6.9 x 6.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a cluster of large, doubly terminated, glassy and gemmy sulfur crystals, to over 4.0 cm in length. The back side of the crystals has an overgrowth of sugary, tan colored calcite or perhaps melanophlogite. From the collection of James Moresby White. An old Krantz label accompanies this piece, dating it to the late 1800s. It is a very unusual specimen in overall aspect. Ex. Carnegie Museum Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",538,{"id":491,"source_url":492,"license_code":493,"credit_html":494,"title":495,"description":496,"author":497,"original_width":352,"original_height":371},72036,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118188377","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118188377\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Owyheeite with Sulfur and Pyrite (48417885647).jpg","\u003Cp>near Hazelton\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nBritish Columbia, Canada","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",{"id":499,"source_url":500,"license_code":493,"credit_html":501,"title":502,"description":503,"author":497,"original_width":352,"original_height":371},72037,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118205806","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118205806\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Owyheeite with Quartz, Native Sulphur, and Pyrite (46995658235).jpg","\u003Cp>Near Hazelton\nBritish Columbia, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nS-74-1967",{"id":505,"source_url":506,"license_code":295,"credit_html":507,"title":508,"description":509,"author":510,"original_width":511,"original_height":512},75780,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716255","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716255\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 034 - Pyrite, minerai de soufre.jpg","Pyrite, minerai de soufre, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2004,1728,{"id":514,"source_url":515,"license_code":295,"credit_html":516,"title":517,"description":509,"author":510,"original_width":518,"original_height":519},75782,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717346","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717346\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 056 - Pyrite, minerai de soufre.jpg",3440,2520,{"id":521,"source_url":522,"license_code":384,"credit_html":523,"title":524,"description":525,"author":471,"original_width":526,"original_height":527},77782,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9678357","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9678357\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Schwefel und Salmiak, - Halde der Zeche Oberhausen.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulfur\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSalammoniac\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Salammoniac\">Salammoniac\u003C\u002Fa>, efflorescence because of burning heap - Locality: heap of the Oberhausen mine, germany - Exposed in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRuhr_Museum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ruhr Museum\">Ruhr Museum\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZollverein_Coal_Mine_Industrial_Complex\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex\">Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex\u003C\u002Fa>",3500,2400,{"id":529,"source_url":530,"license_code":275,"credit_html":531,"title":532,"description":436,"author":437,"original_width":533,"original_height":533},82340,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956257","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956257\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tephroite Manganese silicate Kaao Mine Tochigi-ken Honshu Japan 1816.jpg",640,{"id":535,"source_url":536,"license_code":384,"credit_html":537,"title":538,"description":539,"author":388,"original_width":540,"original_height":541},87118,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445382","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445382\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aragonite-Sulfur-car-105c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAragonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aragonite\">Aragonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSulfur\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sulfur\">Sulphur\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAgrigento\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Agrigento\">Agrigento (Girgenti)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProvince_of_Agrigento\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Province of Agrigento\">Agrigento Province\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSicily\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sicily\">Sicily\u003C\u002Fa>, Italy (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-157335.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 17.8 x 13.7 x 6.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Sulfur on Aragonite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A very colorful and showy plate of bright lemon-yellow sulfur crystals, on matrix! Though there is some damage here and there, it is minor in context and does not detract much at all. The piece looks good from EITHER side, depending on personal tastes! For some reason his number on the specimen is blacked over, on the actual piece, so we had to guess at the real catalogue number. We think this is because it was erroneously labeled as #105 \"Nicholsonite on Aragonite from Tsumeb\" at one time (this number survives under the second coat of black paint on which he wrote his numbers on many pieces) and was perhaps recatalogued under another number that came off in the cleaning. Regardless, it is prominently seen in the photo of the lefthand case, in the middle of the second shelf up. You can see which side Carnegie liked!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,266,{"id":543,"source_url":544,"license_code":384,"credit_html":545,"title":546,"description":539,"author":388,"original_width":547,"original_height":548},87119,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445383","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445383\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aragonite-Sulfur-car-105a.jpg",700,569,{"id":550,"source_url":551,"license_code":384,"credit_html":552,"title":553,"description":539,"author":388,"original_width":554,"original_height":547},87120,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445384","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10445384\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aragonite-Sulfur-car-105b.jpg",564,[556,562,568,573,580],{"id":557,"url":558,"label":559,"formula":8,"spacegroup":560,"year":561},13280,"\u002Fcif\u002F13280.cif","Crichton 2001","P 32 2 1",2001,{"id":563,"url":564,"label":565,"formula":8,"spacegroup":566,"year":567},13281,"\u002Fcif\u002F13281.cif","Luo 1993","R -3 m",1993,{"id":569,"url":570,"label":571,"formula":8,"spacegroup":572,"year":239},13282,"\u002Fcif\u002F13282.cif","Rettig 1987","F d d d",{"id":574,"url":575,"label":576,"formula":577,"spacegroup":578,"year":579},13286,"\u002Fcif\u002F13286.cif","Steudel 1983 · S5","S5","C 1 2\u002Fc 1",1983,{"id":581,"url":582,"label":583,"formula":8,"spacegroup":584,"year":579},13287,"\u002Fcif\u002F13287.cif","Steudel 1983 · S","I 1 2\u002Fa 1",[586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655],"a-Sulphur","Alpha-Sulfur","Alpha-Sulphur","Asuphri","Azufre","Belerang","Brennisteinn","Brimstone","Enxofre","Gediegen Schwefel","Itaysy","Kén","Kibrît","Kükürd","Kükürt","Liù-vòng","Lưu huỳnh","Native S","Native Sulfur","Pungatara","Rikki","Salina ( error)","Schwefel","Schwiefel","Sērs","Siarka","Siera","Sliri","Sofre","Solfar","Solfer","Solfo","Squfuri","Sufre","Sulf","Sulfar","Sulfer","Sulfo","Sulfre","Sulfur","Sulfur-alpha","Sulfur-α","Sulfuri","Sulfuro","Sulphur","Sulphur-alpha","Sulphur-α","Sumpor","Sùrfuru","Svavel","Svovel","Svovl","Swawel","Swevel","Sylffwr","Syrik","Tlequiquiztlālli","Walirang","Welirang","Xofre","Zolfo","Zolfu","Zwavel","α-Sulfur","α-Sulphur","Θείο","கந்தகம்","గంధకము","ಗಂಧಕ","ഗന്ധകം",[657,661,665,670,674,678,682,686,690,694,698,702,706,709,714,718,722],{"lang":658,"names":659},"az",[660],"Sərbəst kükürd",{"lang":662,"names":663},"ca",[664],"sofre natiu",{"lang":666,"names":667},"cs",[668,669],"síra","Sulfurit",{"lang":671,"names":672},"de",[673],"Schwefel, gediegen",{"lang":675,"names":676},"et",[677],"väävel",{"lang":679,"names":680},"fr",[681],"soufre",{"lang":683,"names":684},"ht",[685],"Souf",{"lang":687,"names":688},"hu",[689],"terméskén",{"lang":691,"names":692},"it",[308,693],"zolfo nativo",{"lang":695,"names":696},"ja",[697],"自然硫黄",{"lang":699,"names":700},"pl",[701],"Siarka rodzima",{"lang":703,"names":704},"ru",[705],"Самородная сера",{"lang":707,"names":708},"sk",[668],{"lang":710,"names":711},"sl",[712,713],"samorodno žveplo","žveplo",{"lang":715,"names":716},"sr",[717],"сумпор",{"lang":719,"names":720},"uk",[721],"Самородна сірка",{"lang":723,"names":724},"uz",[725,726],"Oltingugurt","Oltingugurt (mineral)","Q1157552",{"history":729,"applications":733},{"markdown":730,"model_version":731,"prompt_version":732,"reviewed_at":11},"Few minerals appear in scripture by name. Sulphur is one of them — the **brimstone** of biblical translations, literally a \"burning stone\", the yellow rock that catches fire and chokes the air with the smell of its own combustion[1]. For most of human history, sulphur was less a mineral than a marvel: a substance that *did* things.\n\nThe name itself reached English through Latin *sulpur*, which probably entered Latin from Oscan, the language of an ancient people of the region around Mount Vesuvius, where sulphur deposits are widespread[2]. Middle English borrowed the Latin form by at least 1390[3]. The Greeks called it *theîon*, the root preserved in English today only as the chemical prefix *thio-*[2].\n\n### Antiquity\n\nThe combustion of sulphur had a role in Egyptian religious ceremonials as early as 4000 years ago[4]. The *Ebers Papyrus* also records a sulphur ointment used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids[5]. Preclassical Greece burned sulphur as a fumigant — a use the *Odyssey* already mentions[5]. Further east, a natural form of the element was already known in 6th-century-BCE China[5].\n\nAround 300 BCE, Theophrastus, in *Peri Lithon* (*On Stones*), described what may have been sulphur-impregnated pumice; the exact Greek word in the text has long been disputed by translators[3]. Pliny the Elder devoted a passage of his *Natural History* to sulphur, naming the Aegean island of Melos as its best-known source and noting its use for fumigation, medicine, and the bleaching of cloth[5]. By the 3rd century CE, Chinese chemists had learned to extract sulphur from pyrite[5].\n\n### From medieval recipe to industrial element\n\nSulphur entered the medieval armoury through gunpowder. The military compendium *Wujing Zongyao*, compiled in 1044 CE, set down formulas for black powder — a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulphur[5]. That recipe travelled west and changed the world.\n\nFor all that history, sulphur was not understood as a chemical element until 1777, when Antoine Lavoisier recognised it as one — earlier chemists had suspected it might be a compound of hydrogen and oxygen[4].\n\nBy the late 18th century, about 2000 tonnes a year of Sicilian sulphur were being imported into Marseille for the production of sulphuric acid, the first step of the Leblanc process for making soda[6]. Sicily was the dominant source for more than a century[6]. Miners worked the deposits with a brutal technique called the **Sicilian process**: the ore was piled in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides and partly burned to melt the rest out[6]. Booker T. Washington, who visited one such mine, wrote that it was \"about the nearest thing to hell that I expect to see in this life\"[6].\n\nIn 1840, King Ferdinand II handed the Sicilian sulphur trade as a monopoly to a French firm, breaking an earlier 1816 treaty with Britain — the diplomatic standoff that followed became known as the Sulphur Crisis[5].\n\nSicily's dominance ended in North America. In 1867 elemental sulphur was discovered in underground deposits in Louisiana and Texas[6]. Extraction was solved by Herman Frasch, whose method — now bearing his name — pumped superheated water into the deposit to melt the sulphur, then forced the molten product back up with compressed air, recovering it at 99.5% purity[6]. The Frasch process dominated world production through most of the 20th century, and the last Frasch operation in the United States shut down in 2002[5].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":734,"model_version":731,"prompt_version":732,"reviewed_at":11},"The yellow stone of antiquity is now almost entirely a by-product. Native sulphur is still mined in a few volcanic localities, but the world's demand — tens of millions of tonnes a year — is met by stripping sulphur out of petroleum and natural gas before they are burned. The cleanup operation that began as an environmental obligation has become the largest source of one of the most industrially valuable elements.\n\nMost of that recovered sulphur passes through the **Claus process**, in which some of the hydrogen sulphide pulled from hydrocarbons is first burned into sulphur dioxide, then made to react with the remaining hydrogen sulphide — SO₂ + 2 H₂S → 3 S + 2 H₂O — to drop out as solid elemental sulphur[1]. The output piles up at every major refinery; large stockpiles sit at Alberta's oil-sands operations where production outpaces shipment[1].\n\n### Sulphuric acid and fertilisers\n\nAbout 85% of all sulphur produced is converted to **sulphuric acid** — and in the United States, more sulphuric acid is produced every year than any other inorganic industrial chemical[2]. Its principal use is the extraction of phosphate ores for fertiliser manufacturing[2]: phosphate rock is dissolved in sulphuric acid to release the phosphate that crops need. Without sulphur, modern agriculture's nutrient supply chain does not close.\n\n### Rubber, fibres, and the rest\n\nSulphur underwrites the rubber industry. Heated with natural rubber, elemental sulphur forms cross-links — disulphide bridges — that turn a soft, sticky material into the hard, elastic compound used in tyres, hoses, seals, and gaskets[3]. That reaction, called **vulcanisation**, is the standard route for converting raw rubber into anything mechanically useful.\n\nThe element also feeds the production of **carbon disulphide** — the solvent used to make cellophane film and rayon fibre[3]. In agriculture, finely ground sulphur is sprayed as a fungicide on grapes and other vegetables[3]; in pyrotechnics, it is the combustible component that gives **matches** their strike-ignition and **fireworks** their flash[3]. The same element still goes into gunpowder used for mining and propellant blends.\n\nWorld production was about 69 million tonnes (Mt) in 2011, with more than fifteen countries each contributing over a million tonnes[1]. The leaders are China at 9.6 Mt, the United States at 8.8 Mt, and Canada and Russia at 7.1 Mt each[1]."]