[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3026":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":11,"impurities":22,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":27,"strunz10ed1":28,"strunz10ed2":29,"strunz10ed3":30,"strunz10ed4":31,"dana8ed1":32,"dana8ed2":33,"dana8ed3":33,"dana8ed4":33,"csystem":34,"cclass":35,"spacegroup":36,"spacegroupset":37,"a":38,"b":39,"c":40,"alpha":41,"beta":42,"gamma":41,"aerror":36,"berror":43,"cerror":36,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":44,"gammaerror":11,"va3":45,"z":46,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":47,"tranglide":11,"parting":48,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":49,"tlform":11,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"hardtype":46,"vhnmin":41,"vhnmax":41,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":51,"dmeas2":52,"dcalc":53,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":54,"commentluster":55,"diapheny":56,"streak":57,"colour":58,"commentcolor":11,"colors":59,"streak_colors":66,"luminescence":11,"uv":67,"cleavage":68,"cleavagetype":69,"fracturetype":70,"tenacity":71,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":72,"opticalsign":73,"opticalalpha":74,"opticalalpha2":75,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":76,"opticalbeta2":77,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":76,"opticalgamma2":78,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":41,"opticalomega2":41,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":41,"opticalepsilon2":41,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":41,"opticaln2":41,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":79,"optical2vcalc2":80,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":81,"optical2vmeasured2":82,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":83,"rimax":84,"opticaldispersion":85,"opticalpleochroism":86,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":87,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":88,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":89,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":90,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":91,"aboutname":92,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":93,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":94,"group_members":103,"associates":116,"confused_with":204,"type_localities":217,"occurrence_total":218,"citations":219,"images":311,"structures":715,"synonyms":743,"language_names":761,"wikidata_qid":978,"texts":979},3026,"1:1:3026:3","0a30602c-12ea-4ee3-bd1f-7a4f9c65f773","Orthoclase","Or",0,"mineral",null,9581,20373,false,"K(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>)",[17,18,19,20],"Al","Si","O","K",[17,18,19,20],",Na,Fe,Ba,Rb,Ca,","16.3.6",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1823","9","F","A","30","76","1","Monoclinic",5,11,"C2\u002Fm ","8.5632","12.963","7.299","0","116.073",14,9,724.57,4,"Common as Carlsbad, Baveno and Manebach.","On \u003Cmi>{100} {110} {_110} {_201}\u003C\u002Fmi>","Short prismatic",6,"2.55","2.63","2.563","Vitreous,Sub-Vitreous,Resinous","Slightly pearly on cleavage","Transparent,Translucent","White","Colorless to white, greenish white, grayish yellow, pale pink",[60,61,62,63,64,65],"colorless","white","green","yellow","pink","gray",[61],"May fluoresce dull white or red in SW UV","Perfect on {001}, good on {010}","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven,Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","-","1.518","1.520","1.522","1.524","1.525","52","70","35","75",1.518,1.525,"r > v distinct","Non-pleochroic","0.004","X^a = 6°-14°, Y^c = -13° to 21°, Z = b","Ceramics, abrasives, crushed stone, decorative facing in slabbed rock panels, gem materials","Common feldspar of high-temperature granites, syenites, high-grade metamorphic rocks, and some felsic extrusive rocks, eg some rhyolites (although these tend to contain sanidine when fresh).","Feldspar Group. K Feldspar subgroup. Celsian-Orthoclase Series.\r\n\r\nAn intermediate, partially ordered member of the K-feldspar structural series, between disordered, monoclinic sanidine and completely ordered microcline. Because of its intermediate nat...","Named \"orthose\" in 1801 by Rene Just Haüy from the Greek orthos - \"right\" in allusion to the mineral's right angle of good cleavage. The sense of Haüy's name was that the mineral was a feldspar, but he did not specify a type-locality, nor did Haüy give a chemical analysis. The name was changed in 1823 to orthoklas by Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt.","2026-03-29 18:03:14",[95,99],{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":98,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},40525,"Paradoxite",2,{"id":100,"name":101,"entrytype":98,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":102},55905,"Rainbow Lattice Sunstone",76206,[104,112],{"id":105,"name":106,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":50,"hmax":108,"dmeas":109,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":111},2704,"Microcline","Triclinic",6.5,"2.54","2.56",16209,{"id":113,"name":114,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":110,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":115},3521,"Sanidine",21518,[117,126,133,140,148,155,164,172,181,190,198],{"id":118,"name":119,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":120,"mindat_formula":121,"hmin":98,"hmax":122,"dmeas":123,"dcalc":124,"primary_image_id":125},1,"Abelsonite","NiC\u003Csub>31\u003C\u002Fsub>H\u003Csub>32\u003C\u002Fsub>N\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","Ni(C\u003Csub>31\u003C\u002Fsub>H\u003Csub>32\u003C\u002Fsub>N\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",3,"1.33","1.45",30,{"id":127,"name":128,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":129,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":50,"hmax":108,"dmeas":130,"dcalc":131,"primary_image_id":132},96,"Albite","Na(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>)","2.6","2.615",549,{"id":134,"name":135,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":136,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":137,"hmax":137,"dmeas":41,"dcalc":138,"primary_image_id":139},386,"Aschamalmite","Pb\u003Csub>6-3x\u003C\u002Fsub>Bi\u003Csub>2+x\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"7.33",2154,{"id":141,"name":142,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":143,"mindat_formula":143,"hmin":144,"hmax":50,"dmeas":145,"dcalc":146,"primary_image_id":147},478,"Babingtonite","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>14\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)",5.5,"3.34","3.26",29192,{"id":149,"name":150,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":151,"mindat_formula":152,"hmin":118,"hmax":98,"dmeas":153,"dcalc":41,"primary_image_id":154},604,"Beidellite","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2",2980,{"id":156,"name":157,"entrytype":9,"csystem":158,"ima_formula":159,"mindat_formula":160,"hmin":35,"hmax":50,"dmeas":161,"dcalc":162,"primary_image_id":163},880,"Cancrinite","Hexagonal","(Na,Ca,◻)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>,SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca,◻)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>)(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>,SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.42","2.49",4530,{"id":165,"name":166,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":167,"mindat_formula":168,"hmin":35,"hmax":35,"dmeas":169,"dcalc":170,"primary_image_id":171},11458,"Gjerdingenite-Fe","K\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe(Nb,Ti)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(O,OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","K\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(Nb,Ti)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(O,OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.82","2.830",9966,{"id":173,"name":174,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":175,"mindat_formula":176,"hmin":177,"hmax":177,"dmeas":178,"dcalc":179,"primary_image_id":180},2815,"Muscovite","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al)O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"2.77","2.83",30243,{"id":182,"name":183,"entrytype":9,"csystem":184,"ima_formula":185,"mindat_formula":185,"hmin":186,"hmax":186,"dmeas":187,"dcalc":188,"primary_image_id":189},3337,"Quartz","Trigonal","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",7,"2.65","2.66",30579,{"id":191,"name":192,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":193,"mindat_formula":194,"hmin":195,"hmax":98,"dmeas":196,"dcalc":41,"primary_image_id":197},3528,"Saponite","(Ca,Na)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ca\u003Csub>0.25\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",1.5,"2.24",21551,{"id":199,"name":200,"entrytype":9,"csystem":201,"ima_formula":202,"mindat_formula":202,"hmin":177,"hmax":122,"dmeas":41,"dcalc":203,"primary_image_id":11},3612,"Selenostephanite","Orthorhombic","Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>SbSe\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","7.5",[205,209,215,216],{"id":206,"name":207,"entrytype":9,"csystem":158,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":41,"dcalc":208,"primary_image_id":11},27460,"Kokchetavite","2.45",{"id":210,"name":211,"entrytype":9,"csystem":212,"ima_formula":213,"mindat_formula":213,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":214,"primary_image_id":11},45898,"Liebermannite","Tetragonal","KAlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.975",{"id":105,"name":106,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":50,"hmax":108,"dmeas":109,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":111},{"id":113,"name":114,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":15,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":110,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":115},[],2638,[220,225,229,233,236,240,245,249,254,258,263,268,272,276,280,283,287,291,295,299,303,306],{"id":221,"year":222,"html":223,"doi":224},4477,1954,"Coombs, D. S. (1954) Ferriferous orthoclase from Madagascar. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  30 (226) 409-427 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1954.030.226.01'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1954.030.226.01\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_30\u002F30-226-409.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1954.030.226.01",{"id":226,"year":227,"html":228,"doi":11},523772,1962,"Brace, W. F., Walsh, J. B. (1962) Some direct measurements of the surface energy of quartz and orthoclase. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  47 (9-10) 1111-1122 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM47\u002FAM47_1111.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":230,"year":231,"html":232,"doi":11},524857,1968,"Wright, Thomas L., Stewart, David B. (1968) X-ray and optical study of alkali feldspar: I. Determination of composition and structural state from refined unit-cell parameters and 2V. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  53 (1-2) 38-87 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM53\u002FAM53_38.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":234,"year":231,"html":235,"doi":11},524858,"Wright, Thomas L. (1968) X-ray and optical study of alkali feldspar: II. An X-ray method for determining the composition and structural state from measurement of 2θ values for three reflections. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  53 (1-2) 88-104 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM53\u002FAM53_88.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":11},526070,1973,"Prince, Edward, Donnay, Gabrielle, Martin, R. F. (1973) Neutron diffraction refinement of an ordered orthoclase structure. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (5-6). 500-507 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM58\u002FAM58_500.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":241,"year":242,"html":243,"doi":244},338113,1974,"Foland, K.A. (1974) Ar40 diffusion in homogenous orthoclase and an interpretation of Ar diffusion in K-feldspars. \u003Ci>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (1) 151-166 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0016-7037(74)90200-2'>doi:10.1016\u002F0016-7037(74)90200-2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0016-7037(74)90200-2",{"id":246,"year":247,"html":248,"doi":11},12907148,1977,"Truebe, Henry A. (1977) Orthoclase from West Maroon Pass, Colorado. \u003Ci>The Mineralogical Record\u003C\u002Fi>, 8 (5) 363-367",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":253},75023,1980,"Eggleton, Richard A., Buseck, Peter R. (1980) The orthoclase-microcline inversion: A high-resolution transmission electron microscope study and strain analysis. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  74 (2) 123-133 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf01131998'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf01131998\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf01131998",{"id":255,"year":256,"html":257,"doi":11},16119067,1981,"Priess, U. (1981) Untersuchungen zur Tief-Hoch-Umwandlung von Fe-haltingen Orthoklas-Kristallen aus Madagaskar. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen: 141: 17-29.",{"id":259,"year":260,"html":261,"doi":262},165203,1988,"Goldsmith, Julian R. (1988) Enhanced Al\u002FSi Diffusion in KAlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> at High Pressures: The Effect of Hydrogen. \u003Ci>The Journal of Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (2). 109-124 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1086\u002F629204'>doi:10.1086\u002F629204\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1086\u002F629204",{"id":264,"year":265,"html":266,"doi":267},343037,1990,"Foland, K.A, Xu, Yuping (1990) Diffusion of 40Ar and 39Ar in irradiated orthoclase. \u003Ci>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (11) 3147-3158 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0016-7037(90)90130-d'>doi:10.1016\u002F0016-7037(90)90130-d\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0016-7037(90)90130-d",{"id":269,"year":270,"html":271,"doi":11},16119069,1991,"Widder, W. (1991) Röntgentopographische Untersuchungen am Sanidin von Volkesfeld und Orthoklas von Madagaskar. Diplomarbeit, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, xx pp (in German).",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":11},16117154,1993,"Waldron, K.A., Parsons, I., Brown, W.L. (1993) Solution-redeposition and the orthoclase-microcline transformation: evidence from granulites and relevance to 18O exchange. Mineralogical Magazine: 57: 687-695.",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},16119070,1995,"Acta Crystallographica (1995): A53.",{"id":281,"year":278,"html":282,"doi":11},16771793,"Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (1995) \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2 part 1 - Silica, Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.",{"id":284,"year":285,"html":286,"doi":11},16119073,1996,"Villa, I.M. (1996) The influence of irradiation and heating schedule on Ar diffusion in gem-quality orthoclase from Madagascar. Journal Conf. Abstr.: 1(1): 652.",{"id":288,"year":285,"html":289,"doi":290},18461692,"Kimata, Mitsuyoshi; Saito, Shizuo; Shimizu, Masahiro; Iida, Ikuo; Matsui, Tomoaki (1996) Low-Temperature Crystal Structures of Orthoclase and Sanidine. \u003Ci>Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen\u003C\u002Fi>,  171 (2). 199-213 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fnjma\u002F171\u002F1996\u002F199'>doi:10.1127\u002Fnjma\u002F171\u002F1996\u002F199\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fnjma\u002F171\u002F1996\u002F199",{"id":292,"year":293,"html":294,"doi":11},16119074,1997,"Arnaud, N.O., Kelley, S.P. (1997) Argon behaviour in gem-quality orthoclase from Madagascar: experiments and some consequences for 40Ar\u002F39Ar geochronology. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 61: 3227-3255.",{"id":296,"year":297,"html":298,"doi":11},16119075,2000,"Fenter, P., Teng, H., Geissbühler, P., Hanchar, J.M., Nagy, K., Sturchio, N.C. (2000) Atomic-scale structure of the orthoclase (001) - water interface measured with high-resolution X-ray reflectivity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 64: 3663-3673.",{"id":300,"year":301,"html":302,"doi":11},16119076,2001,"Teng, H.H., Fenter, P., Cheng, L., Sturchio, N.C. (2001) Resolving orthoclase dissolution processes with atomic force microscopy and X-ray reflectivity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 65: 3459-3474.",{"id":304,"year":301,"html":305,"doi":11},16966422,"(2001) Orthoclase. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Forthoclase.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":307,"year":308,"html":309,"doi":310},1081966,2018,"Liu, Jia, Shen, Andy H., Zhang, Zhiqing, Wang, Chengsi, Shao, Tian (2018) Revisiting Rainbow Lattice Sunstone from the Harts Range, Australia. \u003Ci>The Journal of Gemmology\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (1) 44-52 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15506\u002Fjog.2018.36.1.44'>doi:10.15506\u002Fjog.2018.36.1.44\u003C\u002Fa>","10.15506\u002Fjog.2018.36.1.44",[312,318,327,332,338,343,353,362,367,373,381,390,400,408,417,426,433,439,448,457,466,476,484,492,500,508,516,524,531,541,548,555,564,570,578,584,590,596,601,609,617,624,632,638,646,653,660,666,673,679,688,697,703,709],{"id":313,"source_url":314,"license_code":315,"credit_html":316,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":317,"original_height":317},30398,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65256","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65256\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,{"id":319,"source_url":320,"license_code":315,"credit_html":321,"title":322,"description":323,"author":324,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},18255,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7677917","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7677917\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","OrthoclaseBresil.jpg","Orthoclase \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality : Minas Gerais, Southeast Region, Brazil\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : (27x17cm)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",4592,3056,{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":315,"credit_html":330,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":317,"original_height":331},30399,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65308","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65308\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",722,{"id":333,"source_url":334,"license_code":315,"credit_html":335,"title":336,"description":337,"author":324,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},18256,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7745133","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7745133\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase-Karlsbad.jpg","Orthoclase Karlsbad Twin\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality :  Karlasbad (Karlovy Vary)(Bohemia), CzechRepublic\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":339,"source_url":340,"license_code":315,"credit_html":341,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":317,"original_height":342},30400,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65277","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65277\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",894,{"id":344,"source_url":345,"license_code":346,"credit_html":347,"title":348,"description":349,"author":350,"original_width":351,"original_height":352},71897,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=763393","CC BY-SA 3.0","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=763393\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ortoklaz2 Benono, Madagaskar.JPG","ortoklaz- kryształ, pochodzenie Madagaskar, Benono; autor zdjęcia Stowarzyszenie Spirifer","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims).",800,600,{"id":354,"source_url":355,"license_code":356,"credit_html":357,"title":358,"description":359,"author":360,"original_width":361,"original_height":361},18257,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86462148","CC BY 4.0","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86462148\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase Shigar MNHN Minéralogie.jpg","Orthoclase from Shigar, Baltistan, Pakistan. Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris.","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",4500,{"id":363,"source_url":364,"license_code":315,"credit_html":365,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":366,"original_height":317},30401,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F205354","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F205354\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",555,{"id":368,"source_url":369,"license_code":346,"credit_html":370,"title":371,"description":372,"author":350,"original_width":351,"original_height":352},71898,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=763398","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=763398\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ortoklaz Benono, Madagaskar.JPG","ortoklaz, pochodzenie Madagaskar, autor zdjęcia Stowarzyszenie Spirifer",{"id":374,"source_url":375,"license_code":315,"credit_html":376,"title":377,"description":378,"author":379,"original_width":380,"original_height":380},18259,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129570300","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129570300\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase, Mursinka, Ural-8809.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa> - Place of discovery: Mursinka, Ural","Raimond Spekking",4270,{"id":382,"source_url":383,"license_code":315,"credit_html":384,"title":385,"description":386,"author":387,"original_width":388,"original_height":389},18260,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132610882","Eric Polk, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132610882\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase NHMLA.png","Sample of Orthoclase collected from Itrongahy, Madagascar.  On display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.","Eric Polk",1655,2247,{"id":391,"source_url":392,"license_code":393,"credit_html":394,"title":395,"description":396,"author":397,"original_width":398,"original_height":399},71900,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2618575","CC BY-SA 2.5","Gia.cossa, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2618575\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ortoclasio.jpg","Ortoclasio.","Gia.cossa",2580,1720,{"id":401,"source_url":402,"license_code":356,"credit_html":403,"title":404,"description":405,"author":360,"original_width":406,"original_height":407},18261,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=183336167","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=183336167\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase Saint-Gotthard Minéraux SU.jpg","Orthoclase from the Saint-Gotthard massif in Switzerland. Sorbonne University mineral collection.",5079,7619,{"id":409,"source_url":410,"license_code":315,"credit_html":411,"title":412,"description":413,"author":414,"original_width":415,"original_height":416},71901,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4894101","Piotr Sosnowski, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4894101\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ortoklaz 5.jpg","Mineralizacja pegmatytowa. Na zdjęciu widoczny kryształ ortoklazu, oraz kalcyt, klinochlor, fluoryt, zoisyt. kamieniołom Zimnik, okolice Jeleniej Góry, Dolny Sląsk.","Piotr Sosnowski",1632,1224,{"id":418,"source_url":419,"license_code":315,"credit_html":420,"title":421,"description":422,"author":423,"original_width":424,"original_height":425},31290,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747283","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747283\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 445 - Orthose (Nantes, France).jpg","Orthose, en provenance de Nantes (France), au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2836,2676,{"id":427,"source_url":428,"license_code":315,"credit_html":429,"title":430,"description":422,"author":423,"original_width":431,"original_height":432},31291,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747286","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747286\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 446 - Orthose (Nantes, France).jpg",3492,2804,{"id":434,"source_url":435,"license_code":315,"credit_html":436,"title":437,"description":422,"author":423,"original_width":105,"original_height":438},31292,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747289","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747289\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 447 - Orthose (Nantes, France).jpg",3672,{"id":440,"source_url":441,"license_code":346,"credit_html":442,"title":443,"description":444,"author":445,"original_width":446,"original_height":447},55418,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163604","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163604\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Biotite-Orthoclase-229808.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBiotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Biotite\">Biotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.8 x 6.4 x 3.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This beautiful 4 cm Biotite crystal is striking, and the Orthoclase it sits on complements it nicely. A fine combination. Ex. Charlie Key Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",388,500,{"id":449,"source_url":450,"license_code":451,"credit_html":452,"title":453,"description":454,"author":455,"original_width":456,"original_height":456},18254,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956163","Public domain","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956163\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase Hornblende.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",1300,{"id":458,"source_url":459,"license_code":346,"credit_html":460,"title":461,"description":462,"author":463,"original_width":464,"original_height":465},71896,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=355487","Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez (Lmbuga Commons)(Lmbuga Galipedia) Publicada por\u002FPublish by: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=355487\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mineral Ortosa GDFL052.jpg","Ortosa","Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez (Lmbuga Commons)(Lmbuga Galipedia) Publicada por\u002FPublish by: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez",1168,876,{"id":467,"source_url":468,"license_code":469,"credit_html":470,"title":471,"description":472,"author":473,"original_width":474,"original_height":475},68517,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=697905","CC BY 2.5","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=697905\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase moonstone.jpg","Orthoklas - Mondstein ; Orthoclase - moonstone","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",499,533,{"id":477,"source_url":478,"license_code":356,"credit_html":479,"title":480,"description":481,"author":360,"original_width":482,"original_height":483},18258,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86713131","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86713131\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aegirine zircon orthoclase MNHN Minéralogie.jpg","Aegirine, zircon and orthoclase from Mt Malosa, Malawi. Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris.",5000,4000,{"id":485,"source_url":486,"license_code":393,"credit_html":487,"title":488,"description":489,"author":397,"original_width":490,"original_height":491},71899,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2618565","Gia.cossa, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2618565\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fluorite-quarzo-ortoclasio.jpg","Fluorite-quarzo-ortoclasio from Cava Bianchi, Cuasso al Monte, Italy",2592,1944,{"id":493,"source_url":494,"license_code":346,"credit_html":495,"title":496,"description":497,"author":445,"original_width":498,"original_height":499},71902,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10478018","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10478018\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fluorite-Orthoclase-tmu36b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Fluorite\">Fluorite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Massif de l'Aiguille Verte, Chamonix, Haute Savoie, France\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.0 x 4.0 x 4.3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Fluorite on Adularia\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen is from the new pocket found in 2007 at these Alpine heights, is INTENSE color for a pink fluorite, almost red. It is a superb , balanced piece with several combined octohedrons forming a 4.5 x 4.5 x 4 cm cluster on a bit of adularia matrix. The fluorite is complete all around and nearly pristine (just one very slightly dinged tip, hard to see). These pieces have been priced at, and sold, for big money - the reason being obvious in person when you compare the color saturation and gemminess\u002Ftransparency on one from this pocket, to previous finds or the general \"Chamonix pink\" style. This pocket will stand on its own merits, as one of the great Alpine finds, I believe. Pink or red fluorite is always pricey, but in context, for the quality compared to the norm, these are worth it in my opinion. Few specimens in this size range had such good balance, free of clunky matrix but also complete all around.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",1800,1453,{"id":501,"source_url":502,"license_code":451,"credit_html":503,"title":504,"description":505,"author":506,"original_width":507,"original_height":297},71903,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11990945","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11990945\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aigue-marine et tourmaline noire sur orthose (Namibie).jpg","crystals of beryl var. aquamarine, crystals of tourmaline var. schorl, crystal of feldspar var. orthoclase : Erongo Mts, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, Erongo, Namibia","Parent Géry",2692,{"id":509,"source_url":510,"license_code":346,"credit_html":511,"title":512,"description":513,"author":506,"original_width":514,"original_height":515},71904,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21138892","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21138892\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lépidolite, cleavelandite, orthose, elbaïte 3.jpg","cristaux de mica var. lépidolite, cristaux d'albite var. cleavelandite, cristaux de feldspath var. orthose, cristaux de tourmaline var. elbaïte : Itatiala Mine, Conselheiro Pena, Doce valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil",4288,2848,{"id":517,"source_url":518,"license_code":315,"credit_html":519,"title":520,"description":521,"author":522,"original_width":260,"original_height":523},31305,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41268305","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41268305\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sérandite, orthose, aegirine 7100.1605.jpg","serandite, feldspar var. orthoclase, aegirine : Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada","Géry PARENT",1326,{"id":525,"source_url":526,"license_code":346,"credit_html":527,"title":528,"description":529,"author":445,"original_width":530,"original_height":351},259,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10138673","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10138673\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aegirine-Orthoclase-114177.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAegirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aegirine\">Aegirine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mt Malosa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZomba_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zomba District\">Zomba District\u003C\u002Fa>, Malawi (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2276.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A strikingly aesthetic 3-dimensional combination of jet-black aegirines (to 3 cm) splaying out from matrix of feldspar! The lustre, form, and sharpness of these crystals is WAY above par and most people consider this locale to be the world's finest source for the species...while this piece would be, in quality, right at the top of what has been found to date. 6.0 x 5.4 x 4.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",730,{"id":532,"source_url":533,"license_code":534,"credit_html":535,"title":536,"description":537,"author":538,"original_width":539,"original_height":540},1801,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23953217","CC BY 3.0","Carles Millan, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23953217\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Arfvedsonite, Orthoclase-183144.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArfvedsonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arfvedsonite\">Arfvedsonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mount Malosa, Zomba District, Malawi\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Group of twinned orthoclase and several doubly terminated arfvedsonite crystals. Overall size: 80 mm x 52 mm x 35 mm. Main arfvedsonite crystal: 28 mm long, 26 mm wide. Weight: 145 g.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Carles Millan",1024,698,{"id":542,"source_url":543,"license_code":315,"credit_html":544,"title":545,"description":546,"author":522,"original_width":247,"original_height":547},9259,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57367211","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57367211\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Foitite, quartz, orthoclase 1.jpg","tourmaline var. foitite, quartz, feldspar var. orthoclase : Pastori Vein (Filon dei Pastori), Fosso Marcianella Pegmatite, Catri, Sant’Ilario in Campo, Campo nell’Elba, Elba Island, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy",1318,{"id":549,"source_url":550,"license_code":315,"credit_html":551,"title":552,"description":546,"author":522,"original_width":553,"original_height":554},9260,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57367212","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57367212\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Foitite, quartz, orthoclase.jpg",1365,1999,{"id":556,"source_url":557,"license_code":558,"credit_html":559,"title":560,"description":561,"author":562,"original_width":483,"original_height":563},12616,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118200571","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118200571\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Jezekite with Childrenite, Tourmaline, and Orthoclase (48140057451).jpg","Griefenstein, West Germany","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",6000,{"id":565,"source_url":566,"license_code":346,"credit_html":567,"title":568,"description":569,"author":522,"original_width":515,"original_height":514},22120,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17446584","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17446584\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sérandite, aegirine et feldspath var. orthose (Mont Saint-Hilaire Québec - Canada) 1.JPG","serandite, aegirine, feldspar var. orthoclase : Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry ; Uni-Mix quarry ; Desourdy quarry ; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada - serandite : 21 mm",{"id":571,"source_url":572,"license_code":346,"credit_html":573,"title":574,"description":575,"author":445,"original_width":576,"original_height":577},24405,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430104","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430104\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase-Tosudite-d26c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTosudite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tosudite\">Tosudite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Schori, Wallis, Switzerland\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 3 x 2.5 x 2.2 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Adularia w\u002FChlorite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Very sharp interpenetrating twinned crystals that are gemmy and have an attractive coating of Chlorite on most of the surfaces. Even so, the luster on this superb thumb is excellent. 3 x 2.5 x 2.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",348,400,{"id":579,"source_url":580,"license_code":346,"credit_html":581,"title":582,"description":575,"author":445,"original_width":583,"original_height":351},24406,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430105","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430105\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase-Tosudite-d26a.jpg",640,{"id":585,"source_url":586,"license_code":346,"credit_html":587,"title":588,"description":575,"author":445,"original_width":589,"original_height":577},24407,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430106","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430106\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase-Tosudite-d26b.jpg",399,{"id":591,"source_url":592,"license_code":346,"credit_html":593,"title":594,"description":575,"author":445,"original_width":595,"original_height":577},24408,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430108","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430108\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase-Tosudite-d26d.jpg",319,{"id":597,"source_url":598,"license_code":451,"credit_html":599,"title":600,"description":454,"author":455,"original_width":583,"original_height":583},27504,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956311","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956311\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Vishnevite - sulfate cancrinite w- orthoclase and melanite Hydrous sodium calcium potassium aluminum silicate sulfate and carbonate Loch Borrolan Sutherland Scotland 1650.jpg",{"id":602,"source_url":603,"license_code":346,"credit_html":604,"title":605,"description":606,"author":324,"original_width":607,"original_height":608},31280,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7643584","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7643584\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","AdulaireSuisse3.jpg","Adularia (Orthoclase)- Manebach Twin - Adula Mts, Ticino (Tessin), Switzerland (7x6.5cm)",3109,2979,{"id":610,"source_url":611,"license_code":315,"credit_html":612,"title":613,"description":614,"author":387,"original_width":615,"original_height":616},31295,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132610883","Eric Polk, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132610883\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase var Adularia with Chlorite inclusions NHMLA.png","Sample of Adularia with Chlorite inclusions collected from Grisons, Switzerland. On display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.",2670,1806,{"id":618,"source_url":619,"license_code":346,"credit_html":620,"title":621,"description":622,"author":445,"original_width":539,"original_height":623},33622,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10172097","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10172097\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Arfvedsonite-Quartz-Orthoclase-280291.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArfvedsonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arfvedsonite\">Arfvedsonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSmoky_quartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Smoky quartz\">Smoky Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mt Malosa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZomba_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zomba District\">Zomba District\u003C\u002Fa>, Malawi (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2276.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 12.5 x 9.4 x 6.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A nice specimen consisting of a feldspar rock matrix hosting a lot of undamaged and perfectly terminated jet black arfvedsonite crystals (up to 2 cm) with a great luster. Arfvedsonite is a fairly rare amphibole in nice macroscopic crystals. Also present are smoky quartz crystals and white orthoclase which provide a nice contrast to the black arfvedsonite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",683,{"id":625,"source_url":626,"license_code":346,"credit_html":627,"title":628,"description":629,"author":445,"original_width":630,"original_height":631},33626,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450965","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450965\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Arfvedsonite-Orthoclase-lc-5a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArfvedsonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arfvedsonite\">Arfvedsonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mt Malosa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZomba_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zomba District\">Zomba District\u003C\u002Fa>, Malawi (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2276.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.5 x 5 x 4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>ARFVEDSONITE with AEGERINE on ORTHOCLASE\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A wonderful matrix example of the superb ARFVEDSONITE crystals which have been found at this locality in recent years. However, most are loose crystals and also etched to some extent. This aesthetic, balanced specimen has several well-terminated crystals to 4 cm, perched on contrasting crystallized matrix and presenting as fine a termination as I have ever seen for the species. Minor black aegerines are also in attendance. Not the most glamorous of species, I admit, but this is nevertheless a significant find for it and this is one of the better specimens I know of from seeing 5 or 6 years' worth of production. It is well known that the best of this material went to Europe and that a dealer named Helmut Brueckner obtained a stash of very choice pieces about 3 years ago. This is one from that lot, which he provided as Leithauser's main supplier of specimens.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,563,{"id":633,"source_url":634,"license_code":534,"credit_html":635,"title":636,"description":537,"author":538,"original_width":637,"original_height":539},33627,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23953213","Carles Millan, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=23953213\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Arfvedsonite, Orthoclase-183142.jpg",828,{"id":639,"source_url":640,"license_code":346,"credit_html":641,"title":642,"description":643,"author":445,"original_width":644,"original_height":645},51095,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10134768","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10134768\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Orthoclase-Riebeckite-52644.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRiebeckite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Riebeckite\">Riebeckite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRiebeckite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Riebeckite\">Riebeckite\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Fallon Brothers Quarry (Quincy Quarry; Ballou Quarry; Old Colony Crushed Stone Company Quarry), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuincy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quincy\">Quincy\u003C\u002Fa>, Norfolk County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMassachusetts\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Massachusetts\">Massachusetts\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3834.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An excellent, old-time cluster of sharp, off-white, lustrous orthoclase crystals to 1.4 cm mostly covered with fibrous, blue-green crocidolite. Crocidolite is a fibrous form of riebeckite, an amphibole group mineral. The old, paper label is glued to the back. Ex Richard Hauck Collection. 6.1 x 4.4 x 2.8 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",464,625,{"id":647,"source_url":648,"license_code":315,"credit_html":649,"title":650,"description":546,"author":522,"original_width":651,"original_height":652},55477,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57367228","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=57367228\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Foitite, quartz, orthoclase 2.jpg",1467,2002,{"id":654,"source_url":655,"license_code":346,"credit_html":656,"title":657,"description":658,"author":445,"original_width":447,"original_height":659},59855,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171235","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171235\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Orthoclase-Opal-272669.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAquamarine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aquamarine\">Aquamarine\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOpal\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Opal\">Opal-AN\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Erongo Mountain, Usakos and Omaruru Districts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FErongo_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Erongo Region\">Erongo Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Namibia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21818.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8 x 6 x 4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a fine matrix piece of superb Aquamarines with gemmy lustre and intense Erongo-blue color. They stand upright and stark against a matrix of partially etched Orthoclase, capped in places by highly fluorescent Hyalite Opal overgrowth. The Aquamarines are terrific - excellent color and luster, gemmy terminations, and the largest is 5 cm tall. The termination, on its right side, shows a secondary growth: a thin layer of slightly different colored aquamarine atop the main core. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",465,{"id":661,"source_url":662,"license_code":346,"credit_html":663,"title":664,"description":658,"author":445,"original_width":447,"original_height":665},59856,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171236","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171236\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-Orthoclase-Opal-272670.jpg",479,{"id":667,"source_url":668,"license_code":346,"credit_html":669,"title":670,"description":671,"author":445,"original_width":630,"original_height":672},60356,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177045","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177045\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Apatite-(CaOH)-Orthoclase-233170.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FApatite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Apatite\">Apatite-(CaOH)\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Orthoclase\">Orthoclase\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Sapo mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FConselheiro_Pena\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Conselheiro Pena\">Conselheiro Pena\u003C\u002Fa>, Doce valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinas_Gerais\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Minas Gerais\">Minas Gerais\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4635.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 11.4 x 9.0 x 2.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>These remarkable and unusual apatite-(CaOH) specimens were really the only major new find at the 2005 Munich Show, of quantity and visual appeal. Italian dealer Riccardo Prato had gone to Brazil himself when the pocket came to light and got the most and best. This fine cabinet piece consists of fat, dipyramidal crystals to 3.0 cm generously scattered on contrasting orthoclase matrix. No more of this style have been found since.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",619,{"id":674,"source_url":675,"license_code":346,"credit_html":676,"title":677,"description":678,"author":522,"original_width":514,"original_height":515},67620,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927006","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927006\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Grenat var. spessartine, fluorine, quartz fumé et orthose (Chine) 2.JPG","garnet var. spessartine, fluorine var. green fluorite, quartz var. smoky quartz, feldspar var. microcline : Wushan Spessartine Mine, Tongbei, Yunxiao Co., Zhangzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province, China",{"id":680,"source_url":681,"license_code":346,"credit_html":682,"title":683,"description":684,"author":685,"original_width":686,"original_height":687},68516,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=697786","Simon Eugster --Simon 19:30, 11 April 2006 (UTC), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=697786\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mondstein.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMondstein\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Mondstein\">Mondstein\u003C\u002Fa> \u002F \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOrthoklas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Orthoklas\">Orthoklas\u003C\u002Fa>","Simon Eugster --Simon 19:30, 11 April 2006 (UTC)",1280,960,{"id":689,"source_url":690,"license_code":451,"credit_html":691,"title":692,"description":693,"author":694,"original_width":695,"original_height":696},68521,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1735628","Vassil, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1735628\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pierre de lune.jpg","Orthoclase,moonstone","Vassil",945,680,{"id":698,"source_url":699,"license_code":346,"credit_html":700,"title":701,"description":702,"author":506,"original_width":514,"original_height":515},68618,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22074338","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22074338\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Morganite, schorl, orthose.JPG","beryl var. morganite, tourmaline var. schorl, feldspar var. orthoclase : Chamachhu, Haramosh Mounts, Skardu District, Baltistan, Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas), Pakistan",{"id":704,"source_url":705,"license_code":346,"credit_html":706,"title":707,"description":569,"author":522,"original_width":708,"original_height":514},79096,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17446614","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17446614\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sérandite, aegirine et feldspath var. orthose (Mont Saint-Hilaire Québec - Canada) 2.JPG",2544,{"id":710,"source_url":711,"license_code":315,"credit_html":712,"title":713,"description":714,"author":522,"original_width":523,"original_height":260},79098,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41268306","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41268306\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sérandite, orthose, aegirine 7100.1585.jpg","sérandite, feldspar var. orthoclase, aegirine : Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada",[716,723,728,733,738],{"id":717,"url":718,"label":719,"formula":720,"spacegroup":721,"year":722},10191,"\u002Fcif\u002F10191.cif","Angel 2013 · (K.93 Na.07) (Si3 Al) O8","(K.93 Na.07) (Si3 Al) O8","C 1 2\u002Fm 1",2013,{"id":724,"url":725,"label":726,"formula":727,"spacegroup":721,"year":722},10192,"\u002Fcif\u002F10192.cif","Angel 2013 · (K.92 Na.08) (Si3 Al) O8","(K.92 Na.08) (Si3 Al) O8",{"id":729,"url":730,"label":731,"formula":732,"spacegroup":721,"year":285},10198,"\u002Fcif\u002F10198.cif","Kimata 1996","K (Si3 Al) O8",{"id":734,"url":735,"label":736,"formula":737,"spacegroup":721,"year":278},10200,"\u002Fcif\u002F10200.cif","Tseng 1995","K Al Si3 O8",{"id":739,"url":740,"label":741,"formula":732,"spacegroup":721,"year":742},10203,"\u002Fcif\u002F10203.cif","Gering 1985",1985,[744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760],"Aglairit","Argillyit","Argillyita","Argillyite","Common Feldspar","Cottait","Cottaita","Cottaite","Leelit","Leelita","Leelite","Muldan","Murchisonit","Murchisonita","Murchisonite","Ortose","Paradoxit",[762,766,774,778,782,786,790,794,798,802,806,810,814,817,821,824,828,832,836,840,844,847,851,855,858,862,865,869,873,876,880,883,887,891,895,898,902,905,909,913,916,920,923,926,930,933,936,939,942,945,948,952,955,958,962,966,969,972,975],{"lang":763,"names":764},"an",[765,462],"ortoclasa",{"lang":767,"names":768},"ar",[769,770,771,772,773],"أرثوكلاز","أرثوكليز","أورثوكلاز","أورثوكلاس","أورثوكليس",{"lang":775,"names":776},"az",[777],"Kaliumlu - natriumlu çöl şpatları",{"lang":779,"names":780},"be",[781],"артаклаз",{"lang":783,"names":784},"be-tarask",[785],"артакляз",{"lang":787,"names":788},"be-x-old",[789],"Артакляз",{"lang":791,"names":792},"bg",[793],"ортоклаз",{"lang":795,"names":796},"bs",[797],"ortoklas",{"lang":799,"names":800},"ca",[801],"ortosa",{"lang":803,"names":804},"de",[805],"Orthoklas",{"lang":807,"names":808},"el",[809],"ορθόκλαστο",{"lang":811,"names":812},"eo",[813],"ortoklazo",{"lang":815,"names":816},"es",[765],{"lang":818,"names":819},"et",[820],"ortoklass",{"lang":822,"names":823},"eu",[801],{"lang":825,"names":826},"fa",[827],"ارتوکلاز",{"lang":829,"names":830},"fi",[831],"ortoklaasi",{"lang":833,"names":834},"fr",[835],"Orthose",{"lang":837,"names":838},"gl",[839],"ortoclasio",{"lang":841,"names":842},"he",[843],"אורתוקלז",{"lang":845,"names":846},"hr",[797],{"lang":848,"names":849},"hu",[850],"ortoklász",{"lang":852,"names":853},"hy",[854],"Օրթոկլազ",{"lang":856,"names":857},"id",[797],{"lang":859,"names":860},"is",[861],"ortóklas",{"lang":863,"names":864},"it",[839],{"lang":866,"names":867},"ja",[868],"正長石",{"lang":870,"names":871},"ka",[872],"ორთოკლაზი",{"lang":874,"names":875},"kk",[793],{"lang":877,"names":878},"ko",[879],"정장석",{"lang":881,"names":882},"ky",[793],{"lang":884,"names":885},"lt",[886],"ortoklazas",{"lang":888,"names":889},"lv",[890],"ortoklazs",{"lang":892,"names":893},"mk",[894],"ортоклас",{"lang":896,"names":897},"nb",[797],{"lang":899,"names":900},"nl",[901],"orthoklaas",{"lang":903,"names":904},"nn",[797],{"lang":906,"names":907},"pl",[908],"ortoklaz",{"lang":910,"names":911},"pt",[912],"ortoclase",{"lang":914,"names":915},"pt-br",[912],{"lang":917,"names":918},"ro",[919],"ortoclaz",{"lang":921,"names":922},"ru",[793],{"lang":924,"names":925},"sah",[793],{"lang":927,"names":928},"sco",[929],"orthoclase",{"lang":931,"names":932},"sh",[797],{"lang":934,"names":935},"sk",[797],{"lang":937,"names":938},"sl",[908],{"lang":940,"names":941},"sr",[894],{"lang":943,"names":944},"sv",[797],{"lang":946,"names":947},"tr",[908],{"lang":949,"names":950},"tt",[951],"Ортоклаз",{"lang":953,"names":954},"uk",[793],{"lang":956,"names":957},"uz",[908],{"lang":959,"names":960},"vi",[961],"orthoclas",{"lang":963,"names":964},"wuu",[965],"正长石",{"lang":967,"names":968},"yue",[868],{"lang":970,"names":971},"zh",[868],{"lang":973,"names":974},"zh-tw",[868],{"lang":976,"names":977},"zh-yue",[868],"Q21813710",{"history":980,"applications":984},{"markdown":981,"model_version":982,"prompt_version":983,"reviewed_at":11},"Break a fresh crystal of orthoclase and the two clean surfaces will meet at almost exactly 90°. That right angle is the mineral's name and its first claim on human attention.\n\nThe French crystallographer René Just Haüy noticed it in 1801 and called the mineral **orthose**, from the Greek *orthos* — \"right\" — in allusion to its right-angle cleavage[1]. Haüy meant the name to designate a kind of feldspar but did not specify a type-locality, nor publish a chemical analysis[1]. The label was provisional.\n\nTwo decades later the German mineralogist Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt rebuilt it. In 1823 he renamed the species **orthoklas**, from the same *orthos* plus *klasis* — \"cleaving\"[1]. The geometric reference was now explicit. The modern form *orthoclase* descends from Breithaupt's coinage.\n\nNineteenth- and twentieth-century work clarified what orthoclase actually is among the potassium feldspars. The species shares the formula K(AlSi₃O₈) with two siblings. **Sanidine** is the high-temperature form, with aluminium and silicon atoms randomly distributed across the available sites in the crystal framework[2]. **Microcline** is the low-temperature form, with the same atoms fully ordered into fixed positions[2]. Orthoclase sits between the two — the intermediate-temperature case, with atoms partially ordered rather than randomly arranged[2].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":985,"model_version":982,"prompt_version":983,"reviewed_at":11},"Orthoclase is one of the workhorse minerals of the ceramics trade. Crushed with the other potassium feldspars, it goes into porcelain, sanitaryware, wall tile, and tableware bodies as a **flux**[1]. A flux is a fusible component that melts during firing and forms a glassy phase, binding the harder grains around it[1]. Typical additions are 15 to 30 % feldspar in tableware, around 25 % in sanitaryware, and up to 80 % in dental porcelain[2]. The same role carries into ceramic glazes, where feldspar lowers the temperature at which the glaze vitrifies and seals the surface[3].\n\nGlassmaking takes the bulk of feldspar production. The mineral supplies both alkali (K₂O, Na₂O) and alumina (Al₂O₃) to the melt[4]. The alkali fluxes the batch; the alumina improves hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion in the finished glass[5]. About 66 % of feldspar consumed in the United States ends up in glassmaking, including glass containers and glass fibre[6].\n\nBeyond bodies and batches, orthoclase has a third quiet job: as a **mild abrasive** in household scouring products. Bar Keepers Friend and Bon Ami both use feldspar as their abrasive grit, fine enough to clean a sink without scratching the enamel[7]. Crushed orthoclase also serves as decorative facing in slabbed rock panels and as ordinary crushed stone[8].\n\nTwo varieties move through the gem trade. **Adularia** is a low-temperature form whose intergrowths with albite scatter light in soft pearly sheets. That sheen, called *adularescence*, is what makes **moonstone** a moonstone[9].\n\nWorld feldspar production reached an estimated 26 million tonnes in 2020, with Turkey, India, Italy, and China the four largest producers[10]. The published figures aggregate orthoclase with the other potassium and sodium feldspars; orthoclase-specific tonnage is not separately reported."]