[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3072":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":23,"key_elements":11,"impurities":24,"cim":25,"ima_status":26,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":31,"strunz10ed4":32,"dana8ed1":33,"dana8ed2":34,"dana8ed3":35,"dana8ed4":36,"csystem":37,"cclass":38,"spacegroup":39,"spacegroupset":40,"a":41,"b":42,"c":43,"alpha":44,"beta":45,"gamma":44,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":46,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":47,"tlform":11,"hmin":48,"hmax":49,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":44,"vhnmax":44,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":50,"dmeas2":51,"dcalc":52,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":53,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":54,"streak":11,"colour":55,"commentcolor":11,"colors":56,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":61,"cleavagetype":62,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":11,"commentbreak":63,"opticaltype":64,"opticalsign":65,"opticalalpha":66,"opticalalpha2":67,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":68,"opticalbeta2":69,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":70,"opticalgamma2":71,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":44,"opticalomega2":44,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":44,"opticalepsilon2":44,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":44,"opticaln2":44,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":44,"optical2vcalc2":44,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":72,"optical2vmeasured2":73,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":74,"rimax":75,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":76,"opticalpleochorismdesc":77,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":78,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":79,"aboutname":80,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":81,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":82,"group_members":83,"associates":130,"confused_with":131,"type_localities":132,"occurrence_total":137,"citations":138,"images":246,"structures":390,"synonyms":419,"language_names":427,"wikidata_qid":584,"texts":585},3072,"1:1:3072:0","e9affe69-35a6-44bc-bb15-3cf300b19591","Palygorskite","Plg",0,"mineral",null,41568,1941,false,"◻Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>◻\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Mg,Al)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH) · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",[18,19,20,21,22],"Al","Mg","Si","O","H",[18,19,20,21,22],",Fe,K,,","16.7.6",[27,28],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1862","9","E","20","74","3","1a","1","Monoclinic",5,11,"C2\u002Fm ","12.78","17.86","5.24","0","95.78",4,"Commonly fibrous, tangled mats known as mountain leather. Individual, small crystals are lath-shaped.",2,2.5,"2.1","2.6","2.35","Waxy,Earthy","Translucent","White. grayish, yellowish, gray-green",[57,58,59,60],"white","gray","yellow","green","Good on {110}","Distinct\u002FGood","Tough","Biaxial","-","1.522","1.528","1.53","1.546","1.533","1.548","30","61",1.522,1.548,"Visible","X= pale yellow\r\nY=Z= pale yellow-green","Alteration product of magnesium silicates","May be confused with sepiolite. \r\n\r\nResults of García-Romero & Suárez (2010) indicate that no compositional gap exists between sepiolite and palygorskite.","For the type locality Palygorskaya, Russia.","2025-12-17 13:28:41",[],[84,91,101,109,116,122],{"id":85,"name":86,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":87,"mindat_formula":88,"hmin":46,"hmax":11,"dmeas":89,"dcalc":90,"primary_image_id":11},470479,"Ikorskyite","KMn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","KMn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.43","2.525",{"id":92,"name":93,"entrytype":9,"csystem":94,"ima_formula":95,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":97,"hmax":97,"dmeas":98,"dcalc":99,"primary_image_id":100},3352,"Raite","Orthorhombic","Na\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csub>0.25\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 10H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Na\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(◻\u003Csub>1.75\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csub>0.25\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·Na(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",3,"2.32","2.51",30582,{"id":102,"name":103,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":104,"mindat_formula":105,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":106,"dcalc":107,"primary_image_id":108},4057,"Tuperssuatsiaite","Na\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Na◻)◻\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.465","2.12",24761,{"id":110,"name":111,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":112,"mindat_formula":113,"hmin":48,"hmax":48,"dmeas":114,"dcalc":115,"primary_image_id":11},41574,"Windhoekite","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3-x\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>](OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 10H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>1.67\u003C\u002Fsub>◻\u003Csub>0.33\u003C\u002Fsub>)Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>◻\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.62","2.630",{"id":117,"name":118,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":119,"mindat_formula":120,"hmin":48,"hmax":48,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":99,"primary_image_id":121},53877,"Windmountainite","◻Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>◻\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","◻Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>◻\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",24768,{"id":123,"name":124,"entrytype":9,"csystem":37,"ima_formula":125,"mindat_formula":126,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"dmeas":127,"dcalc":128,"primary_image_id":129},4364,"Yofortierite","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 7H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>◻\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.18","2.82",28519,[],[],[133],{"id":134,"txt":135,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":136},25882,"Second Mine, Popovka River, Palygorskaya Distance of Perm Railways, Perm Krai, Russia","Russia",294,[139,142,145,149,153,158,162,166,171,175,179,183,188,193,197,202,207,212,217,221,226,231,236,241],{"id":140,"year":11,"html":141,"doi":11},16119288,"Permskiye gubernskiye vedomosti (Perm District Gazette): 26: 127.",{"id":143,"year":11,"html":144,"doi":11},16169253,"Smith, Dorian G. W. and Norem, David (1986) The electron-microprobe analysis of palygorskite.  Canadian Mineralogist, 24, 499-511.",{"id":146,"year":147,"html":148,"doi":11},16119283,1862,"von Ssaftschenkow, T. (1862) Paligorskit. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Gesellschaft für die Gesammte Mineralogie zu St. Petersburg 1862: 102-104.",{"id":150,"year":151,"html":152,"doi":11},16119284,1962,"Huggins, C.W., Denny, M.V., Shell, H.R. (1962) Properties of palygorskite, an asbestiform mineral: US Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigaton 6071: 17pp.",{"id":154,"year":155,"html":156,"doi":157},2234343,1966,"Van Olphen, H. (1966) Maya Blue: A Clay-Organic Pigment? \u003Ci>Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  154 (3749). 645-646 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.154.3749.645'>doi:10.1126\u002Fscience.154.3749.645\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1126\u002Fscience.154.3749.645",{"id":159,"year":160,"html":161,"doi":11},525093,1969,"Christ, C. L., Hathaway, J. C., Hostetler, P. B., Shepard, Anna O. (1969) Palygorskite: New X-ray data. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (1-2) 198-205 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM54\u002FAM54_198.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":163,"year":164,"html":165,"doi":11},526903,1977,"Serna, C., VanScoyoc, G. E., Ahlrichs, J. L. (1977) Hydroxyl groups and water in palygorskite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  62 (7-8) 784-792 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM62\u002FAM62_784.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":167,"year":168,"html":169,"doi":170},145773,1981,"Heller-Kallai, L. (1981) Mössbauer Studies of Palygorskite and Some Aspects of Palygorskite Mineralogy. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  29 (3). 226-232 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1981.0290309'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1981.0290309\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1981.0290309",{"id":172,"year":173,"html":174,"doi":11},15940027,1986,"Smith, D.G.W., Norem, D. (1986) The electron-microprobe analysis of palygorskite: addendum. The Canadian Mineralogist: 24: 791-791.",{"id":176,"year":177,"html":178,"doi":11},16119291,1990,"Chisholm, J.E. (1990) An X-ray powder-diffraction study of palygorskite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 28: 329-339.",{"id":180,"year":181,"html":182,"doi":11},16119292,1992,"Chisholm, J.E. (1992) Powder-diffraction patterns and structural models for palygorskite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 30: 61-73.",{"id":184,"year":185,"html":186,"doi":187},9842682,1994,"Artioli, Gilberto, Galli, E. (1994) The Crystal Structures of Orthorhombic and Monoclinic Palygorskite. \u003Ci>Materials Science Forum\u003C\u002Fi>, 166. 647-652 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4028\u002Fwww.scientific.net\u002Fmsf.166-169.647'>doi:10.4028\u002Fwww.scientific.net\u002Fmsf.166-169.647\u003C\u002Fa>","10.4028\u002Fwww.scientific.net\u002Fmsf.166-169.647",{"id":189,"year":190,"html":191,"doi":192},563705,1998,"Khademi, H., Mermut, A. R. (1998) Source of Palygorskite in Gypsiferous Aridisols and Associated Sediments from Central Iran. \u003Ci>Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (4). 561-578 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1998.033.4.04'>doi:10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1998.033.4.04\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1998.033.4.04",{"id":194,"year":195,"html":196,"doi":11},16966504,2001,"(2001) Palygorskite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fpalygorskite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":198,"year":199,"html":200,"doi":201},147757,2002,"McKeown, David A., Post, Jeffrey E., Etz, Edgar S. (2002) Vibrational analysis of palygorskite and sepiolite. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (5) 667-680 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002F000986002320679549'>doi:10.1346\u002F000986002320679549\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002F000986002320679549",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":206},128358,2004,"Giustetto, Roberto, Chiari, Giacomo (2004) Crystal structure refinement of palygorskite from neutron powder diffraction. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  16 (3) 521-532 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2004\u002F0016-0521'>doi:10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2004\u002F0016-0521\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2004\u002F0016-0521",{"id":208,"year":209,"html":210,"doi":211},395997,2008,"Post, J. E., Heaney, P. J. (2008) Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of palygorskite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  93 (4) 667-675 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2008.2590'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2008.2590\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol93\u002FAM93_667.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2008.2590",{"id":213,"year":214,"html":215,"doi":216},396144,2009,"Chryssikos, G. D., Gionis, V., Kacandes, G. H., Stathopoulou, E. T., Suarez, M., Garcia-Romero, E., Del Rio, M. S. (2009) Octahedral cation distribution in palygorskite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  94 (1) 200-203 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2009.3063'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2009.3063\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2009.3063",{"id":218,"year":214,"html":219,"doi":220},619044,"Nasedkin, V. V., Boeva, N. M., Garbuzova, I. A., Kovalchuk, M. V., Vasiliev, A. L. (2009) The crystal structure and chemistry of several palygorskite samples with different geneses. \u003Ci>Crystallography Reports\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (5) 884-900 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1134\u002Fs1063774509050228'>doi:10.1134\u002Fs1063774509050228\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1134\u002Fs1063774509050228",{"id":222,"year":223,"html":224,"doi":225},148329,2010,"García-Romero, E., Suárez, M. (2010) On the Chemical Composition of Sepiolite and Palygorskite. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (1) 1-20 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.2010.0580101'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.2010.0580101\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.2010.0580101",{"id":227,"year":228,"html":229,"doi":230},129047,2011,"Stathopoulou, Elizabeth T., Suárez, Mercedes, García-Romero, Emilia, Río, Manuel Sánchez Del, Kacandes, George H., Gionis, Vassilis, Chryssikos, Georgios D. (2011) Trioctahedral entities in palygorskite: Near-infrared evidence for sepiolite-palygorskite polysomatism. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (4) 567-576 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2011\u002F0023-2112'>doi:10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2011\u002F0023-2112\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2011\u002F0023-2112",{"id":232,"year":233,"html":234,"doi":235},10365705,2014,"Post, J.L., Crawford, S.M. (2014) Uses of near-infared spectra for the identification of clay minerals. \u003Ci>Applied Clay Science\u003C\u002Fi>, 95. 383-387 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2014.02.010'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2014.02.010\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2014.02.010",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":240},10367244,2017,"García-Rivas, Javier, Sánchez del Río, Manuel, García-Romero, Emilia, Suárez, Mercedes (2017) An insight in the structure of a palygorskite from Palygorskaja: Some questions on the standard model. \u003Ci>Applied Clay Science\u003C\u002Fi>, 148. 39-47 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2017.08.006'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2017.08.006\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2017.08.006",{"id":242,"year":243,"html":244,"doi":245},13100370,2020,"García-Rivas, Javier, Suárez, Mercedes, García-Romero, Emilia, Sánchez del Río, Manuel (2020) Presence of oriented fibers in palygorskite powders and its influence on X-Ray diffractograms. \u003Ci>Applied Clay Science\u003C\u002Fi>, 195. 105724pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2020.105724'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2020.105724\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.clay.2020.105724",[247,256,263,273,279,288,293,299,305,311,316,322,331,340,350,356,361,367,376,383],{"id":248,"source_url":249,"license_code":250,"credit_html":251,"title":252,"description":253,"author":11,"original_width":254,"original_height":255},18556,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=164298","CC BY 2.0","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=164298\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Mineraly.sk - palygorskit.jpg","Palygorskite (Mg,Al)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)].4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O. Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002Fen:Hn%C3%BA%C5%A1%C5%A5a\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:en:Hnúšťa\">Hnúšťa\u003C\u002Fa>, Slovakia.",340,200,{"id":257,"source_url":258,"license_code":259,"credit_html":260,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":261,"original_height":262},30410,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65339","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65339\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,636,{"id":264,"source_url":265,"license_code":266,"credit_html":267,"title":268,"description":269,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},18557,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145518","Public domain","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145518\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite-265077.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPalygorskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Palygorskite\">Palygorskite\u003C\u002Fa> (Dimensions: 2.75\" x 1.5\" x 1.5\", close-up (child photo) about 1 inch wide)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Lone Jack Quarry, Glasgow, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRockbridge_County\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rockbridge County\">Rockbridge County\u003C\u002Fa>, Virginia, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Silky white palygorskite on calcareous dolostone from Virginia. Also known as \"mountain leather\" and attapulgite (after Attapulgus, Georgia). Child close-up photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Palygorskite is a key component in the pigment \"Maya Blue\" used in Mayan ceramics, painting, and textiles. Sources of palygorskite have recently been found in Yucatan Peninsula sinkholes. Currently used in many manufacturing processes, and as an anti-diarrheal.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","John Krygier",1024,768,{"id":274,"source_url":275,"license_code":276,"credit_html":277,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":261,"original_height":278},30411,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119989","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119989\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":280,"source_url":281,"license_code":259,"credit_html":282,"title":283,"description":284,"author":285,"original_width":286,"original_height":287},72431,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4700417","Piotr Sosnowski, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4700417\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","PAŁYGORSKIT 1.jpg","Pałygorskit z komieniołomu Rędziny k. Jeleniej Góry","Piotr Sosnowski",1632,1224,{"id":289,"source_url":290,"license_code":266,"credit_html":291,"title":292,"description":269,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},18558,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145520","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145520\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite-265081.jpg",{"id":294,"source_url":295,"license_code":259,"credit_html":296,"title":297,"description":298,"author":285,"original_width":286,"original_height":287},72432,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4700479","Piotr Sosnowski, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4700479\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","PAŁYGORSKIT 2.jpg","Pałygorskit z kamieniołomu Rędziny k. Jeleniej Góry. Widoczny marmur dolomitowy, na którym rósł pałygorskit",{"id":300,"source_url":301,"license_code":266,"credit_html":302,"title":303,"description":304,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},18559,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684467","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684467\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite-553319.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPalygorskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Palygorskite\">Palygorskite\u003C\u002Fa> (Dimensions: 6\" x 3\" x 3.5\")\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Metaline Falls, Metaline District, Pend Oreille County, Washington, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Rows of colorless calcite crystals held together by layers of papery palygorskite. A peculiar, fragile and difficult to photograph cabinet sized specimen from Metaline Falls, Washington. Child photo of another side of the specimen\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":306,"source_url":307,"license_code":266,"credit_html":308,"title":309,"description":310,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},18560,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684837","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684837\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite-553320.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPalygorskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Palygorskite\">Palygorskite\u003C\u002Fa> (Dimensions: about 4\" across of a 9\" x 9\" specimen)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Metaline Falls, Metaline District, Pend Oreille County, Washington, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Big old sheet of papery palygorskite from the Metaline District in Washington state. Silky and smooth, just like just about no other mineral specimen. Child photo of entire specimen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":312,"source_url":313,"license_code":266,"credit_html":314,"title":315,"description":304,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},72436,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684465","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684465\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite-553318.jpg",{"id":317,"source_url":318,"license_code":266,"credit_html":319,"title":320,"description":321,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},72437,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684835","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46684835\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite-553321.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPalygorskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Palygorskite\">Palygorskite\u003C\u002Fa> (Dimensions: 9\" x 9\")\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Metaline Falls, Metaline District, Pend Oreille County, Washington, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Big old sheet of papery palygorskite from the Metaline District in Washington state. Silky and smooth, just like just about no other mineral specimen. Child photo of entire specimen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":323,"source_url":324,"license_code":259,"credit_html":325,"title":326,"description":327,"author":328,"original_width":329,"original_height":330},72438,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=59312719","Toma1974, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=59312719\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygroskite.jpg","Palygorskite, 100 mm, Yurdchu field, Sadarak region, Azerbaijan","Toma1974",1536,1237,{"id":332,"source_url":333,"license_code":259,"credit_html":334,"title":335,"description":336,"author":337,"original_width":338,"original_height":339},72439,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83012743","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83012743\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 202365 photo (g27 g27-728 1 jpg).jpg","\"palügorskiit\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65339\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F202365\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Mai Seppel",3031,1929,{"id":341,"source_url":342,"license_code":343,"credit_html":344,"title":345,"description":346,"author":347,"original_width":348,"original_height":349},19456,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441610","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441610\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite-mrz286a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPalygorskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Palygorskite\">Palygorskite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSeaton\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Seaton\">Seaton\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEast_Devon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:East Devon\">East Devon\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDevon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Devon\">Devon\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-1555.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7 x 3 x 0.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Palygorskite var. Pilolite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An English example of \"mountain leather\", as we call it in the US. It is a rare phyllosilicate composed of \"Modulated Layers\" of growth. The result is naturally-occurring minerals that feel like flexible leather. Ex. Martin Zinn Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,355,{"id":351,"source_url":352,"license_code":266,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":355,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},72433,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145450","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145450\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite, Calcite-322402.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPalygorskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Palygorskite\">Palygorskite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa> (Dimensions: rolled up, 2\" x 2\", unrolled, 4\" x 2\")\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Metaline Falls, Metaline District, Pend Oreille Co., Washington, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> It's not often that you can roll up a mineral specimen. This flexible mat of palygorskite from Oregon is dramatically draped over a plastic stand, and if you look carefully, you can see some clear calcite crystals (about 1\u002F4\") enwrapped in the palygorskite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":357,"source_url":358,"license_code":266,"credit_html":359,"title":360,"description":355,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},72434,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145453","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145453\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite, Calcite-322403.jpg",{"id":362,"source_url":363,"license_code":266,"credit_html":364,"title":365,"description":366,"author":270,"original_width":271,"original_height":272},72435,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145554","John Krygier, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20145554\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Palygorskite, Calcite-319262.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPalygorskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Palygorskite\">Palygorskite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa> (Dimensions: 6\" x 4\" x 4\")\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Metaline Falls, Metaline District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPend_Oreille_County\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pend Oreille County\">Pend Oreille County\u003C\u002Fa>, Washington, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Fibrous white palygorskite and pale yellow calcite crystals on a dark matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":368,"source_url":369,"license_code":250,"credit_html":370,"title":371,"description":372,"author":373,"original_width":374,"original_height":375},77204,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=96284970","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=96284970\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Twinned calcite-palygorskite-romanechite (Palmarejo Mine, Chihuahua, Mexico) 1.jpg","Twinned calcite-palygorskite-romanechite (Palmarejo Mine, Chihuahua, Mexico)","James St. John",2392,3686,{"id":377,"source_url":378,"license_code":250,"credit_html":379,"title":380,"description":372,"author":373,"original_width":381,"original_height":382},77205,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=96284971","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=96284971\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Twinned calcite-palygorskite-romanechite (Palmarejo Mine, Chihuahua, Mexico) 3.jpg",2329,2563,{"id":384,"source_url":385,"license_code":250,"credit_html":386,"title":387,"description":372,"author":373,"original_width":388,"original_height":389},77206,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=96284972","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=96284972\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Twinned calcite-palygorskite-romanechite (Palmarejo Mine, Chihuahua, Mexico) 2.jpg",2349,2601,[391,397,402,408,413],{"id":392,"url":393,"label":394,"formula":395,"spacegroup":396,"year":209},10350,"\u002Fcif\u002F10350.cif","Post 2008 · Al1.1 Mg Si3.9 O14.92 H8.84","Al1.1 Mg Si3.9 O14.92 H8.84","C 1 2\u002Fm 1",{"id":398,"url":399,"label":400,"formula":401,"spacegroup":396,"year":209},10351,"\u002Fcif\u002F10351.cif","Post 2008 · Al2.2 Mg2.14 Si7.8 O30 H18","Al2.2 Mg2.14 Si7.8 O30 H18",{"id":403,"url":404,"label":405,"formula":406,"spacegroup":407,"year":209},10352,"\u002Fcif\u002F10352.cif","Post 2008 · Al Mg Si4 O10.4","Al Mg Si4 O10.4","P 1 21\u002Fa 1",{"id":409,"url":410,"label":411,"formula":412,"spacegroup":396,"year":204},10353,"\u002Fcif\u002F10353.cif","Guistetto 2004 · Mg1.08 Al.82 Fe.12 K.02 Si3.96 O15.5 D5 H5","Mg1.08 Al.82 Fe.12 K.02 Si3.96 O15.5 D5 H5",{"id":414,"url":415,"label":416,"formula":417,"spacegroup":418,"year":204},10354,"\u002Fcif\u002F10354.cif","Guistetto 2004 · Mg1.08 Al.82 Fe.12 K.02 Si3.96 O15.5 D5.02 H5","Mg1.08 Al.82 Fe.12 K.02 Si3.96 O15.5 D5.02 H5","P b m n",[420,421,422,423,424,425,426],"Attapulgit","Attapulgita","Attapulgite-Palygorskite","Paligorskita","Polygorskit","Polygorskita","Polygorskite",[428,433,437,441,445,449,453,457,461,464,468,472,476,480,485,489,493,498,502,506,511,514,518,524,529,534,538,542,546,550,554,557,563,566,569,573,576,579],{"lang":429,"names":430},"ar",[431,432],"باليجورسكيت","باليغورسكايت",{"lang":434,"names":435},"az",[436],"Palıqorskit",{"lang":438,"names":439},"be",[440],"Палыгорскіт",{"lang":442,"names":443},"ca",[421,444],"palygorskita",{"lang":446,"names":447},"cs",[448],"attapulgite",{"lang":450,"names":451},"de",[452],"Palygorskit",{"lang":454,"names":455},"el",[456],"Παλυγορσκίτης",{"lang":458,"names":459},"eo",[460],"paligorskito",{"lang":462,"names":463},"es",[444],{"lang":465,"names":466},"et",[467],"palügorskiit",{"lang":469,"names":470},"eu",[471],"Palygorskita",{"lang":473,"names":474},"fa",[475],"پالی 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