[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3166":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":20,"key_elements":21,"impurities":22,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":27,"strunz10ed1":28,"strunz10ed2":29,"strunz10ed3":29,"strunz10ed4":30,"dana8ed1":28,"dana8ed2":31,"dana8ed3":31,"dana8ed4":32,"csystem":33,"cclass":34,"spacegroup":35,"spacegroupset":36,"a":37,"b":38,"c":39,"alpha":36,"beta":36,"gamma":36,"aerror":40,"berror":40,"cerror":40,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":41,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":42,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":43,"tlform":11,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":36,"vhnmax":36,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":45,"dmeas2":46,"dcalc":47,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":48,"lustre":11,"lustretype":49,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":50,"streak":51,"colour":52,"commentcolor":11,"colors":53,"streak_colors":60,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":62,"cleavagetype":63,"fracturetype":64,"tenacity":65,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":66,"opticalsign":67,"opticalalpha":68,"opticalalpha2":36,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":69,"opticalbeta2":36,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":70,"opticalgamma2":36,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":36,"opticalomega2":36,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":36,"opticalepsilon2":36,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":36,"opticaln2":36,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":71,"optical2vcalc2":36,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":72,"optical2vmeasured2":36,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":73,"rimax":74,"opticaldispersion":75,"opticalpleochroism":76,"opticalpleochorismdesc":77,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":78,"opticalinternal":79,"opticaltropic":80,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":81,"opticalr":82,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":83,"other":84,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":85,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":86,"aboutname":87,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":88,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":89,"group_members":99,"associates":159,"confused_with":181,"type_localities":184,"occurrence_total":191,"citations":192,"images":335,"structures":660,"synonyms":688,"language_names":693,"wikidata_qid":899,"texts":900},3166,"1:1:3166:6","2f2a3f47-db26-4abc-8a62-cac0998b0627","Perovskite","Prv",0,"mineral",null,50237,8055,false,"CaTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",[17,18,19],"Ca","Ti","O",[17,18,19],[18],",Fe,Nb,Ce,La,TR,,","7.9.6",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1839","4","C","30","3","1","Orthorhombic",8,71,"0","5.447","7.654","5.388",1,4,"On {111}: 1. penetration twins (esp. Ce or Nb varieties); 2. complex lamellar twinning. About [101] and rarely [121]","Crystals usually cubic, highly modified at times, but the planes are often irregularly distributed. Cubic faces striated parallel to [001] and apparently penetrations twins (as if of pyritohedral individuals; also striated parallel to [110]. {001} less developed with {113} and {449} prominent. Also cubooctahedra or octahedra (esp. Ce and Nb varieties). Rarely reniform masses exhibiting small cubes on the surface, or massive granular.",5.5,"3.98","4.26","4.02","Calculated on synthetic material.","Adamantine,Metallic,Sub-Metallic","Transparent,Translucent","Colourless, greyish white","Dark brown, black, red-brown, yellow shades",[54,55,56,57,58,59],"brown","black","red","yellow","colorless","gray",[58,59,61],"white","On {001}.","Imperfect\u002FFair","Irregular\u002FUneven,Sub-Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","+","2.3","2.34","2.38","88","90",2.3,2.38,"r > v","Weak","Z > X.","Dark bluish grey","Brown","Isotropic","Parallel. X = a; Y = c; Z = b.","(19.2) 400,\r\n(18.8) 420,\r\n(18.4) 440,\r\n(18.0) 460,\r\n(17.6) 480,\r\n(17.3) 500,\r\n(17.0) 520,\r\n(16.8) 540,\r\n(16.6) 560,\r\n(16.4) 580,\r\n(16.2) 600,\r\n(16.1) 620,\r\n(16.0) 640,\r\n(16.0) 660,\r\n(15.9) 680,\r\n(15.9) 700","In forceps and on charcoal, infusible. Dissolves easily with salt of phosporous in oxidizing flame, giving a greenish bead while hot, becoming colorless on cooling.","Decomposed entirely by boiling sulfuric acid.","An accessory in alkaline mafic rocks.","The Ti analogue of lakargiite and megawite. The Ca analogue of barioperovskite and geikielite; not analogous to tausonite (different structure).\r\n\r\nThe crystal structure is parent to many important synthetic compounds. The general formula is ABX3, in w...","Named by Gustav Rose in 1839 in honor of Count Lev Alekseevich Perovski (1792-1856), then in the Ministry of Regions, of St. Petersburg, Russia. Perovskii rose to vice-president of the Appanage Department in 1852-1856. During his tenure in the Appanage Department, Perovski \"contributed to the development of mining industry in Russia, inspected supplies and working of lapidary work; many new deposits started to be mined by his initiative.\" Perovski was also an influential mineral collector. (Schmidt, 2011).","2025-08-11 12:14:22",[90,94],{"id":91,"name":92,"entrytype":93,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":36,"primary_image_id":11},11023,"Dysanalyte",2,{"id":95,"name":96,"entrytype":93,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":97,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":36,"primary_image_id":98},2228,"Knopite","(Ca,Ce,Na)(Ti,Fe)O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",30431,[100,104,110,118,126,134,138,146,151],{"id":101,"name":102,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":103,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":36,"primary_image_id":11},31404,"Barioperovskite","BaTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":105,"name":106,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":108,"mindat_formula":108,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":109,"primary_image_id":11},53053,"Goldschmidtite","Isometric","KNbO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.32",{"id":111,"name":112,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":113,"mindat_formula":114,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":115,"dcalc":116,"primary_image_id":117},7114,"Isolueshite","NaNbO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Na,La)NbO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.72","4.69",12359,{"id":119,"name":120,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":121,"mindat_formula":122,"hmin":34,"hmax":123,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":124,"primary_image_id":125},31993,"Lakargiite","CaZrO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",9,"4.587",13864,{"id":127,"name":128,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":129,"mindat_formula":130,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":131,"dcalc":132,"primary_image_id":133},2432,"Loparite","(Na,Ce,Sr)(Ce,Th)(Ti,Nb)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Na,REE)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.60","4.85",14719,{"id":135,"name":136,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":113,"mindat_formula":113,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":36,"primary_image_id":137},2455,"Lueshite",14860,{"id":139,"name":140,"entrytype":9,"csystem":141,"ima_formula":142,"mindat_formula":142,"hmin":44,"hmax":143,"dmeas":144,"dcalc":145,"primary_image_id":11},2507,"Macedonite","Tetragonal","PbTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,"7.82","8.09",{"id":147,"name":148,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":149,"mindat_formula":149,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":150,"primary_image_id":11},39893,"Megawite","CaSnO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.06",{"id":152,"name":153,"entrytype":9,"csystem":107,"ima_formula":154,"mindat_formula":154,"hmin":143,"hmax":155,"dmeas":156,"dcalc":157,"primary_image_id":158},3895,"Tausonite","SrTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,"4.88","4.84",23085,[160,166,173],{"id":161,"name":162,"entrytype":9,"csystem":163,"ima_formula":164,"mindat_formula":164,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":165,"primary_image_id":11},1754,"Grossite","Monoclinic","CaAl\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.88",{"id":167,"name":168,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":169,"mindat_formula":169,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":170,"dcalc":171,"primary_image_id":172},2217,"Kirschsteinite","CaFe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","3.434","3.596",13376,{"id":174,"name":175,"entrytype":9,"csystem":163,"ima_formula":176,"mindat_formula":177,"hmin":143,"hmax":143,"dmeas":178,"dcalc":179,"primary_image_id":180},2333,"Larnite","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.28","3.326",80360,[182,183],{"id":119,"name":120,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":121,"mindat_formula":122,"hmin":34,"hmax":123,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":124,"primary_image_id":125},{"id":147,"name":148,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":149,"mindat_formula":149,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":150,"primary_image_id":11},[185],{"id":186,"txt":187,"latitude":188,"longitude":189,"country":190},2616,"Akhmatov mine, Magnitka, Kusinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia",55.3041667,59.6561111,"Russia",608,[193,198,202,206,210,214,219,223,227,231,236,240,244,248,252,256,259,263,267,271,275,279,283,286,290,294,298,302,307,311,315,318,323,326,330],{"id":194,"year":195,"html":196,"doi":197},4458590,1839,"Rose, Gustav (1839) Beschreibung einiger neuen Mineralien des Urals. \u003Ci>Annalen der Physik und Chemie\u003C\u002Fi>, 124. 551-573 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fandp.18391241205'>doi:10.1002\u002Fandp.18391241205\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fandp.18391241205",{"id":199,"year":200,"html":201,"doi":11},16119764,1877,"Knop, A. (1877) Dysanalyt, ein pyrochlorartiges Mineral. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 1(1-6): 284-296. (as dysanalyte)",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":11},16119765,1880,"Baumhauer, H. (1880) Ueber den Perowskit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials: 4(1-6): 187-200.",{"id":207,"year":208,"html":209,"doi":11},16119766,1882,"Ben Saude (1882) Preiss. Göttingen.",{"id":211,"year":212,"html":213,"doi":11},16119767,1892,"Federov, E. (1892) Zusammenstellung der krystallographischen Resultate des Herrn Schoenflies und der meinigen. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials: 20(1-6): 25-75 (74). (as Metaperovskite).",{"id":215,"year":216,"html":217,"doi":218},432397,1893,"Holmquist, Per J. (1893) Pyrochlor från Alnön. \u003Ci>Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (7). 588-606 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F11035899309442205'>doi:10.1080\u002F11035899309442205\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1080\u002F11035899309442205",{"id":220,"year":221,"html":222,"doi":11},16119769,1894,"Holmquist, Per J. (1894) Knopit, ett perowskit närstående, nytt mineral från Alnön. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar: 16: 73-95.",{"id":224,"year":225,"html":226,"doi":11},16119770,1897,"Holmquist, Per J. (1897) Synthetische Studien über die Perowskit- und Pyrochlormineralien [Synthetic studies of the perovskite and pyrochlore minerals]. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala: 3: 181–268.",{"id":228,"year":229,"html":230,"doi":11},16119771,1908,"Bowman, H.L. (1908) On the structure of Perovskite from the Burgumer Alp, Pfitschthal, Tyrol. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 15(69), 156-176.",{"id":232,"year":233,"html":234,"doi":235},103268,1912,"Bøggild, Ο. B. (1912) Krystallform und Zwillingsbildungen des Kryoliths, des Perowskits und des Boracits. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (1-6). 349-429 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1912.50.1.349'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1912.50.1.349\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1912.50.1.349",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":11},16119772,1913,"Meigen, W., Hügel, E. (1913) Über die chemische Zusammensetzung des Dysanalyts von Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie: 82: 242-248.",{"id":241,"year":242,"html":243,"doi":11},16119773,1918,"Goldschmidt (1918) 5: 32.",{"id":245,"year":246,"html":247,"doi":11},16119774,1920,"Goldschmidt (1920) 6: 131.",{"id":249,"year":250,"html":251,"doi":11},16119775,1922,"Fersmann (1922) Comptes rendus de académie des sciences Russie: 59.",{"id":253,"year":254,"html":255,"doi":11},16119777,1925,"Levi and Natta (1925) Acc. Linc., Att.: 2(6): 39.",{"id":257,"year":254,"html":258,"doi":11},17485214,"Barth, Tom. F.W. (1925) Die Kristallstruktur von Perowskit und verwandten Verbidungen [The crystal structure of perovskite and related compounds]. \u003Ci>Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology]\u003C\u002Fi>,  8 (3) 201-216 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fforeninger.uio.no\u002Fngf\u002Fngt\u002Fpdfs\u002FNGT_08_3_201-216.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":11},16119778,1926,"Ellsworth, H.V., Walker, J.F. (1926) Knopite and Magnetite Occurrence, Moose Creek, southeastern British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Summary report, 240 pgs (230A).",{"id":264,"year":265,"html":266,"doi":11},16119779,1929,"Hevesy, Alexander, and Würstlin (1929) Zs. anorg. Chem.: 181: 95.",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":11},16119780,1939,"Zedlitz, O. (1939) Der Perowskit. Mineralogische und rontgenographische Untersuchungen an Perowskit, Uhligit un Dysanalyt sowie an deren synthetischen Produkten, Neues Jarbuch Mineral. Geol. Beilage Bd A, 75, 245-296.",{"id":272,"year":273,"html":274,"doi":11},16119781,1943,"Náray-Szabó, S. (1943) Der strukturtyp des perowskits (CaTiO3). Naturwissenschaften, 31, 202-203.",{"id":276,"year":277,"html":278,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":280,"year":281,"html":282,"doi":11},16119783,1957,"Kay, H.F., Bailey, P.C. (1957) Structures and properties of CaTiO3. Acta Crystallographica, 10, 219-226.",{"id":284,"year":281,"html":285,"doi":11},16119785,"Kay, H.F. and Bailey, P.C. (1957) Structure and Properties of CaTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>. Acta Crystallographica: 10: 219-226.",{"id":287,"year":288,"html":289,"doi":11},16874811,1963,"Nickel, E. H., McAdam, R. C. (1963) Niobian perovskite from Oka, Quebec; a new classification for minerals of the perovskite group. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  7 (5) 683-697 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fuploads\u002FCM7_683.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":291,"year":292,"html":293,"doi":11},16119784,1968,"Turi, B. (1968) Note sull'analisi chimica della perovskite. Periodico di mineralogia – Roma, pp. 567-575.",{"id":295,"year":296,"html":297,"doi":11},16119787,1983,"Koopmans, H.J.A., van de Velde, G.M.H., Gellings, P.J. (1983) Powder neutron diffraction study of the perovskites CaTiO3 and CaZrO3. Acta Crystallographica, C39: 1323-1325.",{"id":299,"year":300,"html":301,"doi":11},16119788,1984,"Muir, I.J., Metson, J.B., Bancroft, G.M. (1984) 57Fe Mössbauer spectra of perovskite and titanite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 22, 689-694.",{"id":303,"year":304,"html":305,"doi":306},775647,1993,"Gillet, Philippe, Fiquet, Guillaume, Daniel, Isabelle, Reynard, Bruno (1993) Raman spectroscopy at mantle pressure and temperature conditions experimental set‐up and the example of CaTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub> perovskite. \u003Ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  20 (18). 1931-1934 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F93gl01835'>doi:10.1029\u002F93gl01835\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1029\u002F93gl01835",{"id":308,"year":309,"html":310,"doi":11},16119789,1997,"Arakcheeva, A.V., Lubman, G.U., Pushcharovskii, D.Yu., Gekimyants, V.M., Popov, V.A. (1997) Crystal structure and microtwinning of natural orthorhombic perovskite CaTiO3. Kristallografiya: 42: 54-63.",{"id":312,"year":313,"html":314,"doi":11},16119790,2004,"Mizoguchi, H., Eng, H.W., and Woodward, P.M. (2004) Probing the electronic structures of ternary perovskite and pyrochlore oxides containing Sn4+ or Sb5+. Inorganic Chemistry, 43, 1667-1680.",{"id":316,"year":313,"html":317,"doi":11},16119791,"Wenk, H.R. and Bulakh, A. (2004) Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.",{"id":319,"year":320,"html":321,"doi":322},818928,2005,"Caracas, R. (2005) CaSiO3perovskite at lower mantle pressures. \u003Ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  32 (6)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2004gl022144'>doi:10.1029\u002F2004gl022144\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1029\u002F2004gl022144",{"id":324,"year":320,"html":325,"doi":11},16966643,"(2005) Perovskite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fperovskite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":327,"year":328,"html":329,"doi":11},16119793,2011,"Schmidt, L.J. (2011) Tracking Down the Truth of Perovski, 38th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium Program and Abstracts, p. 31-32.",{"id":331,"year":332,"html":333,"doi":334},244908,2017,"Mitchell, Roger H., Welch, Mark D., Chakhmouradian, Anton R. (2017) Nomenclature of the perovskite supergroup: A hierarchical system of classification based on crystal structure and composition. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  81 (3) 411-461 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.2016.080.156'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.2016.080.156\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.2016.080.156",[336,346,356,363,371,378,385,391,400,409,418,426,433,441,448,453,458,468,472,478,488,493,497,504,509,514,521,526,535,544,552,561,568,576,584,592,602,608,613,619,625,630,637,643,648,655],{"id":337,"source_url":338,"license_code":339,"credit_html":340,"title":341,"description":342,"author":343,"original_width":344,"original_height":345},19105,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146594","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146594\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite-155026.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Magnet Cove, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHot_Spring_County,_Arkansas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hot Spring County, Arkansas\">Hot Spring County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArkansas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arkansas\">Arkansas\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3407.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.3 x 2.1 x 2.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A small specimen but with SUPERB 6-7mm crystals of perovskite on matrix. They are sharp as you could wish for the locality. Ex. American Museum of Natural History, Clarence Bement collection, donated in 1910.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",740,800,{"id":347,"source_url":348,"license_code":349,"credit_html":350,"title":351,"description":352,"author":353,"original_width":354,"original_height":355},19107,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068103","CC BY-SA 4.0","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068103\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite. Valmalenco, Italy-9093.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa> (Weight: 65 g) – Place of discovery: Valmalenco, Italy","Raimond Spekking",5445,4084,{"id":357,"source_url":358,"license_code":359,"credit_html":360,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":361,"original_height":362},30434,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112643","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112643\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":364,"source_url":365,"license_code":339,"credit_html":366,"title":367,"description":368,"author":343,"original_width":369,"original_height":370},73336,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10133817","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10133817\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite-49252.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSan_Benito_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:San Benito County, California\">San Benito County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3279.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A RARE California perovskite specimen, featuring lustrous, isolated crystals to 0.4 cm. This specimen came out of the Hauck Collection. 4.1 x 3.9 x 1.6cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,383,{"id":372,"source_url":373,"license_code":349,"credit_html":374,"title":375,"description":352,"author":353,"original_width":376,"original_height":377},19108,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068106","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068106\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite. Valmalenco, Italy-9094.jpg",4912,4467,{"id":379,"source_url":380,"license_code":349,"credit_html":381,"title":382,"description":352,"author":353,"original_width":383,"original_height":384},19109,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068109","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068109\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite. Valmalenco, Italy-9096.jpg",4328,3246,{"id":386,"source_url":387,"license_code":349,"credit_html":388,"title":389,"description":352,"author":353,"original_width":354,"original_height":390},19110,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068113","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130068113\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite. Valmalenco, Italy-9097.jpg",3063,{"id":392,"source_url":393,"license_code":339,"credit_html":394,"title":395,"description":396,"author":397,"original_width":398,"original_height":399},14030,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866222","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866222\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite-94432.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOka\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Oka\">Oka\u003C\u002Fa>, Deux-Montagnes RCM, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLaurentides\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Laurentides\">Laurentides\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuebec\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quebec\">Québec\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6702.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Field of view 9 mm. Labelled as Latrappite but in need for an analysis. Specimen and photo Leon Hupperichs.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Leon Hupperichs",790,606,{"id":401,"source_url":402,"license_code":359,"credit_html":403,"title":404,"description":405,"author":406,"original_width":407,"original_height":408},73340,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=78465092","Furasova, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=78465092\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite domain structure.jpg","There is microphotograph of domain structure of lead bromide perovskite thin film made by fluorescence mode in a microscope","Furasova",4032,3024,{"id":410,"source_url":411,"license_code":359,"credit_html":412,"title":413,"description":414,"author":415,"original_width":416,"original_height":417},73341,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146454264","Kaethe17, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146454264\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perowskit-wikimuc-mineralaktion24.jpg","Perowskit, 65 g. Fundort: Valmalenco, Italien","Kaethe17",5441,3628,{"id":419,"source_url":420,"license_code":349,"credit_html":421,"title":422,"description":423,"author":424,"original_width":425,"original_height":344},73342,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147376633","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147376633\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","1378a Perowskit 1.jpg","Perowskit, Achmatowsche Grube, Slatoust, Ural.\n2,705 Gramm","J. Patrick Fischer",781,{"id":427,"source_url":428,"license_code":349,"credit_html":429,"title":430,"description":423,"author":424,"original_width":431,"original_height":432},73343,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147376634","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147376634\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","1378a Perowskit 2.jpg",480,647,{"id":434,"source_url":435,"license_code":349,"credit_html":436,"title":437,"description":438,"author":424,"original_width":439,"original_height":440},73344,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762421","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762421\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","17286 Perowskit 3.jpg","Perowskit auf Schiefer aus Klinochlor, Calcit, Titanit,\nAchmatowsche Grube, Distrikt Slatoust, Nasinskaja Gora, Ural UDSSR",4624,2604,{"id":442,"source_url":443,"license_code":349,"credit_html":444,"title":445,"description":438,"author":424,"original_width":446,"original_height":447},73345,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762422","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762422\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","17286 Perowskit 2.jpg",4272,2848,{"id":449,"source_url":450,"license_code":349,"credit_html":451,"title":452,"description":438,"author":424,"original_width":439,"original_height":440},73346,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762424","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762424\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","17286 Perowskit 1.jpg",{"id":454,"source_url":455,"license_code":349,"credit_html":456,"title":457,"description":438,"author":424,"original_width":439,"original_height":440},73347,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762425","J. Patrick Fischer, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147762425\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","17286 Perowskit 4.jpg",{"id":459,"source_url":460,"license_code":461,"credit_html":462,"title":463,"description":464,"author":465,"original_width":466,"original_height":467},19104,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759462","CC BY 3.0","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759462\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite - Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co, Arkansas, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>, variety \"Dysanalite\" (niobium-rich), 1.6 x 1.5 x 1.4 cm - Locality: Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA","Kelly Nash",1024,846,{"id":98,"source_url":469,"license_code":349,"credit_html":470,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":471,"original_height":361},"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129387","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129387\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",775,{"id":473,"source_url":474,"license_code":349,"credit_html":475,"title":476,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":361,"original_height":477},30438,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129385","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129385\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana","Calcite",884,{"id":479,"source_url":480,"license_code":481,"credit_html":482,"title":483,"description":484,"author":485,"original_width":486,"original_height":487},73334,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8702545","Public domain","Andrew Silver, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8702545\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite - USGS Mineral Specimens 824.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa> (pen for scale) - Collected by A.E. Foote from Magnet Cove, Arkansas - Mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah - BYU index 4-8087, CaTiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Andrew Silver",1400,930,{"id":489,"source_url":490,"license_code":349,"credit_html":491,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":361,"original_height":492},30432,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129382","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129382\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",770,{"id":494,"source_url":495,"license_code":349,"credit_html":496,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":487,"original_height":361},30433,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129388","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129388\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":498,"source_url":499,"license_code":461,"credit_html":500,"title":501,"description":502,"author":465,"original_width":466,"original_height":503},73335,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759493","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9759493\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite2 - Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co, Arkansas, USA.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>, penetration twin (9 mm) - Locality: Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA",897,{"id":505,"source_url":506,"license_code":349,"credit_html":507,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":361,"original_height":508},30435,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129384","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129384\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",468,{"id":510,"source_url":511,"license_code":349,"credit_html":512,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":361,"original_height":513},30436,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129383","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129383\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",890,{"id":515,"source_url":516,"license_code":339,"credit_html":517,"title":518,"description":519,"author":343,"original_width":369,"original_height":520},73337,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453307","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453307\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muscovite-Perovskite-Tosudite-mrz172b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMuscovite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Muscovite\">Muscovite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>, Chlorite\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Akhmatovskaya Kop (Achmatovsk Mine), Nyazyamskie Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZlatoust\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zlatoust\">Zlatoust\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChelyabinsk_Oblast\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chelyabinsk Oblast\">Chelyabinsk Oblast'\u003C\u002Fa>, Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2616.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.9 x 3.6 x 2.6 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Perovskite on Chlorite-included Muscovite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A sharp, waxy-lustrous, superbly isolated crystal measuring about 1.5 x 1 cm.Unusual, in its isolation, and i love the green-associated matrix, of blades of muscovite colored green by chlorite!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",352,{"id":522,"source_url":523,"license_code":349,"credit_html":524,"title":476,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":361,"original_height":525},30437,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129386","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F129386\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",660,{"id":527,"source_url":528,"license_code":481,"credit_html":529,"title":530,"description":531,"author":532,"original_width":533,"original_height":534},73338,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=13612079","Andrew Silver, USGS, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=13612079\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite mineral.jpg","Perovskite. Pen for scale. Collected by A.E. Foote from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. Mineral collection of Bringham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah. BYU index 4- 8087, (CaNa)(TiNb)O_3.","Andrew Silver, USGS",700,465,{"id":536,"source_url":537,"license_code":339,"credit_html":538,"title":539,"description":540,"author":541,"original_width":542,"original_height":543},73339,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=33595934","La2O3, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=33595934\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite mineral specimen.jpg","A Perovskite mineral (calcium titanate) from Kusa, Russia (Chelyabinskaya Oblast). Taken at the Harvard Museum of Natural History.","La2O3",600,499,{"id":545,"source_url":546,"license_code":461,"credit_html":547,"title":548,"description":549,"author":465,"original_width":550,"original_height":551},13315,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=110902068","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=110902068\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kimzeyite, Perovskite-170303.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKimzeyite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kimzeyite\">Kimzeyite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 2 cm x 1.1 cm x 1.1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Kimzeyite (gray) on Perovskite (black). Collected by Clyde Hardin. The kimzeyite has a surface alteration to baddelyite and the perovskite has some alteration to anatase. Kelly Nash specimen and photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",974,899,{"id":553,"source_url":554,"license_code":349,"credit_html":555,"title":556,"description":557,"author":558,"original_width":559,"original_height":560},1104,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61367919","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61367919\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite.jpg","amesite var. chromian amesite, perovskite : Saranovskii Mine (Saranovskoe), Saranovskaya Village (Sarany), Gornoazavodskii area, Permskaya Oblast’, Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia","Géry PARENT",2000,1465,{"id":562,"source_url":563,"license_code":349,"credit_html":564,"title":565,"description":557,"author":558,"original_width":566,"original_height":567},5636,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75522829","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75522829\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chromian amesite, perovskite.jpg",1975,1317,{"id":569,"source_url":570,"license_code":349,"credit_html":571,"title":572,"description":573,"author":558,"original_width":574,"original_height":575},5637,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79893012","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79893012\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite, amesite.jpg","perovskite, amesite var. chromoamesite : Saranovskii Mine (Saranovskoe), Saranovskaya Village (Sarany), Gornoazavodskii area, Permskaya Oblast’, Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia - perovskite : 1 mm",1664,1995,{"id":577,"source_url":578,"license_code":461,"credit_html":579,"title":580,"description":581,"author":465,"original_width":582,"original_height":583},13317,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=110902491","Kelly Nash, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=110902491\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kimzeyite, Perovskite-492311.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKimzeyite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kimzeyite\">Kimzeyite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 18 mm x 16 mm x 13 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Perovskite Hill, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Kimzeyite crystal, with surface alteration to baddelyite, topped by a perovskite crystal, 18 x 16 x 13 mm. Collected in 1995 by Clyde Hardin and from his collection, via John Fender, 2008. K. Nash specimen and photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",1464,1315,{"id":585,"source_url":586,"license_code":461,"credit_html":587,"title":588,"description":589,"author":590,"original_width":466,"original_height":591},13381,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=150861364","John Sobolewski (JSS), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=150861364\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Monticellite, Perovskite, Calcite-820697.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMonticellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Monticellite\">Monticellite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPerovskite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Perovskite\">Perovskite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluorapatite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Fluorapatite\">Fluorapatite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Dimensions:\u003C\u002Fi> 42 mm × 36 mm × 26 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Locality:\u003C\u002Fi> Kimzey Calcite Quarry (Calcite Hill), Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Description:\u003C\u002Fi> Small blacK Perovskite crystals with light brown Monticellite grains on and in a white Calcite matrix. JSS specimen and photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","John Sobolewski (JSS)",768,{"id":593,"source_url":594,"license_code":595,"credit_html":596,"title":597,"description":598,"author":599,"original_width":600,"original_height":601},19819,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118185553","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118185553\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite (47975566716).jpg","\u003Cp>Oka\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nQuebec, Canada","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",4000,6000,{"id":603,"source_url":604,"license_code":595,"credit_html":605,"title":606,"description":607,"author":599,"original_width":600,"original_height":601},19820,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118185565","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118185565\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite (47975511647).jpg","Siberia, USSR",{"id":609,"source_url":610,"license_code":595,"credit_html":611,"title":612,"description":598,"author":599,"original_width":600,"original_height":601},19821,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118192731","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118192731\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Perovskite (49055219683).jpg",{"id":614,"source_url":615,"license_code":349,"credit_html":616,"title":617,"description":557,"author":558,"original_width":618,"original_height":583},32552,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=47708815","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=47708815\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite FS.2016.jpg",1981,{"id":620,"source_url":621,"license_code":349,"credit_html":622,"title":623,"description":557,"author":558,"original_width":618,"original_height":624},32553,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=47708818","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=47708818\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite FS.2016 2.jpg",1319,{"id":626,"source_url":627,"license_code":349,"credit_html":628,"title":629,"description":557,"author":558,"original_width":618,"original_height":624},32554,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=47708820","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=47708820\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite FS.2016 3.jpg",{"id":631,"source_url":632,"license_code":349,"credit_html":633,"title":634,"description":557,"author":558,"original_width":635,"original_height":636},32555,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=48019625","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=48019625\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite 1100.5754.jpg",1974,1996,{"id":638,"source_url":639,"license_code":349,"credit_html":640,"title":641,"description":642,"author":558,"original_width":566,"original_height":567},32556,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75818235","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75818235\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite 4.jpg","amesite var. chromian amesite, perovskite : Saranovskii Mine (Saranovskoe), Saranovskaya Village (Sarany), Gornoazavodskii area, Permskaya Oblast’, Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia - amesite up to 6,5 mm",{"id":644,"source_url":645,"license_code":349,"credit_html":646,"title":647,"description":642,"author":558,"original_width":566,"original_height":567},32557,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75818237","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75818237\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite 3.jpg",{"id":649,"source_url":650,"license_code":349,"credit_html":651,"title":652,"description":653,"author":558,"original_width":304,"original_height":654},32558,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76241333","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76241333\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite 5.jpg","amesite var. chromian amesite, perovskite : Saranovskii Mine (Saranovskoe), Saranovskaya Village (Sarany), Gornoazavodskii area, Permskaya Oblast’, Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia - perovskite crystal up to 1 mm",1713,{"id":656,"source_url":657,"license_code":349,"credit_html":658,"title":659,"description":653,"author":558,"original_width":566,"original_height":567},32559,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76241334","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=76241334\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, perovskite 7.jpg",[661,668,673,678,683],{"id":662,"url":663,"label":664,"formula":665,"spacegroup":666,"year":667},10957,"\u002Fcif\u002F10957.cif","Knight 2009","Ca Ti O3","P b n m",2009,{"id":669,"url":670,"label":671,"formula":665,"spacegroup":666,"year":672},10958,"\u002Fcif\u002F10958.cif","Yamanaka 2002 · Ca Ti O3",2002,{"id":674,"url":675,"label":676,"formula":677,"spacegroup":666,"year":672},10959,"\u002Fcif\u002F10959.cif","Yamanaka 2002 · (Ca.75 Sr.25) Ti O3","(Ca.75 Sr.25) Ti O3",{"id":679,"url":680,"label":681,"formula":682,"spacegroup":666,"year":672},10960,"\u002Fcif\u002F10960.cif","Yamanaka 2002 · (Ca.5 Sr.5) Ti O3","(Ca.5 Sr.5) Ti O3",{"id":684,"url":685,"label":686,"formula":687,"spacegroup":666,"year":636},10961,"\u002Fcif\u002F10961.cif","Beran 1996","Ti Ca O3",[689,690,691,692],"Metaperovskite","Perofskite","Perovskite (of Rose)","Uhligite (of Hauser)",[694,698,702,706,710,714,719,723,728,732,736,740,743,749,753,759,763,767,771,775,778,783,790,793,797,800,803,806,810,813,817,821,824,827,831,835,838,842,846,849,852,856,859,862,866,870,873,876,880,884,887,890,893,896],{"lang":695,"names":696},"af",[697],"Perovskiet",{"lang":699,"names":700},"ar",[701],"بيروفسكيت",{"lang":703,"names":704},"ast",[705],"Perovskita",{"lang":707,"names":708},"be",[709],"Пераўскіт",{"lang":711,"names":712},"bg",[713],"Перовскит",{"lang":715,"names":716},"ca",[717,718],"CaTiO3","perovskita",{"lang":720,"names":721},"cs",[722],"perovskit",{"lang":724,"names":725},"de",[726,727],"Perovskit","Perowskit",{"lang":729,"names":730},"el",[731],"Περοβσκίτης",{"lang":733,"names":734},"eo",[735],"Perovskito",{"lang":737,"names":738},"es",[705,739],"Perowskita",{"lang":741,"names":742},"eu",[705],{"lang":744,"names":745},"fa",[746,747,748],"پراوسکیت","پروسکایت","پرووسکایت",{"lang":750,"names":751},"fi",[752],"Perovskiitti",{"lang":754,"names":755},"fr",[756,717,757,758],"37226-56-5","metaperovskite","pérovskite",{"lang":760,"names":761},"ga",[762],"pearóivscít",{"lang":764,"names":765},"he",[766],"פרובסקיט",{"lang":768,"names":769},"hu",[770],"perovszkit",{"lang":772,"names":773},"hy",[774],"Պերովսկիտ",{"lang":776,"names":777},"id",[726],{"lang":779,"names":780},"it",[781,782],"perovskite","perowskite",{"lang":784,"names":785},"ja",[786,787,788,789],"ペロブスカイト","ペロブスキー石","灰チタン石","灰チタン石グループ",{"lang":791,"names":792},"kk",[713],{"lang":794,"names":795},"kk-arab",[796],"پەروۆسكىيت",{"lang":798,"names":799},"kk-cn",[796],{"lang":801,"names":802},"kk-cyrl",[713],{"lang":804,"names":805},"kk-kz",[713],{"lang":807,"names":808},"kk-latn",[809],"Perovskït",{"lang":811,"names":812},"kk-tr",[809],{"lang":814,"names":815},"ko",[816],"페로브스카이트",{"lang":818,"names":819},"lv",[820],"Perovskīts",{"lang":822,"names":823},"mg",[7],{"lang":825,"names":826},"mk",[713],{"lang":828,"names":829},"nb",[830],"perovskitt",{"lang":832,"names":833},"nl",[834],"perovskiet",{"lang":836,"names":837},"nn",[830],{"lang":839,"names":840},"pl",[727,841],"Perowskity",{"lang":843,"names":844},"pt",[718,7,845],"Perowskite",{"lang":847,"names":848},"pt-br",[718,781],{"lang":850,"names":851},"ro",[726],{"lang":853,"names":854},"ru",[855],"перовскит",{"lang":857,"names":858},"sl",[722],{"lang":860,"names":861},"sv",[726],{"lang":863,"names":864},"ta",[865],"பெரோவிசுக்கைட்டு",{"lang":867,"names":868},"uk",[869],"перовськіт",{"lang":871,"names":872},"uz",[726],{"lang":874,"names":875},"vi",[726,7],{"lang":877,"names":878},"zh",[879],"鈣鈦礦",{"lang":881,"names":882},"zh-cn",[883],"钙钛矿",{"lang":885,"names":886},"zh-hans",[883],{"lang":888,"names":889},"zh-hant",[879],{"lang":891,"names":892},"zh-hk",[879],{"lang":894,"names":895},"zh-sg",[883],{"lang":897,"names":898},"zh-tw",[879],"Q409787",{"history":901,"applications":905},{"markdown":902,"model_version":903,"prompt_version":904,"reviewed_at":11},"Few minerals have lent their name to a whole branch of materials science the way perovskite has. The crystal itself is calcium titanate, a dark cube of calcium, titanium and oxygen. The German mineralogist Gustav Rose found it in the Ural Mountains of Russia and described it in 1839[1].\n\nRose named it after Count Lev Perovski, a Russian mineralogist and statesman who lived from 1792 to 1856[2]. Perovski sat in the Ministry of Regions and later led the Appanage Department, the office that managed crown estates. There he pushed the growth of Russian mining and opened several new deposits, and he kept an influential mineral collection of his own[2].\n\nFor nearly a century the mineral was a regional curiosity. That changed when chemists noticed that its atomic arrangement — calcium, a metal, and three oxygens, written ABX₃ — repeats across hundreds of synthetic compounds. The crystallographer Victor Goldschmidt set out the rules governing that arrangement in 1926[3]. The structure was pinned down precisely in 1945, from X-ray work on barium titanate by Helen Megaw[3].\n\nThat arrangement is now called the **perovskite structure**, and the name is applied to the entire class of compounds built the same way[4]. The label has travelled far from the original crystal. Engineered perovskite-structured materials — not the natural mineral — drive today's perovskite solar cells, the barium-titanate capacitors in electronics, and a range of ferroelectrics, materials that hold an electric charge after the field is switched off.\n\nThe deepest reach of the name lies beneath our feet. A magnesium-silicate with the same structure makes up most of Earth's lower mantle, which makes it the most abundant mineral on the planet[5]. For decades it had no formal name, because no one had a natural sample to study; geologists simply called it silicate perovskite. In 2014 a grain of it was finally identified in the shock-melted veins of the Tenham meteorite, and the mineral was named bridgmanite after the high-pressure physicist Percy Bridgman[5].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":906,"model_version":903,"prompt_version":904,"reviewed_at":11},"The natural mineral earns its keep modestly, as a minor ore rather than a headline commodity. Alongside rutile and ilmenite — the two oxides that supply most of the world's titanium — perovskite is worked for the titanium locked in its structure, which is recovered during processing[1].\n\nIts real draw is what often rides along with the titanium. Perovskite is frequently enriched in cerium, niobium, thorium, lanthanum, neodymium and other rare earth metals[2]. Those rare earths — a group of metals prized for magnets, phosphors and batteries — make the mineral worth prospecting where it concentrates[2].\n\nThe clearest commercial case is a close relative. Loparite, a rare-earth member of the perovskite group, is the principal ore of the light rare earth elements in Russia[3]. It is mined on the Kola Peninsula and beneficiated — concentrated by separating it from waste rock — into a 95% loparite concentrate holding about 30% rare-earth oxides[3]. That concentrate is broken down by a chlorination or acid decomposition process. The treatment recovers the rare earths along with titanium, niobium and tantalum[3].\n\nBeyond ore, well-formed perovskite crystals are valued in their own right as mineral specimens for collectors[1]."]