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Biotite-Phlogopite Series. \r\nThe hydroxyl analogue of Fluorophlogopite and the magnesium analogue of Hendricksite. 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· 2(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O,HCl)","Ca\u003Csub>48\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>[AlSi\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>15\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)]\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>·2(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O,HCl)","2.96","3.00",10857,{"id":211,"name":212,"entrytype":9,"csystem":166,"ima_formula":213,"mindat_formula":214,"hmin":168,"hmax":215,"dmeas":216,"dcalc":217,"primary_image_id":218},2254,"Kornerupine","(Mg,Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Al,◻)\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al,B)\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>21\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,F)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al,B)\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>21\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)",7,"3.29","3.288",13557,{"id":220,"name":221,"entrytype":9,"csystem":166,"ima_formula":222,"mindat_formula":222,"hmin":168,"hmax":175,"dmeas":176,"dcalc":223,"primary_image_id":224},2925,"Norbergite","Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.186",70930,{"id":226,"name":227,"entrytype":9,"csystem":181,"ima_formula":228,"mindat_formula":228,"hmin":215,"hmax":198,"dmeas":229,"dcalc":230,"primary_image_id":231},3321,"Pyrope","Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.582","3.563",20279,[233],{"id":234,"name":235,"entrytype":9,"csystem":41,"ima_formula":236,"mindat_formula":236,"hmin":111,"hmax":52,"dmeas":44,"dcalc":237,"primary_image_id":238},4309,"Wonesite","(Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>20\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,F)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.89",28204,[],2595,[242,246,250,254,259,263,268,272,275,280,285,289,293,298,302,307,312,317,321,324,328,332,336,339,344,347,352,357,362,366,371,376,381,385],{"id":243,"year":244,"html":245,"doi":11},16120004,1841,"Breithaupt, J.F.A. (1841) Phengites Phlogopites. in Vollständige Charakteristik des Mineral-Systems 2nd Edition, Arnoldische Buchhandlung (Dresden and Leipzig), 398-399,",{"id":247,"year":248,"html":249,"doi":11},522568,1954,"Levinson, A. A., Heinrich, E. Wm. (1954) Studies in the mica group; single crystal data on phlogopites, biotites, and manganophyllites. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  39 (11-12) 937-945 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM39\u002FAM39_937.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":251,"year":248,"html":252,"doi":253},335411,"Yoder, H.S., Eugster, H.P. (1954) Phlogopite synthesis and stability range. \u003Ci>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\u003C\u002Fi>,  6 (4) 157-185 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0016-7037(54)90049-6'>doi:10.1016\u002F0016-7037(54)90049-6\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0016-7037(54)90049-6",{"id":255,"year":256,"html":257,"doi":258},144350,1957,"Yoder, Hatten S. (1957) Experimental Studies on Micas: A Synthesis. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  6 (1) 42-60 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1957.0060105'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1957.0060105\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1957.0060105",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":11},524031,1964,"Crowley, M. S., Roy, Rustum (1964) Crystalline solubility in the muscovite and phlogopite groups. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  49 (3-4) 348-362 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM49\u002FAM49_348.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":264,"year":265,"html":266,"doi":267},144907,1970,"Chaussidon, J. (1970) Stretching Frequencies of Structural Hydroxyls of Hectorite and K-Depleted Phlogopite as Influenced by Interlayer Cation and Hydration. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (3) 139-149 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1970.0180303'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1970.0180303\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1970.0180303",{"id":269,"year":270,"html":271,"doi":11},526136,1973,"Hazen, Robert M., Burnham, and Charles W. (1973) The crystal structures of one-layer phlogopite and annite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (9-10) 889-900 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM58\u002FAM58_889.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":273,"year":270,"html":274,"doi":11},16114465,"Yoshii, M., Togashi, Y., Maeda, K. (1973) On the intensity changes of basal reflections with relation to barium content in manganoan phlogopite and kinoshitalite. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan: 24: 543-550.",{"id":276,"year":277,"html":278,"doi":279},2669806,1975,"DAWSON, J. B., SMITH, J. V. (1975) Chemistry and origin of phlogopite megacrysts in kimberlite. \u003Ci>Nature\u003C\u002Fi>, 253 (5490). 336-338 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002F253336b0'>doi:10.1038\u002F253336b0\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1038\u002F253336b0",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":284},281699,1976,"Robert, J.-L (1976) Phlogopite solid solutions in the system K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. \u003Ci>Chemical Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  17. 195-212 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0009-2541(76)90035-8'>doi:10.1016\u002F0009-2541(76)90035-8\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0009-2541(76)90035-8",{"id":286,"year":282,"html":287,"doi":288},281700,"Robert, J.-L. (1976) Titanium solubility in synthetic phlogopite solid solutions. \u003Ci>Chemical Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  17. 213-227 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0009-2541(76)90036-x'>doi:10.1016\u002F0009-2541(76)90036-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0009-2541(76)90036-x",{"id":290,"year":291,"html":292,"doi":11},527016,1978,"Hazen, Robert M., Finger, Larry W. (1978) The crystal structures and compressibilities of layer minerals at high pressure. II. Phlogopite and chlorite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (3-4) 293-296 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM63\u002FAM63_293.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":294,"year":295,"html":296,"doi":297},562474,1980,"Evans, S., Raftery, E. (1980) X-ray photoelectron studies of titanium in biotite and phlogopite. \u003Ci>Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (3) 209-217 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1980.015.3.01'>doi:10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1980.015.3.01\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fclaymin.1980.015.3.01",{"id":299,"year":300,"html":301,"doi":11},16145278,1982,"Gaspar, J.C., Wyllie, P.J. (1982) Barium phlogopite from the Jacupiranga carbonatite, Brazil. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  67 (9-10) 997-1000 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM67\u002FAM67_997.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":303,"year":304,"html":305,"doi":306},81676,1984,"Guggenheim, Stephen, Kato, Toshio (1984) Kinoshitalite and Mn phlogopites: Trial refinements in subgroup symmetry and further refinement in ideal symmetry. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Journal\u003C\u002Fi>,  12 (1) 1-5 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2465\u002Fminerj.12.1'>doi:10.2465\u002Fminerj.12.1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2465\u002Fminerj.12.1",{"id":308,"year":309,"html":310,"doi":311},146164,1986,"Knurr, Rick A.; Bailey, S. W. (1986) Refinement of Mn-Substituted Muscovite and Phlogopite. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (1). 7-16 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1986.0340102'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1986.0340102\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1986.0340102",{"id":313,"year":314,"html":315,"doi":316},76052,1987,"Wagner, Christiane, Velde, Danielle, Mokhtari, Abdelkader (1987) Sector-zoned phlogopites in igneous rocks. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (2) 186-191 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00375232'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00375232\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00375232",{"id":318,"year":319,"html":320,"doi":11},528602,1989,"Montana, Art, Brearley, Mark (1989) An appraisal of the stability of phlogopite in the crust and in the mantle. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  74 (1-2) 1-4 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM74\u002FAM74_1.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":322,"year":319,"html":323,"doi":11},528616,"Heathcote, Richard C., Mccormick, George R. (1989) Major-cation substitution in phlogopite and evolution of carbonatite in the Potash Sulphur Springs complex, Garland County, Arkansas. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  74 (1-2) 132-140 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM74\u002FAM74_132.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":325,"year":326,"html":327,"doi":11},529369,1992,"Hiroi, Yoshikuni, Harada-kondo, Hiroko, Ogo, Yoshie (1992) Cuprian manganoan phlogopite in highly oxidized Mineoka siliceous schists from Kamogawa, Boso Peninsula, central Japan. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  77 (9-10) 1099-1106 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM77\u002FAM77_1099.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":329,"year":330,"html":331,"doi":11},16771793,1995,"Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (1995) \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2 part 1 - Silica, Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.",{"id":333,"year":330,"html":334,"doi":335},152289,"Redhammer, G.J.; Dachs, E.; Amthauer, G. (1995) Mössbauer spectroscopic and x-ray powder diffraction studies of synthetic micas on the join annite KFe3AlSi3O10(OH)2-phlogopite KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  22 (5). 282-294 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00202768'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00202768\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00202768",{"id":337,"year":31,"html":338,"doi":11},15949274,"Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardt, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Muller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radoslovich, E.W., Robert, J.L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (3) 905-912 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fuploads\u002FCM36_905.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":340,"year":341,"html":342,"doi":343},394297,2001,"Costa, Fidel, Dungan, Michael A., Singer, Brad S. (2001) Magmatic Na-rich phlogopite in a suite of gabbroic crustal xenoliths from Volcán San Pedro, Chilean Andes: Evidence for a solvus relation between phlogopite and aspidolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  86 (1) 29-35 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2001-0104'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2001-0104\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2001-0104",{"id":345,"year":341,"html":346,"doi":11},16966686,"(2001) Phlogopite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fphlogopite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":348,"year":349,"html":350,"doi":351},78096,2002,"Grégoire, M., Bell, D., Le Roex, A. (2002) Trace element geochemistry of phlogopite-rich mafic mantle xenoliths: their classification and their relationship to phlogopite-bearing peridotites and kimberlites revisited. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  142 (5) 603-625 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0315-8'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0315-8\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0315-8",{"id":353,"year":354,"html":355,"doi":356},395036,2004,"Comodi, P., Fumagalli, P., Montagnoli, M., Zanazzi, P.F. (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  89 (4) 647-653 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0420'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0420\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol89\u002FAM89_647.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0420",{"id":358,"year":359,"html":360,"doi":361},128472,2005,"Brigatti, Maria Franca, Caprilli, Enrico, Funiciello, Renato, Giordano, Guido, Mottana, Annibale, Poppi, Luciano (2005) Crystal chemistry of ferroan phlogopites from the Albano maar lake (Colli Albani volcano, central Italy) \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (4) 611-622 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2005\u002F0017-0611'>doi:10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2005\u002F0017-0611\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2005\u002F0017-0611",{"id":363,"year":359,"html":364,"doi":365},16689,"Redhammer, G. J., Amthauer, G., Lottermoser, W., Bernroider, M., Tippelt, G., Roth, G. (2005) X-ray powder diffraction and 57Fe – Mössbauer spectroscopy of synthetic trioctahedral micas {K}[Me3]⟨TSi3⟩O10(OH)2, Me = Ni2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Fe2+; T = Al3+, Fe3+. \u003Ci>Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  85 (1-2). 89-115 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00710-005-0096-2'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00710-005-0096-2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00710-005-0096-2",{"id":367,"year":368,"html":369,"doi":370},272049,2009,"Laurora, Angela, Malferrari, Daniele, Brigatti, Maria Franca, Mottana, Annibale, Caprilli, Enrico, Giordano, Guido, Funiciello, Renato (2009) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in the top sequences of the Colli Albani volcano, Roman Region, central Italy. \u003Ci>Lithos\u003C\u002Fi>,  113 (3) 507-520 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.lithos.2009.05.030'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.lithos.2009.05.030\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.lithos.2009.05.030",{"id":372,"year":373,"html":374,"doi":375},129171,2012,"Langner, Ramona, Fechtelkord, Michael (2012) Aluminium ordering and clustering in synthetic phlogopite: OH\u002FF influence on the Al-content of phlogopite studied by NMR spectroscopy. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (5) 798-814 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2012\u002F0024-2227'>doi:10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2012\u002F0024-2227\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2012\u002F0024-2227",{"id":377,"year":378,"html":379,"doi":380},15193026,2022,"Sun, Jiaqi, Yang, Yan, Ingrin, Jannick, Wang, Zhongping, Xia, Qunke (2022) Impact of fluorine on the thermal stability of phlogopite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>, 107 (5) 815-825 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8051'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8051\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8051",{"id":382,"year":378,"html":383,"doi":384},16100741,"Aspiotis, Stylianos, Schlüter, Jochen, Redhammer, Günther J., Mihailova, Boriana (2022) Non-destructive determination of the biotite crystal chemistry using Raman spectroscopy: how far we can go? \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (6). 573-590 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-34-573-2022'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-34-573-2022\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-34-573-2022",{"id":386,"year":387,"html":388,"doi":389},17565503,2024,"Dubacq, Benoît, Forshaw, Jacob B. (2024) The composition of metapelitic biotite, white mica, and chlorite: a review with implications for solid-solution models. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (4). 657-685 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-36-657-2024'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-36-657-2024\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-36-657-2024",[391,401,408,417,426,431,439,449,458,466,474,484,491,498,504,513,523,530,539,547,554,560,569,576,584,592,600,609,617,625,633,638,646,651,660,666,675,680,686,693,703,710,717,725,732,741,748,754],{"id":392,"source_url":393,"license_code":394,"credit_html":395,"title":396,"description":397,"author":398,"original_width":399,"original_height":400},19310,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3166717","Public domain","Woudloper, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3166717\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite peridotite.jpg","Phlogopite bearing peridotite. Location: Finero, Ivrea zone, Italian Alps. Collection of the Université de Neuchâtel. Coin of 1 Swiss franc (diameter 23,20 mm) for scale.","Woudloper",1635,1458,{"id":402,"source_url":403,"license_code":404,"credit_html":405,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":406,"original_height":407},30459,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65410","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65410\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,777,{"id":409,"source_url":410,"license_code":394,"credit_html":411,"title":412,"description":413,"author":414,"original_width":415,"original_height":416},73821,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=107760","Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=107760\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite.jpg","A phlogopite crumbled cleavage plate from \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fw\u002Findex.php?title=Templeton&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Templeton (page does not exist)\">Templeton\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuebec\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Quebec\">Quebec\u003C\u002Fa>. Photo taken at the \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fw\u002Findex.php?title=Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Natural History Museum (page does not exist)\">Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLondon\" title=\"London\">London\u003C\u002Fa>.","Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang)",652,626,{"id":418,"source_url":419,"license_code":404,"credit_html":420,"title":421,"description":422,"author":423,"original_width":424,"original_height":425},19311,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7898045","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7898045\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","PhlogopiteMonteSommaIII.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality :  San Vito quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Monte Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size :(View1cm)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",3151,2239,{"id":427,"source_url":428,"license_code":404,"credit_html":429,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":406,"original_height":430},30460,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65381","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65381\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",894,{"id":432,"source_url":433,"license_code":404,"credit_html":434,"title":435,"description":436,"author":423,"original_width":437,"original_height":438},73822,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7878667","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7878667\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","PhlogopiteMonteSoma.jpg","Phlogopite\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Loaclity : San Vito quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Monte Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : (View2.5cm)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3616,2499,{"id":440,"source_url":441,"license_code":442,"credit_html":443,"title":444,"description":445,"author":446,"original_width":447,"original_height":448},19312,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10465443","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10465443\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-t07-97b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKiran\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kiran\">Kiran\u003C\u002Fa>, Koksha Valley (Kokscha; Kokcha), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBadakhshan_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Badakhshan Province\">Badakhshan (Badakshan; Badahsan) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-159196.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 10.3 x 6.7 x 4.8 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Gem Mica var. Phlogopite in marble\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Two hundred years ago they used crystals and sheets of mica that were large and transparent, that they were used as window panes in homes. Although this crystal does not have size, it is totally transparent. This crystal, measuring 3.5 cm in length, has outstanding luster, great form, and exhibits a lovely, golden color. To top it off, the matrix of massive, white, calcite nicely contrasts with the phlogopite. BEAUTIFUL example of gem mica!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",473,800,{"id":450,"source_url":451,"license_code":442,"credit_html":452,"title":453,"description":454,"author":455,"original_width":456,"original_height":457},19314,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21697872","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21697872\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite 3.JPG","mica var. phlogopite : Ladjuar Medam (Lajur Madan ; Lapis-lazuli Mine ; Lapis-lazuli deposit), Sar-e Sang (Sar Sang ; Sary Sang), Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley ; Kokcha Valley), Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts, Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province ; Badahsan Province), Afghanistan - 15 mm, 11 mm","Géry PARENT",4288,2848,{"id":459,"source_url":460,"license_code":442,"credit_html":461,"title":462,"description":463,"author":446,"original_width":464,"original_height":465},73824,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10132099","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10132099\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-44413.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuebec\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quebec\">Québec\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14009.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An ANTIQUE, hexagonal, CABINET phologpite cleavage with a yellowed George English label affixed to the back from Quebec, Canada. The highly lustrous faces are a mottled-brown. George English was a prominent worldwide dealer and mineralogist, who lived from 1864-1944. The label dates from the 1890s. See the Mineralogical Record article in the Vol. 10, No. 4, July-August, 1979. Ex Frank Edwards Collection. 10.7 x 9.4 x 1.0 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",550,543,{"id":467,"source_url":468,"license_code":442,"credit_html":469,"title":470,"description":471,"author":446,"original_width":472,"original_height":473},73825,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146959","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10146959\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-157609.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Koksha Valley (Kokscha; Kokcha), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBadakhshan_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Badakhshan Province\">Badakhshan (Badakshan; Badahsan) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6990.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.2 x 4.5 x 4.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Gem quality Mica species are very difficult to obtain from any locality. The gem Phlogopites from Afghanistan that came on the market a few years ago are some of the best quality crystals for the species that I have seen. This particular crystal is a very sharp, highly lustrous, deep honey color, GEM quality, hexagonal crystal on white marble matrix. The quality of the Phlogopite is very good for this locality, and these specimens are not nearly as obtainable as they were just a few years ago. Ex. Richard Kosnar Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",623,432,{"id":475,"source_url":476,"license_code":477,"credit_html":478,"title":479,"description":480,"author":481,"original_width":482,"original_height":483},19316,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86726531","CC BY 4.0","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86726531\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite Mogok MNHN Minéralogie.jpg","Phlogopite from Mogok, Myanmar. Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris.","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",4000,2666,{"id":485,"source_url":486,"license_code":477,"credit_html":487,"title":488,"description":489,"author":481,"original_width":490,"original_height":490},19317,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=87318178","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=87318178\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite Ampandrandava MNHN Minéralogie.jpg","Phlogopite from the Ampandrandava mine in Tuléar province, Madagascar. Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris",4500,{"id":492,"source_url":493,"license_code":442,"credit_html":494,"title":495,"description":496,"author":446,"original_width":497,"original_height":448},73826,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162838","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162838\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-225150.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFranklin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Franklin\">Franklin\u003C\u002Fa>, Franklin Mining District, Sussex County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_Jersey\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New Jersey\">New Jersey\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6772.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.6 x 5.1 x 4.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Most phlogopite I have seen from here is ugly, although they have fantastic barrel-shaped form. This specimen is a really typical Franklin specimen in form, and has some gemminess about the edges too. The crystal is complete all around.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",688,{"id":499,"source_url":500,"license_code":442,"credit_html":501,"title":502,"description":454,"author":503,"original_width":456,"original_height":457},73828,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21697870","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21697870\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite 1.JPG","Parent Géry",{"id":505,"source_url":506,"license_code":404,"credit_html":507,"title":508,"description":509,"author":510,"original_width":511,"original_height":512},73835,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83082870","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83082870\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 202387 photo (g27 g27-750 1 jpg).jpg","\"flogopiit\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65407\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F202387\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Mai Seppel",2618,1654,{"id":514,"source_url":515,"license_code":516,"credit_html":517,"title":518,"description":519,"author":520,"original_width":521,"original_height":522},73836,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97564982","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97564982\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite mica in marble (Franklin Marble, Mesoproterozoic, 1.03-1.08 Ga; Franklin, New Jersey, USA) 2.jpg","Phlogopite mica (= brown mass at upper right) in marble from the Precambrian of New Jersey, USA.\n\u003Cp>Significant zinc ore bodies in the Franklin Marble of Mesoproterozoic age have been mined in northern New Jersey, USA for many decades.  Zinc ores from the Sterling Hill and Franklin areas of New Jersey are dominated by red zincite (ZnO - zinc oxide) and black franklinite ((Zn,Fe)Fe2O4 - zinc iron oxide).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The New Jersey zincite-franklinite bodies are traditionally considered as skarn deposits - the result of contact metamorphism of Cambro-Ordovician limestones by igneous intrusions.  Elsewhere, igneous intrusion of limestones does result in the formation of odd mineral suites by contact metamorphism.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>However, these zinc ores do not appear to be skarn deposits.  Their exact origin is still debated in the literature, but published research suggests that the zinc ore bodies were originally Zn-rich metalliferous sediments deposited in the margin of a marine basin.  The marine basin was subsequently metamorphosed by subduction during the Grenville Orogeny (1.03-1.08 billion years ago) and became enclosed in marble host rocks by inverse diapirism.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In addition to their economic geologic significance, the rocks and minerals from the Franklin and Sterling Hill zinc orebodies of New Jersey are famous for their gorgeous fluorescent colors under ultraviolet (UV) light.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In addition to franklinite and zincite, which don't fluoresce, many rocks from the New Jersey zinc mines are rich in calcite (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate), plus some willemite (Zn2SiO4 - zinc silicate), both of which fluoresce.  Under normal light, the calcite is whitish-grayish in color.  Under UV light, manganiferous calcite will fluoresce an intense orangish-red color.  Willemite varies considerably in normal light, but is usually light brown to peachy-colored in New Jersey zinc ores.   Under UV light, willemite will always have an intense greenish fluorescence.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Franklin Marble, Mesoproterozoic, 1.03-1.08 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: unrecorded site at or near the town of Franklin (likely a zinc mine), east-central Sussex County, northern New Jersey, USA","James St. John",1669,1221,{"id":524,"source_url":525,"license_code":442,"credit_html":526,"title":527,"description":528,"author":446,"original_width":529,"original_height":473},23929,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150233","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150233\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-172133.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKalu_Khan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kalu Khan\">Kalu Khan\u003C\u002Fa>, Koksha Valley (Kokscha; Kokcha), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBadakhshan_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Badakhshan Province\">Badakhshan (Badakshan; Badahsan) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-188785.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.5 x 5.7 x 4.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Gem quality Mica species are very difficult to obtain from any locality. The gem Phlogopites from Afghanistan that came on the market a few years ago are some of the best quality crystals for the species that I have seen. This particular crystal is a very sharp, highly lustrous, deep honey color, GEM quality crystal measuring 1.3 cm on white marble matrix. Ex. Richard Kosnar Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",360,{"id":531,"source_url":532,"license_code":442,"credit_html":533,"title":534,"description":535,"author":536,"original_width":537,"original_height":538},52897,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146811638","HolDu, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146811638\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dysanalyt, Phlogopit (OM1-382A).JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDysanalyte\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dysanalyte\">Dysanalyte\u003C\u002Fa> (variety of Perovskite), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Badloch, Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","HolDu",4591,3596,{"id":540,"source_url":541,"license_code":516,"credit_html":542,"title":543,"description":544,"author":520,"original_width":545,"original_height":546},1891,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657443","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657443\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite leucite lamproite lava (Ellendale Center No. 5, Lower Miocene, 19-22 Ma; Ellendale Lamproite Field, northeastern Canning Basin, northern Western Australia) 2 (14850744068).jpg","\u003Cp>Phlogopite leucite lamproite lava from the Miocene of Australia (field of view ~3.5 cm across).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Kimberlites and lamproites have tremendous economic importance because they are host rocks for gem-grade and industrial-grade diamonds.  Kimberlites & lamproites are unusual igneous bodies having overall pipe-shaped geometries.  Their mode of formation is only moderately understood because they have not been observed forming.  Kimberlites & lamproites are known from scattered localities throughout the world - only some are significantly diamondiferous.  Classic localities for diamonds are India and Brazil.  Africa was also discovered to have many kimberlites and is world-famous for producing large numbers of diamonds.  Other notable diamondiferous kimberlite-lamproite occurrences include Russia, China, northwestern Australia, and northwestern Canada.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Kimberlites are named for the town of Kimberley, South Africa.  Several kimberlite pipes occur in the Kimberley area.  Kimberlites have a gently tapering-downward, pipe-shaped cross-section.  Lamproites have a cross-section more closely resembling that of a martini glass.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Western Australia's Ellendale Lamproite Field contains diamondiferous lamproite intrusions.  Interestingly, lamproite lava (= extrusive lamproite) is associated with some of the Ellendale lamproite bodies.  Lamproite lava is a rare rock type (ordinary intrusive lamproite pipes themselves are also rare).  The rock shown here is a lamproite lava sample that's gorgeous in a way that the photo can't convey.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The unweathered matrix is light gray-brown, and the large phenocrysts (black-looking or dark brown-looking or sparkly white in the photos below) are intensely lustrous golden-brown phlogopite mica crystals (ideally KMg3(Si3Al)O10(F,OH)2 - potassium-magnesium hydroxy-fluoro-aluminosilicate).  Many of them display well-defined hexagonal crystal structures.  I'm not exactly sure about the mineral content of the matrix - it possibly has titanate minerals (having TiO3) or armalcolite ((Mg,Fe,Al)(Ti,Fe)2O5).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThis rock comes from the Ellendale Center No. 5, a subcommercially diamondiferous lamproite body in the Ellendale Lamproite Field, northeastern margin of the Canning Basin, Kimberley, northern Western Australia.  This Ellendale lamproite lava is Early Miocene in age (19-22 Ma).",3008,2000,{"id":548,"source_url":549,"license_code":404,"credit_html":550,"title":551,"description":552,"author":455,"original_width":553,"original_height":179},10949,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783826","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783826\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite, haüyne, pyrite 1.jpg","mica var. phlogopite, haüyne, pyrite : Ladjuar Medam (Lajur Madan ; Lapis-lazuli Mine ; Lapis-lazuli deposit), Sar-e Sang (Sar Sang ; Sary Sang), Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley ; Kokcha Valley), Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts, Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province ; Badahsan Province), Afghanistan",1981,{"id":555,"source_url":556,"license_code":442,"credit_html":557,"title":558,"description":559,"author":503,"original_width":456,"original_height":457},19313,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19699882","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19699882\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis, phlogopite, calcite.jpg","crystals of corundum var. ruby, crystals of mica var. phlogopite, calcite : Jegdalek (Jagdalek ; Jagdalak ; Jagdalik) ruby deposit, Surobi District (Sorobi District), Kabol Province (Kabul Province), Afghanistan",{"id":561,"source_url":562,"license_code":394,"credit_html":563,"title":564,"description":565,"author":566,"original_width":567,"original_height":568},73823,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8557087","Andrew Silver, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8557087\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite - USGS Mineral Specimens 137.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa> (pen for scale) - Mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah - No BYU index, KMg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>[(OH,F)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>|(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>]","Andrew Silver",1400,1050,{"id":570,"source_url":571,"license_code":442,"credit_html":572,"title":573,"description":559,"author":503,"original_width":574,"original_height":575},19315,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21699970","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21699970\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis, phlogopite, calcite 1.jpg",4044,2800,{"id":577,"source_url":578,"license_code":442,"credit_html":579,"title":580,"description":581,"author":446,"original_width":582,"original_height":583},21572,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10152657","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10152657\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sapphirine-Phlogopite-180018.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sapphirine\">Sapphirine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnosy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Anosy\">Anosy (Fort Dauphin) Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Tuléar (Toliara) Province, Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5856.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.8 x 4.2 x 2.9 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Matrix crystals to 1.5 cm on a nice-sized matrix of this rare Madagascar mineral. Ex. Martin Zinn Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,452,{"id":585,"source_url":586,"license_code":442,"credit_html":587,"title":588,"description":589,"author":446,"original_width":590,"original_height":591},21573,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171531","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171531\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sapphirine-Phlogopite-275022.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sapphirine\">Sapphirine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAndroy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Androy\">Androy Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Tuléar (Toliara) Province, Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-157727.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.4 x 5.9 x 3.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Sapphirine is a rare silicate, named for the blue color allusion and shape of sapphire. Sharp, moderately lustrous, indigo-blue sapphirine crystals to 1.2 cm are richly scattered on both sides of the quartz-rich pegmatite matrix and are nicely accented with pearlescent, honey-brown phlogopite books. This is a highly representative, larger and extremely rich example of the rare species in combination and locale.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",492,639,{"id":593,"source_url":594,"license_code":442,"credit_html":595,"title":596,"description":597,"author":446,"original_width":598,"original_height":599},21568,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453271","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453271\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-Sapphirine-Scapolite-mrz149b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sapphirine\">Sapphirine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FScapolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Scapolite\">Scapolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAndroy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Androy\">Androy Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Tuléar (Toliara) Province, Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-157727.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.1 x 3.4 x 3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Sapphirine with Phlogopite and Scapolite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Sapphirine is rarely found in such sharp, nicely formed crystals as from these recent discoveries in Madagascar. This is an exceptional piece that was valued at $1200 to me, in the collection. The major crystal is 2.5 cm long and doubly-terminated. It is sharp and waxy in lustre. Smaller crystals are all over the backside. Overall, its not so ugly as you normally would get for the species...in fact, its ALMOST pretty! And I am sure it is a very fine one, but I lowered the price a bit anyhow.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,330,{"id":601,"source_url":602,"license_code":394,"credit_html":603,"title":604,"description":605,"author":606,"original_width":607,"original_height":608},70929,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15202147","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15202147\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tremolite, Phlogopite-166598.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTremolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tremolite\">Tremolite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa> (Size: 3.5 cm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Franklin Quarry (Moses Bigelow Quarry; Farber Quarry), Franklin, Franklin Mining District, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> The width of the xl is 3.5 cm. Found ca 1995. This is a complete xl. It fluoresces fairly bright white with a slight blueish tinge. Much larger xls have been found in this quarry. The phlogopite is just some brown cleavages on the lhs. Some of the tremolite from this quarry fluoresceses intense blue white. The quarry is also noted for very brightly fluorescent norbergite\u002Fchondrodite and fine \"uvite\" (tourmaline group).\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Modris Baum",632,720,{"id":610,"source_url":611,"license_code":442,"credit_html":612,"title":613,"description":614,"author":503,"original_width":615,"original_height":616},73827,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17975514","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17975514\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lazurite et phlogopite sur calcite (Sar-e-Sang, Koksha Valley, Badakshan - Afghanistan) 2.jpg","lazurite, pyrite, mica var. phlogopite, calcite : Sar-e-Sang (Sar Sang ; Sary Sang), Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley ; Kokcha Valley), Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts, Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province ; Badahsan Province),  Afghanistan",3804,2470,{"id":618,"source_url":619,"license_code":442,"credit_html":620,"title":621,"description":622,"author":455,"original_width":623,"original_height":624},73829,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25206157","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25206157\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite, lazurite, calcite 6.jpeg","mica var. phlogopite, lazurite, calcite : Sar-e Sang (Sar Sang ; Sary Sang), Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley ; Kokcha Valley), Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts, Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province ; Badahsan Province), Afghanistan",3666,2765,{"id":626,"source_url":627,"license_code":442,"credit_html":628,"title":629,"description":630,"author":455,"original_width":631,"original_height":632},73830,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31263954","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31263954\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis, phlogopite, pyrite, calcite 300-4-2274.JPG","crystals of corundum var. ruby, crystals of mica var. phlogopite, crystals of pyrite, crystals of calcite : All Abad, Hunza Valley, Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas), Pakistan - crystal : 14 mm",3997,2648,{"id":634,"source_url":635,"license_code":442,"credit_html":636,"title":637,"description":614,"author":503,"original_width":456,"original_height":457},73831,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32213396","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32213396\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lazurite, pyrite, phlogopite, calcite 300-4-4974.JPG",{"id":639,"source_url":640,"license_code":404,"credit_html":641,"title":642,"description":643,"author":455,"original_width":644,"original_height":645},73832,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090155","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090155\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, phlogopite, quartz 7100.0206.jpg","beryl var. emerald, mica var. phlogopite, quartz : Carnaiba Mine District, Pindobaçu, Campo Formoso ultramafic complex, Bahia, Brazil",1326,1988,{"id":647,"source_url":648,"license_code":404,"credit_html":649,"title":650,"description":643,"author":455,"original_width":645,"original_height":644},73833,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090160","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41090160\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Émeraude, phlogopite, quartz 7100.0129.jpg",{"id":652,"source_url":653,"license_code":477,"credit_html":654,"title":655,"description":656,"author":657,"original_width":658,"original_height":659},73834,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80461926","Dguendel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=80461926\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Freiberg, Terra mineralia, Phlogopit.JPG","Freiberg, Terra mineralia, phlogopite,  location: Sar-e-Sang, Afghanistan","Dguendel",2531,2606,{"id":661,"source_url":662,"license_code":516,"credit_html":663,"title":664,"description":665,"author":520,"original_width":545,"original_height":546},1892,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657444","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83657444\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite leucite lamproite lava (Ellendale Center No. 5, Lower Miocene, 19-22 Ma; Ellendale Lamproite Field, northeastern Canning Basin, northern Western Australia) 1 (15034287211).jpg","\u003Cp>Phlogopite leucite lamproite lava from the Miocene of Australia (field of view ~7.5 cm across).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Kimberlites and lamproites have tremendous economic importance because they are host rocks for gem-grade and industrial-grade diamonds.  Kimberlites & lamproites are unusual igneous bodies having overall pipe-shaped geometries.  Their mode of formation is only moderately understood because they have not been observed forming.  Kimberlites & lamproites are known from scattered localities throughout the world - only some are significantly diamondiferous.  Classic localities for diamonds are India and Brazil.  Africa was also discovered to have many kimberlites and is world-famous for producing large numbers of diamonds.  Other notable diamondiferous kimberlite-lamproite occurrences include Russia, China, northwestern Australia, and northwestern Canada.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Kimberlites are named for the town of Kimberley, South Africa.  Several kimberlite pipes occur in the Kimberley area.  Kimberlites have a gently tapering-downward, pipe-shaped cross-section.  Lamproites have a cross-section more closely resembling that of a martini glass.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Western Australia's Ellendale Lamproite Field contains diamondiferous lamproite intrusions.  Interestingly, lamproite lava (= extrusive lamproite) is associated with some of the Ellendale lamproite bodies.  Lamproite lava is a rare rock type (ordinary intrusive lamproite pipes themselves are also rare).  The rock shown here is a lamproite lava sample that's gorgeous in a way that the photo can't convey.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The unweathered matrix is light gray-brown, and the large phenocrysts (black-looking or dark brown-looking or sparkly white in the photos below) are intensely lustrous golden-brown phlogopite mica crystals (ideally KMg3(Si3Al)O10(F,OH)2 - potassium-magnesium hydroxy-fluoro-aluminosilicate).  Many of them display well-defined hexagonal crystal structures.  I'm not exactly sure about the mineral content of the matrix - it possibly has titanate minerals (having TiO3) or armalcolite ((Mg,Fe,Al)(Ti,Fe)2O5).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThis rock comes from the Ellendale Center No. 5, a subcommercially diamondiferous lamproite body in the Ellendale Lamproite Field, northeastern margin of the Canning Basin, Kimberley, northern Western Australia.  This Ellendale lamproite lava is Early Miocene in age (19-22 Ma).",{"id":667,"source_url":668,"license_code":442,"credit_html":669,"title":670,"description":671,"author":672,"original_width":673,"original_height":674},3994,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64203735","Pavel M. Kartashov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64203735\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bromellite, Phenakite, Chrysoberyl, Phlogopite-151158.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBromellite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bromellite\">Bromellite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhenakite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phenakite\">Phenakite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChrysoberyl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chrysoberyl\">Chrysoberyl\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Specimen size: 8 cm x 5 cm x 3 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Malyshevskaya pit, Malyshevskoe deposit (Mariinskoe), Izumrudnye Kopi area, Malyshevo, Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Agregate of large cm-size transparent, colourless and slightly yellowish crystals of bromellite cemented by white, granular, sugar-like phenakite masse. This agregate divided from phlogopite shist by crust of olive-green crystaline chrysoberyl. Collected in 2000. Pavel M. Kartashov collection (#2050) and photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Pavel M. Kartashov",772,617,{"id":676,"source_url":677,"license_code":442,"credit_html":678,"title":679,"description":671,"author":672,"original_width":673,"original_height":674},3995,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64203737","Pavel M. Kartashov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64203737\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Bromellite, Phenakite, Chrysoberyl, Phlogopite-151159.jpg",{"id":681,"source_url":682,"license_code":404,"credit_html":683,"title":684,"description":552,"author":455,"original_width":546,"original_height":685},10948,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783825","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=56783825\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite, haüyne, pyrite.jpg",1202,{"id":687,"source_url":688,"license_code":442,"credit_html":689,"title":690,"description":691,"author":503,"original_width":692,"original_height":457},14176,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15064506","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15064506\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lazurite, mica var. phlogopite et pyrite (Afghanistan).jpg","cristaux de lazurite, cristaux de mica var. phlogopite et cristaux de pyrite",3696,{"id":694,"source_url":695,"license_code":696,"credit_html":697,"title":698,"description":699,"author":700,"original_width":701,"original_height":702},15138,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476431","CC0 1.0","Shannon Heinle, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476431\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Magnetoplumbite and phlogopite (GeoDIL number - 350).jpg","This sample is mostly phlogopite (brown biotite flakes), but includes some magnetoplumbite, Pb(Fe,Mn)12O19. The magnetoplumbite, one of only a few highly magnetic minerals, is in the form of small black grains. White calcite can also be seen.","Shannon Heinle",1824,1448,{"id":704,"source_url":705,"license_code":442,"credit_html":706,"title":707,"description":708,"author":446,"original_width":598,"original_height":709},21574,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453337","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453337\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-Sapphirine-mrz192b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sapphirine\">Sapphirine\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnosy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Anosy\">Anosy (Fort Dauphin) Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Tuléar (Toliara) Province, Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5856.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.8 x 4.2 x 2.9 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Sapphirine with Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Matrix crystals to 1.5 cm on a nice-sized matrix of this rare Madagascar mineral.This locality produces what are often considered the best of the species. The matrix is a bit friable, so this has been lightly stabilized with a few drops of glue\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",378,{"id":711,"source_url":712,"license_code":442,"credit_html":713,"title":714,"description":715,"author":503,"original_width":716,"original_height":457},23930,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22204358","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22204358\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaze, phlogopite, cleavelandite.jpeg","crystals of topaz, crystals of mica var. phlogopite, crystals of albite var. cleavelandite : Ghundao hill, Katlang, Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province), Pakistan",3825,{"id":718,"source_url":719,"license_code":404,"credit_html":720,"title":721,"description":722,"author":723,"original_width":724,"original_height":373},49657,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128073682","Reinhard Kraasch, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128073682\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopit mit Apatit und Enstatit (RK 2206 P1880978).jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Phlogopit\">Phlogopit\u003C\u002Fa> mit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FApatit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Apatit\">Apatit\u003C\u002Fa> und \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEnstatit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Enstatit\">Enstatit\u003C\u002Fa> aus Ödegarden, Bamble, Norwegen – ausgestellt im \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMineralogisches_Museum_W%C3%BCrzburg\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Mineralogisches Museum Würzburg\">Mineralogischen Museum Würzburg\u003C\u002Fa>","Reinhard Kraasch",2688,{"id":726,"source_url":727,"license_code":442,"credit_html":728,"title":729,"description":730,"author":446,"original_width":464,"original_height":731},60211,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149997","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149997\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrochlore-Vesuvianite-Phlogopite-171774.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrochlore\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrochlore\">Pyrochlore\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVesuvianite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Vesuvianite\">Vesuvianite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Oka complex, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOka\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Oka\">Oka\u003C\u002Fa>, Deux-Montagnes RCM, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLaurentides\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Laurentides\">Laurentides\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuebec\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quebec\">Québec\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-604.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.0 x 5.1 x 3.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Pyrochlore is an uncommon niobium oxide, found in unusual igneous rocks, such as nepheline syenites and carbonatites, and some granitic pegmatites. The Oka area hosts a classic carbonatite complex. A pink paper arrow points to a 7 mm, sharp, lustrous and partially gemmy, reddish-brown, octahedral pyrochlore crystal jauntily perched on the edge of pearl-white strontium calcite matrix. Lustrous, olive-green vesuvianite crystals and a couple of black phlogopite mica books are a nice contrast to the matrix. Accompanied by an old John Albanese label dating from 1953-1968. Ex. George Elling Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",495,{"id":733,"source_url":734,"license_code":394,"credit_html":735,"title":736,"description":737,"author":738,"original_width":739,"original_height":740},75490,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465283","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465283\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Phlogopite-845677.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 2.7 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Coal Creek, Big Lue Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Black pseudobrookites and brown phlogopite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Jerry Cone",3123,2928,{"id":742,"source_url":743,"license_code":442,"credit_html":744,"title":745,"description":746,"author":446,"original_width":747,"original_height":582},78074,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10152650","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10152650\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sapphirine-Phlogopite-Scapolite-180012.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphirine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sapphirine\">Sapphirine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FScapolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Scapolite\">Scapolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAndroy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Androy\">Androy Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Tuléar (Toliara) Province, Madagascar (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-157727.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.1 x 3.4 x 3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Sapphirine is rarely found in such sharp, nicely formed crystals as from these recent discoveries in Madagascar. The major crystal is 2.5 cm long and doubly-terminated. It is sharp and waxy in lustre. Smaller crystals are all over the backside. Ex. Martin Zinn Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",556,{"id":749,"source_url":750,"license_code":442,"credit_html":751,"title":752,"description":597,"author":446,"original_width":753,"original_height":598},78075,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453272","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453272\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-Sapphirine-Scapolite-mrz149c.jpg",317,{"id":755,"source_url":756,"license_code":442,"credit_html":757,"title":758,"description":708,"author":446,"original_width":582,"original_height":583},78076,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453336","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453336\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Phlogopite-Sapphirine-mrz192a.jpg",[760,767,773,778,783],{"id":761,"url":762,"label":763,"formula":764,"spacegroup":765,"year":766},11058,"\u002Fcif\u002F11058.cif","Schingaro 2013","K.92 Na.04 Mg2.28 Fe.36 Al1.15 Ti.27 Cr.05 Ni.01 Si2.88 O11.97 F.03 H1.32","P 31 1 2",2013,{"id":768,"url":769,"label":770,"formula":771,"spacegroup":772,"year":373},11059,"\u002Fcif\u002F11059.cif","Scordari 2012 · (K.94 Na.05 Ba.01) Mg2.23 Fe.41 Cr.02 Ti.32 Al1.11 Si2.91 O11.76 H1.22 F.02","(K.94 Na.05 Ba.01) Mg2.23 Fe.41 Cr.02 Ti.32 Al1.11 Si2.91 O11.76 H1.22 F.02","C 1 2\u002Fc 1",{"id":774,"url":775,"label":776,"formula":777,"spacegroup":772,"year":373},11060,"\u002Fcif\u002F11060.cif","Scordari 2012 · K.94 Na.04 Ba.01 Mg2.16 Fe.42 Cr.02 Ti.33 Al1.09 Si2.96 O11.83 H1.15 F.02","K.94 Na.04 Ba.01 Mg2.16 Fe.42 Cr.02 Ti.33 Al1.09 Si2.96 O11.83 H1.15 F.02",{"id":779,"url":780,"label":781,"formula":782,"spacegroup":772,"year":373},11061,"\u002Fcif\u002F11061.cif","Scordari 2012 · K.93 Na.04 Ba.01 Mg2.23 Fe.4 Cr.02 Ti.32 Al1.12 Si2.91 O11.74 H1.24 F.02","K.93 Na.04 Ba.01 Mg2.23 Fe.4 Cr.02 Ti.32 Al1.12 Si2.91 O11.74 H1.24 F.02",{"id":784,"url":785,"label":786,"formula":787,"spacegroup":772,"year":373},11062,"\u002Fcif\u002F11062.cif","Scordari 2012 · K.94 Na.04 Ba.01 Mg2 Fe.58 Ti.4 Al1.09 Si2.93 O11.98 H F.02","K.94 Na.04 Ba.01 Mg2 Fe.58 Ti.4 Al1.09 Si2.93 O11.98 H F.02",[789,790,791,792,793,794,795],"Bronze Mica","Brown Mica","Hydroxyl-Phlogopite","Magnesia Mica","Magnesiaglimmer","Magnesian Biotite","Rhombic Mica",[797,801,805,809,813,817,820,824,828,833,838,842,845,849,853,857,861,865,870,873,877,881,886,889,892,895,898,901,905,909,912,916],{"lang":798,"names":799},"ar",[800],"فلوغوبيت",{"lang":802,"names":803},"az",[804],"Floqopit",{"lang":806,"names":807},"ca",[808],"flogopita",{"lang":810,"names":811},"cs",[812],"flogopit",{"lang":814,"names":815},"de",[816],"Phlogopit",{"lang":818,"names":819},"es",[808],{"lang":821,"names":822},"et",[823],"flogopiit",{"lang":825,"names":826},"eu",[827],"Flogopita",{"lang":829,"names":830},"fa",[831,832],"فلوگپیت","فلوگوپیت",{"lang":834,"names":835},"fr",[836,837],"Mica bronzé","phlogopite",{"lang":839,"names":840},"ga",[841],"flogóipít",{"lang":843,"names":844},"gl",[827],{"lang":846,"names":847},"he",[848],"פלוגופיט",{"lang":850,"names":851},"it",[852],"Flogopite",{"lang":854,"names":855},"ja",[856],"金雲母",{"lang":858,"names":859},"ka",[860],"ფლოგოპიტი",{"lang":862,"names":863},"kk",[864],"Флогопит",{"lang":866,"names":867},"ko",[868,869],"금운모","마그네슘 운모",{"lang":871,"names":872},"ky",[864],{"lang":874,"names":875},"mk",[876],"флогопит",{"lang":878,"names":879},"nb",[880],"flogopitt",{"lang":882,"names":883},"nl",[884,885],"flogopiet","Phlogopiet",{"lang":887,"names":888},"nn",[880],{"lang":890,"names":891},"pl",[812],{"lang":893,"names":894},"pt",[808,852],{"lang":896,"names":897},"ru",[876],{"lang":899,"names":900},"sr",[876],{"lang":902,"names":903},"sv",[904],"Flogopit",{"lang":906,"names":907},"uk",[908],"флогопіт",{"lang":910,"names":911},"uz",[904],{"lang":913,"names":914},"zh",[915],"金云母",{"lang":917,"names":918},"zh-hant",[856],"Q422977",{"history":921,"applications":925},{"markdown":922,"model_version":923,"prompt_version":924,"reviewed_at":11},"The name **phlogopite** comes from the Greek *phlogopós* — \"fire-like\" or \"of flaming appearance\" — and points at the coppery, amber sheen of the cleavage flakes when light catches them edge-on[1]. The early specimens were noticeably red-tinted, and that reddish cast is what the namers had in mind[2].\n\nThe name was coined in 1841 by the German mineralogist Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt, who singled out the magnesium-rich, iron-poor end of the dark-mica spectrum as a species in its own right[2]. Until then, the brown and black sheet-silicates of the mica family had been lumped together under the older name **biotite**. Phlogopite was the pale, magnesian sibling — different enough in chemistry and origin to deserve its own label.\n\nThe boundary between phlogopite and biotite stayed fuzzy for the next century and a half. In 1998 the International Mineralogical Association settled it. Biotite, until then treated as a mineral species, was reclassified as a series name covering several end-members. Phlogopite was kept on as the magnesium end of that series[3]. Below that line the dark micas are properly biotite-series; the name phlogopite is reserved for the magnesium pole.","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":926,"model_version":923,"prompt_version":924,"reviewed_at":11},"Phlogopite is the heat-tolerant member of the mica family, and most of what industry does with it follows from that one property. The sheets stay stable to around 900 °C — well above the limit of muscovite, the more familiar transparent mica — and that ceiling defines the markets[1].\n\nThe largest current use is as an insulator in high-temperature electrical equipment. In the commutator of a direct-current motor or generator — the ring of copper segments that the brushes ride against to deliver current — phlogopite separates one segment from the next[2]. It is chosen there because it wears at the same rate as the copper. A worn brush meets a flat surface rather than a stepped one[2]. The same sheets back the resistance wire — Kanthal or Nichrome — in industrial heating elements[1].\n\nAbove the rolled-sheet market sits a second product: **mica paper**, made by pulping mica flakes and re-felting them into rolls. Phlogopite paper is rated to roughly 750–850 °C and is wrapped around the conductors of high-voltage motors, generators and transformers as their primary insulation[3].\n\nGround phlogopite is sold as a functional filler in plastics, rubber and paint. It adds heat resistance and dimensional stability to the matrix. A single mica flake is also wide enough to interrupt sound and vibration, which is why automotive interior parts often carry mica as a light-weight insulator[1]. The same flakes turn up as extenders in coatings, where the platy shape improves barrier behaviour.\n\nTransparent sheets of phlogopite are still cut for sight-glasses in furnaces, boilers and kerosene heaters. The mica shatters less readily than glass under steep temperature gradients[1].\n\nIn diamond exploration, phlogopite is one of the indicator minerals geologists sample to trace kimberlite and lamproite intrusions — the rare volcanic pipes that bring diamonds up from the deep mantle. It travels in those magmas alongside pyrope garnet, chrome diopside and ilmenite[4]. It is a more reliable indicator in kimberlites than in lamproites, where the traditional markers thin out and phlogopite is one of the few that remain[4]."]