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(1988).","(Mg,Fe,Ca)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",[19,20,21,22,23],"Ca","Fe","Mg","Si","O",[19,20,21,22,23],",Ti,Al,Mn,Na,K,H2O,","14.23.1",[28,29],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1900","9","D","A","10","65","1","4","Monoclinic",5,14,"P1 21\u002Fc 1 ","9.7","8.95","5.24","0","108.59",6,"Vitreous,Dull","greyish white","Black, brown, greenish brown",[52,53,54,55],"black","brown","green","gray",[55,57],"white","Distinct\u002FGood","Biaxial","+","1.683","1.722","1.684","1.704","1.752","26","32",1.683,1.752,"weak to distinct","Pyroxene Group, Clinopyroxene Subgroup. \r\n\r\nA high-temperature mineral, forming mostly above 900°C, and with slow cooling tends to invert to a mixture of augite and orthopyroxene. Thus it is mostly restricted to volcanic and subvolcanic rocks like basa...","Named in 1900 by Alexander N. Winchell for the type locality of Pigeon Point, Minnesota, USA.","2025-08-11 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Point, Cook County, Minnesota, USA",47.9980545,-89.5380554,"USA",293,[241,245,249,254,259,263,266,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,303,308,313,318,323],{"id":242,"year":243,"html":244,"doi":11},16076443,1900,"Winchell, A.N. (1900) Mineralogical and petrographic study of the gabbroid rocks of Minnesota, and more particularly, of the plagioclasytes. The American Geologist: 26(4): 197–245.",{"id":246,"year":247,"html":248,"doi":11},17601959,1909,"Dana, Edward S., Ford, William E. (1909) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> - Second Appendix to the Sixth Edition of Dana's System of Mineralogy. John Wiley & Sons. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fsecondappendixt00danagoog\u002Fsecondappendixt00danagoog.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":253},1155272,1953,"Kuno, H., Hess, H. H. (1953) Unit cell dimensions of clinoenstatite and pigeonite in relation to other common clinopyroxenes. \u003Ci>American Journal of Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  251 (10) 741-752 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2475\u002Fajs.251.10.741'>doi:10.2475\u002Fajs.251.10.741\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2475\u002Fajs.251.10.741",{"id":255,"year":256,"html":257,"doi":258},106456,1960,"Morimoto, Nobuo, Appleman, Daniel E., Evans., Howard T. (1960) The crystal structures of clinoenstatite and pigeonite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  114 (1). 120-147 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1960.114.1-6.120'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1960.114.1-6.120\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fzk\u002Fvol114\u002FZK114_120.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1960.114.1-6.120",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":11},525217,1969,"Morimoto, Nobuo, Tokonami, Masayasu (1969) Oriented exsolution of augite in pigeonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (7-8) 1101-1117 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM54\u002FAM54_1101.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":264,"year":261,"html":265,"doi":11},16099411,"Clark, J.R., Appleman, D.E., Papike, J.J. (1969) Crystal-chemical characterization of clinopyroxenes based on eight new structure refinements. MSA Special Paper: 2: 31-50.",{"id":267,"year":268,"html":269,"doi":11},525435,1970,"Morimoto, Nobuo, Güven, Necip (1970) Refinement of the crystal structure of pigeonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (7-8) 1195-1209 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM55\u002FAM55_1195.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":271,"year":272,"html":273,"doi":11},525639,1971,"Clark, Joan R., Ross, Malcolm, Appleman, and Daniel E. (1971) Crystal chemistry of a lunar pigeonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (5-6) 888-908 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM56\u002FAM56_888.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":275,"year":276,"html":277,"doi":11},525982,1973,"Turnock, A. C., Lindsley, D. H., Grover, and J. E. (1973) Synthesis and unit cell parameters of Ca-Mg-Fe pyroxenes. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (1-2) 50-59 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM58\u002FAM58_50.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":279,"year":280,"html":281,"doi":11},526917,1977,"Robinson, Peter, Ross, Malcolm, Nord, Gordon L., Smyth, Joseph R., Jaffe, Howard W. (1977) Exsolution lamellae in augite and pigeonite: fossil indicators of lattice parameters at high temperature and pressure. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  62 (9-10) 857-873 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM62\u002FAM62_857.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":283,"year":284,"html":285,"doi":11},16120176,1978,"Deer, W.A., R.A. Howie, and J. Zussman (1978) Rock-forming minerals, 2nd edition, vol. 2A, single-chain silicates, 162-196.",{"id":287,"year":288,"html":289,"doi":11},527551,1981,"Cameron, Maryellen, Papike, J. J. (1981) Structural and chemical variations in pyroxenes. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  66 (1-2) 1-50 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM66\u002FAM66_1.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":291,"year":292,"html":293,"doi":11},16106044,1989,"Morimoto, N. (1989) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. The Canadian Mineralogist: 27: 143-156.",{"id":295,"year":296,"html":297,"doi":11},16966720,2001,"(2001) Pigeonite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fpigeonite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":299,"year":300,"html":301,"doi":302},152916,2002,"Cámara, F., Carpenter, M. A., Domeneghetti, M. C., Tazzoli, V. (2002) Non-convergent ordering and displacive phase transition in pigeonite: in situ HT XRD study. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  29 (5) 331-340 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-002-0241-y'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-002-0241-y\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-002-0241-y",{"id":304,"year":305,"html":306,"doi":307},394864,2003,"Camara, Fernando; Carpenter, Michael A.; Domeneghetti, M. Chiara; Tazzoli, Vittorio (2003) Coupling between non-convergent ordering and transition temperature in the C2\u002Fc ↔ P21\u002Fc phase transition in pigeonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  88 (7). 1115-1128 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2003-0720'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2003-0720\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol88\u002FAM88_1115.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2003-0720",{"id":309,"year":310,"html":311,"doi":312},394920,2004,"Nestola, Fabrizio, Tribaudino, Mario, Ballaran, Tiziana Boffa (2004) High pressure behavior, transformation and crystal structure of synthetic iron-free pigeonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  89 (1) 189-196 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0122'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0122\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol89\u002FAM89_189.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0122",{"id":314,"year":315,"html":316,"doi":317},396437,2010,"Alvaro, M., Nestola, F., Ballaran, T. B., Camara, F., Domeneghetti, M. C., Tazzoli, V. (2010) High-pressure phase transition of a natural pigeonite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  95 (2) 300-311 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3175'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3175\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol95\u002FAM95_300.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3175",{"id":319,"year":320,"html":321,"doi":322},398786,2019,"Lindsley, Donald H., Nekvasil, Hanna, Glotch, Timothy D. (2019) Synthesis of pigeonites for spectroscopic studies. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  104 (4) 615-618 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2019-6869ccbyncnd'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2019-6869ccbyncnd\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2019-6869ccbyncnd",{"id":324,"year":325,"html":326,"doi":327},16608477,2023,"Borromeo, Laura; Andò, Sergio; Bersani, Danilo; Garzanti, Eduardo; Gentile, Paolo; Mantovani, Luciana; Tribaudino, Mario (2023) How to identify pigeonite: A Raman and SEM-EDS study of detrital Ca-poor clinopyroxene from continental flood basalts. \u003Ci>Chemical Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  635. 121610 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2023.121610'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2023.121610\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2023.121610",[329,339,349,357,367],{"id":330,"source_url":331,"license_code":332,"credit_html":333,"title":334,"description":335,"author":336,"original_width":337,"original_height":338},19441,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588344","CC BY 4.0","Slashme, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146588344\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pigeonit.jpg","Pigeonit from Loundoun Co., Virginia, USA","Slashme",3779,3040,{"id":340,"source_url":341,"license_code":342,"credit_html":343,"title":344,"description":345,"author":346,"original_width":347,"original_height":348},19442,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163484495","CC0 1.0","Shannon Heinle, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163484495\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pigeonite in feldspar (GeoDIL number - 1606).jpg","Pigeonite has a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe,Ca) (Mg,Fe)Si2O6. Pigeonite is a member of the pyroxene group and is difficult to identify. This mineral is common in igneous rocks. It was first discovered in 1900. This sample is about 8 cm.","Shannon Heinle",2794,1878,{"id":350,"source_url":351,"license_code":342,"credit_html":352,"title":353,"description":354,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":356},74220,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=106745499","名古屋太郎, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=106745499\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","150520 Apollo 15 Moon Sea Stone.jpg","Moon sea stone (Pigeonite basalt). Collected collected at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDune_(crater)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dune (crater)\">Dune\u003C\u002Fa> crater, or Station 4 of the Apollo 15 mission. Sample number 15499,171. Taken at the exhibition at Nagoya City Science Museum in 2015.","名古屋太郎",1955,{"id":358,"source_url":359,"license_code":360,"credit_html":361,"title":362,"description":363,"author":364,"original_width":365,"original_height":366},19439,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15520832","CC BY 3.0","Ralph Bottrill, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15520832\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pigeonite, Albite-Anorthite Series, Augite-358246.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPigeonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pigeonite\">Pigeonite\u003C\u002Fa>, Albite-Anorthite Series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Augite\">Augite\u003C\u002Fa> (FOV ~ 4.5 x 3 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tipogorree Hills, Tasmania, Australia\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> A thin section of a dolerite with cross polarised light, showing brighly coloured pyroxenes (augite and pigeonite) and white-grey plagioclase with some fine grained mesostasis.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Ralph Bottrill",1024,760,{"id":368,"source_url":369,"license_code":342,"credit_html":370,"title":371,"description":372,"author":373,"original_width":374,"original_height":375},11414,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476658","Nessa Eull, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=163476658\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pigeonite (clinopyroxene) (GeoDIL number - 405).jpg","Pigeonite is a type of pyroxene intermediate in composition between enstatite and diopside. It is similar in some ways to augite but contains less calcium and has a different atomic arrangement. Its general formula can be written (Mg,Fe,Ca)2Si2O6. Pigeonite forms at high temperature and many samples change into augite and\u002For orthopyroxene upon cooling. This specimen is about 5 cm across.","Nessa Eull",2878,1848,[377,383,388,394,399],{"id":378,"url":379,"label":380,"formula":381,"spacegroup":382,"year":315},11258,"\u002Fcif\u002F11258.cif","Alvaro 2010 · Fe1.008 Mg.871 Ca.121 (Si1.98 Al.02) O6 (1)","Fe1.008 Mg.871 Ca.121 (Si1.98 Al.02) O6","P 1 21\u002Fc 1",{"id":384,"url":385,"label":386,"formula":381,"spacegroup":387,"year":315},11264,"\u002Fcif\u002F11264.cif","Alvaro 2010 · Fe1.008 Mg.871 Ca.121 (Si1.98 Al.02) O6 (2)","C 1 2\u002Fc 1",{"id":389,"url":390,"label":391,"formula":392,"spacegroup":382,"year":393},11269,"\u002Fcif\u002F11269.cif","Domeneghetti 2005 · Mg.92 Fe.847 Ca.191 Mn.029 Na.003 Ti.01 Si1.984 Al.016 O6","Mg.92 Fe.847 Ca.191 Mn.029 Na.003 Ti.01 Si1.984 Al.016 O6",2005,{"id":395,"url":396,"label":397,"formula":398,"spacegroup":382,"year":393},11270,"\u002Fcif\u002F11270.cif","Domeneghetti 2005 · Mg.922 Fe.844 Ca.192 Mn.028 Na.003 Ti.01 Si1.984 Al.016 O6","Mg.922 Fe.844 Ca.192 Mn.028 Na.003 Ti.01 Si1.984 Al.016 O6",{"id":400,"url":401,"label":402,"formula":403,"spacegroup":382,"year":393},11271,"\u002Fcif\u002F11271.cif","Domeneghetti 2005 · Mg.919 Fe.848 Ca.191 Mn.029 Na.003 Ti.01 Si1.984 Al.016 O6","Mg.919 Fe.848 Ca.191 Mn.029 Na.003 Ti.01 Si1.984 Al.016 O6",[405,406,407],"Calc-clinobronzite","Calc-clinoenstatite","Calc-clinohypersthene",[409,413,417,421,425,428,431,435,438,442,446,450,453,457,461,466,469],{"lang":410,"names":411},"az",[412],"Pijonit",{"lang":414,"names":415},"ca",[416],"pigeonita",{"lang":418,"names":419},"de",[420],"Pigeonit",{"lang":422,"names":423},"es",[424],"Pigeonita",{"lang":426,"names":427},"eu",[424],{"lang":429,"names":430},"fr",[7],{"lang":432,"names":433},"he",[434],"פיג'וניט",{"lang":436,"names":437},"it",[7],{"lang":439,"names":440},"ja",[441],"ピジョン輝石",{"lang":443,"names":444},"nb",[445],"pigeonitt",{"lang":447,"names":448},"nl",[449],"Pigeoniet",{"lang":451,"names":452},"nn",[445],{"lang":454,"names":455},"sr",[456],"пигеонит",{"lang":458,"names":459},"uk",[460],"Піжоніт",{"lang":462,"names":463},"zh",[464,465],"易变辉石","易變輝石",{"lang":467,"names":468},"zh-cn",[464],{"lang":470,"names":471},"zh-hans",[464],"Q425175",{"history":11,"applications":11}]