[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3302":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":22,"impurities":11,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":27,"ima_history":29,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":30,"discovery_year":31,"strunz10ed1":32,"strunz10ed2":33,"strunz10ed3":34,"strunz10ed4":35,"dana8ed1":36,"dana8ed2":36,"dana8ed3":37,"dana8ed4":37,"csystem":38,"cclass":39,"spacegroup":40,"spacegroupset":41,"a":42,"b":43,"c":44,"alpha":41,"beta":41,"gamma":41,"aerror":45,"berror":45,"cerror":46,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":47,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":48,"twinning":49,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":50,"morphology":51,"tlform":11,"hmin":52,"hmax":52,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":41,"vhnmax":41,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":53,"dmeas2":54,"dcalc":54,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":55,"lustretype":56,"commentluster":57,"diapheny":58,"streak":59,"colour":60,"commentcolor":11,"colors":61,"streak_colors":66,"luminescence":67,"uv":11,"cleavage":68,"cleavagetype":69,"fracturetype":70,"tenacity":11,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":71,"opticalsign":72,"opticalalpha":73,"opticalalpha2":74,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":75,"opticalbeta2":76,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":74,"opticalgamma2":77,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":41,"opticalomega2":41,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":41,"opticalepsilon2":41,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":41,"opticaln2":41,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":78,"optical2vcalc2":41,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":79,"optical2vmeasured2":41,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":80,"rimax":81,"opticaldispersion":82,"opticalpleochroism":83,"opticalpleochorismdesc":84,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":85,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":86,"opticalr":87,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":88,"type_specimen_store":89,"description_short":90,"aboutname":91,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":92,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":93,"group_members":94,"associates":118,"confused_with":219,"type_localities":221,"occurrence_total":228,"citations":229,"images":310,"structures":541,"synonyms":555,"language_names":556,"wikidata_qid":604,"texts":605},3302,"1:1:3302:8","7c52912b-cbfe-4921-b0bd-ed700ecf9a92","Pseudobrookite","Pbrk",0,"mineral",null,55975,11242,false,"Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti)O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",[18,19,20],"Fe","Ti","O",[18,19,20],[19],"7.9.16",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED",[28],"REDEFINED","Redefined 1988 s.p.: Bowles (1988).",1878,"1878","4","C","B","15","7","1","Orthorhombic",8,50,"0","9.7965","9.9805","3.7301",25,1,4,"Space Group: Bbmm","Reported on various {hk0} planes (doubtful).","Pseudobrookite on hematite with pseudobrookite {121}\u003Cmi>[2_10]\u003C\u002Fmi> parallel to hematite {0001}\u003Cmi>[1_100]\u003C\u002Fmi>.\r\nPseudobrookite on magnetite with pseudobrookite {100}[001] parallel to magnetite {111}[110].\r\nOriented inclusions of rutile in pseudobrookite.","Crystals usually tabular {100} and elongated [001]; long prismatic at times or needle-like [001]. {100} and {hk0} striated [001].",6,"4.33","4.39","Adamantine - Metallic","Adamantine,Greasy,Metallic","Greasy on fractures, may be tarnished iridescent","Transparent,Opaque","Reddish brown to ocher-yellow","Brownish black, reddish brown, or black",[62,63,64,65],"black","brown","red","yellow",[64,63,65],"Non-fluorescent","On {010} distinct","Distinct\u002FGood","Irregular\u002FUneven,Sub-Conchoidal","Biaxial","+","2.35","2.38","2.36","2.39","2.42","80","50",2.35,2.42,"none","Weak","In browns.","Anisotropic","Y = a; Z = c; X ∧ a = 26°.","(22.8,24.0) 400,\r\n(21.9,23.1) 420,\r\n(21.2,22.3) 440,\r\n(20.5,21.4) 460,\r\n(19.8,20.7) 480,\r\n(19.4,20.4) 500,\r\n(19.0,19.9) 520,\r\n(18.5,19.3) 540,\r\n(18.1,18.8) 560,\r\n(17.8,18.5) 580,\r\n(17.5,18.1) 600,\r\n(17.3,17.9) 620,\r\n(17.1,17.7) 640,\r\n(17.0,17.6) 660,\r\n(16.8,17.4) 680,\r\n(16.7,17.3) 700","Magmatic, post-volcanic or young volcanic rocks. Typically formed by pneumatolytic processes in titanium-rich andesite, rhyolite, basalt, etc., and by reactions with xenoliths within these; in lithophysae. Rarely in plutonic rocks.","Pseudobrookite, Fe3+ 2Ti4+ O5, was first discovered and described on the basis of material from Măgura Uroiului, Romania. The structures and compositions determined for samples CMNMC 93855 and Á.59.6103, both from this locality (Table 2), are consistent with pseudobrookite (Tables 3 and 4; Figure 10; Supplements 4, 8 and 11). As explained above, an originally designated type specimen of pseudobrookite is not extant. Sample Á.59.6103 was donated by Prof. Antal Koch (who originally described this species: Koch 1878a) to the Hungarian National Museum prior to February 2, 1880; that is, shortly after the publication of the original description (personal communication, Gábor Papp). Sample Á.59.6103 has therefore been designated as the neotype of pseudobrookite. Sample CMNMC 93855 (BTL) Canadian Museum of Nature (obtained from Belkis Minerals) has been designated as the cotype for pseudobrookite. [[1]]","Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series.\r\nSee also \"karrooite\" and compare also Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of pseudobrookite).\r\n\r\nA larger number of synthetic analogues are known and well studied.","From the Greek  ψευδής, false, and brookite since its resemblance to brookite is misleading.","2026-05-24 07:32:15",[],[95,104,108,113],{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":98,"mindat_formula":99,"hmin":100,"hmax":100,"dmeas":101,"dcalc":102,"primary_image_id":103},341,"Armalcolite","(Mg,Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Ti\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","MgTi\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",5,"4.94","4.64",1889,{"id":105,"name":106,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":107,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},40282,"Ferropseudobrookite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":111,"mindat_formula":112,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},55971,"Griffinite","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>TiO\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":114,"name":115,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":116,"mindat_formula":116,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":117,"primary_image_id":11},56025,"Sassite","Ti\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.81",[119,128,137,146,153,160,168,176,184,191,198,205,212],{"id":120,"name":121,"entrytype":9,"csystem":122,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":124,"hmin":125,"hmax":39,"dmeas":126,"dcalc":41,"primary_image_id":127},819,"Beryl","Hexagonal","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)",7.5,"2.63",3157,{"id":129,"name":130,"entrytype":9,"csystem":131,"ima_formula":132,"mindat_formula":132,"hmin":52,"hmax":133,"dmeas":134,"dcalc":135,"primary_image_id":136},691,"Bixbyite-(Mn)","Isometric","Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,"4.945","5.031",3411,{"id":138,"name":139,"entrytype":9,"csystem":140,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":141,"hmin":52,"hmax":142,"dmeas":143,"dcalc":144,"primary_image_id":145},917,"Cassiterite","Tetragonal","SnO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",7,"6.98","6.993",29383,{"id":147,"name":148,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":149,"mindat_formula":149,"hmin":100,"hmax":52,"dmeas":150,"dcalc":151,"primary_image_id":152},1384,"Enstatite","Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.2","3.189",5844,{"id":154,"name":155,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":156,"mindat_formula":156,"hmin":100,"hmax":52,"dmeas":157,"dcalc":158,"primary_image_id":159},1528,"Ferrosilite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.60","4.00",8826,{"id":161,"name":162,"entrytype":9,"csystem":163,"ima_formula":164,"mindat_formula":164,"hmin":100,"hmax":52,"dmeas":165,"dcalc":166,"primary_image_id":167},1856,"Hematite","Trigonal","Fe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.26","5.255",29858,{"id":169,"name":170,"entrytype":9,"csystem":163,"ima_formula":171,"mindat_formula":172,"hmin":100,"hmax":52,"dmeas":173,"dcalc":174,"primary_image_id":175},2013,"Ilmenite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>TiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.68","4.789",29925,{"id":177,"name":178,"entrytype":9,"csystem":131,"ima_formula":179,"mindat_formula":179,"hmin":180,"hmax":133,"dmeas":181,"dcalc":182,"primary_image_id":183},2538,"Magnetite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,"5.175","5.2",65576,{"id":185,"name":186,"entrytype":9,"csystem":163,"ima_formula":187,"mindat_formula":187,"hmin":142,"hmax":142,"dmeas":188,"dcalc":189,"primary_image_id":190},3337,"Quartz","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.65","2.66",30579,{"id":192,"name":193,"entrytype":9,"csystem":194,"ima_formula":195,"mindat_formula":195,"hmin":52,"hmax":52,"dmeas":196,"dcalc":196,"primary_image_id":197},3521,"Sanidine","Monoclinic","K(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>)","2.56",21518,{"id":199,"name":200,"entrytype":9,"csystem":131,"ima_formula":201,"mindat_formula":201,"hmin":133,"hmax":125,"dmeas":202,"dcalc":203,"primary_image_id":204},3725,"Spessartine","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.12","4.19",22642,{"id":206,"name":207,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":208,"mindat_formula":209,"hmin":39,"hmax":39,"dmeas":210,"dcalc":41,"primary_image_id":211},3996,"Topaz","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>F\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(F,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.4",24365,{"id":213,"name":214,"entrytype":9,"csystem":215,"ima_formula":187,"mindat_formula":187,"hmin":133,"hmax":142,"dmeas":216,"dcalc":217,"primary_image_id":218},4015,"Tridymite","Triclinic","2.25","2.28",24496,[220],{"id":105,"name":106,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":107,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},[222],{"id":223,"txt":224,"latitude":225,"longitude":226,"country":227},69691,"Uroi Hill (Arany Hill), Simeria, Hunedoara County, Romania",45.8604881,23.0444236,"Romania",178,[230,233,236,239,244,249,253,256,260,264,269,273,278,283,287,292,296,301,305],{"id":231,"year":11,"html":232,"doi":11},17177720,"Ottemann, J., Frenzel, G. (1965) Der Chemismus der Pseudobrookite von Vulkaniten. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 45: 819-836 (in German with English abstract).",{"id":234,"year":30,"html":235,"doi":11},16120812,"Koch, A. (1878) XXII. Neue Minerale aus dem Andesit des Aranyer Berges in Siebenbürgen. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 1, Neue Folge: 331-361.",{"id":237,"year":30,"html":238,"doi":11},16120813,"Koch, A. (1878) Neue Minerale. Pseudobrookite und Szabóit. Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittheilungen: 1: 77-79.",{"id":240,"year":241,"html":242,"doi":243},102032,1892,"Traube, Η. (1892) Ueber den Pseudobrookit vom Aranyer Berge in Siebenbürgen. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Krystallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  20 (1). 327 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1892.20.1.327'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1892.20.1.327\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1892.20.1.327",{"id":245,"year":246,"html":247,"doi":248},104256,1930,"Pauling, Linus (1930) The crystal structure of pseudobrookite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  73 (1). 97-112 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1930.73.1.97'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1930.73.1.97\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1930.73.1.97",{"id":250,"year":251,"html":252,"doi":11},520163,1934,"Palache, Charles (1934) Minerals from Topaz Mt., Utah. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  19 (1) 14-15 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM19\u002FAM19_14.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":254,"year":251,"html":255,"doi":11},520164,"Palache, Charles (1934) Pseudobrookite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  19 (1) 16-20 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM19\u002FAM19_16.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":257,"year":258,"html":259,"doi":11},520379,1935,"Palache, Charles (1935) Additional notes on pseudobrookite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  20 (9) 660-663 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM20\u002FAM20_660.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":261,"year":262,"html":263,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":265,"year":266,"html":267,"doi":268},4081931,1963,"TAYLOR, R. W. (1963) Liquidus Temperatures in the System FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2. \u003Ci>Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 46 (6). 276-279 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1963.tb11726.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1963.tb11726.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1963.tb11726.x",{"id":270,"year":271,"html":272,"doi":11},524102,1964,"Taylor, R. W. (1964) Phase equilibria in the system FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2 at 1300° C. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  49 (7-8) 1016-1030 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM49\u002FAM49_1016.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":274,"year":275,"html":276,"doi":277},16493653,1967,"Åsbrink, Gudrun, Magnéli, Arne, Porok, J., Levstek, I., Eržen, V., Blinc, R., Paušak, S., Ehrenberg, L., Dumanović, J. (1967) X-Ray Studies on Some Mixed Oxide Systems of the Pseudobrookite Structure. \u003Ci>Acta Chemica Scandinavica\u003C\u002Fi>, 21. 1977 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3891\u002Facta.chem.scand.21-1977'>doi:10.3891\u002Facta.chem.scand.21-1977\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3891\u002Facta.chem.scand.21-1977",{"id":279,"year":280,"html":281,"doi":282},577589,1981,"Hauck, J. (1981) Crystallography and phase relations of MeO-M2O3-TiO2 systems (Me = Fe, Mg, Ni; M = Al, Cr, Fe). \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  36. 52-65 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-4596(81)90191-2'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-4596(81)90191-2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-4596(81)90191-2",{"id":284,"year":285,"html":286,"doi":11},528576,1988,"Bowles, John F. W. (1988) Definition and range of composition of naturally occurring minerals with the pseudobrookite structure. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  73 (11-12) 1377-1383 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM73\u002FAM73_1377.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":288,"year":289,"html":290,"doi":291},580561,1990,"Teller, Raymond G., Antonio, Mark R., Grau, Alphonso E., Gueguin, Michel, Kostiner, Edward (1990) Structural analysis of metastable pseudobrookite ferrous titanium oxides with neutron diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  88. 334-350 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90229-q'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90229-q\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90229-q",{"id":293,"year":289,"html":294,"doi":295},580562,"Teller, Raymond G., Antonio, Mark R., Grau, Alphonso E., Gueguin, Michel, Kostiner, Edward (1990) The chemistry of the thermal decomposition of pseudobrookite ferrous titanium oxides. \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  88. 351-367 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90230-u'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90230-u\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90230-u",{"id":297,"year":298,"html":299,"doi":300},65368,2016,"Buchholz, Thomas W., Falster, Alexander U., Simmons, William B. (2016) Pseudobrookite From the Nine Mile Pluton, Marathon County, Wisconsin: An Occurrence From A Plutonic Environment. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (4) 935-944 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1600014'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1600014\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1600014",{"id":302,"year":303,"html":304,"doi":11},16966832,2021,"(2021) Pseudobrookite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002FPseudobrookite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":306,"year":307,"html":308,"doi":309},20002608,2026,"Locock, Andrew J.; Herd, Christopher D.K.; Ma, Chi; Steele-Macinnis, Matthew; Luth, Robert W. (2026) Ferropseudobrookite, armalcolite, pseudobrookite, and the pseudobrookite group. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2026-10268'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2026-10268\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2026-10268",[311,321,331,340,348,358,364,372,378,386,394,400,406,412,420,426,435,441,449,456,465,475,483,489,495,503,511,519,527,535],{"id":312,"source_url":313,"license_code":314,"credit_html":315,"title":316,"description":317,"author":318,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},20077,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622627","CC BY-SA 3.0","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622627\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite block3 - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> block (0,8mm) with many shining faces and the typical stripes on the left side - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany","Fred Kruijen",1023,767,{"id":322,"source_url":323,"license_code":324,"credit_html":325,"title":326,"description":327,"author":328,"original_width":329,"original_height":330},75481,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9572399","CC BY-SA 4.0","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9572399\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite.jpg","Pseudobrookite \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality : Maynard's Claim (Pismire Knolls), Thomas Range, Juab Co., Utah, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : (Crystal size 3mm)\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",3162,2426,{"id":332,"source_url":333,"license_code":314,"credit_html":334,"title":335,"description":336,"author":337,"original_width":338,"original_height":339},20078,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161993","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161993\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-219124.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Topaz Mountain, Thomas Range, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJuab_County,_Utah\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Juab County, Utah\">Juab County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FUtah\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Utah\">Utah\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14942.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.7 x 2.0 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An excellent thumbnail of two radiating sprays of metallic-bright pseudobrookite needles aesthetically set in a quartz-lined vug. The aesthetic, larger spray is 8 mm across. Ex. Allan Young Collection, who has won the prestigious Desautels Award for Best Rocks at the Tucson Show with thumbnails.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",311,400,{"id":341,"source_url":342,"license_code":314,"credit_html":343,"title":344,"description":345,"author":318,"original_width":346,"original_height":347},75482,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622274","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622274\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite block4 - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, image width: 1.5 mm - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",900,675,{"id":349,"source_url":350,"license_code":351,"credit_html":352,"title":353,"description":354,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},20079,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465579","Public domain","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465579\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-693584.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 4 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Beryllium Virgin claim, Paramount Canyon, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookites were collected on 6\u002F25\u002F2015. The photo was processed with Zerene Stacker and Photoshop Essentials.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Jerry Cone",2048,1536,{"id":359,"source_url":360,"license_code":351,"credit_html":361,"title":362,"description":363,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},20080,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465643","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465643\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-694778.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 6 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Beryllium Virgin claim, Paramount Canyon, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: This stout black pseudobrookite was collected on 6\u002F25\u002F2015. The photo was processed with Zerene Stacker and Photoshop Essentials.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":365,"source_url":366,"license_code":314,"credit_html":367,"title":368,"description":369,"author":318,"original_width":370,"original_height":371},75484,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622385","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622385\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite crystal group - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> crystal group, image width: 2 mm - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",796,597,{"id":373,"source_url":374,"license_code":351,"credit_html":375,"title":376,"description":377,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},20081,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465774","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465774\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-696803.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 4 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Beryllium Virgin claim, Paramount Canyon, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookites were collected on 6\u002F25\u002F2015. They are most often found here with rounded terminations, this one is anything but. The photo was processed with Zerene Stacker and Photoshop Essentials.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":379,"source_url":380,"license_code":314,"credit_html":381,"title":382,"description":383,"author":318,"original_width":384,"original_height":385},75485,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622408","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622408\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite aggregate1 - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> aggregate, image width: 2.5 mm - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",830,623,{"id":387,"source_url":388,"license_code":351,"credit_html":389,"title":390,"description":391,"author":355,"original_width":392,"original_height":393},20082,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466415","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466415\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-1001400.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 1.8 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Squaw Creek Mine, Taylor Creek Mining District, Catron County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookites were collected on 8\u002F24\u002F2019.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",5293,3373,{"id":395,"source_url":396,"license_code":314,"credit_html":397,"title":398,"description":399,"author":318,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},75486,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622455","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622455\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite hair - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> hair. width 2 mm, height 1,5 mm - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",{"id":401,"source_url":402,"license_code":351,"credit_html":403,"title":404,"description":391,"author":355,"original_width":405,"original_height":393},20083,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466525","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466525\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-1001402.jpg",5292,{"id":407,"source_url":408,"license_code":314,"credit_html":409,"title":410,"description":411,"author":318,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},75487,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622540","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622540\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite tabular with typical stripes - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","A big \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> tabular (0.8mm) with the typical stripes and a lot of shining faces - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",{"id":413,"source_url":414,"license_code":351,"credit_html":415,"title":416,"description":417,"author":355,"original_width":418,"original_height":419},20084,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157467106","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157467106\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-1133905.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 1.2 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Willow Springs Draw, Monticello Tin District, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookite crystals were collected on 3\u002F18\u002F2021.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3455,3511,{"id":421,"source_url":422,"license_code":314,"credit_html":423,"title":424,"description":425,"author":318,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},75488,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622860","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622860\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite block1 - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> block (0.6mm) with many shining faces and strange notches (inkepingen). - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",{"id":427,"source_url":428,"license_code":351,"credit_html":429,"title":430,"description":431,"author":432,"original_width":433,"original_height":434},75491,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465446","Fernando Brederodes, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465446\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-629141.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 5 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Radiating group of prismatic black crystals Pseudobrookite on matrix; Photo and collection Fernando Brederodes.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Fernando Brederodes",640,480,{"id":436,"source_url":437,"license_code":351,"credit_html":438,"title":439,"description":440,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},75492,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465685","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465685\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-694863.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 6 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Beryllium Virgin claim, Paramount Canyon, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookites were collected on 7\u002F8\u002F2015. The photo was processed with Zerene Stacker and Photoshop Essentials.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":442,"source_url":443,"license_code":351,"credit_html":444,"title":445,"description":446,"author":355,"original_width":447,"original_height":448},75494,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466041","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466041\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-765208.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 2.6 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Beryllium Virgin claim, Paramount Canyon, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black, doubly-terminated pseudobrookites and colorless quartz were collected on 8\u002F11\u002F2016. They are sitting on the rhyolite matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3888,2592,{"id":450,"source_url":451,"license_code":351,"credit_html":452,"title":453,"description":454,"author":355,"original_width":405,"original_height":455},75495,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466784","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466784\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-1067000.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 1.8 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Squaw Creek Mine, Taylor Creek Mining District, Catron County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookites were collected on 7\u002F11\u002F2020.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3372,{"id":457,"source_url":458,"license_code":351,"credit_html":459,"title":460,"description":461,"author":462,"original_width":463,"original_height":464},75497,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157494427","Imma Punzo, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157494427\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-1270162.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 1.3 cm × 1 cm × 0.8 cm; largest crystal size: 1.5 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Field of view: 2.5 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Mount Vesuvius, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Elongated tabular crystal, which arises from another squat tabular crystal of Pseudobrookite, both red and shiny, in a leukotephrite cavity. Sample and photo by Imma Punzo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Imma Punzo",3072,2304,{"id":466,"source_url":467,"license_code":468,"credit_html":469,"title":470,"description":471,"author":472,"original_width":473,"original_height":474},75498,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157495088","CC BY 3.0","Gianandrea Ghirri, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157495088\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite-1234696.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 3 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Les Châtelaunoux quarry (Petit Chambois quarry), Mazaye, Issoire, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: visual identified.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Gianandrea Ghirri",4873,3009,{"id":476,"source_url":477,"license_code":314,"credit_html":478,"title":479,"description":480,"author":318,"original_width":481,"original_height":482},75483,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622334","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622334\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite needle with sanidine tabular - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> perforates a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSanidine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sanidine\">Sanidine\u003C\u002Fa> tabular, image width: 1.5 mm - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",800,600,{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":314,"credit_html":486,"title":487,"description":488,"author":318,"original_width":319,"original_height":320},51080,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622718","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9622718\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite ball, hematite needle, cristobalite balls - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","In some black xenolite you can find this combination: Nice \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa> ball (yellow) on Hematite needle and tiny Cristobalite balls. - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany",{"id":490,"source_url":491,"license_code":351,"credit_html":492,"title":493,"description":494,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},16723,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157464127","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157464127\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Mordenite-697815.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMordenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mordenite\">Mordenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 3.9 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Squaw Creek Mine, Taylor Creek Mining District, Catron County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookites were collected on 7\u002F27\u002F2015. They were in the only reddish rhyolite rock in the area. There are some white mordenite hairs on the pseudobrookites. The photo was processed with Zerene Stacker and Photoshop Essentials.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":496,"source_url":497,"license_code":351,"credit_html":498,"title":499,"description":500,"author":355,"original_width":501,"original_height":502},75490,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465283","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465283\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Phlogopite-845677.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhlogopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phlogopite\">Phlogopite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 2.7 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Coal Creek, Big Lue Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Black pseudobrookites and brown phlogopite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3123,2928,{"id":504,"source_url":505,"license_code":468,"credit_html":506,"title":507,"description":508,"author":472,"original_width":509,"original_height":510},75493,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465955","Gianandrea Ghirri, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465955\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Hematite-1104259.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHematite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hematite\">Hematite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 2.3 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Mt. Arci, Oristano Province, Sardinia, Italy\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: A needle-like crystal of pseudobrookite and a thin crystal of hematite on white tridymite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",5150,3456,{"id":512,"source_url":513,"license_code":351,"credit_html":514,"title":515,"description":516,"author":355,"original_width":517,"original_height":518},75496,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466945","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466945\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Hematite-1101570.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHematite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hematite\">Hematite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 1.0 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: 74 Draw deposits, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: The striated blades of black pseudobrookite and the black hematite are sitting on the rhyolite matrix. They were collected on 9\u002F29\u002F2020.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",3018,2602,{"id":520,"source_url":521,"license_code":468,"credit_html":522,"title":523,"description":524,"author":472,"original_width":525,"original_height":526},7864,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466690","Gianandrea Ghirri, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157466690\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Enstatite, Sanidine-1057200.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEnstatite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Enstatite\">Enstatite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSanidine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sanidine\">Sanidine\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 4 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: La Aljorra Quarries, La Aljorra, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",5182,3452,{"id":528,"source_url":529,"license_code":468,"credit_html":530,"title":531,"description":532,"author":472,"original_width":533,"original_height":534},7865,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157494688","Gianandrea Ghirri, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157494688\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Enstatite-1249417.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEnstatite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Enstatite\">Enstatite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 1.8 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Les Châtelaunoux quarry (Petit Chambois quarry), Mazaye, Issoire, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Orange crystals of Enstatite and black crystals of Pseudobrookite. Visual Id. Collected by: Christian Mariotti.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",5964,3974,{"id":536,"source_url":537,"license_code":351,"credit_html":538,"title":539,"description":540,"author":355,"original_width":356,"original_height":357},78004,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465103","Jerry Cone, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157465103\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pseudobrookite, Sanidine.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPseudobrookite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pseudobrookite\">Pseudobrookite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSanidine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sanidine\">Sanidine\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 1.41 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: New Mexico Highway 1 roadcut, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: These black pseudobrookite crystals with a few colorless sanidine crystals were collected near Exit 100 of Interstate 25 highway on 11\u002F10\u002F13. The photo was processed with Zerene Stacker.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",[542,549],{"id":543,"url":544,"label":545,"formula":546,"spacegroup":547,"year":548},11528,"\u002Fcif\u002F11528.cif","Yang 1999","(Mg Ti2) O5","B b m m",1999,{"id":550,"url":551,"label":552,"formula":553,"spacegroup":554,"year":246},11542,"\u002Fcif\u002F11542.cif","Pauling 1930","Ti Fe2 O5","C m c m",[],[557,561,565,569,572,575,578,582,586,590,593,596,600],{"lang":558,"names":559},"ca",[560],"pseudobrookita",{"lang":562,"names":563},"de",[564],"Pseudobrookit",{"lang":566,"names":567},"es",[568],"Pseudobrookita",{"lang":570,"names":571},"eu",[568],{"lang":573,"names":574},"fr",[7],{"lang":576,"names":577},"it",[7],{"lang":579,"names":580},"ja",[581],"擬板チタン石",{"lang":583,"names":584},"nb",[585],"pseudobrookitt",{"lang":587,"names":588},"nl",[589],"pseudobrookiet",{"lang":591,"names":592},"nn",[585],{"lang":594,"names":595},"pl",[564],{"lang":597,"names":598},"uk",[599],"Псевдобрукіт",{"lang":601,"names":602},"zh",[603],"假板钛矿","Q415881",{"history":606,"applications":610},{"markdown":607,"model_version":608,"prompt_version":609,"reviewed_at":11},"The name is a small confession. *Pseudobrookite* joins the Greek **pseudes** — false — to *brookite*, an admission that the new mineral was a convincing impostor[1]. Brookite is a form of titanium dioxide, and pseudobrookite's crystals looked enough like it to mislead the eye. Look past the surface, though, and the two are different minerals: pseudobrookite is an oxide of both iron and titanium, with the formula Fe₂TiO₅, not titanium alone.\n\nThe mineral was first described in 1878. The describing specimens came from Uroi Hill — also called Arany Hill — near Simeria, in Hunedoara County, Romania[2]. That hill is the type locality, the place a mineral is formally tied to when it is named.\n\nPseudobrookite is a child of volcanic heat. It grows by pneumatolytic deposition — crystallising straight out of hot volcanic gases — and by alteration inside titanium-rich lavas[3]. The host rocks are andesite, rhyolite and basalt[3]. It is a frequent guest in lithophysae, the hollow bubble-like cavities that open in such lavas as trapped gas expands[3]. The Romanian crystals that earned it a name sat in exactly this kind of volcanic setting.","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":611,"model_version":608,"prompt_version":609,"reviewed_at":11},"Pseudobrookite has no recorded industrial use. It is a rare accessory mineral — a minor extra that turns up scattered through a rock rather than forming bodies large enough to mine. It crystallises from volcanic gases inside titanium-rich lavas and in the gas cavities called lithophysae[1], settings that never concentrate it into a workable ore. Its interest is scientific and aesthetic: it is collected as a representative of its species and studied as one of the iron–titanium oxides that record how a magma cooled. No source documents any present-day commercial application."]