[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3318":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":20,"key_elements":11,"impurities":11,"cim":21,"ima_status":22,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":11,"strunz10ed1":25,"strunz10ed2":26,"strunz10ed3":27,"strunz10ed4":28,"dana8ed1":25,"dana8ed2":25,"dana8ed3":29,"dana8ed4":25,"csystem":30,"cclass":31,"spacegroup":32,"spacegroupset":33,"a":34,"b":33,"c":35,"alpha":33,"beta":33,"gamma":33,"aerror":36,"berror":11,"cerror":36,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":37,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":38,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":39,"tlform":11,"hmin":37,"hmax":40,"hardtype":41,"vhnmin":33,"vhnmax":33,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":42,"dmeas":43,"dmeas2":44,"dcalc":45,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":46,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":47,"streak":48,"colour":49,"commentcolor":11,"colors":50,"streak_colors":54,"luminescence":11,"uv":56,"cleavage":57,"cleavagetype":58,"fracturetype":59,"tenacity":60,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":33,"opticalalpha2":33,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":33,"opticalbeta2":33,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":33,"opticalgamma2":33,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":33,"opticalomega2":33,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":33,"opticalepsilon2":33,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":33,"opticaln2":33,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":33,"optical2vcalc2":33,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":33,"optical2vmeasured2":33,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":61,"opticalpleochorismdesc":62,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":63,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":64,"opticalanisotropism":65,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":66,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":67,"type_specimen_store":68,"description_short":69,"aboutname":70,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":71,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":72,"group_members":78,"associates":122,"confused_with":174,"type_localities":187,"occurrence_total":188,"citations":189,"images":289,"structures":556,"synonyms":569,"language_names":590,"wikidata_qid":784,"texts":785},3318,"1:1:3318:9","60693fa6-84e8-4f1a-a16c-683ccc94751e","Pyrolusite","Pyl",0,"mineral",null,29330,14327,false,"Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","MnO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",[18,19],"Mn","O",[18,19],"7.18.3",[23,24],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","4","D","B","05","1","Tetragonal",27,190,"0","4.4041","2.8765",1,2,"Twinning rare. Repeated twins with twin planes {031} and {032}. Polysynthetic twinning observed in polished sections.","Crystals are uncommon, either long or short prismatic parallel to [001] or equant; more typically found as earthy powder or fibrous aggregates as crusts on rocks;  sometimes as botryoidal aggregates, more rarely as druses of microscopic crystals. \r\nNever found as dendrites despite old literature.  [The obsolete term \"polianite\" was once used to refer to crystalline pyrolusite, which was assumed to be a different species than earthy to crusty pyrolusite.]",6.5,3,"6 to 6.5 when crystalline, 2 when massive.","5.04","5.08","5.189","Metallic,Dull,Earthy","Opaque","Black to bluish-black.","Black or very dark grey.",[51,52,53],"black","gray","yellow",[51,55],"blue","None.","Perfect on {110}.","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven","brittle","Weak","Very weak. Yellow to yellow-gray.","Cream-white","Anisotropic","Strong, in yellows","(18.4,29.4) 400,\r\n(18.6,30.0) 420,\r\n(18.8,30.6) 440,\r\n(18.9,31.2) 460,\r\n(19.0,31.6) 480,\r\n(19.0,31.7) 500,\r\n(18.9,31.6) 520,\r\n(18.8,31.4) 540,\r\n(18.6,31.2) 560,\r\n(18.5,30.8) 580,\r\n(18.4,30.4) 600,\r\n(18.3,30.0) 620,\r\n(18.2,29.5) 640,\r\n(18.2,28.9) 660,\r\n(18.1,28.4) 680,\r\n(18.1,28.0) 700","A common Mn mineral, although difficult to distinguish from similar Mn minerals, pyrolusite forms under oxidizing conditions and high pH.  Mainly a mineral of lacustrine, shallow marine, and bog deposits, it is also found in the oxidized zones of manganiferous ore deposits and as deposits formed by circulating meteoric water.  Both colloidal processes and bacterial action are important in its formation.","No designated type specimen.","Rutile Group.\r\n\r\nUsually found as matte-black powdery to fibrous crusts, sometimes in botryoidal aggregates or columnar, more rarely as druzes of small prismatic to tabular, dark grey metallic crystals.\r\nMay be confused with some manganese oxides, such...","Named in 1827 from the Greek for \"fire\" and \"to wash,\" because it was used to remove brown and green tints in the making of glass.","2025-10-05 16:21:38",[73],{"id":74,"name":75,"entrytype":37,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":76,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":77},6101,"Polianite","morphological variety",74776,[79,86,93,100,108,115],{"id":80,"name":81,"entrytype":9,"csystem":30,"ima_formula":82,"mindat_formula":82,"hmin":83,"hmax":84,"dmeas":33,"dcalc":85,"primary_image_id":11},330,"Argutite","GeO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,7,"6.28",{"id":87,"name":88,"entrytype":9,"csystem":30,"ima_formula":89,"mindat_formula":89,"hmin":83,"hmax":84,"dmeas":90,"dcalc":91,"primary_image_id":92},917,"Cassiterite","SnO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.98","6.993",29383,{"id":94,"name":95,"entrytype":9,"csystem":30,"ima_formula":96,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":36,"hmax":36,"dmeas":97,"dcalc":98,"primary_image_id":99},3116,"Paratellurite","TeO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.60","6.017",18745,{"id":101,"name":102,"entrytype":9,"csystem":30,"ima_formula":103,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":104,"hmax":104,"dmeas":105,"dcalc":106,"primary_image_id":107},3237,"Plattnerite","PbO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,"9.564","9.563",19583,{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":30,"ima_formula":111,"mindat_formula":111,"hmin":83,"hmax":40,"dmeas":112,"dcalc":113,"primary_image_id":114},3486,"Rutile","TiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.23","4.25",30644,{"id":116,"name":117,"entrytype":9,"csystem":30,"ima_formula":118,"mindat_formula":118,"hmin":83,"hmax":84,"dmeas":119,"dcalc":120,"primary_image_id":121},4024,"Tripuhyite","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Sb\u003Csup>5+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.82","6.70",24546,[123,131,139,149,157,167],{"id":124,"name":125,"entrytype":9,"csystem":126,"ima_formula":127,"mindat_formula":127,"hmin":83,"hmax":83,"dmeas":128,"dcalc":129,"primary_image_id":130},68,"Akatoreite","Triclinic","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.48","3.47",464,{"id":132,"name":133,"entrytype":9,"csystem":134,"ima_formula":135,"mindat_formula":135,"hmin":83,"hmax":84,"dmeas":136,"dcalc":137,"primary_image_id":138},322,"Ardennite-(As)","Orthorhombic","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlMg)(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.69","3.74",1765,{"id":140,"name":141,"entrytype":9,"csystem":142,"ima_formula":143,"mindat_formula":143,"hmin":144,"hmax":145,"dmeas":146,"dcalc":147,"primary_image_id":148},1134,"Coronadite","Monoclinic","Pb(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,5,"5.246","5.45",6336,{"id":150,"name":151,"entrytype":9,"csystem":134,"ima_formula":152,"mindat_formula":153,"hmin":145,"hmax":104,"dmeas":154,"dcalc":155,"primary_image_id":156},1719,"Goethite","FeO(OH)","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>O(OH)","4.27","4.18",29787,{"id":158,"name":159,"entrytype":9,"csystem":160,"ima_formula":161,"mindat_formula":162,"hmin":40,"hmax":163,"dmeas":164,"dcalc":165,"primary_image_id":166},2940,"Nsutite","Hexagonal","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2-2x\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2x\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)(O,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",8,"4.24","4.86",17933,{"id":168,"name":169,"entrytype":9,"csystem":142,"ima_formula":170,"mindat_formula":171,"hmin":37,"hmax":37,"dmeas":172,"dcalc":33,"primary_image_id":173},4171,"Vernadite","(Mn,Fe,Ca,Na)(O,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Ca,Na)(O,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.9",22138,[175,181],{"id":176,"name":177,"entrytype":9,"csystem":160,"ima_formula":16,"mindat_formula":178,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":33,"dcalc":179,"primary_image_id":180},71,"Akhtenskite","ε-Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.78",476,{"id":182,"name":183,"entrytype":9,"csystem":134,"ima_formula":16,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":41,"hmax":41,"dmeas":184,"dcalc":185,"primary_image_id":186},3359,"Ramsdellite","4.37","4.79",20541,[],2882,[190,194,198,202,206,210,214,219,223,228,232,236,241,246,250,254,257,262,267,271,275,279,284],{"id":191,"year":192,"html":193,"doi":11},16120993,1827,"Haidinger, W. (1827) Description of pyrolusite, or prismatic manganese ore. The Edinburgh Journal of Science: 9: 304-309.",{"id":195,"year":196,"html":197,"doi":11},16111519,1828,"Turner, E. (1828) Chemical examination of the oxides of manganese. Part II. On the composition of the ores of manganese described by Mr. Haidinger. The Philosophical Magazine: 4: 96-104.",{"id":199,"year":200,"html":201,"doi":11},16116022,1866,"How, H. (1866) Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, Pt. I, Manganite, Pyrolusite, Wad. Philosophical Magazine, Series 4: 31(208): 165-170.",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":11},16120994,1888,"Dana, E.S., Penfield, S.L. (1888) On the crystalline form of polianite. American Journal of Science: 35: 243-247.",{"id":207,"year":204,"html":208,"doi":209},101753,"Dana, Edward S.; Penfleld, S. L. (1888) Ueber die Krystallform des Polianit. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (1-6). 166-172 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1888.14.1.166'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1888.14.1.166\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1888.14.1.166",{"id":211,"year":212,"html":213,"doi":11},16120995,1923,"St. John, A. (1923) Crystal structure of manganese dioxide. Physical Reviews: 21: 389-389.",{"id":215,"year":216,"html":217,"doi":218},234852,1924,"Thiel, George A. (1924) The manganese minerals: their identification and paragenesis. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  19 (2). 107-145 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.2.107'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.2.107\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.19.2.107",{"id":220,"year":221,"html":222,"doi":11},16120997,1926,"Ferrari (1926) Acc. Linc., Att.: 3: 224.",{"id":224,"year":225,"html":226,"doi":227},4033,1937,"Vaux, George (1937) X-ray studies on pyrolusite (including polianite) and psilomelane. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (157) 521-526 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1937.024.157.02'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1937.024.157.02\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_24\u002F24-157-521.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1937.024.157.02",{"id":229,"year":230,"html":231,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":233,"year":234,"html":235,"doi":11},16116028,1960,"Nambu, M., Okada, K. Sakurai, K. (1960) Some pyrolusite pseudomorphs after crystals of manganite in Japan. Bulletin of the Research Institute of Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, Tohoku University: 15(2): 77-86.",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":240},6068,1967,"Davis, R. J. (1967) Some manganese oxide pseudomorphs. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (278) 274-279 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.278.09'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.278.09\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_36\u002F36-278-274.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.278.09",{"id":242,"year":243,"html":244,"doi":245},6465,1971,"Champness, P. E. (1971) The transformation manganite → pyrolusite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (294) 245-248 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1971.038.294.14'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1971.038.294.14\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_38\u002F38-294-245.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1971.038.294.14",{"id":247,"year":248,"html":249,"doi":11},16121002,1974,"Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1974) 8: 371-384.",{"id":251,"year":252,"html":253,"doi":11},527338,1979,"Potter, Russell M., Rossman, George R (1979) The tetravalent manganese oxides: identification, hydration, and structural relationships by infrared spectroscopy. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (11-12) 1199-1218 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002FAmMin\u002FAM64\u002FAM64_1199\u002FAM79-117_wavenumbers.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":255,"year":252,"html":256,"doi":11},527339,"Potter, Russell M., Rossman, George R (1979) Mineralogy of manganese dendrites and coatings. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (11-12) 1219-1226 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM64\u002FAM64_1219.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":258,"year":259,"html":260,"doi":261},3453,1982,"Hey, M. H. (1982) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  46 (341) 513-514 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1982.046.341.25'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1982.046.341.25\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_46\u002F46-341-513.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1982.046.341.25",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":266},8390057,1993,"Bolzan, AA, Fong, C, Kennedy, BJ, Howard, CJ (1993) Powder Neutron Diffraction Study of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2. \u003Ci>Australian Journal of Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>, 46 (6). 939pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1071\u002Fch9930939'>doi:10.1071\u002Fch9930939\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1071\u002Fch9930939",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":11},1118654,1997,"Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine W.; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian; Rosenzweig, Abraham; King, Vandall T. (1997) \u003Ci>Dana's New Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. 1872 pp.",{"id":272,"year":269,"html":273,"doi":274},583499,"Kohler, Thomas, Armbruster, Thomas, Libowitzky, Eugen (1997) Hydrogen Bonding and Jahn–Teller Distortion in Groutite,α-MnOOH, and Manganite,γ-MnOOH, and Their Relations to the Manganese Dioxides Ramsdellite and Pyrolusite. \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  133. 486-500 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1006\u002Fjssc.1997.7516'>doi:10.1006\u002Fjssc.1997.7516\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1006\u002Fjssc.1997.7516",{"id":276,"year":277,"html":278,"doi":11},16966867,2005,"(2005) Pyrolusite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fpyrolusite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":280,"year":281,"html":282,"doi":283},5840176,2019,"Kennedy, Brendan J. (2019) Thermal expansion of pyrolusite, β-MnO2; a synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. \u003Ci>Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids\u003C\u002Fi>, 125. 131-134 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jpcs.2018.09.029'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jpcs.2018.09.029\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.jpcs.2018.09.029",{"id":285,"year":286,"html":287,"doi":288},16884400,2023,"Chubarov, Victor M. (2023) New Approach for Direct Determination of Manganese Valence State in Ferromanganese Nodules by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (10). 1329 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13101329'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13101329\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13101329",[290,300,307,315,321,325,329,338,342,349,354,362,367,377,385,393,401,409,416,423,430,438,447,455,464,473,481,486,495,504,511,519,528,534,542,551],{"id":291,"source_url":292,"license_code":293,"credit_html":294,"title":295,"description":296,"author":297,"original_width":298,"original_height":299},20263,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=114526","Public domain","Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=114526\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite botryoidal.jpg","Shiny botryoidal mass of pyrolusite from \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fw\u002Findex.php?title=Tres_Cruzes&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Tres Cruzes (page does not exist)\">Tres Cruzes\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBrazil\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Brazil\">Brazil\u003C\u002Fa>. Photo taken at the \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fw\u002Findex.php?title=Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Natural History Museum (page does not exist)\">Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLondon\" title=\"London\">London\u003C\u002Fa>.","Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang)",848,553,{"id":301,"source_url":302,"license_code":303,"credit_html":304,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":305,"original_height":306},30551,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91622","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91622\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,773,{"id":308,"source_url":309,"license_code":293,"credit_html":310,"title":311,"description":312,"author":297,"original_width":313,"original_height":314},20264,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=577933","Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=577933\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite radiating.jpg","Acicular radiating \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Pyrolusite\">pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa> formations, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElgersburg\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Elgersburg\">Elgersburg\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThuringia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Thuringia\">Thuringia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGermany\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Germany\">Germany\u003C\u002Fa>. Photograph taken at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNatural_History_Museum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Natural History Museum\">Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLondon\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:London\">London\u003C\u002Fa>.",397,325,{"id":316,"source_url":317,"license_code":318,"credit_html":319,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":305,"original_height":320},30552,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116670","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116670\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":322,"source_url":323,"license_code":318,"credit_html":324,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":305,"original_height":320},30553,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115169","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115169\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":326,"source_url":327,"license_code":318,"credit_html":328,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":305,"original_height":320},30554,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115108","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F115108\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":330,"source_url":331,"license_code":303,"credit_html":332,"title":333,"description":334,"author":335,"original_width":336,"original_height":337},20267,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751981","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751981\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 567 - Pyrolusite (Morvan, France).jpg","Pyrolusite, en provenance de Morvan (France), au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",3412,2548,{"id":339,"source_url":340,"license_code":318,"credit_html":341,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":305,"original_height":320},30555,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112341","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112341\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":343,"source_url":344,"license_code":303,"credit_html":345,"title":346,"description":334,"author":335,"original_width":347,"original_height":348},20268,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751983","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751983\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 568 - Pyrolusite (Morvan, France).jpg",4272,2848,{"id":350,"source_url":351,"license_code":303,"credit_html":352,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":305,"original_height":353},30556,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92241","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92241\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",826,{"id":355,"source_url":356,"license_code":303,"credit_html":357,"title":358,"description":359,"author":335,"original_width":360,"original_height":361},20269,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751989","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751989\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 572 - Pyrolusite (Hautes-Pyrénées, France).jpg","Pyrolusite, en provenance des Hautes-Pyrénées (France), au Muséum de Nantes",3536,2620,{"id":363,"source_url":364,"license_code":303,"credit_html":365,"title":366,"description":359,"author":335,"original_width":347,"original_height":348},20270,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751991","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751991\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 573 - Pyrolusite (Hautes-Pyrénées, France).jpg",{"id":368,"source_url":369,"license_code":370,"credit_html":371,"title":372,"description":373,"author":374,"original_width":375,"original_height":376},74767,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10141634","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10141634\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-132074.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBroken_Hill,_New_South_Wales\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Broken Hill, New South Wales\">Broken Hill\u003C\u002Fa>, Yancowinna County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_South_Wales\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New South Wales\">New South Wales\u003C\u002Fa>, Australia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-72.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.6 x 4.5 x 2.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic fibrous Pyrolusite specimen from this well known locality. Very rich with excellent silvery-brass color, and crystallized on both sides.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",584,396,{"id":378,"source_url":379,"license_code":370,"credit_html":380,"title":381,"description":382,"author":374,"original_width":383,"original_height":384},74768,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159775","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159775\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-204190.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Gremmelsbach, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTriberg_im_Schwarzwald\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Triberg im Schwarzwald\">Triberg\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBlack_Forest\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Black Forest\">Black Forest\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaden-W%C3%BCrttemberg\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baden-Württemberg\">Baden-Württemberg\u003C\u002Fa>, Germany (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-34403.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.9 x 6.7 x 5.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Splendent, acicular crystals of pyrolusite to 6.0 cm, in diverging, radiating sprays on granite matrix form an extremely showy, four-sided specimen from the Gremmelsbach area of the Black Forest, Germany. This area is renowned for its pyrolusite specimens. The note on the back of the German label indicates that the piece was found in 1976.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,691,{"id":386,"source_url":387,"license_code":370,"credit_html":388,"title":389,"description":390,"author":374,"original_width":391,"original_height":392},74769,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163576","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163576\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-229779.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Magma Mine (Magma Superior Mine; Irene claim; Hub claim; Pomeroy; Superior Division; Silver Queen; Monarch claim; Magma Copper Mine; Broken Hill; Apex), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperior\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Superior\">Superior\u003C\u002Fa>, Pioneer District, Pinal Mts, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPinal_County,_Arizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pinal County, Arizona\">Pinal County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArizona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arizona\">Arizona\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3349.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 9.8 x 6.3 x 3.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A rare, old-time specimen of nearly solid pyrolusite from the Magma Mine at Superior, Arizona. The matrix is covered on both sides with metallic-bright, radial sprays of pyrolusite lathes to 1.1 cm. Ex. Mullane Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,443,{"id":394,"source_url":395,"license_code":370,"credit_html":396,"title":397,"description":398,"author":374,"original_width":399,"original_height":400},74770,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166159","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10166159\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-244438.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: N'Chwaning Mines, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKuruman,_Northern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kuruman, Northern Cape\">Kuruman\u003C\u002Fa>, Kalahari manganese fields, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Cape\">Northern Cape Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-55925.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.2 x 4.8 x 1.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A brilliant plate of lustrous Pyrolusite. The fine, bladed Pyrolusites crystals cluster together to make beautiful and distinctive spheres averaging .8 cm across. Superb luster. Very attractive. Ex. Charlie Key.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",500,465,{"id":402,"source_url":403,"license_code":370,"credit_html":404,"title":405,"description":406,"author":374,"original_width":407,"original_height":408},74771,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170154","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170154\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-266159.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLas_Cruces\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Las Cruces\">Las Cruces\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDo%C3%B1a_Ana_County,_New_Mexico\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Doña Ana County, New Mexico\">Doña Ana County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_Mexico\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New Mexico\">New Mexico\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-188878.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 9.2 x 4.6 x 2.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Pyrolusite (manganese oxide) is not typically seen in specimens that are actually aesthetic; but this 2008 find in New Mexico was an exception. Here, you see it having formed tightly packed \"books\" of crystals that together create this shimmering, silvery-grey specimen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",391,400,{"id":410,"source_url":411,"license_code":370,"credit_html":412,"title":413,"description":414,"author":374,"original_width":391,"original_height":415},74772,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10173033","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10173033\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-284861.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLas_Cruces\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Las Cruces\">Las Cruces\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDo%C3%B1a_Ana_County,_New_Mexico\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Doña Ana County, New Mexico\">Doña Ana County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_Mexico\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New Mexico\">New Mexico\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-188878.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.4 x 4.0 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Pyrolusite (manganese oxide) is not typically seen in specimens that are actually aesthetic; but this 2008 find in New Mexico was an exception. Here, you see it having formed tightly packed \"books\" of crystals that together create this shimmering, silvery-grey specimen. This sculptural plate is an excellent representation from the lot we obtained.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",590,{"id":417,"source_url":418,"license_code":370,"credit_html":419,"title":420,"description":421,"author":374,"original_width":408,"original_height":422},74773,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457219","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457219\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-pyrol-12b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dona Ana County, New Mexico\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.5 x 5.6 x 2.3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A large, bright plate!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",320,{"id":424,"source_url":425,"license_code":370,"credit_html":426,"title":427,"description":428,"author":374,"original_width":408,"original_height":429},74774,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457250","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457250\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-pyrol-2-04b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dona Ana County, New Mexico\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 6.2 x 3.4 x 1.3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This matrix pyrolusite specimen features chatoyant, black, pyrolusite crystals which grew in a basketweave pattern. Crystals reach 1.0 cm across. A little too even on the edges, so priced cheaply for aesthetics only - but really quite as good as the above specimens in terms of actual crystal quality and so a bargain for a good reference piece.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",386,{"id":431,"source_url":432,"license_code":370,"credit_html":433,"title":434,"description":435,"author":374,"original_width":436,"original_height":437},74775,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457277","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10457277\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite-pyrol-2-17a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dona Ana County, New Mexico\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.7 x 4.2 x 2.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This matrix specimen of chatoyant, black, pyrolusite crystals, to.75 cm across, have formed a basketweave pattern on solid rock matrix. VERY bright and sparkly specimen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",667,800,{"id":439,"source_url":440,"license_code":303,"credit_html":441,"title":442,"description":443,"author":444,"original_width":445,"original_height":446},74777,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82979911","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82979911\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 201952 photo (g27 g27-284 1 jpg).jpg","\"pürolusiit\", \"polianiit\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91896\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F201952\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Mai Seppel",2480,1791,{"id":448,"source_url":449,"license_code":303,"credit_html":450,"title":451,"description":452,"author":444,"original_width":453,"original_height":454},74778,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83009645","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83009645\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 178408 photo (g28 g28-139 1 jpg).jpg","\"pürolusiit\", \"pürolusiit\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F92241\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F178408\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>",3169,2618,{"id":456,"source_url":457,"license_code":370,"credit_html":458,"title":459,"description":460,"author":461,"original_width":462,"original_height":463},20265,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2533823","“Jon Zander (Digon3)", via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=2533823\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite Mineral with Dendrite Macro.JPG","Macro of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa> Mineral with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDendrite_(crystal)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dendrite (crystal)\">Dendrite\u003C\u002Fa> crystal formations. It is approximately 3 ½ inches (9 cm) tall.","“Jon Zander (Digon3)\"",2272,1704,{"id":465,"source_url":466,"license_code":370,"credit_html":467,"title":468,"description":469,"author":470,"original_width":471,"original_height":472},20266,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3456881","“Jonathan Zander (Digon3)", via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3456881\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite Mineral with Dendrite Macro Digon3.jpg","Macro of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa> mineral with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDendrite_(crystal)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dendrite (crystal)\">dendrite\u003C\u002Fa> crystal formations. It is approximately 3 ½ inches (9 cm) tall.","“Jonathan Zander (Digon3)\"",3000,2000,{"id":474,"source_url":475,"license_code":293,"credit_html":476,"title":477,"description":478,"author":479,"original_width":480,"original_height":480},2336,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955939","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1955939\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Aurorite in calcite with pyrolusite Hydrous silver calcium manganese oxide Aurora Mine, Hamilton, Treasure Hill District, Nevada 2354.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",700,{"id":482,"source_url":483,"license_code":293,"credit_html":484,"title":485,"description":478,"author":479,"original_width":408,"original_height":408},2337,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956154","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956154\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Normal Aurorite in calcite with pyrolusite Hydrous silver calcium manganese oxide Aurora Mine, Hamilton, Treasure Hill District, Nevada 2354.jpg",{"id":487,"source_url":488,"license_code":370,"credit_html":489,"title":490,"description":491,"author":492,"original_width":493,"original_height":494},17932,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6275358","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6275358\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wad - Hollerter Zug, Siegerland.jpg","Wad, pulvriges Gemenge weicher Manganoxide (meist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Pyrolusit\">Pyrolusit\u003C\u002Fa>) - Fundort: Hollerter Zug, Siegerland, Deutschland - Ausgestellt im Mineralogischen Museum Bonn","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",1500,1100,{"id":496,"source_url":497,"license_code":293,"credit_html":498,"title":499,"description":500,"author":501,"original_width":502,"original_height":503},27688,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8632822","Unknown authorUnknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8632822\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite - USGS ID Stose, GW 1425.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWad\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wad\">wad\u003C\u002Fa> -  B, earthy compact wad traversed by a sigmoid band that is of similar composition but has a rod like comb structure and radiate arrangement (the wad apparently is the process of changing to a compact and rod like psilomelane), from Doe Valley mine. Johnson County, Tennessee 1918. Plate 9-B in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 737. 1923.","Unknown authorUnknown author",1400,1228,{"id":505,"source_url":506,"license_code":293,"credit_html":507,"title":508,"description":478,"author":479,"original_width":509,"original_height":510},64706,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956131","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956131\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Lithiophilite with pyrolusite and quartz Lithium manganese phosphate Midnight Owl Mine, White Picacho District, near Wickenburg, Arizona 2793.jpg",643,518,{"id":512,"source_url":513,"license_code":370,"credit_html":514,"title":515,"description":516,"author":517,"original_width":348,"original_height":518},65817,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20393352","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=20393352\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite - dendrites de manganèse 1.JPG","psilomelane : Limestone Quarries, Solnhofen, Franconia, Bavaria, Germany","Parent Géry",4288,{"id":520,"source_url":521,"license_code":303,"credit_html":522,"title":523,"description":524,"author":525,"original_width":526,"original_height":527},65990,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=44231226","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=44231226\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Psilomelane-pyrolusite 7100.4899.jpg","Psilomelane - pyrolusite : Limestone Quarries, Solnhofen, Franconia, Bavaria, Germany","Géry PARENT",1988,1325,{"id":529,"source_url":530,"license_code":303,"credit_html":531,"title":532,"description":524,"author":525,"original_width":472,"original_height":533},65991,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=44231227","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=44231227\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Psilomelane-pyrolusite 7100.4947.jpg",1265,{"id":535,"source_url":536,"license_code":293,"credit_html":537,"title":538,"description":539,"author":540,"original_width":502,"original_height":541},74766,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8632653","Andrew Silver, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8632653\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite - USGS Mineral Specimens 859.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa> (pen for scale) - Mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah - BYU index 4-506f3, MnO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Andrew Silver",823,{"id":543,"source_url":544,"license_code":545,"credit_html":546,"title":547,"description":548,"author":549,"original_width":550,"original_height":471},74779,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84574979","CC BY-SA 2.0","Jan Helebrant, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84574979\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite MnO2 (13400948075).jpg","\u003Cp>pyrolusite MnO2\nlocality: Horní Blatná, Czech Republic\nphoto (c) 2013 Jan Helebrant\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.juhele.webnode.cz\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.juhele.webnode.cz\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.juhele.webnode.cz<\u002Fa>","Jan Helebrant",4000,{"id":552,"source_url":553,"license_code":303,"credit_html":554,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":305,"original_height":555},89070,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91896","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91896\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",722,[557,564],{"id":558,"url":559,"label":560,"formula":561,"spacegroup":562,"year":563},11615,"\u002Fcif\u002F11615.cif","Wyckoff 1963","Mn O2","P 42\u002Fm n m",1963,{"id":565,"url":566,"label":567,"formula":561,"spacegroup":562,"year":568},11616,"\u002Fcif\u002F11616.cif","Kondrashev 1951",1951,[570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589],"Acerdèse fibreuse","Anhydrous Binoxyd of Manganese","Fusa","Grau Braunstein","Gray Oxyd of Manganese","Lapis manganensis","Lichtes Graumanganerz","Mangan Hyperoxyd","Manganaise grise","Manganesa","Manganese Dioxide","Peroxide of manganese","Polianit","Prismatic Manganese-Ore","Prismatisches Manganerz","Pseudomanganite","Varvicit","Varvicite","Weichbraunstein","Weichmangan",[591,595,599,603,607,611,615,620,624,628,632,636,639,643,647,650,655,658,661,665,669,673,678,682,686,689,692,695,699,702,706,709,713,717,721,725,729,732,735,739,742,746,750,753,756,759,762,765,768,772,776,779],{"lang":592,"names":593},"ar",[594],"بيرولوسيت",{"lang":596,"names":597},"az",[598],"Pirolüzit",{"lang":600,"names":601},"be",[602],"Піралюзіт",{"lang":604,"names":605},"bg",[606],"Пиролузит",{"lang":608,"names":609},"bs",[610],"Piroluzit",{"lang":612,"names":613},"ca",[614],"pirolusita",{"lang":616,"names":617},"cs",[618,619],"Burel","Pyroluzit",{"lang":621,"names":622},"de",[623],"Pyrolusit",{"lang":625,"names":626},"el",[627],"Πυρολουσίτης",{"lang":629,"names":630},"es",[631],"Pirolusita",{"lang":633,"names":634},"et",[635],"pürolusiit",{"lang":637,"names":638},"eu",[631],{"lang":640,"names":641},"fa",[642],"پیرولوزیت",{"lang":644,"names":645},"fr",[646],"pyrolusite",{"lang":648,"names":649},"gl",[631],{"lang":651,"names":652},"he",[653,654],"פירולוזיט","פירולוסיט",{"lang":656,"names":657},"hr",[610],{"lang":659,"names":660},"hu",[610],{"lang":662,"names":663},"hy",[664],"Պիրոլյուզիտ",{"lang":666,"names":667},"id",[668],"Pirolusit",{"lang":670,"names":671},"it",[672],"Pirolusite",{"lang":674,"names":675},"ja",[676,677],"パイロルース鉱","軟マンガン鉱",{"lang":679,"names":680},"kk",[681],"Пиролюзит",{"lang":683,"names":684},"kk-arab",[685],"پىيروليۋزىيت",{"lang":687,"names":688},"kk-cn",[685],{"lang":690,"names":691},"kk-cyrl",[681],{"lang":693,"names":694},"kk-kz",[681],{"lang":696,"names":697},"kk-latn",[698],"Pïrolyuzït",{"lang":700,"names":701},"kk-tr",[698],{"lang":703,"names":704},"ko",[705],"연망간광",{"lang":707,"names":708},"ky",[681],{"lang":710,"names":711},"lt",[712],"Piroliuzitas",{"lang":714,"names":715},"mk",[716],"пиролузит",{"lang":718,"names":719},"ms",[720],"Batu Kawi",{"lang":722,"names":723},"nb",[724],"pyrolusitt",{"lang":726,"names":727},"nl",[728],"pyrolusiet",{"lang":730,"names":731},"nn",[724],{"lang":733,"names":734},"oc",[631],{"lang":736,"names":737},"pl",[738],"Piroluzyt",{"lang":740,"names":741},"pt",[614,672],{"lang":743,"names":744},"ro",[745],"piroluzit",{"lang":747,"names":748},"ru",[749],"пиролюзит",{"lang":751,"names":752},"sh",[610],{"lang":754,"names":755},"sk",[618,619],{"lang":757,"names":758},"sl",[745],{"lang":760,"names":761},"sr",[745],{"lang":763,"names":764},"sv",[623],{"lang":766,"names":767},"tr",[610],{"lang":769,"names":770},"uk",[771],"Піролюзит",{"lang":773,"names":774},"uz",[775],"Pirolyuzit",{"lang":777,"names":778},"vi",[623],{"lang":780,"names":781},"zh",[782,783],"軟錳礦","软锰矿","Q413293",{"history":786,"applications":790},{"markdown":787,"model_version":788,"prompt_version":789,"reviewed_at":11},"The name **pyrolusite** is a small piece of glassmaker's shop-talk frozen into mineralogy. It comes from two Greek roots — *pyr*, fire, and a verb meaning to wash — because the mineral was used to \"wash\" tints out of molten glass[1]. The Austrian mineralogist Wilhelm Haidinger coined the name in 1827[2].\n\nLong before it had a scientific name, pyrolusite was simply a useful black stone. Blocks of it turn up at Neanderthal sites, where it may have served as a pigment or, powdered and mixed with tinder fungus, as a fire-starter[3]. As **umber** — a brown earth coloured by manganese dioxide — the same substance was among the earliest pigments human ancestors put to work, reaching back to the Middle Paleolithic[3].\n\nThe Greeks called it *Magnes lithos*, the stone of Magnesia, after the region in Asia Minor it was traded from[4]. In the sixteenth century European mineralogists called it *manganesum*, and also *Alabandicus*, after the town of Alabanda, and **Braunstein** in German[4]. *Manganesum* eventually became the name of the element, *manganese*. *Magnesia* drifted onto a different substance — magnesium oxide — and stayed there[4].\n\nGlassmakers, meanwhile, had been using the mineral for what its modern name describes. Stirred into molten glass, pyrolusite oxidises iron impurities and discharges the green and brown tints they cause, leaving the glass clear[5]. That long-standing practice is what Haidinger's coinage preserves.\n\nPyrolusite earned a different kind of fame in 1774, when the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele reacted it with hydrochloric acid and obtained a sharp yellow-green gas. He had just produced chlorine for the first time[6].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":791,"model_version":788,"prompt_version":789,"reviewed_at":11},"Almost every kilogram of pyrolusite mined ends up in steel. The mineral is the most important ore of manganese, and roughly 85 to 90 percent of manganese demand is absorbed by steelmaking[1]. Manganese does three things in the steel furnace that little else does as cheaply: it fixes sulfur, deoxidises the melt, and alloys with iron to harden the final product. The metal is delivered to the furnace in two alloy forms, **ferromanganese** and **silicomanganese**[2]. Manganese also goes into aluminium alloys[3] and into manganese bronze, an alloy used where strength and corrosion resistance matter[4].\n\nOutside metallurgy, the largest single use is in **dry-cell batteries**. Manganese dioxide is the cathode material in the disposable zinc-carbon and alkaline cells that power flashlights, remotes and toys. Natural pyrolusite is used in some of these, but high-quality cells rely on synthetic manganese dioxide[5].\n\nPyrolusite also serves directly as a chemical reagent. As an oxidising agent it is used in the preparation of chlorine from hydrochloric acid[6], and it is the starting material for **permanganates** — purple manganese salts used as laboratory oxidants and as disinfectants[7].\n\nThe mineral's old role in glassmaking continues in two opposite directions. Stirred into molten glass in small amounts, it oxidises iron impurities and discharges the green and brown tints they cause, leaving the glass clear[8]. In larger amounts the same mineral acts as a pigment. It tints glass, pottery and bricks in violet, amber and black, and colours calico printing and dyeing as well as green and violet paints[9]. Further non-metallurgical uses include plant fertilisers, animal-feed supplements, and brick colorants[10].\n\nPyrolusite is mined in Germany, Brazil, India, the United States, Cuba, Morocco, Ghana, and South Africa[11]. Downstream, the end-product sectors that absorb most of the metal are construction, machinery and transportation[12]."]