[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3328":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":16,"ima_formula":17,"elements":18,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":11,"impurities":22,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":27,"strunz10ed1":28,"strunz10ed2":29,"strunz10ed3":29,"strunz10ed4":30,"dana8ed1":28,"dana8ed2":31,"dana8ed3":30,"dana8ed4":32,"csystem":33,"cclass":11,"spacegroup":11,"spacegroupset":34,"a":35,"b":36,"c":37,"alpha":34,"beta":38,"gamma":34,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":11,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":39,"twinning":40,"tranglide":11,"parting":41,"epitaxidescription":42,"morphology":43,"tlform":11,"hmin":44,"hmax":45,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":46,"vhnmax":47,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":48,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":49,"dmeas2":50,"dcalc":51,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":52,"lustretype":52,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":53,"streak":54,"colour":55,"commentcolor":56,"colors":57,"streak_colors":62,"luminescence":63,"uv":64,"cleavage":11,"cleavagetype":65,"fracturetype":66,"tenacity":11,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":34,"opticalalpha2":34,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":34,"opticalbeta2":34,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":34,"opticalgamma2":34,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":34,"opticalomega2":34,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":34,"opticalepsilon2":34,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":34,"opticaln2":34,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":34,"optical2vcalc2":34,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":34,"optical2vmeasured2":34,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":67,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":68,"opticalanisotropism":69,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":70,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":71,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":72,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":73,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":74,"aboutname":75,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":76,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":77,"group_members":83,"associates":101,"confused_with":333,"type_localities":334,"occurrence_total":335,"citations":336,"images":588,"structures":874,"synonyms":902,"language_names":919,"wikidata_qid":1110,"texts":1111},3328,"1:1:3328:8","2b5c1e78-dfac-47e8-b3f8-ed5489951809","Pyrrhotite","Pyh",0,"mineral",null,39447,33956,false,"Fe\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>S","Also given as Fe\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>S (x = 0 to 0.17). The various polytypes known have slightly different stoichiometries.","Fe\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",[19,20],"Fe","S",[19,20],",Ni,Co,Cu,,","3.9.1",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1835","2","C","10","8","1","Monoclinic","0","11.88","6.87","22.79","90.47","There are monoclinic and hexagonal polytypes. Clinopyrrhotite (F2\u002Fd) Fe7S8 will give Fe0.87S formula. Hexapyrrhotite (P63\u002Fmmc) is Fe1-xS where 0 \u003C x \u003C 0.1.","On \u003Cmi>{10_12}\u003C\u002Fmi>","Distinct on {0001}","Usually, the pyrrhotite is on the galena, but codepositing intergrowths are known. The \"six-fold\" axis of pyrrhotite is parallel to the three-fold axis (octahedral axis) in galena.","Tabular or platy.",3.5,4,"373","409",100,"4.58","4.65","4.69","Metallic","Opaque","Dark grayish black","Bronze brown, bronze red, or dark brown","Tarnishes quickly",[58,59,60,61],"brown","red","black","gray",[61,60],"None","Not fluorescent in UV","None Observed","Sub-Conchoidal","Weak","Anisotropic","Strong","(27.9,31.0) 400,\r\n(28.6,32.2) 420,\r\n(29.4,33.6) 440,\r\n(30.3,34.8) 460,\r\n(31.4,36.2) 480,\r\n(32.4,37.6) 500,\r\n(33.4,38.6) 520,\r\n(34.5,39.6) 540,\r\n(35.5,40.4) 560,\r\n(36.5,41.2) 580,\r\n(37.4,42.0) 600,\r\n(38.3,42.6) 620,\r\n(39.1,43.0) 640,\r\n(39.9,43.5) 660,\r\n(40.7,43.9) 680,\r\n(41.4,44.1) 700","Ferrimagnetic","Variably magnetic.  Can decompose in moist environments to iron sulfates and sulfuric acid (see \u003Cg>Pyrite Disease\u003C\u002Fg>).","Ore deposits.","Pyrrhotite is found with pentlandite in basic igneous rocks, veins, and metamorphic rocks. It is also often found with pyrite, marcasite, and magnetite. It has varying magnetic powers, depending on the number of Fe vacancies in the crystal structure. A...","Named in 1847 by Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy from Greek πνρρός \"pyrrhos\", flame-colored.","2026-04-05 15:31:25",[78],{"id":79,"name":80,"entrytype":81,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":82,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":34,"primary_image_id":11},11395,"Nickel-bearing Pyrrhotite",2,"(Fe,Ni)\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",[84,93],{"id":85,"name":86,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":88,"mindat_formula":89,"hmin":90,"hmax":90,"dmeas":91,"dcalc":91,"primary_image_id":92},3691,"Smythite","Trigonal","(Fe,Ni)\u003Csub>3+x\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> (x ≈ 0-0.3)","(Fe,Ni)\u003Csub>3+x\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> (x=0-0.3)",4.5,"4.32",22516,{"id":94,"name":95,"entrytype":9,"csystem":96,"ima_formula":97,"mindat_formula":97,"hmin":44,"hmax":90,"dmeas":98,"dcalc":99,"primary_image_id":100},4029,"Troilite","Hexagonal","FeS","4.67","4.85",24586,[102,111,119,125,134,142,148,156,164,171,177,184,191,197,204,209,217,224,230,237,243,249,256,264,271,278,286,293,301,311,318,326],{"id":103,"name":104,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":106,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":81,"hmax":107,"dmeas":108,"dcalc":109,"primary_image_id":110},147,"Altaite","Isometric","PbTe",3,"8.19","8.27",904,{"id":112,"name":113,"entrytype":9,"csystem":114,"ima_formula":115,"mindat_formula":115,"hmin":44,"hmax":45,"dmeas":116,"dcalc":117,"primary_image_id":118},148,"Althausite","Orthorhombic","Mg\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,O)(F,◻)","2.97","2.91",919,{"id":120,"name":121,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":122,"mindat_formula":122,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":123,"primary_image_id":124},291,"Argentopentlandite","Ag(Fe,Ni)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.66",1824,{"id":126,"name":127,"entrytype":9,"csystem":128,"ima_formula":129,"mindat_formula":129,"hmin":130,"hmax":130,"dmeas":131,"dcalc":132,"primary_image_id":133},301,"Arsenohauchecornite","Tetragonal","Ni\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>Bi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>AsS\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,"6.35","6.52",2053,{"id":135,"name":136,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":137,"mindat_formula":137,"hmin":130,"hmax":138,"dmeas":139,"dcalc":140,"primary_image_id":141},305,"Arsenopyrite","FeAsS",6,"6.07","6.18",29154,{"id":143,"name":144,"entrytype":9,"csystem":128,"ima_formula":145,"mindat_formula":145,"hmin":90,"hmax":130,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":146,"primary_image_id":147},658,"Bismutohauchecornite","Ni\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Bi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.25",3383,{"id":149,"name":150,"entrytype":9,"csystem":114,"ima_formula":151,"mindat_formula":151,"hmin":152,"hmax":152,"dmeas":153,"dcalc":154,"primary_image_id":155},882,"Canfieldite","Ag\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>SnS\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"6.2","6.311",4541,{"id":157,"name":158,"entrytype":9,"csystem":128,"ima_formula":159,"mindat_formula":160,"hmin":90,"hmax":90,"dmeas":161,"dcalc":162,"primary_image_id":163},42782,"Cerchiaraite-(Al)","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]Cl ","3.69","3.643",5009,{"id":165,"name":166,"entrytype":9,"csystem":128,"ima_formula":167,"mindat_formula":168,"hmin":90,"hmax":90,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":169,"primary_image_id":170},42784,"Cerchiaraite-(Fe)","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]Cl ","3.710",5010,{"id":172,"name":173,"entrytype":9,"csystem":128,"ima_formula":174,"mindat_formula":174,"hmin":45,"hmax":45,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":175,"primary_image_id":176},1210,"Černýite","Cu\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>CdSnS\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.76",5038,{"id":178,"name":179,"entrytype":9,"csystem":128,"ima_formula":180,"mindat_formula":180,"hmin":44,"hmax":45,"dmeas":181,"dcalc":182,"primary_image_id":183},955,"Chalcopyrite","CuFeS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.1","4.18",29425,{"id":185,"name":186,"entrytype":9,"csystem":96,"ima_formula":187,"mindat_formula":187,"hmin":188,"hmax":188,"dmeas":189,"dcalc":189,"primary_image_id":190},1013,"Chlorapatite","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl",5,"3.17",5433,{"id":192,"name":193,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":194,"mindat_formula":194,"hmin":45,"hmax":90,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":195,"primary_image_id":196},1097,"Cobaltpentlandite","Co\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.22",6016,{"id":198,"name":199,"entrytype":9,"csystem":114,"ima_formula":200,"mindat_formula":200,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":201,"dcalc":202,"primary_image_id":203},1168,"Cubanite","CuFe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.03","4.076",6546,{"id":205,"name":206,"entrytype":81,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":207,"hmin":152,"hmax":107,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":208},1365,"Electrum","(Au,Ag)",53179,{"id":210,"name":211,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":212,"mindat_formula":213,"hmin":81,"hmax":81,"dmeas":214,"dcalc":215,"primary_image_id":216},1554,"Fizélyite","Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Pb\u003Csub>14\u003C\u002Fsub>Sb\u003Csub>21\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>48\u003C\u002Fsub>","Ag\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Pb\u003Csub>14\u003C\u002Fsub>Sb\u003Csub>21\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>48\u003C\u002Fsub> ","5.56","5.224",8945,{"id":218,"name":219,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":220,"mindat_formula":220,"hmin":152,"hmax":152,"dmeas":221,"dcalc":222,"primary_image_id":223},1641,"Galena","PbS","7.60","7.57",9582,{"id":225,"name":226,"entrytype":9,"csystem":114,"ima_formula":227,"mindat_formula":227,"hmin":45,"hmax":188,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":228,"primary_image_id":229},1716,"Godlevskite","(Ni,Fe)\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.273",10110,{"id":231,"name":232,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":233,"mindat_formula":233,"hmin":130,"hmax":138,"dmeas":234,"dcalc":235,"primary_image_id":236},1766,"Gudmundite","FeSbS","6.72","6.95",10554,{"id":238,"name":239,"entrytype":9,"csystem":114,"ima_formula":240,"mindat_formula":240,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":241,"primary_image_id":242},1782,"Gustavite","AgPbBi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","7.01",8064,{"id":244,"name":245,"entrytype":9,"csystem":96,"ima_formula":246,"mindat_formula":246,"hmin":45,"hmax":90,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":247,"primary_image_id":248},2264,"Kotulskite","Pd(Te,Bi)\u003Csub>2-x\u003C\u002Fsub> (x ≈ 0.4)","9.18",13606,{"id":250,"name":251,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":252,"mindat_formula":252,"hmin":81,"hmax":152,"dmeas":253,"dcalc":254,"primary_image_id":255},684,"Native Bismuth","Bi","9.7","9.753",17098,{"id":257,"name":258,"entrytype":9,"csystem":114,"ima_formula":259,"mindat_formula":259,"hmin":138,"hmax":260,"dmeas":261,"dcalc":262,"primary_image_id":263},2925,"Norbergite","Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,"3.177","3.186",70930,{"id":265,"name":266,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":227,"mindat_formula":267,"hmin":44,"hmax":45,"dmeas":268,"dcalc":269,"primary_image_id":270},3155,"Pentlandite","(Ni\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>y\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>Σ9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.6","4.956",30426,{"id":272,"name":273,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":274,"mindat_formula":274,"hmin":138,"hmax":260,"dmeas":275,"dcalc":276,"primary_image_id":277},3314,"Pyrite","FeS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.8","5.01",20239,{"id":279,"name":280,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":281,"mindat_formula":281,"hmin":138,"hmax":282,"dmeas":283,"dcalc":284,"primary_image_id":285},3723,"Sperrylite","PtAs\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",7,"10.58","10.78",22631,{"id":287,"name":288,"entrytype":9,"csystem":128,"ima_formula":289,"mindat_formula":290,"hmin":90,"hmax":90,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":291,"primary_image_id":292},3920,"Tetra-auricupride","CuAu","AuCu","14.67",2331,{"id":294,"name":295,"entrytype":9,"csystem":96,"ima_formula":296,"mindat_formula":297,"hmin":188,"hmax":188,"dmeas":298,"dcalc":299,"primary_image_id":300},4007,"Traskite","Ba\u003Csub>21\u003C\u002Fsub>Ca(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn,Ti)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Ti,Fe,Mg)\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>36\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(O,OH)\u003Csub>30\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub> · 14H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ba\u003Csub>21\u003C\u002Fsub>Ca(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn,Ti)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Ti,Fe,Mg)\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>36\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(O,OH)\u003Csub>30\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>·14H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O ","3.71","3.75",12921,{"id":302,"name":303,"entrytype":9,"csystem":87,"ima_formula":304,"mindat_formula":305,"hmin":306,"hmax":307,"dmeas":308,"dcalc":309,"primary_image_id":310},4136,"Valleriite","2[(Fe,Cu)S] · 1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>]","(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Cu)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Al)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,O)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",1,1.5,"3.14","3.21",27216,{"id":312,"name":313,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":314,"mindat_formula":315,"hmin":90,"hmax":130,"dmeas":34,"dcalc":316,"primary_image_id":317},4187,"Violarite","FeNi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Ni\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.79",27499,{"id":319,"name":320,"entrytype":9,"csystem":33,"ima_formula":321,"mindat_formula":322,"hmin":307,"hmax":81,"dmeas":323,"dcalc":324,"primary_image_id":325},4194,"Vivianite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·8H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.67","2.696",27527,{"id":327,"name":328,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":329,"mindat_formula":330,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":331,"dcalc":323,"primary_image_id":332},4388,"Zaratite","Ni\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ni\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O ?","2.57",28663,[],[],9857,[337,340,345,350,355,359,363,367,371,375,380,384,388,391,395,399,403,408,412,415,419,422,426,429,433,438,442,446,449,453,457,461,465,469,473,478,482,486,491,495,500,504,509,513,517,521,525,530,534,537,541,546,550,555,560,565,570,574,578,583],{"id":338,"year":11,"html":339,"doi":11},18641252,"Kiskyras, D. A. (1943): Magnetic properties of the minerals of the system FeS-FeS2. Beiträge zur Angewandten Geophysik 10, 308-311.",{"id":341,"year":342,"html":343,"doi":344},1170027,1892,"Emmens, S. H. (1892) THE CONSTITUTION OF NICKELIFEROUS PYRRHOTITE. \u003Ci>Journal Of The American Chemical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (10) 369-375 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1021\u002Fja02123a027'>doi:10.1021\u002Fja02123a027\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1021\u002Fja02123a027",{"id":346,"year":347,"html":348,"doi":349},104624,1932,"Ehrenberg, H. (1932) Orientierte Verwachsungen von Magnetkies und Pentlandit. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  82 (1-6). 309-315 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1932.82.1.309'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1932.82.1.309\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1932.82.1.309",{"id":351,"year":352,"html":353,"doi":354},105730,1941,"Heiremann, Fr. (1941) Die isomorphen Beziehungen von Μn, Zn, Co, Ni und Cu zu Pyrit und Magnetkies. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  103 (1-6). 168-177 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1941.103.1.168'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1941.103.1.168\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1941.103.1.168",{"id":356,"year":357,"html":358,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":360,"year":361,"html":362,"doi":11},521693,1947,"Buerger, M. J. (1947) The cell and symmetry of pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  32 (7-8) 411-414 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM32\u002FAM32_411.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":364,"year":365,"html":366,"doi":11},16121116,1950,"Kiskyras, D.A. (1950) The magnetic properties of pyrrhotite at various temperatures with special regard to its origin. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Abteilung A: Mineralogie, Petrographie 80A, 297-342.",{"id":368,"year":369,"html":370,"doi":11},19440331,1963,"Campbell, Finley A. (1963) Sphalerite-pyrrhotite relationships at Quemont Mine. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  7 (3). 367-374 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rruff.net\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol7\u002FCM7_367.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":372,"year":373,"html":374,"doi":11},524135,1964,"Carpenter, Robert Heron, Desborough, George A. (1964) Range in solid solution and structure of naturally occurring troilite and pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  49 (9-10) 1350-1365 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM49\u002FAM49_1350.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":376,"year":377,"html":378,"doi":379},231700,1965,"Desborough, George A., Carpenter, Robert Heron (1965) Phase relations of pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  60 (7) 1431-1450 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.60.7.1431'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.60.7.1431\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.60.7.1431",{"id":381,"year":382,"html":383,"doi":11},19661841,1967,"Arnold, R. G. (1967) Range in composition and structure of 82 natural terrestrial pyrrhotites. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  9 (1). 31-50",{"id":385,"year":386,"html":387,"doi":11},16121121,1969,"Fleet, M.E., MacRae, N. (1969) Two-phase hexagonal pyrrhotites. The Canadian Mineralogist: 9: 699-705.",{"id":389,"year":386,"html":390,"doi":11},16121122,"Graham, A. R. (1969) Quantitative determination of hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotites by X-ray diffraction. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  10 (1). 4-24 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fuploads\u002FCM10_4.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":392,"year":386,"html":393,"doi":394},231270,"Arnold, R. G. (1969) Pyrrhotite phase relation below 304 +\u002F- 6°C at \u003C1 atm total pressure. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (4). 405-419 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.64.4.405'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.64.4.405\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.64.4.405",{"id":396,"year":397,"html":398,"doi":11},16121123,1970,"Clark, A. H. (1970) Quantitative determination of hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotites by X-ray diffraction: A discussion. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  10 (2). 278-280",{"id":400,"year":397,"html":401,"doi":402},180178,"Yund, R. A., Hall, H. T. (1970) Kinetics and Mechanism of Pyrite Exsolution from Pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  11 (2) 381-404 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F11.2.381'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F11.2.381\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F11.2.381",{"id":404,"year":405,"html":406,"doi":407},216759,1971,"Fleet, M. E. (1971) The crystal structure of a pyrrhotite (Fe7S8). \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  27 (10). 1864-1867 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0567740871004990'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0567740871004990\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0567740871004990",{"id":409,"year":410,"html":411,"doi":11},525890,1972,"Tokonami, Masayasu, Nishiguchi, Katsuhisa, Morimoto, and Nobuo (1972) Crystal structure of a monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (7-8) 1066-1080 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM57\u002FAM57_1066.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":413,"year":410,"html":414,"doi":11},16121126,"Batt, A.P. (1972) Nickel distribution in hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 11: 892-897.",{"id":416,"year":417,"html":418,"doi":11},526062,1973,"Carpenter, Robert H., Bailey, and Arthur C. (1973) Application of Ro and At measurements to the study of pyrrhotite and troilite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (5-6) 440-443 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM58\u002FAM58_440.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":420,"year":417,"html":421,"doi":11},16121128,"Vaughan, D.J. (1973) Variation in properties of synthetic \"pyrrhotites\" of composition Fe (sub 1-x) S (O\u003C or =x\u003C or =0.14). The Canadian Mineralogist: 11: 1008-1011.",{"id":423,"year":424,"html":425,"doi":11},526457,1975,"Nakazawa, Hiromoto; Morimoto, Nobuo; Watanabe, Eiichi (1975) Direct observation of metal vacancies by high-resolution electron microscopy. Part I: 4C type pyrrhotite (Fe7S8). \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  60 (5-6). 359-366 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM60\u002FAM60_359.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":427,"year":424,"html":428,"doi":11},16121129,"Ramsden, A.R. (1975) Compositions of coexisting pyrrhotites, pentlandites and pyrites at Spargoville, Western Australia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 13: 133-137.",{"id":430,"year":424,"html":431,"doi":432},230532,"Morimoto, N., Gyobu, Atsuo, Mukaiyama, Hiromu, Izawa, Eiji (1975) Crystallography and stability of pyrrhotites. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  70 (4) 824-833 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.70.4.824'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.70.4.824\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.70.4.824",{"id":434,"year":435,"html":436,"doi":437},1119079,1976,"Nakazawa, H., Morimoto, N., Watanabe, E. (1976) Direct Observation of Iron Vacancies in Polytypes of Pyrrhotite. In \u003Ci>Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p.304-309. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-642-66196-9_21'>doi:10.1007\u002F978-3-642-66196-9_21\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002F978-3-642-66196-9_21",{"id":439,"year":440,"html":441,"doi":11},16121131,1977,"Corlett, M. (1977) Iron oxides and pyrrhotites from Igdlukunguaq, Disko Island, Greenland. The Canadian Mineralogist: 15: 540-545.",{"id":443,"year":444,"html":445,"doi":11},527157,1978,"Engel, Ruth F., Peacor, Donald R., Kelly, William C. (1978) A new 5C pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (11-12) 1274-1277 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM63\u002FAM63_1274.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":447,"year":444,"html":448,"doi":11},17110940,"Fleet, M. E. (1978) The pyrrhotite-marcasite transformation. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  16 (1) 31-35 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Frruff_1.0\u002Fuploads\u002FCM16_31.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":450,"year":451,"html":452,"doi":11},12907435,1980,"Smith, Arthur E. (1980) Mineralogical Notes - Pyrrhotite Nodules from Texas Gulf Coast Salt Domes. \u003Ci>The Mineralogical Record\u003C\u002Fi>, 11 (2) 100-101",{"id":454,"year":455,"html":456,"doi":11},16121133,1981,"Kuebler, L. (1981)  Note on the hardness of hexagonal pyrrhotite and a method for measuring the abrasion depth in sulfides. The Canadian Mineralogist: 19: 355-359.",{"id":458,"year":459,"html":460,"doi":11},17632327,1982,"Mukherjee, Ananda Deb, Sen, Ranen (1982) Pyrrhotite Alteration-A Study on Norwegian and Indian Sulphide Ores. \u003Ci>Journal of the Geological Society of India\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (4). 196-198",{"id":462,"year":459,"html":463,"doi":464},198128,"King, H. E., Prewitt, C. T. (1982) High-pressure and high-temperature polymorphism of iron sulfide (FeS) \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (7) 1877-1887 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0567740882007523'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0567740882007523\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0567740882007523",{"id":466,"year":459,"html":467,"doi":468},229484,"Kissin, S. A., Scott, S. D. (1982) Phase relations involving pyrrhotite below 350°C. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  77 (7). 1739-1754 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.77.7.1739'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.77.7.1739\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.77.7.1739",{"id":470,"year":459,"html":471,"doi":472},155213,"Durazzo, A., Taylor, L.A. (1982) Exsolution in the Mss-pentlandite system: Textural and genetic implications for Ni-sulfide ores. \u003Ci>Mineralium Deposita\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (3). 313-332 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00204463'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00204463\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00204463",{"id":474,"year":475,"html":476,"doi":477},3559,1983,"Kelly, D. P., Vaughan, D. J. (1983) Pyrrhotine-pentlandite ore textures: a mechanistic approach. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  47 (345) 453-463 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1983.047.345.06'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1983.047.345.06\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_47\u002F47-345-453.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1983.047.345.06",{"id":479,"year":480,"html":481,"doi":11},16121136,1984,"Campbell, F.A., Ethier, V.G. (1984) Nickel and cobalt in pyrrhotite and pyrite from the Faro and Sullivan orebodies. The Canadian Mineralogist: 22: 503-506.",{"id":483,"year":480,"html":484,"doi":485},1415404,"Pasquariello, D. M., Kershaw, R., Passaretti, J. D., Dwight, K., Wold, A. (1984) Low-temperature synthesis and properties of cobalt sulfide (Co9S8), nickel sulfide (Ni3S2), and iron sulfide (Fe7S8). \u003Ci>Inorganic Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  23 (7). 872-874 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1021\u002Fic00175a016'>doi:10.1021\u002Fic00175a016\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1021\u002Fic00175a016",{"id":487,"year":488,"html":489,"doi":490},580340,1990,"Keller-Besrest, F., Collin, G. (1990) Structural aspects of the α transition in stoichiometric FeS: Identification of the high-temperature phase. \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  84. 194-210 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90319-s'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90319-s\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90319-s",{"id":492,"year":488,"html":493,"doi":494},580341,"Keller-Besrest, F., Collin, G. (1990) II. Structural aspects of the α transition in off-stoichiometric Fe1−xS crystals. \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  84. 211-225 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90320-w'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90320-w\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90320-w",{"id":496,"year":497,"html":498,"doi":499},1884,1993,"Craig, James R., Vokes, Frank M. (1993) The metamorphism of pyrite and pyritic ores: an overview. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (386) 3-18 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1993.057.386.02'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1993.057.386.02\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_57\u002F57-386-3.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1993.057.386.02",{"id":501,"year":502,"html":503,"doi":11},16996411,1997,"Barkov, A. Y., Laajoki, K. V. O., Men'shikov, Y. P., Alapieti, T. T., Sivonen, S. J. (1997) First terrestrial occurrence of titanium-rich pyrrhotite, marcasite and pyrite in a fenitized xenolith from the Khibina alkaline complex, Russia. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (4) 875-885 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Frruff_1.0\u002Fuploads\u002FCM35_875.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":505,"year":506,"html":507,"doi":508},394378,2001,"Nesbitt, H.W., Schaufuss, A.G., Scaini, M., Bancroft, G.M., Szargan, R. (2001) XPS measurement of fivefold and sixfold coordinated sulfur in pyrrhotites and evidence for millerite and pyrrhotite surface species. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  86 (3) 318-326 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2001-2-315'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2001-2-315\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2001-2-315",{"id":510,"year":511,"html":512,"doi":11},16121141,2002,"Farrell, S.P., Fleet, M.E. (2002) Phase separation in (Fe,Co)1-xS monosulfide solid-solution below 450°C, with consequences for coexisting pyrrhotite and pentlandite in magmatic sulfide deposits. The Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 33-46.",{"id":514,"year":511,"html":515,"doi":516},8439454,"Etschmann, B. E., Pring, A., Putnis, A., McCammon, C., GrGuric, B., Studer, A. J. (2002) Kinetics of exsolution in the pentlandite-pyrrhotite ((Fe,Ni)\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>S\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>-Fe\u003Csub>(1−\u003Ci>x\u003C\u002Fi>)\u003C\u002Fsub>S) system. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (s1). c144 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108767302090785'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108767302090785\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108767302090785",{"id":518,"year":519,"html":520,"doi":11},16121143,2003,"Selivanov, E.N., Vershinin, A.D., Gulyaeva, R.I. (2003) Thermal expansion of troilite and pyrrhotine [sic] in helium and air. Inorganic Materials: 39: 1097-1102.",{"id":522,"year":519,"html":523,"doi":524},63832,"Froese, E. (2003) Point defects in pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  41 (4). 1061-1067 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.41.4.1061'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.41.4.1061\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol41\u002FCM41_1061.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.41.4.1061",{"id":526,"year":527,"html":528,"doi":529},14173304,2004,"Powell, Anthony V., Vaqueiro, Paz, Knight, Kevin S., Chapon, Laurent C., Sánchez, Rodolfo D. (2004) Structure and magnetism in synthetic pyrrhotite Fe7S8: A powder neutron-diffraction study. \u003Ci>Physical Review B\u003C\u002Fi>,  70 (1). 014415-1-014415-12 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.70.014415'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.70.014415\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.70.014415",{"id":531,"year":532,"html":533,"doi":11},16121145,2005,"Wang, H., Salveson, I. (2005) A review on the mineral chemistry of the non-stoichiometric iron sulphide, Fe1-xS (0≤x≤0.125): polymorphs, phase relations and transitions, electronic and magnetic structures. Phase Transitions: 78: 547-567.",{"id":535,"year":532,"html":536,"doi":11},16966877,"(2005) Pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fpyrrhotite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":538,"year":532,"html":539,"doi":540},243608,"Tenailleau, C.; Etschmann, B.; Wang, H.; Pring, A.; Grguric, B. A.; Studer, A. (2005) Thermal expansion of troilite and pyrrhotite determined by \u003Ci>in situ\u003C\u002Fi> cooling (873 to 373 K) neutron powder diffraction measurements. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  69 (2). 205-216 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002F0026461056920247'>doi:10.1180\u002F0026461056920247\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002F0026461056920247",{"id":542,"year":543,"html":544,"doi":545},6702803,2006,"Makovicky, E. (2006) Crystal Structures of Sulfides and Other Chalcogenides, in \u003Ci>Sulfide Mineralogy and Geochemistry\u003C\u002Fi>. \u003Ci>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  61. Mineralogical Society of America. 7-125 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Frmg.2006.61.2'>doi:10.2138\u002Frmg.2006.61.2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Frmg.2006.61.2",{"id":547,"year":543,"html":548,"doi":549},18641255,"Wang, Haipeng; Pring, Allan; Wu, Fei; Chen, Guorong; Jiang, Jianhua; Xia, Fang; Zhang, Jian; Ngothai, Yung; O'neill, Brian (2006) Effect of cation vacancy and crystal superstructure on thermodynamics of iron monosulfides. \u003Ci>Journal of Sulfur Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  27 (3). 271-282 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F17415990600646124'>doi:10.1080\u002F17415990600646124\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1080\u002F17415990600646124",{"id":551,"year":552,"html":553,"doi":554},17382563,2007,"Tan, Zheng, Su, Xuping, Li, Zhi, Liu, Ya, Wang, Jianhua (2007) Phase equilibria in the Zn–Fe–S system at 450°C. \u003Ci>International Journal of Materials Research\u003C\u002Fi>,  98 (1) 16-20 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3139\u002F146.101435'>doi:10.3139\u002F146.101435\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3139\u002F146.101435",{"id":556,"year":557,"html":558,"doi":559},15062447,2008,"Selivanov, E. N., Gulyaeva, R. I., Vershinin, A. D. (2008) Thermal expansion and phase transformations of natural pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>Inorganic Materials\u003C\u002Fi>, 44 (4) 438-442 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1134\u002Fs0020168508040201'>doi:10.1134\u002Fs0020168508040201\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1134\u002Fs0020168508040201",{"id":561,"year":562,"html":563,"doi":564},396150,2009,"de Villiers, J. P.R., Liles, D. C., Becker, M. (2009) The crystal structure of a naturally occurring 5C pyrrhotite from Sudbury, its chemistry, and vacancy distribution. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  94 (10) 1405-1410 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2009.3081'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2009.3081\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol94\u002FAM94_1405.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2009.3081",{"id":566,"year":567,"html":568,"doi":569},396362,2010,"de Villiers, J. P.R., Liles, D. C. (2010) The crystal-structure and vacancy distribution in 6C pyrrhotite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  95 (1) 148-152 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3266'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3266\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol95\u002FAM95_148.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3266",{"id":571,"year":567,"html":572,"doi":573},187505,"Elliot, Alexander Dean (2010) Structure of pyrrhotite 5C (Fe9S10). \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  66 (3). 271-279 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108768110011845'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108768110011845\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108768110011845",{"id":575,"year":567,"html":576,"doi":577},225549,"Becker, M., de Villiers, J., Bradshaw, D. (2010) The Mineralogy and Crystallography of Pyrrhotite from Selected Nickel and PGE Ore Deposits. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  105 (5) 1025-1037 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fecongeo.105.5.1025'>doi:10.2113\u002Fecongeo.105.5.1025\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fecongeo.105.5.1025",{"id":579,"year":580,"html":581,"doi":582},396742,2011,"Harries, D., Pollok, K., Langenhorst, F. (2011) Translation interface modulation in NC-pyrrhotites: Direct imaging by TEM and a model toward understanding partially disordered structural states. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (5) 716-731 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2011.3644'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2011.3644\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2011.3644",{"id":584,"year":585,"html":586,"doi":587},396924,2012,"Liles, D. C., de Villiers, J. P. R. (2012) Redetermination of the structure of 5C pyrrhotite at low temperature and at room temperature. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  97 (2) 257-261 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3887'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3887\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2012.3887",[589,596,605,611,615,619,623,632,642,652,662,670,679,687,695,702,710,718,726,736,744,752,760,767,773,780,787,795,802,809,817,825,832,840,846,852,858,866],{"id":590,"source_url":591,"license_code":592,"credit_html":593,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":594,"original_height":595},30574,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91592","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91592\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,694,{"id":597,"source_url":598,"license_code":592,"credit_html":599,"title":600,"description":601,"author":602,"original_width":603,"original_height":604},20374,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716240","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716240\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 023 - Pyrrhotite (Russie).jpg","Pyrrhotite, en provenance de Russie, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2388,2092,{"id":606,"source_url":607,"license_code":608,"credit_html":609,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":594,"original_height":610},30575,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116560","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116560\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":612,"source_url":613,"license_code":608,"credit_html":614,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":594,"original_height":610},30576,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112579","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112579\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":616,"source_url":617,"license_code":608,"credit_html":618,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":594,"original_height":610},30577,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F108761","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F108761\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":620,"source_url":621,"license_code":608,"credit_html":622,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":594,"original_height":610},30578,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114837","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114837\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":624,"source_url":625,"license_code":608,"credit_html":626,"title":627,"description":628,"author":629,"original_width":630,"original_height":631},75790,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=159651758","Artyom Svetlov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=159651758\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Moscow State University pyrrhotite 2014-01 1389529115.JPG","pyrrhotite","Artyom Svetlov",3072,2048,{"id":633,"source_url":634,"license_code":635,"credit_html":636,"title":637,"description":638,"author":639,"original_width":640,"original_height":641},83682,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901848","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901848\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrrhotite crystal (Dalnegorsk, Russia) 1 (18696395810).jpg","\u003Cp>Pyrrhotite crystal from Russia.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pyrrhotite is imperfect iron monosulfide (Fe(1-x)S).  The atomic structure of pyrrhotite has holes due to an insufficient number of iron atoms, cf. sulfur atoms.  Iron monosulfide is a common, but minor, component of many meteorites, but it lacks the atomic-scale “holes” of pyrrhotite, and is called troilite (FeS).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pyrrhotite is superficially like pyrite in appearance and chemistry, but they are different minerals.  Pyrrhotite has a metallic luster, a brownish-brassy or bronzish color, a black streak, no cleavage, and is magnetic.  What’s particularly distinctive about pyrrhotite is that it is variably magnetic.  The holes in the atomic structure gives pyrrhotite its magnetism.  But, there's variation in the number of missing iron atoms from sample to sample, so pyrrhotite ends up having variable magnetism.  More holes results in stronger magnetism.  Few holes results in weaker magnetism.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The beautiful hexagonal crystal of pyrrhotite shown above comes from a polymetallic sulfide ore body at the famous Dalnegorsk skarn deposit in far-eastern Russia.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of pyrrhotite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3328\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3328\u003C\u002Fa>","James St. John",1778,1437,{"id":643,"source_url":644,"license_code":645,"credit_html":646,"title":647,"description":648,"author":649,"original_width":650,"original_height":651},20373,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10156826","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10156826\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrrhotite-Sphalerite-Quartz-195225.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrrhotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrrhotite\">Pyrrhotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSphalerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sphalerite\">Sphalerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Nikolaevskiy Mine, Dal'negorsk (Dalnegorsk; Tetyukhe; Tjetjuche; Tetjuche), Primorskiy Kray, Far-Eastern Region, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4642.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.3 x 4.1 x 3.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Sharp, brassy crystals of pyrrhotite are perched beautifully on clustered bursts of milky quartz crystals. You can also see some crystals of sphalerite down amongst the quartzes.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,527,{"id":653,"source_url":654,"license_code":655,"credit_html":656,"title":657,"description":658,"author":659,"original_width":660,"original_height":661},6014,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64939297","CC BY 3.0","John Sobolewski (JSS), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=64939297\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pentlandite, Pyrrhotite-540342.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPentlandite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pentlandite\">Pentlandite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrrhotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrrhotite\">Pyrrhotite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Flåt Nickel Mines, Flåt, Evje og Hornnes, Aust-Agder, Norway\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> A 3.1 by 2.6 cms mass of Pentlandite with some Pyrrhotite. JSS specimen and photo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","John Sobolewski (JSS)",1325,970,{"id":663,"source_url":664,"license_code":635,"credit_html":665,"title":666,"description":667,"author":639,"original_width":668,"original_height":669},11553,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34530417","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=34530417\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive sulfide (Pt-Pd-rich chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite) Stillwater mine MT.jpg","\u003Cp>Massive sulfide (4.6 cm across) - a piece of Pt\u002FPd-rich massive sulfide from the Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex (Neoarchean, 2.71 b.y.) in the Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Platinum- and palladium-bearing pyrrhotite & chalcopyrite in the Stillwater Complex usually occur as intercumulate fills between crystals of plagioclase or pyroxene or olivine\u002Fserpentine.  Occasionally, these sulfide minerals occur in a massive state.  This is a fragment of massive sulfide from the Stillwater Complex’s J-M Reef.  The yellowish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite, and the brownish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite.  There are other minerals present, including bornite (Cu5FeS4) (on the back of the specimen), and small patches of some silvery-colored mineral (what?).  Several rare sulfide and element and element-alloy minerals have been reported from the Stillwater, including hollingworthite ((Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS), gold (Au), tetraferroplatinum (PtFe), palladobismutharsenide (Pd2(Bi,As)), braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S), keithconnite (Pd3-xTe), moncheite (Pt(Te,Bi)2), vysotskite ((Pd,Ni)S), etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: 46W500 stope (4600’ elevation above sea level & 500’ west of shaft), Stillwater Mine, underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater Coutny, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nThe main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).",2461,1801,{"id":671,"source_url":672,"license_code":592,"credit_html":673,"title":674,"description":675,"author":676,"original_width":677,"original_height":678},20375,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129690236","Ol Evene, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129690236\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrrhotite Mineral.jpg","Photomicrograph image of iron sulfide mineral pyrrhotite view under reflected light ore microscope.","Ol Evene",914,924,{"id":680,"source_url":681,"license_code":635,"credit_html":682,"title":683,"description":684,"author":639,"original_width":685,"original_height":686},5229,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483945","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483945\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 3.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~3.5 centimeters across along the base)\n\u003Cp>Dull brassy & brownish-brassy area at center to lower right = pyrrhotite\nTarnished brassy gold along the perimeter = chalcopyrite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",2785,2221,{"id":688,"source_url":689,"license_code":635,"credit_html":690,"title":691,"description":692,"author":639,"original_width":693,"original_height":694},8462,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483946","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483946\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 2.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Tarnished brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nBrownish-brassy & dull brassy area at right (& scattered elsewhere) = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",3578,2238,{"id":696,"source_url":697,"license_code":635,"credit_html":698,"title":699,"description":684,"author":639,"original_width":700,"original_height":701},8463,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483951","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483951\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 4.jpg",2833,2203,{"id":703,"source_url":704,"license_code":635,"credit_html":705,"title":706,"description":707,"author":639,"original_width":708,"original_height":709},5230,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483952","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483952\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 5.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Tarnished brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nDull brassy gold area at left = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",3514,2251,{"id":711,"source_url":712,"license_code":635,"credit_html":713,"title":714,"description":715,"author":639,"original_width":716,"original_height":717},5231,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483953","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483953\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 6.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (cut & polished surface; ~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Yellow brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nLight grayish-brown = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",3345,2258,{"id":719,"source_url":720,"license_code":645,"credit_html":721,"title":722,"description":723,"author":649,"original_width":724,"original_height":725},6011,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10158611","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10158611\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pentlandite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrrhotite-199634.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPentlandite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pentlandite\">Pentlandite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChalcopyrite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chalcopyrite\">Chalcopyrite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrrhotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrrhotite\">Pyrrhotite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSudbury\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sudbury\">Sudbury\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSudbury_District,_Ontario\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sudbury District, Ontario\">Sudbury District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOntario\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ontario\">Ontario\u003C\u002Fa>, Canada (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-23989.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.2 x 5.9 x 3.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a rich ore sample, containing a mixture of several sulfide minerals: pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite. Self-collected by curator Sam Gordon, in 1932. Ex. Philadelphia Academy of Sciences Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,459,{"id":727,"source_url":728,"license_code":729,"credit_html":730,"title":731,"description":732,"author":733,"original_width":734,"original_height":735},8073,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118199388","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118199388\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Eskolaite with Pyrrhotite (48522683252).jpg","\u003Cp>Outokumpu Mine\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nOutukumpu, Finland","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",6000,4000,{"id":737,"source_url":738,"license_code":635,"credit_html":739,"title":740,"description":741,"author":639,"original_width":742,"original_height":743},13088,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625707","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84625707\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive sulfide (bornite & Pt Pd-rich chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite) (platinum-palladium ore) (Johns-Manville Reef, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga; Stillwater Mine, Beartooth Mountains, Montana, USA) (14828837001).jpg","\u003Cp>Massive sulfide from the Precambrian of Montana, USA. (4.6 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Southern Montana’s Beartooth Mountains has one of only three platinum mines in North America.  There, platinum and palladium are mined from the 2.71 billion-year-old Stillwater Complex, a classic example of an LLI (large, layered igneous province).  LLIs are large intrusive bodies that display large-scale and small-scale layering, even including cross bedding, ripples, graded bedding, channelforms, and other sedimentary-like features.  The Stillwater started out as a large subsurface mass of slowly cooling magma.  As various minerals crystallized, they settled to the bottom of the magma chamber.  This resulted in layering.  Igneous rocks that formed this way have a cumulate texture.  Currents in the still-liquid portions of the magma chamber produced the sedimentary structures mentioned above.  Most of the Stillwater displays only large-scale layering.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The rocks in the Stillwater are ultramafic & mafic intrusive igneous rocks.  Common lithologies include gabbros, norites, harzburgites, anorthosites, troctolites, chromitites, pyroxenites, and dunites.  Portions of the Stillwater have been metamorphosed.  Olivine is the most commonly altered component, usually metamorphosed to serpentine.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The main platinum & palladium occurrence is in the Johns-Manville Reef (J-M Reef), an interval in the lower part of the Lower Banded Series.  There, the Pt & Pd occur in intercumulate sulfides, typically pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).  Platinum ores in the J-M Reef are principally sulfidic anorthosites, but other lithologies also occur.  The J-M Reef is the highest grade deposit known for platinum-group elements (PGEs).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Platinum- and palladium-bearing pyrrhotite & chalcopyrite in the Stillwater Complex usually occur as intercumulate fills between crystals of plagioclase or pyroxene or olivine\u002Fserpentine.  Occasionally, these sulfide minerals occur in a massive state.  This is a fragment of massive sulfide from the Stillwater Complex’s J-M Reef.  The yellowish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich chalcopyrite, and the brownish-gold colored material is Pt\u002FPd-rich pyrrhotite.  There are other minerals present, including bornite (Cu5FeS4) (dark, multicolored areas), and small patches of some silvery-colored mineral (what?).  Several rare sulfide and element and element-alloy minerals have been reported from the Stillwater, including hollingworthite ((Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS), gold (Au), tetraferroplatinum (PtFe), palladobismutharsenide (Pd2(Bi,As)), braggite ((Pt,Pd,Ni)S), keithconnite (Pd3-xTe), moncheite (Pt(Te,Bi)2), vysotskite ((Pd,Ni)S), etc.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Johns-Manville Reef, Lower Banded Series, Stillwater Complex, Neoarchean, 2.71 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: 46W500 stope (4600’ elevation above sea level & 500’ west of shaft), Stillwater Mine, underground & west of the Stillwater River, southwestern Stillwater County, Beartooth Mountains, southern Montana, USA",2632,1807,{"id":745,"source_url":746,"license_code":645,"credit_html":747,"title":748,"description":749,"author":649,"original_width":750,"original_height":751},20377,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151231","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151231\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrrhotite-Quartz-176696.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrrhotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrrhotite\">Pyrrhotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dal'negorsk (Dalnegorsk; Tetyukhe; Tjetjuche; Tetjuche), Primorskiy Kray, Far-Eastern Region, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2635.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.7 x 2.2 x 1.9 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This piece features a group very attractive, brass-colored pseudo-hexagonal, doubly-terminated crystals of Pyrrhotite on Quartz matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",712,576,{"id":753,"source_url":754,"license_code":635,"credit_html":755,"title":756,"description":757,"author":639,"original_width":758,"original_height":759},20379,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41156226","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41156226\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pentlandite in pyrrhotite, South Mine, Sudbury, Ontario.jpg","\u003Cp>Pentlandite in pyrrhotite from the Sudbury Impact Structure in Ontario, Canada. (field of view 8.35 cm across)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pentlandite is the principal nickel ore mineral.  It is a brassy gold-colored nickel iron sulfide (Ni,Fe)9S8).  It's similar in its physical properties to other brassy gold-colored sulfide minerals such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite.  Pentlandite has a metallic luster, a brassy-bronze color, a light bronzish-brown streak, has a hardness of 3.5 to 4, is not magnetic, has no cleavage, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Pentlandite is typically found closely intermingled with pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS), as in the examples shown below.  Pentlandite crystals are rare, and it usually occurs in massive to granular form.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pentlandite can be found with other metallic sulfide minerals, particularly in some mafic and ultramafic intrusive igneous rocks.  The Sudbury Impact Structure of Ontario is a world-class locality for pentlandite and other metallic sulfides.  The massive sulfide rock shown above is from Sudbury.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Sudbury Complex (Sudbury Basin) in southeastern Canada has intrigued geologists for decades, and not just due to the tremendous economic value of the area’s mineral deposits.  Sudbury is one of the largest preserved impact structures on Earth.  The impact occurred ~1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape, however - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide specimen consists of bright brassy-colored patches of pentlandite ((Ni,Fe)9S8 - nickel iron sulfide) in brassy gray-brown pyrrhotite (Fe(1-x)S - imperfect iron monosulfide), plus a network of grayish to black patches of magnetite (Fe3O4 - iron oxide).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Geologic Context & Age: massive sulfide, 800 Orebody at contact of the Copper Cliff offset dike (quartz diorite) & McKim Formation deltaic metapelites (upper Elliot Group, lower Huronian Supergroup, lower Paleoproterozoic, 2.45 b.y.), sulfide mineralization was syn-impact or early post- Impact, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: 800 Orebody, South Mine (Copper Cliff South Mine), near Sudbury, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of pentlandite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3155\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3155\u003C\u002Fa>",1491,808,{"id":761,"source_url":762,"license_code":635,"credit_html":763,"title":764,"description":757,"author":639,"original_width":765,"original_height":766},20380,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901809","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901809\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pentlandite in pyrrhotite (late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; 800 Orebody, South Mine, Sudbury Impact Crater, Ontario, Canada) 1 (14937242080).jpg",1549,828,{"id":768,"source_url":769,"license_code":729,"credit_html":770,"title":771,"description":772,"author":733,"original_width":734,"original_height":735},27501,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206484","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206484\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Marcasite with Pyrrhotite, Chalcopyrite, and Violarite (40945032473).jpg","Falconbridge, Ontario, Canada - S-74-1778",{"id":774,"source_url":775,"license_code":635,"credit_html":776,"title":777,"description":715,"author":639,"original_width":778,"original_height":779},36166,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483957","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483957\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 7.jpg",3575,2445,{"id":781,"source_url":782,"license_code":635,"credit_html":783,"title":784,"description":785,"author":639,"original_width":265,"original_height":786},39293,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483947","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158483947\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite (Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Creighton Mine, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 1.jpg","Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite from the Precambrian of Ontario, Canada. (~6.35 centimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>Tarnished brassy gold = chalcopyrite\nDull brassy area at left (& scattered elsewhere) = pyrrhotite\nDark gray to black = magnetite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide sample is from Ontario's Sudbury Mining District, which is famous for its economically-significant nickel- and copper-bearing minerals.  The Sudbury area is actually a tectonically deformed, very large impact structure - it is the # 3 largest preserved impact structure on Earth (the # 1 largest is Vredefort in South Africa; the # 2 largest is Chicxulub in Yucatan, Mexico).  The Sudbury Impact occurred about 1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The dominant mineral in this specimen is chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 (copper iron sulfide).  Also present are pyrrhotite - Fe(1-x)S (imperfect iron monosulfide) and magnetite - Fe3O4 (iron oxide), both of which will stick to a magnet.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Mineralization age: syn-impact or early post-impact, late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Creighton Mine, Sudbury Mining District, southeastern Ontario, southeastern Canada",2360,{"id":788,"source_url":789,"license_code":635,"credit_html":790,"title":791,"description":792,"author":639,"original_width":793,"original_height":794},49997,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901805","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901805\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pentlandite-pyrrhotite (late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 2 (18278629703).jpg","\u003Cp>Pentlandite-pyrrhotite from the Sudbury Impact Structure in Ontario, Canada. (CMNH 12045, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pentlandite is the principal nickel ore mineral.  It is a brassy gold-colored nickel iron sulfide (Ni,Fe)9S8).  It's similar in its physical properties to other brassy gold-colored sulfide minerals such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite.  Pentlandite has a metallic luster, a brassy-bronze color, a light bronzish-brown streak, has a hardness of 3.5 to 4, is not magnetic, has no cleavage, and is moderately heavy for its size.  Pentlandite is typically found closely intermingled with pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS), as in the examples shown below.  Pentlandite crystals are rare, and it usually occurs in massive to granular form.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pentlandite can be found with other metallic sulfide minerals, particularly in some mafic and ultramafic intrusive igneous rocks.  The Sudbury Impact Structure of Ontario is a world-class locality for pentlandite and other metallic sulfides.  The massive sulfide rock shown above is from Sudbury.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Sudbury Complex (Sudbury Basin) in southeastern Canada has intrigued geologists for decades, and not just due to the tremendous economic value of the area’s mineral deposits.  Sudbury is one of the largest preserved impact structures on Earth.  The impact occurred ~1.85 billion years ago, during the late Paleoproterozoic.  The Sudbury Impact Structure is no longer circular or subcircular in shape, however - it's been compessed into a stretched-egg shape from an ancient continental collision event.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This massive sulfide specimen consists of pentlandite ((Ni,Fe)9S8 - nickel iron sulfide) and pyrrhotite (Fe(1-x)S - imperfect iron monosulfide).  Sulfide mineralization likely occurred during or very soon after the Sudbury impact event at 1.85 billion years (Paleoproterozoic).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of pentlandite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3155\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3155\u003C\u002Fa>",3505,2334,{"id":796,"source_url":797,"license_code":635,"credit_html":798,"title":799,"description":792,"author":639,"original_width":800,"original_height":801},49998,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901807","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901807\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pentlandite-pyrrhotite (late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 4 (18278593433).jpg",3624,2982,{"id":803,"source_url":804,"license_code":635,"credit_html":805,"title":806,"description":792,"author":639,"original_width":807,"original_height":808},49999,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901812","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901812\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pentlandite-pyrrhotite (late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 1 (18894057122).jpg",3787,2706,{"id":810,"source_url":811,"license_code":645,"credit_html":812,"title":813,"description":814,"author":649,"original_width":815,"original_height":816},51267,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10142122","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10142122\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cubanite-Pyrrhotite-Dolomite-135185.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCubanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cubanite\">Cubanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrrhotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrrhotite\">Pyrrhotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Morro Velho mine (incl. Mina Velha; Mina Grande), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNova_Lima\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nova Lima\">Nova Lima\u003C\u002Fa>, Iron Quadrangle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinas_Gerais\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Minas Gerais\">Minas Gerais\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-415.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 13.5 x 8.5 x 4.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An AESTHETIC CABINET specimen of highly lustrous and translucent, light gray dolomite rhombs festooned with brassy, tabular crystals of cubanite and pyrrhotite from the 1960s find at the famous Morro Velho Gold Mine, Nova Lima, Brazil. The cubanites reach 9 mm. Dr. Gary Hansen got much of this find and this is from his personal collection. I found one more stashed away in the small lot from his collection. VERY DIFFICULT to obtain in this quality and size today.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",650,425,{"id":818,"source_url":819,"license_code":645,"credit_html":820,"title":821,"description":822,"author":649,"original_width":823,"original_height":824},51269,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10153746","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10153746\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cubanite-Pyrrhotite-Siderite-182958.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCubanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cubanite\">Cubanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrrhotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrrhotite\">Pyrrhotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSiderite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Siderite\">Siderite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDolomite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dolomite\">Dolomite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Morro Velho mine (incl. Mina Velha; Mina Grande), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNova_Lima\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nova Lima\">Nova Lima\u003C\u002Fa>, Iron Quadrangle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinas_Gerais\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Minas Gerais\">Minas Gerais\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-415.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.0 x 5.0 x 3.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic, superb specimen of highly lustrous and translucent, light gray dolomite rhombs festooned with brassy, tabular crystals of cubanite and pyrrhotite and richly accompanied with glassy, yellow-green siderite blades from the 1960s find at the famous Morro Velho Gold Mine, Nova Lima, Brazil. The larger hexagonal crystals are pyrrhotites and many of the smaller crystals are cubanites. Ex. Minette Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",499,500,{"id":826,"source_url":827,"license_code":645,"credit_html":828,"title":829,"description":822,"author":649,"original_width":830,"original_height":831},51270,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10153747","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10153747\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cubanite-Pyrrhotite-Siderite-182959.jpg",491,418,{"id":833,"source_url":834,"license_code":645,"credit_html":835,"title":836,"description":837,"author":649,"original_width":838,"original_height":839},51272,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162612","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162612\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Siderite-Pyrrhotite-Cubanite-224106.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSiderite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Siderite\">Siderite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrrhotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrrhotite\">Pyrrhotite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCubanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cubanite\">Cubanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Morro Velho mine (incl. Mina Velha; Mina Grande), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNova_Lima\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nova Lima\">Nova Lima\u003C\u002Fa>, Iron Quadrangle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinas_Gerais\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Minas Gerais\">Minas Gerais\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-415.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.8 x 5.1 x 2.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic, superb specimen of highly lustrous and translucent, shimmering tan-colored siderite rhombs (flattened so they look like discs) in an arborescent cluster. These specimens, of a very characteristic style and habit, were found in the 1960s at this famous gold mine. The edges are festooned with small brassy, tabular crystals of both cubanite (more erratically formed or acicular crystals) and pyrrhotite (sharply hexagonal). The larger hexagonal crystal of pyrrhotite (about 1 cm).\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",520,750,{"id":841,"source_url":842,"license_code":645,"credit_html":843,"title":844,"description":837,"author":649,"original_width":845,"original_height":650},51273,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162613","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162613\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Siderite-Pyrrhotite-Cubanite-224107.jpg",437,{"id":847,"source_url":848,"license_code":729,"credit_html":849,"title":850,"description":851,"author":733,"original_width":734,"original_height":735},77735,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206577","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118206577\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Safflorite with Pyrrhotite and Molybdenite (46995681155).jpg","\u003Cp>Rossland\nBritish Columbia, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nS-74-1752",{"id":853,"source_url":854,"license_code":729,"credit_html":855,"title":856,"description":857,"author":733,"original_width":735,"original_height":734},82252,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202696","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202696\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gold with Pyrrhotite and Tellurbismuth (46995502835).jpg","\u003Cp>Porcupine Reef Gold Mines Ltd.\nOntario, Canada\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\u003Cli>1175\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Fol>",{"id":859,"source_url":860,"license_code":635,"credit_html":861,"title":862,"description":863,"author":639,"original_width":864,"original_height":865},83271,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157631501","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157631501\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Massive sulfide rock (chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite) (Otervann Volcanic Formation, Ordovician; Jakobsbakken Mine, Norway) 2.jpg","Massive sulfide rock from the Ordovician of Norway.\n\u003Cp>This massive sulfide rock is composed of pyrite (iron disulfide, FeS2), pyrrhotite (imperfect iron monosulfide, Fe1-xS), and chalcopyrite (copper iron sulfide, CuFeS2).  It's from a Norwegian copper mine - the chalcopyite-rich rocks there were copper ores.  It comes from a succession of mafic volcanic rocks of Ordovician age that were metamorphosed in the mid-Paleozoic during the Scandinavian phase of the Caledonian Orogeny.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Otervann Volcanic Formation, Ordovician (with metamorphism in the Silurian to Devonian)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Level 13½ of the Jakobsbakken Mine, Southern Ore Field of the Sulitjelma Copper Mines, Nordland, Norway\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Info. at:\naps.ngu.no\u002Fpls\u002Foradb\u002Fminres_deposit_fakta_NY_KS.Main?p_ob...\nand\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-34428.html\nand\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-14413.html",3600,2373,{"id":867,"source_url":868,"license_code":635,"credit_html":869,"title":870,"description":871,"author":639,"original_width":872,"original_height":873},83683,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901859","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41901859\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrrhotite-galena-chalcopyrite (Russia) (18697964699).jpg","\u003Cp>Pyrrhotite-galena-chalcopyrite from Russia. (public display, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Brassy-gold = pyrrhotite\nSilvery-gray = galena (PbS - lead sulfide)\nNear-black = sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2).  The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals.  Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores.  The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc.  Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size.  These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen.  Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pyrrhotite is imperfect iron monosulfide (Fe(1-x)S).  The atomic structure of pyrrhotite has holes due to an insufficient number of iron atoms, cf. sulfur atoms.  Iron monosulfide is a common, but minor, component of many meteorites, but it lacks the atomic-scale “holes” of pyrrhotite, and is called troilite (FeS).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pyrrhotite is superficially like pyrite in appearance and chemistry, but they are different minerals.  Pyrrhotite has a metallic luster, a brownish-brassy or bronzish color, a black streak, no cleavage, and is magnetic.  What’s particularly distinctive about pyrrhotite is that it is variably magnetic.  The holes in the atomic structure gives pyrrhotite its magnetism.  But, there's variation in the number of missing iron atoms from sample to sample, so pyrrhotite ends up having variable magnetism.  More holes results in stronger magnetism.  Few holes results in weaker magnetism.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of pyrrhotite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3328\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3328\u003C\u002Fa>",3194,2708,[875,881,886,891,897],{"id":876,"url":877,"label":878,"formula":879,"spacegroup":880,"year":585},11734,"\u002Fcif\u002F11734.cif","Liles 2012 · Fe4.509 S5","Fe4.509 S5","P 1 21 1",{"id":882,"url":883,"label":884,"formula":885,"spacegroup":880,"year":585},11735,"\u002Fcif\u002F11735.cif","Liles 2012 · Fe4.51 S5","Fe4.51 S5",{"id":887,"url":888,"label":889,"formula":890,"spacegroup":880,"year":585},11736,"\u002Fcif\u002F11736.cif","Liles 2012 · Fe4.503 S5","Fe4.503 S5",{"id":892,"url":893,"label":894,"formula":895,"spacegroup":896,"year":567},11737,"\u002Fcif\u002F11737.cif","De 2010 · Fe2.747 Ni.253 S3 (1)","Fe2.747 Ni.253 S3","F 1 d 1",{"id":898,"url":899,"label":900,"formula":895,"spacegroup":901,"year":567},11738,"\u002Fcif\u002F11738.cif","De 2010 · Fe2.747 Ni.253 S3 (2)","C 1 c 1",[903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918],"Dipyrite (of Readwin)","Kroeberite","Magnetic Iron Pyrites","Magnetic Pyrite","Magnetic Pyrites","Magnetischer-Kies","Magnetkies","Magnetopirita","Magnetopyrit","Magnetopyrite","Pirita Magnética","Pyrrhotine","Pyrrhotit","Pyrrohotit","Pyrrohotite","Vattenkies",[920,924,929,933,937,942,946,951,955,960,964,968,972,977,981,985,989,993,998,1002,1006,1009,1013,1018,1023,1029,1033,1037,1040,1044,1047,1051,1057,1062,1066,1069,1072,1076,1080,1083,1087,1092,1095,1098,1101,1104,1107],{"lang":921,"names":922},"af",[923],"Magneetkies",{"lang":925,"names":926},"ar",[927,928],"بيروتيت","حكار",{"lang":930,"names":931},"az",[932],"Pirrotin",{"lang":934,"names":935},"ca",[936],"pirrotina",{"lang":938,"names":939},"cs",[940,941],"Kyz magnetový","Pyrhotin",{"lang":943,"names":944},"de",[909,911,945,915],"Pyrrhotin",{"lang":947,"names":948},"el",[949,950],"μαγνητοπυρίτης","Πυρροτίτης",{"lang":952,"names":953},"eo",[954],"Pirotino",{"lang":956,"names":957},"es",[936,958,959],"pirrotinta","pirrotita",{"lang":961,"names":962},"et",[963],"pürrotiin",{"lang":965,"names":966},"eu",[967],"Pirrotita",{"lang":969,"names":970},"fa",[971],"پیروتیت",{"lang":973,"names":974},"fi",[975,976],"magneettikiisu","pyrrotiitti",{"lang":978,"names":979},"fr",[980,7],"Magnétopyrite",{"lang":982,"names":983},"he",[984],"פירוטיט",{"lang":986,"names":987},"hu",[988],"pirrhotin",{"lang":990,"names":991},"hy",[992],"Պիրրոտին",{"lang":994,"names":995},"it",[996,997,7],"Pirrotina","pirrotite",{"lang":999,"names":1000},"ja",[1001],"磁硫鉄鉱",{"lang":1003,"names":1004},"kk",[1005],"Пирротин",{"lang":1007,"names":1008},"ky",[1005],{"lang":1010,"names":1011},"lt",[1012],"Pirotinas",{"lang":1014,"names":1015},"mk",[1016,1017],"пиротин","Пиротит",{"lang":1019,"names":1020},"nb",[1021,1022],"magnetkis","Pyrrhotitt",{"lang":1024,"names":1025},"nl",[1026,1027,1028],"Pyrrhotien","pyrrhotiet","Pyrrotien",{"lang":1030,"names":1031},"nn",[1032],"pyrrhotitt",{"lang":1034,"names":1035},"no",[1036],"Magnetkis",{"lang":1038,"names":1039},"oc",[996],{"lang":1041,"names":1042},"pl",[1043],"Pirotyn",{"lang":1045,"names":1046},"pt",[967,997],{"lang":1048,"names":1049},"pt-br",[1050],"Pirrotite",{"lang":1052,"names":1053},"ru",[1054,1055,1017,1005,1056],"Магнитный колчедан","Магнитопирит","Троилит",{"lang":1058,"names":1059},"sk",[1060,1061],"Pyrotín","Pyrotit",{"lang":1063,"names":1064},"sl",[1065],"pirotit",{"lang":1067,"names":1068},"sr",[1016],{"lang":1070,"names":1071},"sv",[1036,915],{"lang":1073,"names":1074},"tr",[1075],"pirotin",{"lang":1077,"names":1078},"uk",[1079],"Піротин",{"lang":1081,"names":1082},"uz",[932],{"lang":1084,"names":1085},"vi",[1086,1061],"Pyrotin",{"lang":1088,"names":1089},"zh",[1090,1091],"磁黃鐵礦","磁黄铁矿",{"lang":1093,"names":1094},"zh-cn",[1091],{"lang":1096,"names":1097},"zh-hans",[1091],{"lang":1099,"names":1100},"zh-hant",[1090],{"lang":1102,"names":1103},"zh-hk",[1090],{"lang":1105,"names":1106},"zh-sg",[1091],{"lang":1108,"names":1109},"zh-tw",[1090],"Q421944",{"history":1112,"applications":1116},{"markdown":1113,"model_version":1114,"prompt_version":1115,"reviewed_at":11},"Hold a piece of pyrrhotite near a compass and the needle twitches. Among the sulfide minerals — those built around sulfur bonded to a metal — this kind of magnetism is rare, and for a long time it was the property that distinguished pyrrhotite from its more familiar cousin, pyrite.\n\nThat cousinship is also why the mineral spent decades without a name of its own. Miners called it **magnetic pyrite**, grouping it with the brassy iron sulfide pyrite even though it behaved differently[1]. The name acknowledged the resemblance — both are bronze-yellow, both are iron and sulfur — and the resemblance is why early mineralogists struggled to pull the two apart.\n\nThe species was first described in 1835, but its modern name came twelve years later. In 1847, the French mineralogist Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy coined **pyrrhotite** from the Greek root for flame-coloured, in reference to the bronze-to-reddish tarnish the mineral develops on exposed surfaces[2]. The naming fits a 19th-century habit of formalising older trade names with the **-ite** suffix borrowed from Greek.\n\nThe reason behind the magnetism took much longer to work out. Pyrrhotite is iron-deficient — its formula Fe₁₋ₓS records the fact that some of the iron sites in the crystal are empty[3]. The remaining iron atoms are not randomly placed. They order themselves around the vacancies, and that ordering leaves an imbalance of magnetic moments that does not cancel out[3]. What 19th-century miners read as a quirk of one variety of iron pyrites was the structural fingerprint of a separate species.","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":1117,"model_version":1114,"prompt_version":1115,"reviewed_at":11},"Pyrrhotite is a poor iron ore — too much sulfur, too little iron — so it is rarely mined for the metal it contains. It is mined for what it travels with. In magmatic sulfide deposits, formed when a sulfide-rich melt separates from a cooling magma, pyrrhotite forms masses. Alongside it sit pentlandite, a nickel-iron sulfide, and chalcopyrite, a copper-iron sulfide. Pentlandite is the world's main source of nickel and cobalt[1]. Stripping the pyrrhotite is how you get to it.\n\nThe Sudbury Basin in Ontario is one of the planet's defining examples. The basin is a 1.85-billion-year-old meteorite-impact crater, and pyrrhotite occurs there in masses associated with the copper and nickel mineralisation[2]. Comparable deposits at Norilsk in Russia and the Bushveld complex in South Africa supply much of the world's nickel and platinum-group elements[3].\n\nThe mineral's worst-known appearance, though, is in the foundations of houses. Pyrrhotite-bearing rock cannot be used as concrete aggregate. The iron sulfide it contains reacts with oxygen and water, breaks down into sulfuric acid, and produces secondary minerals — ettringite, thaumasite, gypsum — that occupy more space than the parent grain. The expansion cracks the concrete from inside[4].\\\nThe damage has played out at scale in three regions where local quarries supplied aggregate without screening for pyrrhotite: northeastern Connecticut, Trois-Rivières in Quebec, and County Donegal in Ireland[4]. In northeastern Connecticut alone, as many as 34,000 homes built between 1983 and 2000 may have foundations containing the mineral[4].\n\nBeyond the mine and the cautionary tale, pyrrhotite is a workhorse of laboratory research into magnetism. It is one of the few naturally magnetic sulfides. The link between its iron-vacancy ordering and its magnetic behaviour makes it a model system for materials science[5]."]