[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3473":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":15,"sigelements":18,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":19,"strunz10ed2":19,"strunz10ed3":19,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":19,"dana8ed2":19,"dana8ed3":19,"dana8ed4":19,"csystem":20,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":19,"a":19,"b":19,"c":19,"alpha":19,"beta":19,"gamma":19,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":21,"hmax":21,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":19,"vhnmax":19,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":19,"dmeas2":19,"dcalc":19,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":8,"colour":22,"commentcolor":23,"colors":24,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":26,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":19,"opticalalpha2":19,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":19,"opticalbeta2":19,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":19,"opticalgamma2":19,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":19,"opticalomega2":19,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":19,"opticalepsilon2":19,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":19,"opticaln2":19,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":19,"optical2vcalc2":19,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":19,"optical2vmeasured2":19,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":27,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":28,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":29,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":30,"varieties":36,"group_members":45,"associates":46,"confused_with":47,"type_localities":48,"occurrence_total":49,"citations":50,"images":133,"structures":370,"synonyms":371,"language_names":389,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":390},3473,"1:1:3473:5","98cafc59-e5e5-48e8-abbf-da988bbd2a6e","Ruby",null,2,"variety",1136,12881,false,"Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",[16,17],"Al","O",[16,17],"0","Trigonal",9,"Red","The substitution of Al3+ by Cr3+ results in pink to red colours, depending on the Cr content. The pink corundum variety is called “pink sapphire” or “pink ruby”, and the red variety, with higher Cr contents (0.1 \u003C Cr2O3 \u003C 3.0 wt %; [5]), is called “ruby”.  Concentrations of 9.4 wt % Cr2O3 were measured in ruby from Karelia in Russia and up to 13 and 13.4 wt % respectively, in ruby from Westland in New Zealand, and in ruby inclusions in diamond from placers associated with the Juina kimberlite.",[25],"red","The intensity of fluorescence is a function of Cr concentration and the Cr\u002FFe ratio, because the presence of Fe or an excess of Cr tends to eliminate or quench the fluorescence in ruby.","The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red",0,"2026-03-18 17:22:59",{"id":11,"name":31,"entrytype":28,"csystem":20,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":21,"hmax":21,"dmeas":32,"dcalc":33,"strunz10ed1":34,"primary_image_id":35},"Corundum","3.98","3.997","4",6346,[37,41],{"id":38,"name":39,"entrytype":9,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":19,"dcalc":19,"primary_image_id":40},30582,"Star Ruby",77559,{"id":42,"name":43,"entrytype":9,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":8,"dcalc":8,"primary_image_id":44},43441,"Trapiche ruby",83480,[],[],[],[],275,[51,55,60,65,70,75,79,83,87,92,96,100,105,110,114,119,123,128],{"id":52,"year":53,"html":54,"doi":8},16106615,1891,"Edmond Frémy (1891): Synthèse du rubis. Vve. Ch. Dunod, France. [https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002FSyntheseDuRubis]",{"id":56,"year":57,"html":58,"doi":59},5806969,1960,"Graham, J. (1960) Lattice spacings and colour in the system alumina-chromic oxide. \u003Ci>Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids\u003C\u002Fi>, 17. 18-25 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-3697(60)90170-0'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-3697(60)90170-0\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-3697(60)90170-0",{"id":61,"year":62,"html":63,"doi":64},107083,1964,"Saalfeld, H. (1964) Strukturuntersuchungen im System Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>–Cr\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  120 (4-5). 342-348 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1964.120.4-5.342'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1964.120.4-5.342\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fzk\u002Fvol120\u002FZK120_342.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1964.120.4-5.342",{"id":66,"year":67,"html":68,"doi":69},107463,1967,"Steinwehr, Η. E. v. (1967) Gitterkonstanten im System α-(Al, Fe, Cr)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub> und ihr Abweichen von der Vegardregel. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  125 (1-6). 377-403 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1967.125.16.377'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1967.125.16.377\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1967.125.16.377",{"id":71,"year":72,"html":73,"doi":74},1080677,1987,"Schmetzer, Karl (1987) On twinning in natural and synthetic flux-grown ruby. \u003Ci>The Journal of Gemmology\u003C\u002Fi>,  20 (5) 294-305 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15506\u002Fjog.1987.20.5.294'>doi:10.15506\u002Fjog.1987.20.5.294\u003C\u002Fa>","10.15506\u002Fjog.1987.20.5.294",{"id":76,"year":77,"html":78,"doi":8},16122299,1994,"Webster, R. & Read, P.G. (1994): Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification. 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1026 pp.",{"id":80,"year":81,"html":82,"doi":8},17090994,1997,"Hughes, Richard W. (1997) \u003Ci>Ruby & Sapphire\u003C\u002Fi>. RWH Publishing.",{"id":84,"year":85,"html":86,"doi":8},16122301,1998,"Ward, F. (1998): Rubies and sapphires. Gem Book Publishers, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 64 pp.",{"id":88,"year":89,"html":90,"doi":91},139463,2005,"Giuliani, Gaston, Fallick, Anthony E., Garnier, Virginie, France-Lanord, Christian, Ohnenstetter, Daniel, Schwarz, Dietmar (2005) Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. \u003Ci>Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (4) 249 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1130\u002Fg21261.1'>doi:10.1130\u002Fg21261.1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1130\u002Fg21261.1",{"id":93,"year":94,"html":95,"doi":8},17511234,2011,"Thoresen. Lisbet (ed.) (2011) Ruby. \u003Ci>11th Annual Sinkankas Symposium\u003C\u002Fi>,  11. Pala International Inc.",{"id":97,"year":98,"html":99,"doi":8},16122302,2014,"Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Groat, L., Fagan, A.J. (2014): The geology and genesis of gem corundum deposits. In: Groat, L.A. (ed.) Geology of Gem Deposits. 2nd ed., Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 44, pp. 29-112.",{"id":101,"year":102,"html":103,"doi":104},532329,2019,"Palke, Aaron C.; Saeseaw, Sudarat; Renfro, Nathan D.; Sun, Ziyin; McClure, Shane F. (2019) Geographic Origin Determination of Ruby. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (4). 580-612 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.580'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.580\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN19-ruby-geographic-origin-determination.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.580",{"id":106,"year":107,"html":108,"doi":109},13423222,2020,"Giuliani, Gaston, Groat, Lee, Fallick, Anthony, Pignatelli, Isabella, Pardieu, Vincent (2020) Ruby Deposits: A Review and Geological Classification. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 10 (7) 597 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin10070597'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin10070597\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin10070597",{"id":111,"year":112,"html":113,"doi":8},16122305,2022,"Lu Q, Li X, Sun L, Qin B. (2022) Chemical and Spectral Variations between Untreated and Heat-Treated Rubies from Mozambique and Madagascar. Minerals. 12(7):894. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin12070894",{"id":115,"year":116,"html":117,"doi":118},16463730,2023,"Yang, Ling, Lu, Qi, Ma, Di, Zheng, Hairong, Hu, Ruoshui, Shi, Zhuohang, Qin, Binrong (2023) Chemical Composition and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Heat-Treated Rubies from Madagascar, Mozambique and Tanzania. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>, 13 (7)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst13071051'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst13071051\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst13071051",{"id":120,"year":116,"html":121,"doi":122},17033099,"Krzemnicki, Michael S., Lefèvre, Pierre, Zhou, Wei, Braun, Judith, Spiekermann, Georg (2023) Dehydration of Diaspore and Goethite during Low-Temperature Heating as Criterion to Separate Unheated from Heated Rubies and Sapphires. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (12)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13121557'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13121557\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13121557",{"id":124,"year":125,"html":126,"doi":127},17692232,2024,"Fan, Chen, Ding, Yung-Chin, Lui, Wing-Tak (2024) Preliminary Spectroscopic Observations of Marble-Hosted Rubies, Marginal Host Marbles, and Transition Zones Between Marbles and Rubies on Samples from Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Pakistan. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (11).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst14110985'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst14110985\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst14110985",{"id":129,"year":130,"html":131,"doi":132},19750063,2026,"Sorokina, Elena S.; Schmitt, Axel K.; Häger, Tobias; Hopp, Jens (2026) High-spatial-resolution oxygen isotopic analysis to distinguish natural from synthetic corundum. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (2). 123-134 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-38-123-2026'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-38-123-2026\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-38-123-2026",[134,144,152,161,169,176,185,194,204,213,223,232,241,248,255,263,270,279,288,295,302,308,315,322,327,332,338,344,352,360],{"id":135,"source_url":136,"license_code":137,"credit_html":138,"title":139,"description":140,"author":141,"original_width":142,"original_height":143},77550,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6969673","CC BY 3.0","Humanfeather, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6969673\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ruby gem.JPG","cut ruby gemstone with inclusions","Humanfeather",432,324,{"id":145,"source_url":146,"license_code":147,"credit_html":148,"title":149,"description":8,"author":8,"original_width":150,"original_height":151},89225,"http:\u002F\u002Fdryades.units.it\u002Fdryades\u002Fviewer.php?image=TSB90955.jpg","CC BY-SA 3.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F3.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdryades.units.it\u002Fdryades\u002Fviewer.php?image=TSB90955.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana","Magnolia “Ruby”",3264,2448,{"id":153,"source_url":154,"license_code":147,"credit_html":155,"title":156,"description":157,"author":158,"original_width":159,"original_height":160},77551,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161360","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161360\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Corundum-215330.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCorundum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Corundum\">Corundum\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRuby\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ruby\">Ruby\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Winza, Mpapwa, Mpapwa (Mpwampwa) District, Dodoma region, Tanzania (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-189429.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 1.3 x 1.3 x 1.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a rather equant, glassy and gemmy, rose to cherry red, doubly terminated, ruby crystal. The color is very close to the pigeon’s blood red, found in rubies. Only contacted at the bottom. This is a superb loose ruby crystal of really quite good lustre and form compared to rubies from any other locality. For this particular deposit, it is more pure red, and more gemmy, than most crystals of this size. 25 carats.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",800,752,{"id":162,"source_url":163,"license_code":147,"credit_html":164,"title":165,"description":166,"author":158,"original_width":167,"original_height":168},77552,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10447119","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10447119\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Corundum-denv08-11b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCorundum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Corundum\">Corundum\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Jegdalek (Jagdalek; Jagdalak; Jagdalik) Ruby Mine, Sorobi District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKabul_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kabul Province\">Kabol (Kabul) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7.6 x 6.7 x 4.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Ruby on Marble\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An impressive ruby specimen from the classic ruby mines here which date back even to Roman times. Large crystals in matrix are rare. Large GOOD crystals in matrix are almost unheard of. This is a rare example of such a piece, with a dominating 3 x 3 x 1.2-cm crystal sticking straight up and completely exposed on either side (a risky bit of prep work, that was!). The crystal is pristine and complete. As you can see it is also highly translucent and glows when backlit. This specimen was formerly in the Joe Freilich collection built by Dave Wilber, which was on short notice auctioned at Sotheby's in 2001. It was in Wally Mann's collection here in Dallas by 2003, where it has remained til now. Comes with custom base though I have to say it displays equally well from EITHER side.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,390,{"id":170,"source_url":171,"license_code":147,"credit_html":172,"title":173,"description":174,"author":158,"original_width":159,"original_height":175},77553,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10474256","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10474256\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Corundum-winza-09b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCorundum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Corundum\">Corundum\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Winza, Mpapwa, Mpapwa (Mpwampwa) District, Dodoma region, Tanzania (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-189429.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 1.3 x 1.3 x 1.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>RUBY\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a rather equant, glassy and gemmy, rose to cherry red, doubly terminated, ruby crystal. The color is very close to the pigeon�s blood red, found in rubies. Only contacted at the bottom. This is a SUPERB loose ruby crystal of really quite good lustre and form compared to rubies from any other locality. For this particular deposit, it is more pure red, and more gemmy, than most crystals of this size. It should have a considerable gem rough value within. 25 carats. photos do NOT do this crystal justice!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",712,{"id":177,"source_url":178,"license_code":147,"credit_html":179,"title":180,"description":181,"author":182,"original_width":183,"original_height":184},77554,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11575180","StrangerThanKindness, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11575180\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ruby - Winza, Tanzania.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRuby\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ruby\">Ruby\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKyanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kyanite\">Kyanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cp>Locality: Winza, Mpwapwa, Mpwapwa District, Dodoma region, Tanzania\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nExquisite, lustrous and gemmy ruby crystals in matrix, measuring up to 2 cm, together with small, blue crystals of kyanite.","StrangerThanKindness",602,802,{"id":186,"source_url":187,"license_code":188,"credit_html":189,"title":190,"description":191,"author":192,"original_width":193,"original_height":150},77555,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84600747","CC BY-SA 2.0","Marco Hazard from Hong Kong, Hong Kong, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84600747\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gemstone Collection - Ruby Crystal (15635576883).jpg","The raw form of Ruby crystal without refinement, it's not entirely transparent, also very durable.","Marco Hazard from Hong Kong, Hong Kong",4912,{"id":195,"source_url":196,"license_code":197,"credit_html":198,"title":199,"description":200,"author":201,"original_width":202,"original_height":203},77556,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716223","CC BY-SA 4.0","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716223\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 010 - Rubis synthétique hydrothermal.jpg","Rubis synthétique, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2628,1788,{"id":205,"source_url":206,"license_code":197,"credit_html":207,"title":208,"description":209,"author":210,"original_width":211,"original_height":212},77558,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129881316","Lech Darski, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129881316\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubin (korund) - Budhipada, Mysore, Karnataka, Indie.jpg","Rubin (korund) - Budhipada, Mysore, Karnataka, Indie.","Lech Darski",2967,1978,{"id":214,"source_url":215,"license_code":216,"credit_html":217,"title":218,"description":219,"author":220,"original_width":221,"original_height":222},77563,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985322","CC BY 4.0","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985322\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ruby crystal 1.jpg","A ruby crystal gemstone. Studio photography in Tuntorp, Brastad, Lysekil Municipality, Sweden.","W.carter",3868,2578,{"id":224,"source_url":225,"license_code":216,"credit_html":226,"title":227,"description":228,"author":229,"original_width":230,"original_height":231},77564,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=174694409","Hypsibius, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=174694409\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis dans marbre MNHN.jpg","Echantillon de rubis dans du marbre. Origine Kaboul, Afghanistan. Exposé dans la galerie de minérologie du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, à Paris","Hypsibius",4096,3072,{"id":233,"source_url":234,"license_code":216,"credit_html":235,"title":236,"description":237,"author":238,"original_width":239,"original_height":240},77567,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=183084287","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=183084287\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Synthetic ruby Créer le cristal.jpg","Synthetic ruby, exhibition at the Sorbonne University mineral collection (20 January 2026–2 January 2027).","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",3549,2839,{"id":242,"source_url":243,"license_code":197,"credit_html":244,"title":245,"description":246,"author":201,"original_width":247,"original_height":107},50806,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717421","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717421\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 100 - Corindon, rubis, sur gangue (Inde).jpg","Corindon, rubis, sur gangue, en provenance d'Inde, au Muséum de Nantes",3204,{"id":249,"source_url":250,"license_code":197,"credit_html":251,"title":252,"description":246,"author":201,"original_width":253,"original_height":254},50808,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113719463","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113719463\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 101 - Corindon, rubis, sur gangue (Inde).jpg",3152,1772,{"id":256,"source_url":257,"license_code":197,"credit_html":258,"title":259,"description":260,"author":201,"original_width":261,"original_height":262},50811,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751999","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113751999\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 580 - Corindon, rubis.jpg","Corindon, rubis, au Muséum de Nantes",4056,2332,{"id":264,"source_url":265,"license_code":197,"credit_html":266,"title":267,"description":260,"author":201,"original_width":268,"original_height":269},50812,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113752004","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113752004\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 582 - Corindon, rubis.jpg",4272,2848,{"id":271,"source_url":272,"license_code":197,"credit_html":273,"title":274,"description":275,"author":276,"original_width":277,"original_height":278},87356,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83061282","Tõnis Saadre, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83061282\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 172573 photo (g297 g297-6 1 jpg).jpg","\"korund\", \"rubiin tsoisiidiga\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F93276\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F172573\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Tõnis Saadre",2465,2032,{"id":280,"source_url":281,"license_code":282,"credit_html":283,"title":284,"description":285,"author":286,"original_width":287,"original_height":269},77549,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5925082","Public domain","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5925082\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis et pyrite sur gangue (Pakistan).jpg","Corundum var. ruby, calcite : Nangimali (Nangimali Top ; Lower Khora marble deposits), Neelum Valley, Muzaffarabad District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan","Géry PARENT",4288,{"id":289,"source_url":290,"license_code":147,"credit_html":291,"title":292,"description":293,"author":294,"original_width":287,"original_height":269},19313,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19699882","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19699882\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis, phlogopite, calcite.jpg","crystals of corundum var. ruby, crystals of mica var. phlogopite, calcite : Jegdalek (Jagdalek ; Jagdalak ; Jagdalik) ruby deposit, Surobi District (Sorobi District), Kabol Province (Kabul Province), Afghanistan","Parent Géry",{"id":296,"source_url":297,"license_code":147,"credit_html":298,"title":299,"description":293,"author":294,"original_width":300,"original_height":301},19315,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21699970","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=21699970\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis, phlogopite, calcite 1.jpg",4044,2800,{"id":303,"source_url":304,"license_code":147,"credit_html":305,"title":306,"description":307,"author":294,"original_width":287,"original_height":269},24637,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585793","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585793\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anyolite, pargasite, rubis 4.jpg","crystals of zoisite var. anyolite, crystals of pargasite, crystals of corundum var. ruby : Mundarara Mine (Mdarara), Arusha Region, Tanzania",{"id":309,"source_url":310,"license_code":147,"credit_html":311,"title":312,"description":307,"author":294,"original_width":313,"original_height":314},24638,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585824","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585824\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anyolite, pargasite, rubis 1.jpg",4046,2735,{"id":316,"source_url":317,"license_code":147,"credit_html":318,"title":319,"description":307,"author":294,"original_width":320,"original_height":321},24639,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585863","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585863\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anyolite, pargasite, rubis 5.jpg",2984,2418,{"id":323,"source_url":324,"license_code":147,"credit_html":325,"title":326,"description":307,"author":294,"original_width":287,"original_height":269},24640,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585935","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585935\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anyolite, pargasite, rubis 3.jpg",{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":147,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":307,"author":294,"original_width":287,"original_height":269},24641,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585976","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585976\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anyolite, pargasite, rubis 2.jpg",{"id":333,"source_url":334,"license_code":147,"credit_html":335,"title":336,"description":307,"author":294,"original_width":337,"original_height":269},72780,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585898","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15585898\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Anyolite, pargasite, rubis 6.jpg",3825,{"id":339,"source_url":340,"license_code":147,"credit_html":341,"title":342,"description":343,"author":286,"original_width":287,"original_height":269},72782,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24721019","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24721019\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis, pargasite 1.JPG","corundum var. ruby, pargasite : Aliabad, Hunza Valley, Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas), Pakistan",{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":147,"credit_html":347,"title":348,"description":349,"author":286,"original_width":350,"original_height":351},73830,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31263954","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31263954\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubis, phlogopite, pyrite, calcite 300-4-2274.JPG","crystals of corundum var. ruby, crystals of mica var. phlogopite, crystals of pyrite, crystals of calcite : All Abad, Hunza Valley, Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas), Pakistan - crystal : 14 mm",3997,2648,{"id":353,"source_url":354,"license_code":147,"credit_html":355,"title":356,"description":357,"author":158,"original_width":358,"original_height":359},76503,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151099","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151099\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Beryl-176271.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBeryl\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Beryl\">Beryl\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Red Beryl)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Wah Wah Mts, Beaver County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FUtah\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Utah\">Utah\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6422.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.9 x 2.2 x 1.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A super red beryl measuring 0.6 cm -- sharp, complete, perfectly terminated, and with fine ruby-red color and translucency.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,451,{"id":361,"source_url":362,"license_code":363,"credit_html":364,"title":365,"description":366,"author":367,"original_width":368,"original_height":369},83801,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3415494","CC BY-SA 2.5","Hannes Grobe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=3415494\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rubin-zoisit hg.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnyolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Anyolite\"> Anyolite\u003C\u002Fa> : Ruby (red corundum),  green chrome-zoisite, black Tschermakite. Tanzania, Africa.","Hannes Grobe",2060,1466,[],[372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388],"Errubi","Hồng ngọc","Oriental Ruby","Robijn","Rubeno","Rubi","Rubí","Rubiin","Rubiini","Rubin","Rubín","Rubinas","Rubino","Rubīns","Rubis","Yakut","కెంపు",[],{"history":391,"applications":395},{"markdown":392,"model_version":393,"prompt_version":394,"reviewed_at":8},"The name is the colour. **Ruby** comes from *ruber*, the Latin word for red[1]. The stone is the red variety of corundum, a crystal of aluminium oxide — aluminium bonded to oxygen[2]. A trace of chromium replacing some of the aluminium turns it red[2]. Every other gem colour the same mineral can take is called sapphire instead[3].\n\nNot all reds are equal. The brightest and most valued shade — a deep blood-red called *pigeon's blood* — has long commanded a large premium over paler stones[4].\n\nFor centuries, the finest of those reds came from one place. The Mogok Valley in Upper Myanmar, northeast of Mandalay, was the world's main source for rubies[5]. The deep Burmese reds set the standard against which other rubies were judged.\n\nThe name has fooled people. Several famous \"rubies\" are not rubies at all. The Black Prince's Ruby, a large red stone in the British Imperial State Crown, is a spinel — a different mineral entirely[6]. Red spinels still mislead anyone without practiced eyes for gems[7].\n\nThe map of supply has since shifted. Rubies were long mined in Thailand and across the border in Cambodia[8]. More recently, Mozambique has become the world's most productive source of gem-quality ruby[9].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":396,"model_version":393,"prompt_version":394,"reviewed_at":8},"Ruby is, first and last, a gemstone. Its red is the whole point, and the deepest blood-red — *pigeon's blood* — fetches the steepest prices[1]. The stone backs that value with toughness: at 9 on the Mohs scale, the standard ten-point ranking of scratch resistance, ruby is among the hardest of all gem materials[2].\n\nNot every ruby on the market grew underground. Synthetic ruby is chemically identical to the natural stone. It is grown in the laboratory by the flame-fusion process, which has produced rubies on a commercial scale since 1903[3]. The method scaled fast: output reached 1,000 kilograms a year by 1907, from a 30-furnace facility[4]. Synthetic ruby remains the cheap, abundant counterpart to the rare natural gem.\n\nThat same lab-grown crystal sits at the root of the laser. The first working laser was built in 1960 and used a rod of synthetic ruby to produce red light at a wavelength of 694 nanometres[5]. Ruby lasers are still used today where that specific red pulse is wanted.\n\nRuby's hardness earns it a quieter job too. Tiny ruby pieces serve as bearings at the wear-exposed pivot points inside mechanical clockworks, where a softer material would grind away[6].\n\nMost stones reach the buyer altered. Lower-grade rubies are routinely heat-treated to improve their colour and to clear the fine internal needles jewellers call *silk*[7]. Heavily fractured stones get a further step: their cracks are filled with lead glass, which dramatically improves the transparency of the gem[8]."]