[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3529":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":15,"sigelements":18,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":19,"strunz10ed2":19,"strunz10ed3":19,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":19,"dana8ed2":19,"dana8ed3":19,"dana8ed4":19,"csystem":8,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":19,"a":8,"b":8,"c":8,"alpha":8,"beta":8,"gamma":8,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":19,"vhnmax":19,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":19,"dmeas2":19,"dcalc":19,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":8,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":8,"colour":20,"commentcolor":21,"colors":22,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":8,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":8,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":8,"opticalalpha2":19,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":8,"opticalbeta2":19,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":8,"opticalgamma2":19,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":8,"opticalomega2":19,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":8,"opticalepsilon2":19,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":8,"opticaln2":8,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":8,"optical2vcalc2":8,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":8,"optical2vmeasured2":8,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":29,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":30,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":31,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":32,"varieties":40,"group_members":48,"associates":49,"confused_with":50,"type_localities":51,"occurrence_total":52,"citations":53,"images":147,"structures":267,"synonyms":268,"language_names":298,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":299},3529,"1:1:3529:9","d0a23d31-c773-4ac3-ba49-cd702c4cbdae","Sapphire",null,2,"variety",1136,12896,false,"Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",[16,17],"Al","O",[16,17],"0","blue, yellow, green, brown, pink, purple","The color of sapphire is highly varied. The color origin analysis reveals that the absorption peaks of the ultraviolet spec trum caused by Cr3+ in the yellow-green and blue-purple regions account for the pink  color of the Vietnamese and Madagascan samples. The lower UV wavelength position of  the two main peaks in the Madagascan samples, as compared to the Vietnamese ones,  indicates that Fe3+ d–d transitions, as well as transitions between Fe2+—Ti4+ and Fe3+—Ti3+  ions, enhance blue light transmission and cause the samples to tend towards a purple hue. Compared with the pink-red corundum of the same marble type (Myanmar and  Yunnan, China), the Vietnamese samples have lower V, Mg, and Ga contents and a higher  Fe content. Compared with the pink-red corundum of the high-iron type (Thailand, Cambodia, and Tanzania), the Madagascan samples have lower Fe and higher Ga contents  overall. [[3]]",[23,24,25,26,27,28],"pink","blue","purple","yellow","green","brown","According to Wikipedia: \"Etymologically, the English word \"sapphire\" derives from French saphir, from Latin sapphirus, sappirus from Greek σαπφειρος (sappheiros) from Hebrew סַפִּיר (sapir), a term that probably originally referred to \u003Cm>lapis lazuli\u003C\u002Fm>, as sapphires were only discovered in Roman times. The term is believed to derive from the root סָפַר (sāp̄ar), meaning \"to score with a mark,\" presumably because gemstones can be used to scratch stone surfaces due to their high hardness\".",0,"2026-03-18 17:23:11",{"id":11,"name":33,"entrytype":30,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":14,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":35,"hmax":35,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":37,"strunz10ed1":38,"primary_image_id":39},"Corundum","Trigonal",9,"3.98","3.997","4",6346,[41,44],{"id":42,"name":43,"entrytype":9,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":8,"dcalc":8,"primary_image_id":8},39947,"Padparadscha",{"id":45,"name":46,"entrytype":9,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":19,"dcalc":19,"primary_image_id":47},30580,"Star Sapphire",50815,[],[],[],[],581,[54,58,63,67,71,75,80,84,88,92,95,98,101,104,109,114,119,124,128,133,137,142],{"id":55,"year":56,"html":57,"doi":8},18260291,1795,"Klaproth, M. H. (1795) IV. Untersuchung des orientalischen Sapphirs. In \u003Ci>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 1. Rottmann. p.81-89.",{"id":59,"year":60,"html":61,"doi":62},4083468,1969,"WIEDERHORN, S. M. (1969) Fracture of Sapphire. \u003Ci>Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 52 (9). 485-491 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1969.tb09199.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1969.tb09199.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1969.tb09199.x",{"id":64,"year":65,"html":66,"doi":8},16122299,1994,"Webster, R. & Read, P.G. (1994): Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification. 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1026 pp.",{"id":68,"year":69,"html":70,"doi":8},17090994,1997,"Hughes, Richard W. (1997) \u003Ci>Ruby & Sapphire\u003C\u002Fi>. RWH Publishing.",{"id":72,"year":73,"html":74,"doi":8},16122301,1998,"Ward, F. (1998): Rubies and sapphires. Gem Book Publishers, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 64 pp.",{"id":76,"year":77,"html":78,"doi":79},139463,2005,"Giuliani, Gaston, Fallick, Anthony E., Garnier, Virginie, France-Lanord, Christian, Ohnenstetter, Daniel, Schwarz, Dietmar (2005) Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. \u003Ci>Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (4) 249 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1130\u002Fg21261.1'>doi:10.1130\u002Fg21261.1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1130\u002Fg21261.1",{"id":81,"year":82,"html":83,"doi":8},16122595,2010,"Smith, C.P. (2010) Inside sapphires. Rapaport Diamond Report, 33(7), 123–132.",{"id":85,"year":86,"html":87,"doi":8},16122302,2014,"Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Groat, L., Fagan, A.J. (2014): The geology and genesis of gem corundum deposits. In: Groat, L.A. (ed.) Geology of Gem Deposits. 2nd ed., Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 44, pp. 29-112.",{"id":89,"year":90,"html":91,"doi":8},17515481,2017,"Overlin, Stuart (ed.) (2017) Sapphire. \u003Ci>14th Sinkankas Symposium\u003C\u002Fi>,  14. Lotus Gemology.",{"id":93,"year":90,"html":94,"doi":8},17515486,"Harlow, Georgo (2017) Syenite-Hosted Sapphires - What's Going On. \u003Ci>14th Sinkankas Symposium\u003C\u002Fi>,  14. Lotus Gemology. 22-34",{"id":96,"year":90,"html":97,"doi":8},17515490,"Thoresen, Lisbet (2017) Archaeogemology of Sapphire. \u003Ci>14th Sinkankas Symposium\u003C\u002Fi>,  14. Lotus Gemology. 74-92",{"id":99,"year":90,"html":100,"doi":8},17515493,"McClure, Shane (2017) Sapphhire Treatments and Their Detection , in \u003Ci>Sapphire\u003C\u002Fi>. \u003Ci>14th Sinkankas Symposium\u003C\u002Fi>,  14. Lotus Gemology. 98-102",{"id":102,"year":90,"html":103,"doi":8},17515494,"Boehm, Edward (2017) Sapphire Origin Determination: Past and Present . \u003Ci>14th Sinkankas Symposium\u003C\u002Fi>,  14. Lotus Gemology. 102-108",{"id":105,"year":106,"html":107,"doi":108},532328,2019,"Palke, Aaron C.; Saeseaw, Sudarat; Renfro, Nathan D.; Sun, Ziyin; McClure, Shane F. (2019) Geographic Origin Determination of Blue Sapphire. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (4). 536-579 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.536'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.536\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gia.edu\u002Fdoc\u002FWN19-blue-sapphire-geographic-origin-determination.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.55.4.536",{"id":110,"year":111,"html":112,"doi":113},13862214,2021,"Huang, Shizhan, Lin, Jiaming, Wang, Ningchang, Guo, Bicheng, Jiang, Feng, Wen, Qiuling, Lu, Xizhao (2021) Fracture Behavior of Single-Crystal Sapphire in Different Crystal Orientations. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>, 11 (8) 930pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst11080930'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst11080930\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst11080930",{"id":115,"year":116,"html":117,"doi":118},15137460,2022,"Wang, Guang-Ya, Yu, Xiao-Yan, Liu, Fei (2022) Genesis of Color Zonation and Chemical Composition of Penglai Sapphire in Hainan Province, China. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 12 (7) 832 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin12070832'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin12070832\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F12\u002F7\u002F832\u002Fpdf?version=1656505335' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin12070832",{"id":120,"year":121,"html":122,"doi":123},17033099,2023,"Krzemnicki, Michael S., Lefèvre, Pierre, Zhou, Wei, Braun, Judith, Spiekermann, Georg (2023) Dehydration of Diaspore and Goethite during Low-Temperature Heating as Criterion to Separate Unheated from Heated Rubies and Sapphires. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (12)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13121557'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13121557\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13121557",{"id":125,"year":121,"html":126,"doi":127},15831287,"Yang, Yunqi, Wang, Chaowen, Wang, Chengsi, Shen, Xibing, Yin, Ke, Chen, Tao, Shen, Andy Hsitien, Algeo, Thomas J., Hong, Hanlie (2023) The Covariation of Color and Orange Fluorescence Instabilities in Yellow Sapphires. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 13 (5) 663 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13050663'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13050663\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13050663",{"id":129,"year":130,"html":131,"doi":132},17230770,2024,"Amphon, Ratthaphon, Chankhantha, Chawalit, Srimuang, Chanisara, Vongsetskul, Suchinda, Intarasiri, Saweat, Shen, Andy H. (2024) Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (4)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin14040333'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin14040333\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin14040333",{"id":134,"year":130,"html":135,"doi":136},17712650,"Eßl, Werner, Reiss, Georg, Trasca, Raluca Andreea, Sistaninia, Masoud, Raninger, Peter, Lohrasbi, Sina (2024) The Melt–Crystal Interface in the Production of Monocrystalline Sapphire via Heat Exchanger Method—Numerical Simulation Aspects. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (12).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst14121036'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst14121036\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst14121036",{"id":138,"year":139,"html":140,"doi":141},18087343,2025,"Guo, Qiurong, Li, Pengyu, Wang, Mingying, Zhao, Siyi, Yang, Sichun, Shi, Guanghai (2025) Color Mechanism Analysis and Origin Comparison of Pink-Purple Sapphires from Vietnam and Madagascar. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (3).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst15030229'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst15030229\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst15030229",{"id":143,"year":144,"html":145,"doi":146},19750063,2026,"Sorokina, Elena S.; Schmitt, Axel K.; Häger, Tobias; Hopp, Jens (2026) High-spatial-resolution oxygen isotopic analysis to distinguish natural from synthetic corundum. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (2). 123-134 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-38-123-2026'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-38-123-2026\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-38-123-2026",[148,158,165,174,181,191,200,208,216,225,234,244,251,258],{"id":149,"source_url":150,"license_code":151,"credit_html":152,"title":153,"description":154,"author":155,"original_width":156,"original_height":157},72351,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=995866","CC BY-SA 3.0","Azuncha, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=995866\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Sapphire01.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphire\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sapphire\">Sapphires\u003C\u002Fa> (\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCorundum\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Corundum\">Corundums\u003C\u002Fa>).","Azuncha",2076,1675,{"id":159,"source_url":160,"license_code":161,"credit_html":162,"title":7,"description":8,"author":8,"original_width":163,"original_height":164},89247,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F93260","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F93260\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",895,1000,{"id":166,"source_url":167,"license_code":151,"credit_html":168,"title":169,"description":170,"author":171,"original_width":172,"original_height":173},72352,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155023","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10155023\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Corundum-190227.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCorundum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Corundum\">Corundum\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphire\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sapphire\">Sapphire\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Sri Lanka (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3142.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 1.3 x 0.4 x 0.3 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is not a large sapphire crystal, but look it has superb color. It is a doubly-terminated floater crystal, no damage, with fine luster and the typical striations of the faces.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",270,600,{"id":175,"source_url":176,"license_code":151,"credit_html":177,"title":178,"description":179,"author":171,"original_width":180,"original_height":173},6348,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10174545","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10174545\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Corundum-290591.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCorundum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Corundum\">Corundum\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphire\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sapphire\">Sapphire\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRatnapura\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ratnapura\">Ratnapura\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRatnapura_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ratnapura District\">Ratnapura District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSabaragamuwa_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sabaragamuwa Province\">Sabaragamuwa Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Sri Lanka (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3145.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 2.6 x 1.2 x 0.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic, doubly terminated, blue to purple sapphire from Sri Lanka. This gemmy and lustrous, flattened crystal has textbook hexagonal form, is well-striated and has excellent, typically pronounced, stepped-growth faces. The color centers are also interesting. The smaller crystal \"arms\" and pretty purple tinting are interesting features. Complete-all-around. Highly representative of the famous deposits at Ratnapura. Weighs 13.4 carats.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,{"id":182,"source_url":183,"license_code":184,"credit_html":185,"title":186,"description":187,"author":188,"original_width":189,"original_height":190},72365,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169986623","CC BY 4.0","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169986623\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Four man-made faceted blue sapphires 2.jpg","Four man-made faceted blue sapphire gemstones. Studio photography in Tuntorp, Brastad, Lysekil Municipality, Sweden.","W.carter",2505,1409,{"id":192,"source_url":193,"license_code":161,"credit_html":194,"title":195,"description":196,"author":197,"original_width":198,"original_height":199},50805,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717419","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717419\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 097 - Corindon saphir rose.jpg","Corindon, saphir rose, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",1944,1792,{"id":201,"source_url":202,"license_code":161,"credit_html":203,"title":204,"description":205,"author":197,"original_width":206,"original_height":207},50807,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717422","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717422\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 099 - Corindon saphir jaune.jpg","Corindon saphir jaune, au Muséum de Nantes",1024,892,{"id":209,"source_url":210,"license_code":161,"credit_html":211,"title":212,"description":213,"author":197,"original_width":214,"original_height":215},50810,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113748525","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113748525\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 458 - Corindon saphir (Le Pallet, France).jpg","Corindon saphir, en provenance de Le Pallet (France), au Muséum de Nantes",1002,936,{"id":217,"source_url":218,"license_code":219,"credit_html":220,"title":221,"description":222,"author":223,"original_width":224,"original_height":224},50819,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=172235472","CC0 1.0","Unbreaking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=172235472\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Inclusions inside heat-treated sapphire.jpg","Magnification at 60X reveals evidence of heat treatment in this natural sapphire specimen, with internal gas bubbles and partially melted mineral inclusions.","Unbreaking",2991,{"id":226,"source_url":227,"license_code":161,"credit_html":228,"title":229,"description":230,"author":231,"original_width":232,"original_height":233},552,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99539335","Ivar Leidus, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99539335\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Elbaite with albite - São José da Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil.jpg","Deep green slightly translucent terminated elbaite crystal with albite (3.5 × 2.5 × 1.0 cm). Found from São José da Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil","Ivar Leidus",4400,5600,{"id":235,"source_url":236,"license_code":237,"credit_html":238,"title":239,"description":240,"author":241,"original_width":242,"original_height":243},27396,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86895673","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86895673\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Synthetic sapphire 3.jpg","(15 millimeters across at its widest)\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>This brilliant cut, synthetic blue sapphire was manufactured by the Verneuil process.  Sapphire is aluminum oxide (Al2O3).  In nature, this chemical is called corundum.  Gem-quality corundum of any color except red is called \"sapphire\".  When red, it is called \"ruby\".  Corundum has a nonmetallic luster, can be any color, has a white streak, and a hardness of 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale.  It forms hexagonal crystals with flat ends and has no cleavage.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>See info. at:\nen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSapphire\nand\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVerneuil_process","James St. John",1264,1258,{"id":245,"source_url":246,"license_code":237,"credit_html":247,"title":248,"description":240,"author":241,"original_width":249,"original_height":250},27398,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86895675","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86895675\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Synthetic sapphire 4.jpg",2282,1186,{"id":252,"source_url":253,"license_code":151,"credit_html":254,"title":255,"description":256,"author":171,"original_width":257,"original_height":173},55203,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10134044","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10134044\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tourmaline-49524.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTourmaline\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tourmaline\">Tourmaline\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Cruzeiro mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FS%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_da_Safira\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:São José da Safira\">São José da Safira\u003C\u002Fa>, Doce valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinas_Gerais\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Minas Gerais\">Minas Gerais\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-380.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a super example of the multi-colored zones that make elbaites such collectible mineral specimens. Two gemmy and lustrous crystals start out light green, then become colorless, next, go to a light pink and then to a dark green termination. The largest crystal measures 1.5 cm in length. Ex Tim Sherburn collection; This was illustrated in an old MinRec issue, but I have not the energy to go find it... 1.7 x 1.6 x 1.1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",527,{"id":259,"source_url":260,"license_code":151,"credit_html":261,"title":262,"description":263,"author":264,"original_width":265,"original_height":266},68736,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25747053","Original images Montanabw and Bhbritt54, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=25747053\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Montana official gemstones horizontal.jpg","The sapphire and the agate are Montana's official gemstones","Original images Montanabw and Bhbritt54",686,333,[],[269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297],"Azulinhas","Bengal Amethyst","Corindon hyalin","Hyacinthos","Jacut","Orientalisk Rubin","Saffier","Safiir","Safiiri","Safír","Safir","Safira","Safiro","Safīrs","Safyras","Salamstein","Saphir","Sapphirus","Szafir","Télésie","Ultralit","Ultralita","Ultralite","Xa-phia","Zaffiro","Zafír","Zafiro","Ζαφείρι","నీలమణి",[],{"history":300,"applications":304},{"markdown":301,"model_version":302,"prompt_version":303,"reviewed_at":8},"The word *sapphire* once named a different stone entirely. It comes through Old French *saphir* and Latin *sapphirus* from the Greek *sappheiros*. That word traces back through Hebrew *sapir* to a Semitic root[1]. In antiquity all of these words pointed not at the blue gem we know today but at *lapis lazuli* — the deep-blue rock prized for ornament and pigment[1]. True sapphires reached the Mediterranean only in Roman times, so the older texts that praise \"sapphire\" almost always mean lapis[1]. One reading of the root traces it to a verb meaning to score or mark a surface, a nod to how hard gemstones scratch softer stone[2].\n\nSapphire is not a mineral in its own right but a gem variety of *corundum*, a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)[3]. Corundum yields two named gems. Red corundum is called ruby; corundum of every other color — blue above all, but also yellow, green, pink and violet — is called sapphire[3]. The familiar blue is not caused by a single colouring metal. It arises when iron and titanium atoms sit side by side in the crystal and an electron hops between them, a process that paints the stone blue[4].\n\nThe Romans wore corundum gems, but sapphire's place in the medieval imagination was firmer still. Pope Innocent III decreed that a bishop's ring should be made of pure gold and set with an unengraved sapphire, a stone he judged fit for the dignity of the office[5].\n\n### Famous sources\n\nThe map of where fine sapphires come from has shifted over the centuries. The deposits of Kashmir, in the Himalayan foothills, gave the gem trade its most celebrated blue — but their peak lasted only a short span at the end of the nineteenth and start of the twentieth centuries[6]. Sri Lanka, long known to gem dealers as Ceylon, has yielded some of the largest named stones, among them the Logan sapphire and the Star of India[7]. In Myanmar's Mogok Stone Tract, sapphire grows in granite pegmatites and corundum syenites[8]. Ruby forms nearby in marble — the same element, two rocks, two gems.\n\nNewer sources reshaped the market again. The blue Yogo sapphires of Yogo Gulch, west of Lewistown in Montana, gave the United States its own celebrated deposit[9]. Australia led world production by the late 1980s[10]. Then the mines around the town of Ilakaka opened, and by 2007 Madagascar had become the world's leading source of sapphire[10].\n\nA rare colour earned its own name. The *padparadscha* is a delicately toned pink-orange to orange-pink sapphire, first found in Sri Lanka[11].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":305,"model_version":302,"prompt_version":303,"reviewed_at":8},"Sapphire's first use is the one everyone pictures: a cut gemstone. Blue is the prized colour, but jewellers also set the yellow, pink, green and violet stones, along with the rare pink-orange *padparadscha*[1]. Most blue sapphires on the market have been heated to deepen their colour. The stones are held in furnaces between 800 and 1,800 °C, for hours and sometimes weeks. The heat dissolves internal needles and lets iron and titanium bring out the blue[2].\n\nColour can also be added rather than coaxed. In lattice diffusion treatment, impurities are baked into the stone from the outside to enhance its colour — a method first developed by the Linde division of Union Carbide, which diffused titanium into synthetic sapphire[3].\n\nBeyond jewellery, sapphire is valued for being almost impossible to scratch. Corundum scores 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, behind only diamond and moissanite, which makes synthetic sapphire ideal where a clear surface must survive years of abuse[4]. Grown in factories and sometimes sold as *sapphire glass*, it covers wristwatch faces and forms the tiny jewel bearings inside mechanical movements[5]. Because it stays transparent from ultraviolet through to infrared light, it also serves as scratch-resistant windows for instruments and sensors[6]. Apple used it at scale: in 2014 the company took roughly a quarter of the world's sapphire supply to cover the iPhone's camera lens and fingerprint reader[7].\n\nSynthetic sapphire is just as important to electronics. Thin wafers of it were the first insulating base for depositing silicon to build integrated circuits. That arrangement is known as silicon on sapphire[8]. Today its largest electronic role is as a substrate: a layer of gallium nitride grown on sapphire is the standard foundation for blue light-emitting diodes[9].\n\nMost of this synthetic sapphire is pulled from a melt of molten aluminium oxide. The dominant methods are variants of the Czochralski process, including the Kyropoulos method, which has the advantage of consuming all of its feedstock[10]."]