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Sixlings due to repeated twinning noted.","Separation plane {111} indistinct and probably represents parting rather than cleavage.","Usually octahedral; less often modified by a{010} or d{011}; dodecahedral or cubic rare. Massive, coarse-granular to compact.",7.5,"3.6","4.1","3.578","Density increases with iron and zinc content.","Vitreous","Splendent to dull","Transparent,Translucent","Greyish white","Black, blue, red, violet , green, brown, pink","Natural spinel usually contains some minor and trace elements (e.g., Cr, Co, Fe, V) that may cause various hues. The ratios of these chromophores directly affect the color composition. The red color in spinel is attributed to the combination of significant Cr and V. Magenta and purple to blue and green colors in spinels are affected by the significant Fe concentration, whereas orange color in spinel shows the contribution of significant V content compared to Cr and Fe. After the heating experiment, advanced gemological investigation reveals some noteworthy characteristic features. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicates a greater change in oxidation state, as well as disordering of Fe and V. Broadening of the dominant peak at around 406 cm\u003Csup>−1\u003C\u002Fsup> with occurrences of additional small peaks at around 715–719 cm\u003Csup>−1\u003C\u002Fsup> in Raman spectra, as well as broadening of the 685 nm (R-line) and poorly defined structure of additional peaks (N-lines) in photoluminescence spectra should be significant indicators of spinel undergone heat treatment. Pluthametwisute et. al. (2022)\r\nThe trace element contents of the four areas are different. Burmese spinel is poor in Fe and Zn (Fe: 135.68–3925 ppm; Zn: 338.58–1312 ppm), while Burmese red spinel is rich in Cr (up to 7387 ppm). Vietnamese spinel is rich in Fe (3669.63–19,425 ppm) and poor in Ti content (\u003C89 ppm), while Tanzanian spinel is rich in Zn (5129.96–7008 ppm). High content of Cr + V can lead to the red color in spinel, and the contents of Cr and V change obviously with color. Spinels appear red when Cr content is higher than V, while spinels appear orange when V content is higher than Cr. The red, pink, and orange spinels are colored by Cr3+ and V3+, showing a wide absorption band centered at 400 nm and 550 nm. Fe plays a dominant role in purple spinels. The purple spinel is colored by Fe3+ and Fe2+.[[1]]",[55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62],"black","blue","red","purple","green","brown","pink","gray",[62,64],"white","None Observed","Irregular\u002FUneven,Splintery,Conchoidal","brittle","Isotropic","1.719","Non-pleochroic","Anomalous in some blue Zn-bearing varieties.","As an accessory mineral in igneous rocks, principally basalts, peridotites, kimberlites. In marbles, pegmatites.","Extensive substitutions of other elements can be used to define some mineral series, e.g. Spinel-Hercynite Series, Gahnite-Spinel Series, and the Magnesiochromite-Spinel Series, although these can be complex with multiple substitutions.\r\nAt high temper...","Named in 1779 by Belgian physician, naturalist, geologist, and mineralogist Jean Démeste (1743 - 20 August 1783, Liège, Belgium) from Latin \"spinella\", little thorn, alluding to its sharp octahedral crystals. Confused with carbuncle = ruby in former times.","2026-03-12 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(2002) X-ray single-crystal study of spinels: in situ heating. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  29 (8) 503-514 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-002-0262-6'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-002-0262-6\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-002-0262-6",{"id":554,"year":546,"html":555,"doi":556},128172,"Pattrick, Richard A.D., Van Der Laan, Gerrit, Henderson, C. Michael B., Kuiper, Pieter, Dudzik, Esther, Vaughan, David J. (2002) Cation site occupancy in spinel ferrites studied by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism: developing a method for mineralogists. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (6) 1095-1102 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2002\u002F0014-1095'>doi:10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2002\u002F0014-1095\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2002\u002F0014-1095",{"id":558,"year":559,"html":560,"doi":561},153018,2003,"Martignago, F., Negro, A. Dal, Carbonin, S. (2003) How Cr3+ and Fe3+ affect Mg?Al order?disorder transformation at high temperature in natural spinels. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  30 (7) 401-408 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-003-0336-0'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-003-0336-0\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-003-0336-0",{"id":563,"year":559,"html":564,"doi":565},8695460,"Rocha, S Da, Thibaudeau, P (2003) Ab initiohigh-pressure thermodynamics of cationic disordered MgAl2O4spinel. \u003Ci>Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter\u003C\u002Fi>, 15 (41). 7103-7115 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1088\u002F0953-8984\u002F15\u002F41\u002F018'>doi:10.1088\u002F0953-8984\u002F15\u002F41\u002F018\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1088\u002F0953-8984\u002F15\u002F41\u002F018",{"id":567,"year":568,"html":569,"doi":570},16726496,2004,"Minh, Nguyen Van, Yang, In-Sang (2004) A Raman study of cation-disorder transition temperature of natural MgAl2O4 spinel. \u003Ci>Vibrational Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (1) 93-96 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.vibspec.2003.12.013'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.vibspec.2003.12.013\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.vibspec.2003.12.013",{"id":572,"year":568,"html":573,"doi":574},395071,"Méducin, Fabienne, Redfern, Simon A.T., Le Godec, Yann, Stone, Howard J., Tucker, Matt G., Dove, Martin T., Marshall, William G. (2004) Study of cation order-disorder in MgAl2O4spinel by in situ neutron diffraction up to 1600 K and 3.2 GPa. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  89 (7) 981-986 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0708'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0708\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol89\u002FAM89_981.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2004-0708",{"id":576,"year":568,"html":577,"doi":578},394955,"Papike, J.J., Karner, J.M., Shearer, C.K. (2004) Comparative planetary mineralogy: V\u002F(Cr + Al) systematics in chromite as an indicator of relative oxygen fugacity. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  89 (10) 1557-1560 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2004-1027'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2004-1027\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2004-1027",{"id":580,"year":581,"html":582,"doi":583},395191,2005,"Uchida, H., Lavina, B., Downs, R.T., Chesley, J. (2005) Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of spinels from the San Carlos Volcanic Field, Arizona: Spinel as a geothermometer. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  90 (11). 1900-1908 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1795'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1795\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol90\u002FAM90_1900.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1795",{"id":585,"year":586,"html":587,"doi":588},395469,2006,"Martignago, F. (2006) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in natural and synthetic Mg(Al,Fe3+)2O4 spinels from in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  91 (2) 306-312 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1880'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1880\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol91\u002FAM91_306.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1880",{"id":590,"year":586,"html":591,"doi":592},395470,"Princivalle, F. (2006) Kinetics of cation ordering in natural Mg(Al,Cr3+)2O4 spinels. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  91 (2) 313-318 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1894'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1894\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol91\u002FAM91_313.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2006.1894",{"id":594,"year":595,"html":596,"doi":597},14974425,2013,"Zienert, Tilo, Fabrichnaya, Olga (2013) Thermodynamic assessment and experiments in the system MgO–Al2O3. \u003Ci>Calphad\u003C\u002Fi>, 40. 1-9 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.calphad.2012.10.001'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.calphad.2012.10.001\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.calphad.2012.10.001",{"id":599,"year":600,"html":601,"doi":602},153995,2015,"Widmer, Remo, Malsy, Anna-Kathrin, Armbruster, Thomas (2015) Effects of heat treatment on red gemstone spinel: single-crystal X-ray, Raman, and photoluminescence study. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  42 (4) 251-260 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-014-0716-7'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-014-0716-7\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-014-0716-7",{"id":604,"year":605,"html":606,"doi":607},65445,2017,"Giuliani, Gaston, Fallick, Anthony E., Boyce, Adrian J., Pardieu, Vincent, Pham, Van Long (2017) Pink and Red Spinels In Marble: Trace Elements, Oxygen Isotopes, and Sources. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (4) 743-761 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1700009'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1700009\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1700009",{"id":609,"year":610,"html":611,"doi":612},16836752,2020,"Feofilov, S.P., Kulinkin, A.B., Khaidukov, N.M. (2020) Inversion in synthetic spinel: Fluorescence of Cr3+ ions in MgAl2O4 spinel ceramics. \u003Ci>Journal of Luminescence\u003C\u002Fi>,  217. 116824 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jlumin.2019.116824'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jlumin.2019.116824\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.jlumin.2019.116824",{"id":614,"year":615,"html":616,"doi":11},16967402,2021,"(2021) Spinel. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002FSpinel.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",[618,628,638,645,652,658,667,672,680,688,696,703,710,717,726,735,744,753,762,771,780,790,798,806,812,819,825,832,840,848,857,865,874,881,889,896,903,910,915,921,927,933,941,947,954,961,967,976,983],{"id":619,"source_url":620,"license_code":621,"credit_html":622,"title":623,"description":624,"author":625,"original_width":626,"original_height":627},80269,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=996018","CC BY-SA 3.0","No machine-readable author provided. S kitahashi assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=996018\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel2.jpg","Spinel. 4.13ct and 1.83ct. taken by \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FUser:Azuncha\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"User:Azuncha\">Azuncha\u003C\u002Fa>.","No machine-readable author provided. S kitahashi assumed (based on copyright claims).",1420,864,{"id":629,"source_url":630,"license_code":631,"credit_html":632,"title":633,"description":634,"author":635,"original_width":636,"original_height":637},22668,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876752","CC BY-SA 4.0","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876752\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel. Betroka, Ft. Danphin, Madagascar-9007.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa> (Weight 203.9 g) – Place of discovery: Betroka, Anosy (Fort Dauphin) Region, Madagascar","Raimond Spekking",3789,2842,{"id":639,"source_url":640,"license_code":641,"credit_html":642,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":643,"original_height":644},30730,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109440","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109440\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":646,"source_url":647,"license_code":631,"credit_html":648,"title":649,"description":634,"author":635,"original_width":650,"original_height":651},22669,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876761","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876761\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel. Betroka, Ft. Danphin, Madagascar-9008.jpg",4179,3134,{"id":653,"source_url":654,"license_code":631,"credit_html":655,"title":656,"description":634,"author":635,"original_width":657,"original_height":637},22670,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876768","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876768\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel. Betroka, Ft. Danphin, Madagascar-9009.jpg",5052,{"id":659,"source_url":660,"license_code":631,"credit_html":661,"title":662,"description":663,"author":664,"original_width":665,"original_height":666},80270,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716224","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716224\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 011 - Spinelle synthétique hydrothermal.jpg","Spinelle synthétique hydrothermal, au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",2364,1552,{"id":668,"source_url":669,"license_code":631,"credit_html":670,"title":671,"description":634,"author":635,"original_width":636,"original_height":637},22671,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876777","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129876777\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel. Betroka, Ft. Danphin, Madagascar-9010.jpg",{"id":673,"source_url":674,"license_code":631,"credit_html":675,"title":676,"description":677,"author":664,"original_width":678,"original_height":679},80271,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716225","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113716225\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 012 - Spinelle synthétique.jpg","Spinelle synthétique, au Muséum de Nantes",2556,1444,{"id":681,"source_url":682,"license_code":631,"credit_html":683,"title":684,"description":685,"author":664,"original_width":686,"original_height":687},80274,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717405","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717405\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 090 - Spinelle brut.jpg","Spinelle brut, au Muséum de Nantes",1768,1568,{"id":689,"source_url":690,"license_code":631,"credit_html":691,"title":692,"description":693,"author":664,"original_width":694,"original_height":695},80275,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717407","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717407\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 091 - Spinelle taillé.jpg","Spinelle taillé, au Muséum de Nantes",2800,2388,{"id":697,"source_url":698,"license_code":631,"credit_html":699,"title":700,"description":693,"author":664,"original_width":701,"original_height":702},80276,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717408","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717408\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 092 - Spinelle taillé.jpg",2460,2468,{"id":704,"source_url":705,"license_code":631,"credit_html":706,"title":707,"description":685,"author":664,"original_width":708,"original_height":709},80277,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717410","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717410\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 093 - Spinelle brut.jpg",2112,1864,{"id":711,"source_url":712,"license_code":631,"credit_html":713,"title":714,"description":685,"author":664,"original_width":715,"original_height":716},80278,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717411","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113717411\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 094 - Spinelle brut.jpg",2148,2332,{"id":718,"source_url":719,"license_code":631,"credit_html":720,"title":721,"description":722,"author":723,"original_width":724,"original_height":725},80281,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=180411651","Марися Лебідь, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=180411651\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Благородна шпінель з магнезіального скарну.jpg","Minerals in Yevhen Lazarenko Mineralogical Museum","Марися Лебідь",4080,3060,{"id":727,"source_url":728,"license_code":729,"credit_html":730,"title":731,"description":732,"author":733,"original_width":734,"original_height":734},80282,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181354867","CC0 1.0","Unbreaking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=181354867\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Needle-like inclusions in a Vietnamese spinel.jpg","Faceted spinel specimen originating from Vietnam displays prominent internal features. Microscopic examination at 30X reveals the presence of dense, interwoven needle networks, which constitute a characteristic diagnostic feature for spinel from this locality.","Unbreaking",2260,{"id":736,"source_url":737,"license_code":631,"credit_html":738,"title":739,"description":740,"author":741,"original_width":742,"original_height":743},80283,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=192548073","SpeakingArch, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=192548073\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ulugh Beg’s Spinel, Mughal stone housed at the al-Sabah Collection, Dar al- Athar al -Islamiyah , Kuwait.jpg","The Ulugh Beg spinel was sent by Shah Abbas of Iran to Jahangir in 1621 CE. The emperor ordered Sa’ida Gilani, the head of imperial goldsmiths, to engrave his titles in it, and then gave it to Shah Jahan.","SpeakingArch",736,1308,{"id":745,"source_url":746,"license_code":729,"credit_html":747,"title":748,"description":749,"author":750,"original_width":751,"original_height":752},39851,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12212572","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12212572\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelles et hessonites (Chine).jpg","spinelle, chrondrodite","Parent Géry",4043,2741,{"id":754,"source_url":755,"license_code":621,"credit_html":756,"title":757,"description":758,"author":759,"original_width":760,"original_height":761},22667,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10447446","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10447446\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calcite-Spinel-dtn37a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMogok\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mogok\">Mogok\u003C\u002Fa>, Pyin Oo Lwin District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMandalay_Division\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mandalay Division\">Mandalay Division\u003C\u002Fa>, Burma (Myanmar) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24345.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 1.5 x 1.1 x 1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Spinel on Calcite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Without question, this vivid red, gemmy, octahedron of spinel on white calcite, is a world class competition thumbnail. Most Mogok spinels are simply loose singles, off matrix. This one, carefully excavated from a miniature at Bill Larson's lab by Irv, is unrepaired and remains on matrix due to the careful prep work. You almost never see this quality of crystal , aside from the additional aesthetics of it being on matrix! The well formed , complete crystal measures .8 cm across. It is truly a thing of beauty.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",288,449,{"id":763,"source_url":764,"license_code":631,"credit_html":765,"title":766,"description":767,"author":768,"original_width":769,"original_height":770},62108,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130118181","Kaethe17, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130118181\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinell-calcit.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa> (Weight: 60.4 g) – Place of discovery: Dschagdalag, Afghanistan","Kaethe17",4058,2705,{"id":772,"source_url":773,"license_code":729,"credit_html":774,"title":775,"description":776,"author":777,"original_width":778,"original_height":779},80280,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=177802034","Kjoo0309, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=177802034\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel Mineral New York State Museum.jpg","Spinel (MgAl2O4) at New York State Museum","Kjoo0309",2052,2736,{"id":781,"source_url":782,"license_code":783,"credit_html":784,"title":785,"description":786,"author":787,"original_width":788,"original_height":789},4488,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=142357966","Public domain","Imma Punzo, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=142357966\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel, Calzirtite-1271980.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalzirtite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calzirtite\">Calzirtite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Dimensions:\u003C\u002Fi> 1 cm × 0.4 cm × 1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Locality:\u003C\u002Fi> San Vito Quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Mount Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples, Campania, Italy\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Description:\u003C\u002Fi> Dark spinel octahedra formed by numerous octahedra of microscopic dimensions, with small complex orange crystals of Calzirtite, in a metamorphosed matrix. Photo and sample by Imma Punzo.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Imma Punzo",3032,2250,{"id":791,"source_url":792,"license_code":621,"credit_html":793,"title":794,"description":795,"author":759,"original_width":796,"original_height":797},4549,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136380","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136380\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pargasite-Spinel-62834.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPargasite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pargasite\">Pargasite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FL%E1%BB%A5c_Y%C3%AAn_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Lục Yên District\">Luc Yen\u003C\u002Fa>, Yenbai (Yen Bai) Province, Vietnam (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6947.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A combo specimen from Vietnam, featuring an unusually sharp and euhedral 2-cm crystal of the relatively rare silicate pargasite - showing some nice faces, one of them 3 cm across. Right next to it in the marble matrix is a group of red spinel crystals! the associaiton is quite uncommon and beautiful. this is one of just a few we had 5.4 x 5.4 x 3.2 cm [NOTE: (probably) not analysed, could be fluor-cannilloite, see \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fmesg-7-69925.html\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fmesg-7-69925.html\u003C\u002Fa>]\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,546,{"id":799,"source_url":800,"license_code":621,"credit_html":801,"title":802,"description":803,"author":750,"original_width":804,"original_height":805},5538,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766787","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766787\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle et chondrodite (Chine).JPG","crystals of spinel, crystals of chondrodite : Xianghuapu Mine (Maiwan Mine), Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic ore field, Linwu County, Chenzou Prefecture, Hunan Province, China",3947,2848,{"id":807,"source_url":808,"license_code":621,"credit_html":809,"title":810,"description":803,"author":750,"original_width":811,"original_height":805},5539,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766871","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766871\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle et chondrodite (Chine) 1.JPG",4006,{"id":813,"source_url":814,"license_code":621,"credit_html":815,"title":816,"description":817,"author":750,"original_width":818,"original_height":805},5540,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766900","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766900\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle et chondrodite (Chine) 2.JPG","crystals of spinel, crystals of chondrodite : Xianghuapu Mine (Maiwan Mine), Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic ore field, Linwu Co., Chenzou Prefecture, Hunan Province, China",4288,{"id":820,"source_url":821,"license_code":621,"credit_html":822,"title":823,"description":803,"author":750,"original_width":824,"original_height":805},5541,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766927","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766927\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle et chondrodite (Chine) 3.JPG",4123,{"id":826,"source_url":827,"license_code":621,"credit_html":828,"title":829,"description":803,"author":750,"original_width":830,"original_height":831},5542,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766957","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766957\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle et chondrodite (Chine) 4.JPG",4107,2694,{"id":833,"source_url":834,"license_code":631,"credit_html":835,"title":836,"description":837,"author":838,"original_width":586,"original_height":839},5543,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61390525","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61390525\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel, chondrodite 1.jpg","spinel, chondrodite : Xianghuapu Mine (Maiwan Mine), Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic ore field, Linwu County, Chenzou Prefecture, Hunan Province, China","Géry PARENT",1468,{"id":841,"source_url":842,"license_code":621,"credit_html":843,"title":844,"description":845,"author":759,"original_width":846,"original_height":847},5920,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10164326","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10164326\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Clintonite-Spinel-235093.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FClintonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Clintonite\">Clintonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmity\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Amity\">Amity\u003C\u002Fa>, Town of Warwick, Orange County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_York\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New York\">New York\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4003.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 9.3 x 5.7 x 3.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Clintonite is a rare Mica Group mineral species. This fine, old-time specimen is from the New York Type Locality of Amity and features a large, well-placed, pearlescent, brown plate of clintonite set in orthoclase-rich matrix. A bonus on this classic specimen are the two broken, octahedral spinel crystals embedded in the side of the matrix. Ex. Mullane Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,493,{"id":849,"source_url":850,"license_code":631,"credit_html":851,"title":852,"description":853,"author":854,"original_width":855,"original_height":856},9305,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88020106","Zbynek Burival, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=88020106\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Olivine nodule in basalt from Smrčí, Czech Republic.jpg","Green olivine nodule (mantle xenolith) in basalt from Smrčí, Czech Republic. The dominant olivine component is forsterite over minor fayalite, the rest of nodule is made of smaller amount of pyroxene and spinel. Size of the specimen 9x7.5 cm.","Zbynek Burival",5184,3888,{"id":858,"source_url":859,"license_code":621,"credit_html":860,"title":861,"description":862,"author":759,"original_width":863,"original_height":864},9553,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443111","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443111\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gahnite-Spinel-3d33c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGahnite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gahnite\">Gahnite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmity\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Amity\">Amity\u003C\u002Fa>, Town of Warwick, Orange County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNew_York\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:New York\">New York\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4003.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 3 x 2.8 x 2.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Spinel (Gahnite)\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Very sharp, and nearly complete, set of Gahnite crystals. The luster is very good, and the largest crystal is 1.9 cm on edge. A truly superb specimen for the species and historic locality. It has old red ink catalogue numbering on one rear face.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",346,400,{"id":866,"source_url":867,"license_code":621,"credit_html":868,"title":869,"description":870,"author":871,"original_width":872,"original_height":873},11203,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22722797","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22722797\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel, Sanidine-79170.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa> on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSanidine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Sanidine\">Sanidine\u003C\u002Fa> (spinel size: 0,5 x 0,5 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Wannenköpfe Quarry, Ochtendung, Maifeld, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Very exceptional, and new for the Wannenköpfe, a Spinel (0,5 x 0,5 mm), a mixed crystal (Spinel\u002FHercynite). Analysed by Günter Blass. Photo\u002Fcollection: Fred Kruijen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Fred Kruijen",871,655,{"id":875,"source_url":876,"license_code":621,"credit_html":877,"title":878,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":879,"original_height":880},11726,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1313152","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1313152\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Humite with Spinel.jpg",800,727,{"id":882,"source_url":883,"license_code":621,"credit_html":884,"title":885,"description":886,"author":838,"original_width":887,"original_height":888},11732,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17767011","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17767011\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel, humite 2.jpg","spinel var. violet spinel, humite : Sungate Mine, An Phu (Anfu), Lục Yên District, Yên Bái Province, Vietnam",3942,2619,{"id":890,"source_url":891,"license_code":621,"credit_html":892,"title":893,"description":894,"author":759,"original_width":895,"original_height":879},17854,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151666","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151666\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Norbergite-Spinel-177551.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorbergite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Norbergite\">Norbergite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMogok\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mogok\">Mogok\u003C\u002Fa>, Pyin Oo Lwin District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMandalay_Division\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mandalay Division\">Mandalay Division\u003C\u002Fa>, Burma (Myanmar) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24345.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.5 x 4.2 x 1.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen features a gemmy, translucent 2.5-cm-tall norbergite crystal perched on matrix from which it has been excavated carefully. Little sharp red spinels grace it for accent.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",615,{"id":897,"source_url":898,"license_code":621,"credit_html":899,"title":900,"description":901,"author":759,"original_width":902,"original_height":879},17855,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151668","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151668\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Norbergite-Spinel-177552.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorbergite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Norbergite\">Norbergite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMogok\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mogok\">Mogok\u003C\u002Fa>, Pyin Oo Lwin District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMandalay_Division\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mandalay Division\">Mandalay Division\u003C\u002Fa>, Burma (Myanmar) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24345.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.9 x 2.9 x 1.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen features a gemmy, translucent 1.3-cm norbergite crystal perched on matrix from which it has been excavated carefully. Little sharp red spinels grace it for accent.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",530,{"id":904,"source_url":905,"license_code":621,"credit_html":906,"title":907,"description":908,"author":759,"original_width":864,"original_height":909},17858,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460922","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460922\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Norbergite-Spinel-rare08-2-66c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorbergite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Norbergite\">Norbergite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMogok\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mogok\">Mogok\u003C\u002Fa>, Pyin Oo Lwin District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMandalay_Division\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mandalay Division\">Mandalay Division\u003C\u002Fa>, Burma (Myanmar) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24345.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.5 x 4.2 x 1.8 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Norbergite with Spinel\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen features a GEMMY, translucent 2.5-cm-tall norbergite crystal perched on matrix from which it has been excavated carefully. Little sharp red spinels grace it for accent. This is a SUPER crystal for the species, from any locality, and from Mogok its actually quite rare to find them. When I obtained these two specimens from an importer at Tucson, I showed them to a friend who came by soon after and deals in rare gems, as they were translucent. Indeed, he said they would cut unusually fine stones for the species, so here you have an \"ugly\" magnesium silicate with Cutting rough value ! Couldn't let him do it, so I held them back for sale to collectors, but the yield in gem value should work out to about this price anyhow.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",326,{"id":911,"source_url":912,"license_code":621,"credit_html":913,"title":914,"description":908,"author":759,"original_width":796,"original_height":879},17859,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460924","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460924\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Norbergite-Spinel-rare08-2-66b.jpg",{"id":916,"source_url":917,"license_code":621,"credit_html":918,"title":919,"description":920,"author":759,"original_width":902,"original_height":879},17860,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460937","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460937\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Norbergite-Spinel-rare08-2-70a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorbergite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Norbergite\">Norbergite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMogok\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mogok\">Mogok\u003C\u002Fa>, Pyin Oo Lwin District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMandalay_Division\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mandalay Division\">Mandalay Division\u003C\u002Fa>, Burma (Myanmar) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-24345.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.9 x 2.9 x 1.7 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Norbergite with Spinel\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen features a GEMMY, translucent 1.3-cm norbergite crystal perched on matrix from which it has been excavated carefully. It is squarish in shape, fairly equant all around, and complete except for a slight conchoidal ding in the lower-right corner (shown at its worst in the second photo, to be clear, so you can se eit doesn't affect display view much at all). Little sharp red spinels grace it for accent. This is a SUPER crystal for the species, from any locality, and from Mogok its actually quite rare to find them. When I obtained these two specimens from an importer at Tucson, I showed them to a friend who came by soon after and deals in rare gems, as they were translucent. Indeed, he said they would cut unusually fine stones for the species, so here you have an \"ugly\" magnesium silicate with Cutting rough value ! Couldn't let him do it, so I held them back for sale to collectors, but the yield in gem value should work out to about this price anyhow.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":922,"source_url":923,"license_code":621,"credit_html":924,"title":925,"description":920,"author":759,"original_width":926,"original_height":864},17861,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460938","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10460938\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Norbergite-Spinel-rare08-2-70b.jpg",398,{"id":928,"source_url":929,"license_code":631,"credit_html":930,"title":931,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":643,"original_height":932},29736,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127772","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127772\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana","Spinel Group",706,{"id":934,"source_url":935,"license_code":621,"credit_html":936,"title":937,"description":938,"author":759,"original_width":939,"original_height":940},39844,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171938","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10171938\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel-Chondrodite-278476.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChondrodite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chondrodite\">Chondrodite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Ladjuar Medam (Lajur Madan; Lapis-lazuli Mine), Sar-e-Sang District, Koksha Valley (Kokscha; Kokcha), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBadakhshan_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Badakhshan Province\">Badakhshan (Badakshan; Badahsan) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-134869.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.5 x 4.0 x 3.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>One predominant, razor-sharp, highly lustrous, fine bluish purple octahedron of Spinel, along with some secondary less pronounced crystals sit atop a white marble matrix with some minor associated rich orange color Chondrodite on the reverse side of the specimen. The main crystal, which measures 8 mm across, is about as sharp and lustrous that I have seen from Afghanistan. Despite a few small tool marks to the matrix, this is a nice reference specimen.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",410,360,{"id":942,"source_url":943,"license_code":729,"credit_html":944,"title":945,"description":803,"author":750,"original_width":818,"original_height":946},39852,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12914442","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12914442\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle, chondrodite 3.jpg",2586,{"id":948,"source_url":949,"license_code":621,"credit_html":950,"title":951,"description":952,"author":750,"original_width":953,"original_height":805},39853,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766983","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=17766983\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle et chondrodite (Chine) 5.JPG","cristaux octaédriques de spinelle et cristaux de chondrodite",4192,{"id":955,"source_url":956,"license_code":621,"credit_html":957,"title":958,"description":817,"author":838,"original_width":959,"original_height":960},39854,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31263950","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=31263950\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinelle, chondrodite 1100-1-0706.JPG",3894,2399,{"id":962,"source_url":963,"license_code":621,"credit_html":964,"title":965,"description":862,"author":759,"original_width":966,"original_height":864},55991,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443112","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443112\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gahnite-Spinel-3d33d.jpg",352,{"id":968,"source_url":969,"license_code":631,"credit_html":970,"title":971,"description":972,"author":973,"original_width":974,"original_height":975},58741,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=44914828","Strekeisen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=44914828\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Elba island.JPG","Corundum crystal (with blue core), biotite (brown) and green hercynite (spinel group) in a MME (Mafic microgranular enclaves) in the S.Andrea granite. Elba Island, Italy. Plane polarized light image, magnification 10x (Field of view = 2mm)","Strekeisen",2592,1728,{"id":977,"source_url":978,"license_code":621,"credit_html":979,"title":980,"description":981,"author":759,"original_width":982,"original_height":796},72774,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136296","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136296\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel-Pargasite-62430.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPargasite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pargasite\">Pargasite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FL%E1%BB%A5c_Y%C3%AAn_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Lục Yên District\">Luc Yen\u003C\u002Fa>, Yenbai (Yen Bai) Province, Vietnam (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6947.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A super-rich combo specimen from Vietnam, featuring an unusually large cluster of large, crudely-formed (which is typical) crystals of the relatively rare silicate pargasite - showing some nice faces, one of them 3 cm across. On top of the pargasite is a 5-cm deposit of maroon-colored, amorphous spinel. 14.8 x 7.5 x 6.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",331,{"id":984,"source_url":985,"license_code":621,"credit_html":986,"title":987,"description":988,"author":759,"original_width":796,"original_height":797},72776,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175575","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175575\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spinel-Pargasite-Marble-66637.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpinel\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spinel\">Spinel\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPargasite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pargasite\">Pargasite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMarble\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Marble\">marble\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FL%E1%BB%A5c_Y%C3%AAn_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Lục Yên District\">Luc Yen\u003C\u002Fa>, Yenbai (Yen Bai) Province, Vietnam (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6947.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Another specimen of this rare combination from a small batch we got - this is the last of the combo pieces I believe. At any rate, it is amongst the most striking of them, in that the spinel is right on top of the pargasite (a rather rare silicate named for the type locality of Pargas, Finland), and both are perched and centered atop the marble matrix. It looks almost like one of those Renassiance wax seals, just a bit more 3-dimensional! 4.5 x 3.5 x 3.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",[990,997,1002,1007,1012],{"id":991,"url":992,"label":993,"formula":994,"spacegroup":995,"year":996},8741,"\u002Fcif\u002F8741.cif","Lenaz 2014 · (Mg.758 Fe.242) (Al1.758 Cr.242) O4","(Mg.758 Fe.242) (Al1.758 Cr.242) O4","F d 3 m",2014,{"id":998,"url":999,"label":1000,"formula":1001,"spacegroup":995,"year":996},8742,"\u002Fcif\u002F8742.cif","Lenaz 2014 · (Mg.75 Fe.25) (Al1.6 Cr.4) O4","(Mg.75 Fe.25) (Al1.6 Cr.4) O4",{"id":1003,"url":1004,"label":1005,"formula":1006,"spacegroup":995,"year":996},8743,"\u002Fcif\u002F8743.cif","Lenaz 2014 · Mg.714 Fe.287 (Al1.206 Cr.794) O4","Mg.714 Fe.287 (Al1.206 Cr.794) O4",{"id":1008,"url":1009,"label":1010,"formula":1011,"spacegroup":995,"year":996},8744,"\u002Fcif\u002F8744.cif","Lenaz 2014 · (Mg.694 Fe.306) (Al1.38 Cr.62) O4","(Mg.694 Fe.306) (Al1.38 Cr.62) O4",{"id":1013,"url":1014,"label":1015,"formula":1016,"spacegroup":995,"year":996},8745,"\u002Fcif\u002F8745.cif","Lenaz 2014 · (Mg.76 Fe.24) (Al1.718 Cr.282) O4","(Mg.76 Fe.24) (Al1.718 Cr.282) O4",[1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035],"Akerit","Candite","Ceylanite","Espinella","Gelblicher Rubin","Gruppo degli spinelli","Lychnis","Rubis spinelli octaëdre","Spinel-ruby","Spinelit","Spinelita","Spinelite","Spinella","Strongit","Strongite","Talcspinel","Zeilanite","Zeylanit",[1037,1040,1044,1049,1053,1057,1061,1065,1069,1073,1077,1081,1085,1088,1092,1096,1100,1104,1107,1111,1115,1125,1129,1133,1137,1140,1145,1149,1154,1158,1163,1167,1171,1174,1177,1180,1184,1187,1192,1195,1199,1204,1209,1212,1216,1219,1223,1226,1229,1233,1236,1240,1244,1247,1250,1255,1258,1262,1265,1270,1274,1277,1280,1284,1291,1295,1298,1301,1305,1308,1312,1315,1318,1321,1324,1327,1330,1333],{"lang":1038,"names":1039},"af",[7],{"lang":1041,"names":1042},"an",[1043],"Espinela",{"lang":1045,"names":1046},"ar",[1047,1048],"إسبينل","لعل",{"lang":1050,"names":1051},"az",[1052],"Şpinel",{"lang":1054,"names":1055},"be",[1056],"шпінель",{"lang":1058,"names":1059},"be-tarask",[1060],"шпінэль",{"lang":1062,"names":1063},"be-x-old",[1064],"Шпінэль",{"lang":1066,"names":1067},"bg",[1068],"Шпинел",{"lang":1070,"names":1071},"ca",[1072],"espinel·la",{"lang":1074,"names":1075},"cs",[1076],"spinel",{"lang":1078,"names":1079},"cv",[1080],"Шпинель",{"lang":1082,"names":1083},"de",[1084],"Spinell",{"lang":1086,"names":1087},"de-ch",[1084],{"lang":1089,"names":1090},"el",[1091],"Σπινέλιος",{"lang":1093,"names":1094},"eo",[1095],"spinelo",{"lang":1097,"names":1098},"es",[1099],"espinela",{"lang":1101,"names":1102},"et",[1103],"spinell",{"lang":1105,"names":1106},"eu",[1043],{"lang":1108,"names":1109},"fa",[1110,1048],"اسپینل",{"lang":1112,"names":1113},"fi",[1114],"Spinelli",{"lang":1116,"names":1117},"fr",[1118,1119,1019,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124],"1302-67-6","Akerite","MgAl2O4","Rubace","Rubacelle","Rubis balais","spinelle",{"lang":1126,"names":1127},"ga",[1128],"spinéal",{"lang":1130,"names":1131},"he",[1132],"ספינל",{"lang":1134,"names":1135},"hr",[1136],"Magnezijev aluminat",{"lang":1138,"names":1139},"hu",[1103],{"lang":1141,"names":1142},"hy",[1143,1144],"շպինել","Շպինելներ",{"lang":1146,"names":1147},"id",[7,1148],"Windusari",{"lang":1150,"names":1151},"io",[1152,1153],"Balas-rubino","Spinelo",{"lang":1155,"names":1156},"it",[1157],"spinello",{"lang":1159,"names":1160},"ja",[1161,1162],"スピネル","尖晶石",{"lang":1164,"names":1165},"kk",[1080,1166],"Шпинельдер",{"lang":1168,"names":1169},"kk-arab",[1170],"شپىينەل",{"lang":1172,"names":1173},"kk-cn",[1170],{"lang":1175,"names":1176},"kk-cyrl",[1080],{"lang":1178,"names":1179},"kk-kz",[1080],{"lang":1181,"names":1182},"kk-latn",[1183],"Şpïnelʹ",{"lang":1185,"names":1186},"kk-tr",[1183],{"lang":1188,"names":1189},"ko",[1190,1191],"스피넬","첨정석",{"lang":1193,"names":1194},"ky",[1080],{"lang":1196,"names":1197},"lt",[1198],"Špinelis",{"lang":1200,"names":1201},"lv",[1202,1203],"magnija alumīnija špinelis","špinelis",{"lang":1205,"names":1206},"mk",[1207,1208,1068],"магнезиум алуминат","спинел",{"lang":1210,"names":1211},"mwl",[1043],{"lang":1213,"names":1214},"my",[1215],"အညံ့ပန်း",{"lang":1217,"names":1218},"nb",[1103],{"lang":1220,"names":1221},"nl",[1076,1222],"spinelgroep",{"lang":1224,"names":1225},"nn",[1103],{"lang":1227,"names":1228},"no",[1084],{"lang":1230,"names":1231},"oc",[1232],"Espinèla",{"lang":1234,"names":1235},"pl",[7],{"lang":1237,"names":1238},"ps",[1239],"لال",{"lang":1241,"names":1242},"pt",[1099,1243],"Espinélio",{"lang":1245,"names":1246},"pt-br",[1043],{"lang":1248,"names":1249},"ro",[1076,1084],{"lang":1251,"names":1252},"ru",[1253,1254],"шпинели","шпинель",{"lang":1256,"names":1257},"sah",[1080],{"lang":1259,"names":1260},"sat",[1261],"ᱥᱯᱤᱱᱟᱞ",{"lang":1263,"names":1264},"sco",[1076],{"lang":1266,"names":1267},"sh",[1268,1269],"Magnezij-aluminat","Magnezijum aluminat",{"lang":1271,"names":1272},"si",[1273],"කිරිංචි",{"lang":1275,"names":1276},"sk",[7],{"lang":1278,"names":1279},"sl",[1076],{"lang":1281,"names":1282},"sq",[1283],"Spineli",{"lang":1285,"names":1286},"sr",[1120,7,1287,1288,1289,1290],"Алуминат магнезијума","магнезијум алуминат","Магнезијум-алуминат","Магнезијумалуминат",{"lang":1292,"names":1293},"sr-ec",[1294],"Магнезијум алуминат",{"lang":1296,"names":1297},"sr-el",[1269],{"lang":1299,"names":1300},"sv",[1084],{"lang":1302,"names":1303},"th",[1304],"สปิเนล",{"lang":1306,"names":1307},"uk",[1056],{"lang":1309,"names":1310},"uz",[1311],"Laʼl",{"lang":1313,"names":1314},"vi",[7],{"lang":1316,"names":1317},"zh",[1162],{"lang":1319,"names":1320},"zh-cn",[1162],{"lang":1322,"names":1323},"zh-hans",[1162],{"lang":1325,"names":1326},"zh-hant",[1162],{"lang":1328,"names":1329},"zh-hk",[1162],{"lang":1331,"names":1332},"zh-sg",[1162],{"lang":1334,"names":1335},"zh-tw",[1162],"Q191310",{"history":1338,"applications":1342},{"markdown":1339,"model_version":1340,"prompt_version":1341,"reviewed_at":11},"For centuries the most coveted red gems in royal treasuries were not what their owners believed. The stones the world called *balas rubies* were spinel — a different mineral entirely, sharing only the colour.\n\nBefore chemistry could tell them apart, red spinel and red corundum travelled under the same name. The word *carbuncle*, then later *ruby*, covered both. Transparent red spinels were sold as *spinel-rubies* or *balas rubies*[1]. *Balas* itself was a place name — a worn-down form of **Balascia**, the older name for **Badakhshan**, a mountain region in the upper Panj River valley of central Asia[2]. For centuries the mines of Badakhshan, in what is now Tajikistan, supplied most of the red and pink spinels that reached European courts[2].\n\nThe confusion left its mark on some of the most famous gems in Europe. The **Black Prince's Ruby** and the **Timur Ruby**, both set in the British Crown Jewels, are spinels rather than corundum[3]. So is the **Côte de Bretagne**, a 100-carat dragon-shaped stone once part of the French Crown Jewels[3]. The largest known spinel of all, the **Samarian Spinel**, weighs 500 carats — about 100 grams — and is held in the Iranian Crown Jewels[4].\n\nThe mineral acquired its modern name in 1779. The Belgian physician and naturalist **Jean Démeste** drew it from the Latin *spinella*, a diminutive of *spine*[5]. The word pointed to the sharp octahedral crystals — eight-faced, with a pointed look — the mineral forms when it grows freely[5]. The older *balas ruby* slowly fell out of mineralogical use, though it still appears in jewellery catalogues.\n\nSpinel later gave its name to a much larger family. The cubic structure of magnesium aluminium oxide turned out to be shared by dozens of other minerals[6]. Magnetite, chromite, hercynite and gahnite all share the same atomic arrangement, the formula AB₂O₄[6]. Mineralogists call the whole family the **spinel group**, with spinel itself as the type species[6].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":1343,"model_version":1340,"prompt_version":1341,"reviewed_at":11},"Spinel works two jobs today. It is cut as a gemstone, and — far more quietly — it lines the inside of some of heavy industry's hottest furnaces. A third role belongs not to the mineral itself but to the atomic arrangement it gave its name to, which sits at the heart of modern magnetic ceramics.\n\n### As a gemstone\n\nNatural red, pink, blue and purple spinels are cut as gems, and the stone serves as the birthstone of August in modern jewellery calendars[1]. Most red spinels in the trade come from Mogok in Myanmar, the Mahenge and Tunduru areas of Tanzania, and Ilakaka in Madagascar — alongside the older Badakhshan sources[1].\n\nSynthetic spinel is also made in quantity. It is grown by the **Verneuil method** — a flame-fusion process that drops powdered oxide through a flame onto a rotating seed — and by a flux method, a slower growth from a molten salt bath[2]. Light blue synthetic spinel is sold as an inexpensive imitation of aquamarine. Green synthetic spinel passes for emerald or tourmaline in cheap settings[2].\n\n### As an industrial material\n\nThe largest current industrial role of spinel is as a **refractory** — a material engineered to hold its shape and its chemistry under extreme heat. Bricks made of magnesium-aluminium spinel line the hottest zones of cement rotary kilns, steelmaking ladles, and glass-tank regenerators[3]. In a cement kiln they face temperatures above 1400 °C and constant attack by clinker and alkali vapours; the spinel structure resists both[3].\\\nThe bricks also develop fine micro-cracks under thermal cycling, and those small cracks stop larger ones from running through the lining[3]. In a steel ladle they slow the chemical attack of molten slag by binding with the iron and manganese oxides the slag carries[3]. Magnesia-alumina spinel bricks have gained ground over the older magnesia-chrome bricks, because they avoid the hexavalent-chromium contamination chrome refractories generate at end of life[3].\n\nA second industrial direction is **transparent spinel**. Powdered spinel can be sintered — pressed and heated below its melting point — into clear sheets several times harder than glass[2]. The same sintered material is investigated as a substrate for high-power lasers and as an infrared window. Few hard ceramics stay clear from the visible range into the infrared, and that is its main appeal[2].\n\nThe mineral has also lent its name to a much wider family of materials. Any compound whose atoms arrange themselves in the cubic **AB₂O₄** pattern of magnesium-aluminium oxide is said to have the **spinel structure**[4]. That structure is the framework of the **ferrites** — magnetic ceramics whose atoms align under a field. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is the natural example; synthetic ferrites such as **magnesioferrite** (MgFe₂O₄) and **jacobsite** (MnFe₂O₄) are used in transformer cores, microwave components and magnetic recording[4]. A lithium-substituted spinel, LiNi₀·₅Mn₁·₅O₄, is also studied as a high-energy cathode material for lithium-ion batteries[4]."]