[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3733":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":22,"impurities":23,"cim":24,"ima_status":25,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":28,"strunz10ed1":29,"strunz10ed2":30,"strunz10ed3":31,"strunz10ed4":32,"dana8ed1":33,"dana8ed2":34,"dana8ed3":35,"dana8ed4":34,"csystem":36,"cclass":37,"spacegroup":38,"spacegroupset":39,"a":40,"b":41,"c":42,"alpha":43,"beta":44,"gamma":43,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":45,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":46,"tranglide":11,"parting":47,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":11,"tlform":11,"hmin":48,"hmax":49,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":43,"vhnmax":43,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":50,"dmeas2":51,"dcalc":52,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":53,"lustretype":54,"commentluster":55,"diapheny":56,"streak":57,"colour":58,"commentcolor":59,"colors":60,"streak_colors":68,"luminescence":11,"uv":69,"cleavage":70,"cleavagetype":71,"fracturetype":72,"tenacity":73,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":74,"opticalsign":75,"opticalalpha":76,"opticalalpha2":77,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":78,"opticalbeta2":79,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":80,"opticalgamma2":81,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":43,"opticalomega2":43,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":43,"opticalepsilon2":43,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":43,"opticaln2":43,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":82,"optical2vcalc2":43,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":83,"optical2vmeasured2":84,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":85,"rimax":86,"opticaldispersion":87,"opticalpleochroism":88,"opticalpleochorismdesc":89,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":90,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":91,"aboutname":92,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":93,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":94,"group_members":104,"associates":257,"confused_with":350,"type_localities":351,"occurrence_total":358,"citations":359,"images":532,"structures":801,"synonyms":827,"language_names":830,"wikidata_qid":984,"texts":985},3733,"1:1:3733:0","7e613376-c696-4912-9c3f-3a688e5116ff","Spodumene","Spd",0,"mineral",null,7630,10095,false,"LiAlSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",[17,18,19,20],"Al","Li","Si","O",[17,18,19,20],[18],",Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca,Na,K,H2O,","16.1.2",[26,27],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1800","9","D","A","30","65","1","4","Monoclinic",5,10,"C2\u002Fc ","9.46","8.39","5.22","0","110.17",4,"On {110}, uncommon (Afghanistan).","{100}, {010}",6.5,7,"3.1","3.2","3.184","Vitreous","Vitreous,Pearly,Dull","pearly on cleavage","Transparent,Translucent","White","Colourless, yellow, light green, emerald-green, pink to violet, purple, white, gray","There is a significant impact of trace elements Fe and Mn, including their content and valence state mixture, on the color and luminescent properties of spodumene. By combining EPMA data, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy, the coloration and luminescence mechanisms of pink to violet spodumene are primarily influenced by the Mn element. In the UV-Vis spectrum, the pink to violet spodumene samples exhibit a distinct Mn3+ electronic transition absorption peak at 540 nm, which is the primary cause of its coloration. Its fluorescence characteristics are primarily dominated by the characteristic luminescence of Mn2+. For the yellow-green and colorless spodumene samples, their coloration and luminescence mechanisms result from the combined influence of Fe and Mn elements. Specifically, the yellow-green spodumene shows a distinct absorption peak at 433 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, corresponding to the d-d transition of Fe3+. Additionally, weak absorption peaks at 507 nm and 580 nm are related to Fe2+ transitions. A weak absorption peak at 433 nm is also visible in the UV-Vis spectrum of colorless spodumene, but it does not result in a significant color change. The fluorescence characteristics of both samples are similarly dominated by the influence of Mn2+. Although Mn2+ ions are present in samples of different colors, they are not the primary coloring elements; they mainly contribute to the fluorescence of spodumene. [[1]]",[61,62,63,64,65,66,67],"colorless","yellow","green","pink","purple","white","gray",[66],"Yellow, orange, or pink fluorescence under LW and SW UV.","(110), (110) ^ \u003Cmi>(1_10)\u003C\u002Fmi> ~87","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven,Sub-Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","+","1.648","1.661","1.655","1.67","1.662","1.679","88","54","69",1.648,1.679,"weak","Visible","X = purple to green; Z = colorless.","Lithium rich pegmatites.","Pyroxene Group - Clinopyroxene Subgroup.\r\n\r\nSpodumene is worked as an ore of lithium, but it is most highly prized as a gem material - the varieties Kunzite (pink) and Hiddenite (green) are especially sought after. It is usually found as a constituent ...","From Greek \"spodoumenos\", \"reduced to ashes\", alluding to the grayish-white mass that is formed when the mineral is ignited.","2026-04-12 15:23:04",[95,100],{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":98,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":99},7740,"Hiddenite",2,59167,{"id":101,"name":102,"entrytype":98,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":103},2289,"Kunzite",88584,[105,113,119,128,132,138,144,149,153,160,167,173,180,188,193,199,207,214,218,224,230,236,242,247,251],{"id":106,"name":107,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":108,"mindat_formula":108,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":110,"dcalc":111,"primary_image_id":112},31,"Aegirine","NaFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",6,"3.5","3.576",257,{"id":114,"name":115,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":116,"mindat_formula":117,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":118},32,"Aegirine-augite","(Ca,Na)(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mg,Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Na\u003Csub>a\u003C\u002Fsub>Ca\u003Csub>b\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>c\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>d\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>e\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>f\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>g\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>h\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",28998,{"id":120,"name":121,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":122,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":124,"hmax":109,"dmeas":125,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":127},419,"Augite","(Ca,Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Ca\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>y\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>z\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Mg\u003Csub>y1\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>z1\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,"3.19","3.31",29176,{"id":129,"name":130,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":131,"mindat_formula":131,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},43933,"Burnettite","CaVAlSiO\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":133,"name":134,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":135,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":37,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":137,"primary_image_id":11},1072,"Clinoenstatite","Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","MgSiO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.210",{"id":139,"name":140,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":141,"hmin":37,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":142,"primary_image_id":143},1073,"Clinoferrosilite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.068",5851,{"id":145,"name":146,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":147,"mindat_formula":147,"hmin":109,"hmax":49,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":148,"primary_image_id":11},55612,"Colomeraite","NaTi\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.36",{"id":150,"name":151,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":152,"mindat_formula":152,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},38829,"Davisite","CaScAlSiO\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":154,"name":155,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":156,"mindat_formula":156,"hmin":124,"hmax":48,"dmeas":157,"dcalc":158,"primary_image_id":159},1294,"Diopside","CaMgSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.22","3.278",29614,{"id":161,"name":162,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":163,"mindat_formula":164,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":165,"primary_image_id":166},1413,"Esseneite","CaFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>AlSiO\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","CaFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>[AlSiO\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>]","3.54",8095,{"id":168,"name":169,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":170,"mindat_formula":171,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":172,"primary_image_id":11},39426,"Grossmanite","Ca(Ti\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mg,Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>)AlSiO\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","CaTi\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup> AlSiO\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.41",{"id":174,"name":175,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":176,"mindat_formula":176,"hmin":124,"hmax":48,"dmeas":177,"dcalc":178,"primary_image_id":179},1842,"Hedenbergite","CaFe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.56","3.65",11009,{"id":181,"name":182,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":183,"mindat_formula":184,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":185,"dcalc":186,"primary_image_id":187},2062,"Jadeite","NaAlSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","Na(Al,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.24","3.330",29952,{"id":189,"name":190,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":191,"mindat_formula":191,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":192},2093,"Jervisite","NaSc\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",4821,{"id":194,"name":195,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":196,"mindat_formula":197,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":177,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":198},2103,"Johannsenite","CaMnSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","CaMn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",29977,{"id":200,"name":201,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":202,"mindat_formula":203,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":204,"dcalc":205,"primary_image_id":206},2154,"Kanoite","MnMgSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(Mg,Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>)Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.66","3.60",12947,{"id":208,"name":209,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":210,"mindat_formula":211,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":212,"dcalc":205,"primary_image_id":213},2258,"Kosmochlor","NaCr\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","NaCrSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.51",13574,{"id":215,"name":216,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":217,"mindat_formula":217,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},39329,"Kushiroite","CaAlAlSiO\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":219,"name":220,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":221,"mindat_formula":221,"hmin":109,"hmax":49,"dmeas":212,"dcalc":222,"primary_image_id":223},2834,"Namansilite","NaMn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.61",16998,{"id":225,"name":226,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":227,"mindat_formula":227,"hmin":48,"hmax":49,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":228,"primary_image_id":229},2846,"Natalyite","NaV\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.55",17059,{"id":231,"name":232,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":233,"mindat_formula":234,"hmin":37,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":235},2991,"Omphacite","(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Na\u003Csub>a\u003C\u002Fsub>Ca\u003Csub>b\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>c\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>d\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Al\u003Csub>e\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>f\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>g\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>h\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",18103,{"id":237,"name":238,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":239,"mindat_formula":239,"hmin":37,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":240,"primary_image_id":241},3173,"Petedunnite","CaZnSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.68",19150,{"id":243,"name":244,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":245,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":246},3210,"Pigeonite","(Mg,Fe,Ca)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",19441,{"id":248,"name":249,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":250,"mindat_formula":250,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},55453,"Ryabchikovite","CuMgSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",{"id":252,"name":253,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":254,"mindat_formula":255,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":256,"primary_image_id":11},43890,"Tissintite","(Ca,Na,◻)AlSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Ca,◻)AlSi\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.395",[258,266,273,283,289,295,303,311,319,326,334,343],{"id":259,"name":260,"entrytype":9,"csystem":261,"ima_formula":262,"mindat_formula":262,"hmin":109,"hmax":48,"dmeas":263,"dcalc":264,"primary_image_id":265},96,"Albite","Triclinic","Na(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>)","2.6","2.615",549,{"id":267,"name":268,"entrytype":9,"csystem":261,"ima_formula":269,"mindat_formula":269,"hmin":124,"hmax":109,"dmeas":270,"dcalc":271,"primary_image_id":272},189,"Amblygonite","LiAl(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F","3.04","3.11",29073,{"id":274,"name":275,"entrytype":9,"csystem":276,"ima_formula":277,"mindat_formula":278,"hmin":279,"hmax":280,"dmeas":281,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":282},819,"Beryl","Hexagonal","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>","Be\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)",7.5,8,"2.63",3157,{"id":284,"name":285,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":286,"mindat_formula":286,"hmin":37,"hmax":37,"dmeas":287,"dcalc":288,"primary_image_id":11},6865,"Cheralite","CaTh(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.72","5.26",{"id":290,"name":291,"entrytype":98,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":292,"hmin":98,"hmax":293,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":43,"primary_image_id":294},8579,"Damourite","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",3,51681,{"id":296,"name":297,"entrytype":9,"csystem":298,"ima_formula":299,"mindat_formula":299,"hmin":48,"hmax":48,"dmeas":300,"dcalc":301,"primary_image_id":302},1419,"Eucryptite","Trigonal","LiAlSiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.657","2.654",8164,{"id":304,"name":305,"entrytype":9,"csystem":306,"ima_formula":307,"mindat_formula":307,"hmin":279,"hmax":279,"dmeas":308,"dcalc":309,"primary_image_id":310},1811,"Hambergite","Orthorhombic","Be\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","2.347","2.365",10798,{"id":312,"name":313,"entrytype":9,"csystem":306,"ima_formula":314,"mindat_formula":315,"hmin":37,"hmax":109,"dmeas":316,"dcalc":317,"primary_image_id":318},1923,"Holmquistite","◻Li\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Li\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.95","3.09",8729,{"id":320,"name":321,"entrytype":9,"csystem":261,"ima_formula":322,"mindat_formula":322,"hmin":124,"hmax":109,"dmeas":323,"dcalc":324,"primary_image_id":325},2763,"Montebrasite","LiAl(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","2.98","3.03",30215,{"id":327,"name":328,"entrytype":9,"csystem":36,"ima_formula":329,"mindat_formula":330,"hmin":48,"hmax":48,"dmeas":331,"dcalc":332,"primary_image_id":333},3171,"Petalite","LiAlSi\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>","LiAl(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)","2.412","2.4",19139,{"id":335,"name":336,"entrytype":9,"csystem":337,"ima_formula":338,"mindat_formula":339,"hmin":48,"hmax":49,"dmeas":340,"dcalc":341,"primary_image_id":342},3255,"Pollucite","Isometric","Cs(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Al)O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Cs,Na)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)·2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.68","2.94",19727,{"id":344,"name":345,"entrytype":9,"csystem":298,"ima_formula":346,"mindat_formula":346,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"dmeas":347,"dcalc":348,"primary_image_id":349},3337,"Quartz","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.65","2.66",30579,[],[352],{"id":353,"txt":354,"latitude":355,"longitude":356,"country":357},3194,"Utö Mines, Utö, Haninge, Stockholm County, Sweden",58.9661111,18.3297222,"Sweden",823,[360,364,368,372,376,380,384,387,391,395,399,403,406,410,414,417,421,426,431,435,440,445,450,454,458,462,466,470,475,480,485,489,494,499,504,508,513,518,523,528],{"id":361,"year":362,"html":363,"doi":11},17608125,1800,"d' Andrada [e Silva], [José Bonifácio] (1800) Kurze Angabe der Eigenschaften und Kennzeichen einiger neuen Fossilien aus Schweden und Norwegen : nebst einigen chemischen Bemerkungen über dieselben [A brief description of the properties and characteristics of some new fossils from Sweden and Norway : together with some chemical remarks on the same]. \u003Ci>Allgemeines Journal der Chemie\u003C\u002Fi>,  S. 1 Vol. 4 (19). 28-39",{"id":365,"year":366,"html":367,"doi":11},16124066,1801,"d’Andrada, J.B. (1801) Description of some new fossils. \u003Ci>A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts\u003C\u002Fi>,  5. 193-196; 211-213",{"id":369,"year":370,"html":371,"doi":11},16124067,1850,"Brush, G.J. (1850). On American Spodumene. American Journal of Science and Arts, 10(30), 370.",{"id":373,"year":374,"html":375,"doi":11},16124068,1852,"Hermann, R. (1852). Untersuchungen über die Spodumene und Petalite. Journal für Praktische Chemie, 57(1), 276-292.",{"id":377,"year":378,"html":379,"doi":11},16124069,1880,"Brush, G.J., Dana, E.S. (1880). On the mineral locality at Branchville, Connecticut; spodumene and the results of its alteration. American Journal of Science, 3(118), 257-285.",{"id":381,"year":382,"html":383,"doi":11},16124070,1881,"Smith, J.L. (1881). Hiddenite, an emerald-green variety of spodumene. American Journal of Science, 3(122), 128-130.",{"id":385,"year":382,"html":386,"doi":11},16124071,"Dana, E.S. (1881). On the emerald green spodumene from Alexander County, North Carolina. American Journal of Science, 3(129), 179-182.",{"id":388,"year":389,"html":390,"doi":11},16124072,1882,"Genth, F.A. (1882). Analysis of the emerald-green spodumene, hiddenite. American Journal of Science, series, 3, 23-68.",{"id":392,"year":393,"html":394,"doi":11},1118647,1892,"Dana, Edward Salisbury; Dana, James Dwight (1892) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",{"id":396,"year":397,"html":398,"doi":11},16124074,1900,"Montgomery, H. (1900). A Large Crystal of Spodumene. Science, 12(298), 410-410.",{"id":400,"year":401,"html":402,"doi":11},16124075,1903,"Kunz, G.F. (1903). On a new lilac-colored transparent spodumene. Science, 18(452), 280-280.",{"id":404,"year":401,"html":405,"doi":11},16124076,"Kunz, G.F. (1903). On a New Lilac-Colored Transparent Spodumene. American Journal of Science, 16(93), 264.",{"id":407,"year":401,"html":408,"doi":409},2016229,"Baskerville, C. (1903) Kunzite, a new gem. \u003Ci>Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (453). 303-304 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.18.453.303-a'>doi:10.1126\u002Fscience.18.453.303-a\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1126\u002Fscience.18.453.303-a",{"id":411,"year":412,"html":413,"doi":11},16124077,1904,"Baskerville, C., Kunz, G.F. (1904) Kunzite and its unique properties. American Journal of Science, 18, 25-28.",{"id":415,"year":412,"html":416,"doi":11},16124078,"Davis, R.O.E. (1904) Analysis of kunzite. American Journal of Science, 18, 29-29.",{"id":418,"year":419,"html":420,"doi":11},16124079,1911,"Hess, F. L. (1911) Lithium. In Mineral Resources of the United States, calendar year 1909, pt. 2. U.S. Geological Survey, 649-653.",{"id":422,"year":423,"html":424,"doi":425},14970344,1912,"Endell, Kurd, Rieke, Reinhold (1912) Über die Schmelztemperatur des Spodumen [On the melting temperature of spodumene]. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie\u003C\u002Fi>,  74 (1). 33-47 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fzaac.19120740104'>doi:10.1002\u002Fzaac.19120740104\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fzaac.19120740104",{"id":427,"year":428,"html":429,"doi":430},642819,1916,"Schaller, W.T. (1916) Mineralogic notes, series 3. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 610. US Geological Survey 164 pp. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb610'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb610\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F0610\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb610",{"id":432,"year":433,"html":434,"doi":11},16124082,1931,"Biscoe, J. (1931). An X-ray Determination of the Structure of Spodumene LiA1(SiO3)2. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics.",{"id":436,"year":437,"html":438,"doi":439},437740,1938,"Quensel, Percy (1938) Minerals of the Varuträsk Pegmatite. X. Spodumene and its alteration products. \u003Ci>Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar\u003C\u002Fi>,  60 (2). 201-215 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F11035893809444995'>doi:10.1080\u002F11035893809444995\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1080\u002F11035893809444995",{"id":441,"year":442,"html":443,"doi":444},233610,1942,"Gabriel, Alton, Slavin, Morris, Carl, Howard Frederick (1942) Minor constituents in spodumene. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  37 (2) 116-125 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.37.2.116'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.37.2.116\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.37.2.116",{"id":446,"year":447,"html":448,"doi":449},4080051,1950,"ROY, RUSTUM, ROY, DELLA M., OSBORN, E. F. (1950) Compositional and Stability Relationships Among the Lithium Aluminosilicates: Eucryptite, Spodumene, and Petalite. \u003Ci>Journal of the American Ceramic Society\u003C\u002Fi>, 33 (5). 152-159 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1950.tb12780.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1950.tb12780.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1151-2916.1950.tb12780.x",{"id":451,"year":452,"html":453,"doi":11},522418,1953,"Claffy, Esther W. (1953) Composition, tenebrescence and luminescence of spodumene minerals. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (11-12) 919-931 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM38\u002FAM38_919.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":455,"year":456,"html":457,"doi":11},16099411,1969,"Clark, J.R., Appleman, D.E., Papike, J.J. (1969) Crystal-chemical characterization of clinopyroxenes based on eight new structure refinements. MSA Special Paper: 2: 31-50.",{"id":459,"year":460,"html":461,"doi":11},526092,1973,"Cameron, Maryellen, Sueno, Shigeho, Prewitt, C. T., Papike, and J. J. (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (7-8) 594-618 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM58\u002FAM58_594.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":463,"year":464,"html":465,"doi":11},526546,1975,"Graham, J. (1975) Some notes on α-spodumene, LiAlSi2O6. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  60 (9-10). 919-923 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM60\u002FAM60_919.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":467,"year":468,"html":469,"doi":11},16124085,1978,"Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A, Zussman, J. (1978) Rock-forming minerals, 2nd edition, vol. 2A, single-chain silicates: 527-544.",{"id":471,"year":472,"html":473,"doi":474},531017,1982,"Rossman, George R., Qiu, Yuanxun (1982) Radioactive Irradiated Spodumene. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (2) 87-89 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.18.2.87'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.18.2.87\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.18.2.87",{"id":476,"year":477,"html":478,"doi":479},188756,1999,"Kuntzinger, Sandrine, Ghermani, Nour Eddine (1999) Electron density distribution and Madelung potential in α-spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, from two-wavelength high-resolution X-ray diffraction data. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (3) 273-284 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108768198013536'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108768198013536\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108768198013536",{"id":481,"year":482,"html":483,"doi":484},152690,2000,"Arlt, T., Angel, R. J. (2000) Displacive phase transitions in \u003Ci>C\u003C\u002Fi>-centred clinopyroxenes: spodumene, LiScSi2O6 and ZnSiO3. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  27 (10) 719-731 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs002690000116'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs002690000116\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs002690000116",{"id":486,"year":487,"html":488,"doi":11},16967406,2001,"(2001) Spodumene. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fspodumene.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":490,"year":491,"html":492,"doi":493},153147,2006,"Filip, J., Novák, M., Beran, A., Zbořil, R. (2006) Crystal chemistry and OH defect concentrations in spodumene from different granitic pegmatites. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  32 (10) 733-746 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-005-0051-0'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-005-0051-0\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-005-0051-0",{"id":495,"year":496,"html":497,"doi":498},65598,2019,"Dias, Filipa; Lima, Alexandre; Roda-Robles, Encarnación (2019) Mutual relationships between spodumene and petalite from the Iberian Massif pegmatites: more than PT changes? \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (5). 731-732 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.ab00006'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.ab00006\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.ab00006",{"id":500,"year":501,"html":502,"doi":503},13423301,2020,"Dessemond, Colin, Soucy, Gervais, Harvey, Jean-Philippe, Ouzilleau, Philippe (2020) Phase Transitions in the α–γ–β Spodumene Thermodynamic System and Impact of γ-Spodumene on the Efficiency of Lithium Extraction by Acid Leaching. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 10 (6) 519 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin10060519'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin10060519\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin10060519",{"id":505,"year":501,"html":506,"doi":507},13423266,"Czaja, Maria, Lisiecki, Radosław, Kądziołka-Gaweł, Mariola, Winiarski, Antoni (2020) Some Complementary Data about the Spectroscopic Properties of Manganese Ions in Spodumene Crystals. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 10 (6) 554 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin10060554'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin10060554\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin10060554",{"id":509,"year":510,"html":511,"doi":512},13421042,2022,"Sardisco, Lorenza, Hannula, Pyry-Mikko, Pearce, Tim J., Morgan, Luke (2022) Multi-Technique Analytical Approach to Quantitative Analysis of Spodumene. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>, 12 (2) 175 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin12020175'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin12020175\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-163X\u002F12\u002F2\u002F175\u002Fpdf?version=1645681243' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin12020175",{"id":514,"year":515,"html":516,"doi":517},16627458,2023,"Thibault, Yves, Gamage McEvoy, Joanne (2023) Alkali-Induced Phase Transition to β-Spodumene along the LiAlSi2O6-LiAlSi4O10 Join. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (8)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst13081182'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst13081182\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst13081182",{"id":519,"year":520,"html":521,"doi":522},17407475,2024,"Brennan, Clara J., Student, James J., Hill, Tina, Martins, Tânia, Sirbescu, Mona-Liza C. (2024) Trace element concentrations and chemical zoning of spodumene from magmatic and hydrothermal origins. \u003Ci>Ore Geology Reviews\u003C\u002Fi>,  169. 106089 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2024.106089'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2024.106089\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.oregeorev.2024.106089",{"id":524,"year":525,"html":526,"doi":527},17949562,2025,"Zhou, Zijia, Liu, Jing, He, Kui, Yang, Biao, Rao, Yinghua (2025) Comparative Study of Gemological and Spectroscopic Features and Coloration Mechanism of Three Types of Spodumene. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (2).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst15020109'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst15020109\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst15020109",{"id":529,"year":525,"html":530,"doi":531},18159196,"Jiang, Yuhui, Yu, Jiayi, Ouyang, Yuanze, Zhang, Li, Li, Xiaoguang, Zhang, Zhuoran, Li, Yunxuan (2025) Crystal Chemistry, High-Pressure Behavior, Water Content, and Thermal Stability of Natural Spodumene. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (3).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin15030307'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin15030307\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin15030307",[533,543,550,555,561,571,577,581,587,595,600,605,610,614,620,629,638,646,654,661,667,674,681,691,700,707,715,722,729,736,743,751,759,765,769,778,785,794],{"id":534,"source_url":535,"license_code":536,"credit_html":537,"title":538,"description":539,"author":540,"original_width":541,"original_height":542},22683,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5952219","Public domain","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5952219\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 10.jpg","spodumene var. yellow spodumene : Elizabeth R. Mine (Hazel W. claim), Chief Mountain, Pala, Pala District, San Diego Co., Califormia, USA","Géry PARENT",2848,4288,{"id":544,"source_url":545,"license_code":546,"credit_html":547,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":548,"original_height":549},30731,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114844","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F114844\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":551,"source_url":552,"license_code":536,"credit_html":553,"title":554,"description":539,"author":540,"original_width":541,"original_height":542},22684,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6028558","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6028558\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 13.jpg",{"id":556,"source_url":557,"license_code":558,"credit_html":559,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":548,"original_height":560},30732,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65408","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65408\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",777,{"id":562,"source_url":563,"license_code":564,"credit_html":565,"title":566,"description":567,"author":568,"original_width":569,"original_height":570},80284,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1379697","CC BY-SA 3.0","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1379697\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumen, Madagaskar2 dolina Sahatany.jpg","spodumen, pochodzenie Madagaskar, dolina Sahatany, autor zdjęcia Stowarzyszenie Spirifer, 25.10.2006 r.","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims).",650,450,{"id":572,"source_url":573,"license_code":536,"credit_html":574,"title":575,"description":576,"author":540,"original_width":542,"original_height":541},22685,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6028625","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6028625\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 11.jpg","spodumene var. yellow spodumene : Sakavalana mine, Ambatovita, Mandrosonoro area, Ambatofinandrahana District, Amoron'i Mania Region, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar",{"id":578,"source_url":579,"license_code":546,"credit_html":580,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":548,"original_height":549},30733,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109476","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109476\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":582,"source_url":583,"license_code":564,"credit_html":584,"title":585,"description":586,"author":568,"original_width":569,"original_height":570},80285,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1379738","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1379738\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumen, Madagaskar dolina Sahatany.jpg","spodumen, pochodzenie Madagaskar, dolina Sahatany, autor zdjęcia Stowarzyszenie Spirifer, 20.10.2006 r.",{"id":588,"source_url":589,"license_code":564,"credit_html":590,"title":591,"description":592,"author":540,"original_width":593,"original_height":594},22686,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15576330","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15576330\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 23.jpg","spodumene var. yellow spodumene : Kunar Mine, Kunar Valley, Nuristan Province, Afghanistan",2198,2768,{"id":596,"source_url":597,"license_code":558,"credit_html":598,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":548,"original_height":599},30735,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65412","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65412\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",562,{"id":601,"source_url":602,"license_code":536,"credit_html":603,"title":604,"description":576,"author":540,"original_width":542,"original_height":541},80286,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6028601","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6028601\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 43.jpg",{"id":606,"source_url":607,"license_code":564,"credit_html":608,"title":609,"description":592,"author":540,"original_width":541,"original_height":542},22687,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15576352","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15576352\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 30.jpg",{"id":611,"source_url":612,"license_code":546,"credit_html":613,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":548,"original_height":549},30736,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112698","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112698\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":615,"source_url":616,"license_code":564,"credit_html":617,"title":618,"description":592,"author":540,"original_width":541,"original_height":619},22688,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15576362","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15576362\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 24.jpg",3884,{"id":621,"source_url":622,"license_code":564,"credit_html":623,"title":624,"description":625,"author":626,"original_width":627,"original_height":628},80288,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177030","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177030\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene-Feldspar-Group-232938.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFeldspar\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Feldspar\">Feldspar\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Darra-i-Pech (Pech; Peech; Darra-e-Pech) Pegmatite Field, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNangarhar_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nangarhar Province\">Nangarhar (Ningarhar) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5564.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 23.3 x 6.7 x 3.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a fine, nearly 9-inch crystal of really pleasant green spodumene. It is not pale, as so many. Not only is the crystal large, gemmy, and complete, but it has superb terminations of a quality and sharpness rarely seen in this species. Large crystals of spodumene from here tend to etch out and dissolve in solution a bit after forming. Crystals of this size with such sharpness retained are rare. The piece is very aesthetic in part because the crystal rises up from a single white crystal of feldspar at its base. This was mined early in 2009.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",218,600,{"id":630,"source_url":631,"license_code":546,"credit_html":632,"title":633,"description":634,"author":635,"original_width":636,"original_height":637},22689,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=183332316","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=183332316\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene Nuristan Créer le cristal.jpg","Spodumene from Nuristan, Afghanistan, exhibition at the Sorbonne University mineral collection (20 January 2026–2 January 2027).","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",4928,7392,{"id":639,"source_url":640,"license_code":564,"credit_html":641,"title":642,"description":643,"author":626,"original_width":644,"original_height":645},80290,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430639","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10430639\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene-gem7-78a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Darra-i-Pech (Pech; Peech; Darra-e-Pech) Pegmatite Field, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNangarhar_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nangarhar Province\">Nangarhar (Ningarhar) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5564.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 12 x 6 x 3 cm (419 grams)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Spodumene (floater)\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A gorgeous doubly-terminated and multicolored crystal with an unusual gradation of pink through yellow to green coloration. This is sharp and complete-all-around, a near-floater with a little bit of attached lepidolite matrix at the bottom serving as a natural \"balance\" or pedestal. It weighs about 1 pound, or 419 grams. Ex. Irv Brown Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",734,571,{"id":647,"source_url":648,"license_code":564,"credit_html":649,"title":650,"description":651,"author":626,"original_width":652,"original_height":653},80292,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10455978","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10455978\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene-palasd-03b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pala Chief Mine (MS 6452; Chief Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChief_Mountain\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chief Mountain\">Chief Mountain\u003C\u002Fa>, Pala District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSan_Diego_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:San Diego County, California\">San Diego County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3520.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 13.1 x 5.4 x 2.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Spodumene\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A VRY LARGE, rare spodumene crystal from the main dike of the Pala Chief Mine, accoridng to Bill dated sometime before 1960. It is large, complete, and has a pleasing faint green color in person. If you didn't knwo if was from THIS collection, I admit you would certainly at first think this is an Afghani specimen. But, instead, its an amazing piece from San Diego County, large and gemmy and quite reflective in person from its many facets.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",402,800,{"id":655,"source_url":656,"license_code":564,"credit_html":657,"title":658,"description":659,"author":626,"original_width":660,"original_height":628},80294,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10464270","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10464270\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene-t06-134a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Darra-i-Pech (Pech; Peech; Darra-e-Pech) Pegmatite Field, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNangarhar_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nangarhar Province\">Nangarhar (Ningarhar) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5564.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: large cabinet, 21.7 x 7.5 x 2.7 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Kunzite with Tourmaline\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Talk about color! This lilac kunzite has DEEP PURPLE COLOR: NOT PINK, but a true PURPLE. It is particularly intense on the long and shortest axes. I think the pics speak for themselves, here! The kunzite is also doubly-terminated, complete on the bottom as well. I will make a base so it can display nicely without having to be glued down. Tourmaline in association with kunzite is extremely uncommon and I have never seen a piece with quite the aesthetics of this one, with a beautiful 6.5-cm tourmaline hitching a ride. Oh...it IS GEMMIER and more TRANSPARENT IN PERSON!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",347,{"id":662,"source_url":663,"license_code":536,"credit_html":664,"title":665,"description":576,"author":540,"original_width":541,"original_height":666},80295,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12877377","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=12877377\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 19.jpg",3240,{"id":668,"source_url":669,"license_code":564,"credit_html":670,"title":671,"description":672,"author":540,"original_width":673,"original_height":541},80296,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15024672","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15024672\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 18.jpg","spodumene var. yellow spodumene : Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine ; Paprowk Mine), Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province ; Nooristan Province ; Nuristan), Afghanistan",2783,{"id":675,"source_url":676,"license_code":564,"credit_html":677,"title":678,"description":679,"author":540,"original_width":541,"original_height":680},80297,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24498995","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=24498995\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Triphane 2.JPG","spodumene var. yellow spodumene : Kunar Mine, Kunar Valley, Konar Province (Kunar Province, Konarh Province, Konarha Province),  Afghanistan - crystal : 88 mm",3911,{"id":682,"source_url":683,"license_code":684,"credit_html":685,"title":686,"description":687,"author":688,"original_width":689,"original_height":690},80298,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671378","CC BY 3.0","Sailko, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32671378\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene verde.JPG","Museo di storia naturale (Florence) - Mineralogy section","Sailko",1168,1254,{"id":692,"source_url":693,"license_code":558,"credit_html":694,"title":695,"description":696,"author":697,"original_width":698,"original_height":699},80299,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82977026","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=82977026\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 202353 photo (g27 g27-709 1 jpg).jpg","\"spodumeen\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65412\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F202353\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Mai Seppel",2205,1240,{"id":701,"source_url":702,"license_code":564,"credit_html":703,"title":704,"description":705,"author":626,"original_width":706,"original_height":653},17048,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162879","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162879\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene-225213.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Walnut Hill Pegmatite Prospect, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHuntington\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Huntington\">Huntington\u003C\u002Fa>, Hampshire County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMassachusetts\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Massachusetts\">Massachusetts\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-15271.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 14.2 x 9.2 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A large, 660-gram single, sharply terminated crystal of spodumene from this classic old locality circa mid-1800s. They were considered very important at the time, and these crystals were considered highly important and sold or traded into all major museums. Owning one of these would be a goal to assemble any major collection of the time, of important US minerals. This location was first documented by Edward Hitchcock in 1833 (Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts), and the first location to yield crystallography on the species (1879). The quarry was last operated by B. K Emerson of Amherst College, and Frank Nason (Nasonite) operated the location in 1885. This is when the majority of the old specimens were recovered. For the size of this crystal, this is really good. Ex. Ken Hollman Collection. Thanks to Jim Chenard for this footnote: A funny note on this area was with regards to the early Professor Emerson, who wrote the Mineralogical Lexicon of Hampshire, Hampden Counties in Mass. His journal well documents the Walnut Hill location, and always used taverns as landmarks. His writing got worse during the day, and he would frequently come back to Amherst on foot, since he would forget where his horse was. This is an old location.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",524,{"id":708,"source_url":709,"license_code":564,"credit_html":710,"title":711,"description":712,"author":626,"original_width":713,"original_height":714},17050,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10476151","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10476151\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene-usa59b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Walnut Hill Pegmatite Prospect, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHuntington\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Huntington\">Huntington\u003C\u002Fa>, Hampshire County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMassachusetts\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Massachusetts\">Massachusetts\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-15271.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 14.2 x 9.2 x 3.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Spodumene\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is the CRYSTAL TYPE LOCALITY for spodumene, apparently. A LARGE, 660-gram single, sharply terminated crystal of spodumene from this classic old locality circa mid-1800s! They were considered very important at the time (remember, gem pink kunzite had NOT yet been found in California, Brazil, or Afghanistan), and these crystals were considered highly important and sold or traded into all major museums. Owning one of these would be a goal to assemble any major collection of the time, of important US minerals. Today, they are not worth their weight in gold any more (660 grams...ouch!), but they still are important historical pieces. This location was first documented by Edward Hitchcock in 1833 (Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts), and the first location to yield crystallography on the species (1879). The quarry was last operated by B. K Emerson of Amherst College, and Frank Nason (Nasonite) operated the location in 1885. This is when the majority of the old specimens were recovered. For the size of this crystal, this is really good! They generally get a little more \"aesthetically challenged\" with size. This is one of the best I have seen, and although color-challenged, it is a very important historical specimen nonetheless, and a superb example from this now defunct pegmatite. ex. Ken Hollman Collection. Thanks to Jim Chenard for this footnote: A funny note on this area was with regards to the early Professor Emerson, who wrote the Mineralogical Lexicon of Hampshire, Hampden Counties in Mass. His journal well documents the Walnut Hill location, and always used taverns as landmarks. His writing got worse during the day, and he would frequently come back to Amherst on foot, since he would forget where his horse was. This is an old location!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,290,{"id":716,"source_url":717,"license_code":564,"credit_html":718,"title":719,"description":720,"author":626,"original_width":721,"original_height":713},59174,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10446802","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10446802\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene-d06-140b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Darra-i-Pech (Pech; Peech; Darra-e-Pech) Pegmatite Field, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNangarhar_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nangarhar Province\">Nangarhar (Ningarhar) Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Afghanistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5564.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 20 x 5.8 x 2.2 cm (weight 648 grams)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Spodumene var. Triphane\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This incredibly sharp spodumene crystal features an exaggerated A axis of growth, which is why it appears so glassy (and is i nfact MORE GLASSY in real life, in person). The color is a very deep green-yellow hue, and quite nice. The gemminess is almost 100% , the termination is SHARP like a textbook diagram of the species; and combined with the glassy lustre we end up with one of the most stunning spods of this color I have seen. Only a small percentile, or less than 1% probably, have such a good termination. Most spodumenes etch out at the tips. This one would rank as one of the very finest, for crysatllography, I have yet seen from these rich pegmatites. In person, displayed upright on a custom base of lucite, it is truly stunning. Lastly, it is a floater, terminated (basally) on the bottom as well! NO DAMAGE AND COMPLETE ALL AROUND!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",262,{"id":723,"source_url":724,"license_code":564,"credit_html":725,"title":726,"description":727,"author":540,"original_width":728,"original_height":541},59176,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14616119","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14616119\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 38.jpg","spodumene var.bicolor spodumene : Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine ; Paprowk Mine), Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province ; Nooristan Province ; Nuristan), Afghanistan",3544,{"id":730,"source_url":731,"license_code":564,"credit_html":732,"title":733,"description":734,"author":540,"original_width":735,"original_height":541},59182,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927241","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927241\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 28.jpg","spodumene var.bicolor : Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine ; Paprowk Mine), Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province ; Nooristan Province ; Nuristan), Afghanistan",3164,{"id":737,"source_url":738,"license_code":564,"credit_html":739,"title":740,"description":727,"author":540,"original_width":741,"original_height":742},59183,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927318","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927318\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 31.jpg",2902,2696,{"id":744,"source_url":745,"license_code":564,"credit_html":746,"title":747,"description":748,"author":540,"original_width":749,"original_height":750},59184,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927355","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=15927355\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 39.jpg","spodumene var. spodumene bicolor : Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine ; Paprowk Mine), Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province ; Nooristan Province ; Nuristan), Afghanistan",3229,2772,{"id":752,"source_url":753,"license_code":564,"credit_html":754,"title":755,"description":756,"author":540,"original_width":757,"original_height":758},63340,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14616041","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14616041\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 41.jpg","spodumene var. spodumene var.bicolor : Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine ; Paprowk Mine), Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province ; Nooristan Province ; Nuristan), Afghanistan",4147,2591,{"id":760,"source_url":761,"license_code":564,"credit_html":762,"title":763,"description":764,"author":540,"original_width":542,"original_height":541},63341,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14616101","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14616101\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene 33.jpg","spodumene var. bicolor spodumene : Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine ; Paprowk Mine), Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province ; Nooristan Province ; Nuristan), Afghanistan",{"id":766,"source_url":767,"license_code":558,"credit_html":768,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":548,"original_height":549},30734,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F177383","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F177383\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":770,"source_url":771,"license_code":536,"credit_html":772,"title":773,"description":774,"author":775,"original_width":776,"original_height":777},80287,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9557846","Andrew Silver, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9557846\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Spodumene - USGS Mineral Specimens 1028.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEnstatite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Enstatite\">Enstatit\u003C\u002Fa> (pen for scale) - Mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah - No BYU index","Andrew Silver",1400,940,{"id":779,"source_url":780,"license_code":564,"credit_html":781,"title":782,"description":783,"author":626,"original_width":784,"original_height":653},6763,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419620","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10419620\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Cymatolite, Spodumene-250972.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCymatolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cymatolite\">Cymatolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumene\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Spodumene\">Spodumene\u003C\u002Fa> (Size: 17 x 8 x 6 cm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Greenwood, Oxford County, Maine, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Sharp replacement of a complete, giant (for the locale) spodumene crystal by cymatolite - a mixture of muscovite and albite. Ex. Robert Whitmore Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",445,{"id":786,"source_url":787,"license_code":558,"credit_html":788,"title":789,"description":790,"author":791,"original_width":792,"original_height":793},27027,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=187239034","Strubbl, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=187239034\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Uralolith auf Spodumenpegmatit mit Spodumen Muskovit Quarz 21015 1.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FUralolith\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Uralolith\">Uralolith\u003C\u002Fa> auf Spodumen-Pegmatit mit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpodumen\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Spodumen\">Spodumen\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMuskovit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Muskovit\">Muskovit\u003C\u002Fa> und \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuarz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Quarz\">Quarz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Gewicht: 187 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Fundort: Brandrücken-Explorationsstollen, Weinebene, Koralpe, Kärnten, Österreich\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Strubbl",6735,4490,{"id":795,"source_url":796,"license_code":558,"credit_html":797,"title":798,"description":790,"author":791,"original_width":799,"original_height":800},27028,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=187239044","Strubbl, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=187239044\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Uralolith auf Spodumenpegmatit mit Spodumen Muskovit Quarz 21015 2.jpg",6992,4661,[802,808,813,818,822],{"id":803,"url":804,"label":805,"formula":806,"spacegroup":807,"year":525},12965,"\u002Fcif\u002F12965.cif","Jiang 2025","Li Al Si2 O6","C 1 2\u002Fc 1",{"id":809,"url":810,"label":811,"formula":806,"spacegroup":807,"year":812},12966,"\u002Fcif\u002F12966.cif","Redhammer 2004",2004,{"id":814,"url":815,"label":816,"formula":806,"spacegroup":807,"year":817},12967,"\u002Fcif\u002F12967.cif","Tribaudino 2003",2003,{"id":819,"url":820,"label":821,"formula":806,"spacegroup":807,"year":482},12969,"\u002Fcif\u002F12969.cif","Arlt 2000 · Li Al Si2 O6 (1)",{"id":823,"url":824,"label":825,"formula":806,"spacegroup":826,"year":482},12971,"\u002Fcif\u002F12971.cif","Arlt 2000 · Li Al Si2 O6 (2)","P 1 21\u002Fc 1",[828,829],"Alpha-Spodumene","Triphane",[831,837,841,845,849,853,857,860,863,867,871,875,879,883,887,890,893,896,902,906,909,913,916,920,924,927,931,934,938,941,944,947,951,955,958,961,965,968,971,974,977,981],{"lang":832,"names":833},"ar",[834,835,836],"إسبودومين","الإسبودومين","سبودومين",{"lang":838,"names":839},"be",[840],"спадумен",{"lang":842,"names":843},"bg",[844],"Сподумен",{"lang":846,"names":847},"ca",[848],"espodumena",{"lang":850,"names":851},"cs",[852],"spodumen",{"lang":854,"names":855},"de",[856],"Spodumen",{"lang":858,"names":859},"de-ch",[856],{"lang":861,"names":862},"es",[848],{"lang":864,"names":865},"et",[866],"spodumeen",{"lang":868,"names":869},"eu",[848,870],"Espodumeno",{"lang":872,"names":873},"fa",[874],"اسپودومن",{"lang":876,"names":877},"fi",[878],"spodumeeni",{"lang":880,"names":881},"fr",[882],"Spodumène",{"lang":884,"names":885},"he",[886],"ספודומן",{"lang":888,"names":889},"hr",[856],{"lang":891,"names":892},"hu",[856],{"lang":894,"names":895},"it",[7],{"lang":897,"names":898},"ja",[899,900,901],"スポジューメン","リシア輝石","黝輝石",{"lang":903,"names":904},"ka",[905],"სპოდუმენი",{"lang":907,"names":908},"kk",[844],{"lang":910,"names":911},"ko",[912],"스포듀민",{"lang":914,"names":915},"ky",[844],{"lang":917,"names":918},"lt",[919],"Spodumenas",{"lang":921,"names":922},"lzh",[923],"鋰輝石",{"lang":925,"names":926},"mk",[844],{"lang":928,"names":929},"ml",[930],"സ്പൊഡുമീൻ",{"lang":932,"names":933},"nb",[852],{"lang":935,"names":936},"nl",[937],"Spodumeen",{"lang":939,"names":940},"nn",[852],{"lang":942,"names":943},"pl",[856],{"lang":945,"names":946},"pt",[848],{"lang":948,"names":949},"pt-br",[950],"Espodumena",{"lang":952,"names":953},"ru",[954],"сподумен",{"lang":956,"names":957},"sh",[856],{"lang":959,"names":960},"sl",[852],{"lang":962,"names":963},"sms",[964],"spodumeeʹn",{"lang":966,"names":967},"sr",[856,954],{"lang":969,"names":970},"sv",[852],{"lang":972,"names":973},"uk",[844],{"lang":975,"names":976},"uz",[856],{"lang":978,"names":979},"zh",[980],"锂辉石",{"lang":982,"names":983},"zh-classical",[923],"Q120547",{"history":986,"applications":990},{"markdown":987,"model_version":988,"prompt_version":989,"reviewed_at":11},"Heat a crystal of spodumene in a flame and it crumbles to a dull grey powder. That quirk gave the mineral its name. It comes from the Greek *spodumenos* — \"burnt to ashes\" — for the ash-grey mass left behind, and for the drab grey colour of the common, gem-free material[1].\n\nThe mineral was first described in 1800, from an occurrence on the island of Utö in Södermanland, Sweden. The naturalist who identified it was José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, a Brazilian then working in Europe[2].\n\nFor most of the next century spodumene was a mineralogist's curiosity rather than a household name. Then it began turning up in spectacular sizes. Single crystals measuring 14.3 metres — about 47 feet — were reported from the Black Hills of South Dakota, among the largest crystals of any mineral ever found[3].\n\nThe 20th century brought two gem varieties out of the grey. The first, a pink-to-lilac stone coloured by traces of manganese, was identified in 1902. It was named kunzite, after George Frederick Kunz — the chief jeweller of Tiffany & Co. and a noted mineralogist[4]. The colour is fragile: kunzite left in sunlight slowly fades[5].\n\nThe second variety is a pale emerald-green stone, coloured by chromium in the same way emeralds are. First reported from Alexander County, North Carolina, it was named hiddenite, after William Earl Hidden — a mining engineer, mineral collector, and dealer who lived from 1853 to 1918[6].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":991,"model_version":988,"prompt_version":989,"reviewed_at":11},"Open the battery of an electric car and you are, at one remove, holding spodumene. The mineral is the leading hard-rock ore of lithium — the metal at the heart of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery that powers phones, laptops, and cars[1]. Australia alone mines roughly 400 kilotons of spodumene a year, about 47 percent of the world's supply[2].\n\nGetting the lithium out takes heat and acid. Raw spodumene is roasted above 800 °C, which rearranges its tight crystal structure into a looser, more reactive form called β-spodumene[3]. That converted ore is then leached with acid, the impurities stripped out, and the lithium concentrated and turned into two industrial salts: lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide[4]. Lithium hydroxide is the feedstock battery makers use to build the cathode — the positive electrode — of lithium-ion cells[5]. Batteries now absorb the bulk of the lithium spodumene yields.\n\nLithium from spodumene also feeds older, quieter markets. Added to glass and ceramics, it lowers the melting point and acts as a flux, and it is the key ingredient of glass-ceramics such as Pyroceram, the heat-resistant material in cookware and stovetops[6].\n\nThe clearest spodumene crystals are cut as gemstones. The pink-lilac variety, kunzite, and the green variety, hiddenite, are both faceted for jewellery[7]."]