[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3753":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":16,"ima_formula":15,"elements":17,"sigelements":23,"key_elements":11,"impurities":24,"cim":25,"ima_status":26,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":34,"dana8ed2":35,"dana8ed3":36,"dana8ed4":37,"csystem":38,"cclass":39,"spacegroup":40,"spacegroupset":41,"a":42,"b":43,"c":44,"alpha":45,"beta":46,"gamma":45,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":47,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":48,"twinning":49,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":50,"tlform":11,"hmin":51,"hmax":52,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":45,"vhnmax":45,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":53,"dmeas2":54,"dcalc":55,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":56,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":57,"streak":58,"colour":59,"commentcolor":11,"colors":60,"streak_colors":66,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":68,"cleavagetype":69,"fracturetype":70,"tenacity":71,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":72,"opticalsign":73,"opticalalpha":74,"opticalalpha2":75,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":76,"opticalbeta2":77,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":78,"opticalgamma2":79,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":45,"opticalomega2":45,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":45,"opticalepsilon2":45,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":45,"opticaln2":45,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":80,"optical2vcalc2":81,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":81,"optical2vmeasured2":45,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":82,"rimax":83,"opticaldispersion":84,"opticalpleochroism":85,"opticalpleochorismdesc":86,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":87,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":88,"aboutname":89,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":90,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":91,"group_members":96,"associates":108,"confused_with":187,"type_localities":190,"occurrence_total":191,"citations":192,"images":403,"structures":649,"synonyms":679,"language_names":685,"wikidata_qid":846,"texts":847},3753,"1:1:3753:8","8a836dce-ecaa-4d2c-8dea-dbf9edb98e66","Staurolite","St",0,"mineral",null,43836,7912,false,"Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>23\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)","May contain minor Li.",[18,19,20,21,22],"Al","Fe","Si","O","H",[18,19,20,21,22],"Ti,Cr,Mn,Co,Zn,Li,H2O","16.19.5",[27,28],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1792","9","A","F","30","52","2","3","1","Monoclinic",5,11,"C2\u002Fm ","7.86","16.6","5.65","0","90.45",2,"Pseudo-orthorhombic","Commonly 60-degree twins on {231}, may be cyclic. Less commonly 90-degree cruciform twins on {031}. On (320) (very rare).","Prismatic crystals",7,7.5,"3.74","3.83","3.686","Sub-Vitreous,Resinous","Translucent","White to grayish","Dark brown, brownish-black, red-brown",[61,62,63,64,65],"brown","black","red","white","yellow",[64,67],"gray","Distinct on {010}","Distinct\u002FGood","Sub-Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","+","1.736","1.747","1.74","1.754","1.745","1.762","84","88",1.736,1.762,"r > v weak","Visible","X= colourless\r\nY= pale yellow\r\nZ= golden yellow","Amphibolite grade of regionally metamorphosed pelitic rocks.","Staurolite Group.","From Greek \"stavros\", cross, alluding to the cruciform twins it displays in some cases.","2026-03-11 13:40:34",[92],{"id":93,"name":94,"entrytype":47,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":95,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":11},9527,"Lusakite","(Fe,Mg,Co)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>23\u003C\u002Fsub>OH",[97,103],{"id":98,"name":99,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":100,"mindat_formula":100,"hmin":51,"hmax":52,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":101,"primary_image_id":102},2479,"Magnesiostaurolite","Mg(Mg,Li)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al,Mg)\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>44\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.54",15106,{"id":104,"name":105,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":106,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":51,"hmax":52,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":107,"primary_image_id":11},27027,"Zincostaurolite","Zn\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>23\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)","3.78",[109,117,128,136,144,152,160,170,179],{"id":110,"name":111,"entrytype":9,"csystem":112,"ima_formula":113,"mindat_formula":113,"hmin":51,"hmax":52,"dmeas":114,"dcalc":115,"primary_image_id":116},452,"Almandine","Isometric","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.318","4.313",848,{"id":118,"name":119,"entrytype":9,"csystem":120,"ima_formula":121,"mindat_formula":122,"hmin":123,"hmax":124,"dmeas":125,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":127},254,"Anthophyllite","Orthorhombic","◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",5.5,6,"2.85","3.67",1546,{"id":129,"name":130,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":131,"mindat_formula":131,"hmin":132,"hmax":132,"dmeas":133,"dcalc":134,"primary_image_id":135},1017,"Chloritoid","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,"3.4","3.56",5467,{"id":137,"name":138,"entrytype":9,"csystem":120,"ima_formula":139,"mindat_formula":139,"hmin":140,"hmax":140,"dmeas":141,"dcalc":142,"primary_image_id":143},1039,"Chrysoberyl","BeAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",8.5,"3.75","3.69",29467,{"id":145,"name":146,"entrytype":9,"csystem":120,"ima_formula":147,"mindat_formula":148,"hmin":123,"hmax":124,"dmeas":149,"dcalc":150,"primary_image_id":151},1665,"Gedrite","◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","◻Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>22\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.15","3.25",29747,{"id":153,"name":154,"entrytype":9,"csystem":155,"ima_formula":156,"mindat_formula":157,"hmin":123,"hmax":51,"dmeas":158,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":159},2303,"Kyanite","Triclinic","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>OSiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O","3.53",30052,{"id":161,"name":162,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":163,"mindat_formula":164,"hmin":165,"hmax":166,"dmeas":167,"dcalc":168,"primary_image_id":169},2573,"Margarite","CaAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","CaAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,4.5,"2.99","3.077",15433,{"id":171,"name":172,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":173,"mindat_formula":174,"hmin":175,"hmax":175,"dmeas":176,"dcalc":177,"primary_image_id":178},2815,"Muscovite","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al)O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"2.77","2.83",30243,{"id":180,"name":181,"entrytype":9,"csystem":182,"ima_formula":183,"mindat_formula":183,"hmin":51,"hmax":51,"dmeas":184,"dcalc":185,"primary_image_id":186},3337,"Quartz","Trigonal","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.65","2.66",30579,[188,189],{"id":98,"name":99,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":100,"mindat_formula":100,"hmin":51,"hmax":52,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":101,"primary_image_id":102},{"id":104,"name":105,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":106,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":51,"hmax":52,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":107,"primary_image_id":11},[],894,[193,197,201,205,209,214,218,222,227,231,235,240,243,247,252,257,261,266,270,274,278,282,285,289,293,296,299,303,308,312,316,320,325,329,332,336,340,344,347,352,356,361,365,370,374,379,384,389,394,399],{"id":194,"year":195,"html":196,"doi":11},16124195,1797,"Haüy, R.J. (1797) Staurotide. J. Mines: 5: 545.",{"id":198,"year":199,"html":200,"doi":11},18302072,1810,"Klaproth, M. H. (1810) CLXXXII. Untersuchung des Stauroliths. In \u003Ci>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 5. Rottmann. p.80-85.",{"id":202,"year":203,"html":204,"doi":11},16124197,1876,"Dana, E.S. (1876) On new twins of staurolite and pyrrhotite. American Journal of Science, Series 3: 11: 384-387.",{"id":206,"year":207,"html":208,"doi":11},16124198,1904,"Friedel, G. (1904) Étude sur les groupements cristallins. Extrait du Bulletin de la Société de l'Industrie minérale, Quatrième série, Tomes III et IV. Saint-Étienne, Société de l’Imprimerie Théolier J. Thomas et C..",{"id":210,"year":211,"html":212,"doi":213},104144,1929,"Náray-Szabó, St. (1929) VII. The structure of staurolite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials\u003C\u002Fi>,  71 (1). 103-116 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1929.71.1.103'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1929.71.1.103\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1929.71.1.103",{"id":215,"year":216,"html":217,"doi":11},16124201,1956,"Juurinen, A. (1956) Composition and properties of staurolite. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, (A) III Geol: 47: 1–53.",{"id":219,"year":216,"html":220,"doi":221},3944,"Hurst, Vernon J., Donnay, J. D. H., Donnay, Gabrielle (1956) Staurolite twinning. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (233). 145-163 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1956.031.233.04'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1956.031.233.04\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_31\u002F31-233-145.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1956.031.233.04",{"id":223,"year":224,"html":225,"doi":226},469011,1958,"Náray-Szabó, I., Sasvári, K. (1958) On the structure of staurolite, HFe2Al9Si4O24. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica\u003C\u002Fi>,  11 (12) 862-865 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0365110x58002449'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0365110x58002449\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0365110x58002449",{"id":228,"year":229,"html":230,"doi":11},524968,1968,"Smith, J. V. (1968) The crystal structure of staurolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  53 (7-8) 1139-1155 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM53\u002FAM53_1139.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":232,"year":229,"html":233,"doi":234},180220,"RICHARDSON, S. W. (1968) Staurolite Stability in a Part of the System Fe-Al-Si-O-H. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  9 (3) 467-488 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F9.3.467'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F9.3.467\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F9.3.467",{"id":236,"year":237,"html":238,"doi":239},73285,1969,"Hoschek, G. (1969) The stability of staurolite and chloritoid and their significance in metamorphism of pelitic rocks. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  22 (3) 208-232 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00387954'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00387954\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00387954",{"id":241,"year":237,"html":242,"doi":11},525139,"Smith, J. V. (1969) The crystal structure of staurolite: Errata. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (3-4) 571 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM54\u002FAM54_571.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":244,"year":245,"html":246,"doi":11},525389,1970,"Hollister, Lincoln S. (1970) Origin, mechanism, and consequences of compositional sector-zoning in staurolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (5-6) 742-766 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM55\u002FAM55_742.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":248,"year":249,"html":250,"doi":251},250340,1971,"Fox, J. S. (1971) Coexisting chloritoid and staurolite and the staurolite–chlorite isograd from the Agnew Lake area, Ontario, Canada. \u003Ci>Geological Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  108 (3) 205-219 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs0016756800051554'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs0016756800051554\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs0016756800051554",{"id":253,"year":254,"html":255,"doi":256},180129,1972,"GANGULY, J. (1972) Staurolite Stability and Related Parageneses: Theory, Experiments, and Applications. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (2) 335-365 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F13.2.335'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F13.2.335\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F13.2.335",{"id":258,"year":254,"html":259,"doi":260},250540,"Schrijver, K., Maclean, W. H. (1972) Coexisting chloritoid and staurolite. \u003Ci>Geological Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  109 (4) 369-370 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs001675680003778x'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs001675680003778x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs001675680003778x",{"id":262,"year":263,"html":264,"doi":265},74767,1979,"Hellman, Phillip L., Green, Trevor H. (1979) The high pressure experimental crystallization of staurolite in hydrous mafic compositions. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  68 (4) 369-372 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf01164521'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf01164521\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf01164521",{"id":267,"year":268,"html":269,"doi":11},527660,1981,"Griffen, Dana T. (1981) Synthetic Fe\u002FZn staurolites and the ionic radius of IVZn2+. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  66 (9-10) 932-937 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM66\u002FAM66_932.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":271,"year":272,"html":273,"doi":11},16124205,1982,"Griffen, D.T., Gosney, T.C., Revell, P.W. (1982) The chemical formula of natural staurolite. American Mineralogist: 67: 292-297.",{"id":275,"year":272,"html":276,"doi":277},1159678,"Pigage, L. C., Greenwood, H. J. (1982) Internally consistent estimates of pressure and temperature; the staurolite problem. \u003Ci>American Journal of Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  282 (7) 943-969 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2475\u002Fajs.282.7.943'>doi:10.2475\u002Fajs.282.7.943\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2475\u002Fajs.282.7.943",{"id":279,"year":280,"html":281,"doi":11},527746,1983,"Grambling, Jeffrey A. (1983) Reversals in Fe-Mg partitioning between chloritoid and staurolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  68 (3-4) 373-388 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM68\u002FAM68_373.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":283,"year":280,"html":284,"doi":11},527747,"Foster, C. T. (1983) Thermodynamic models of biotite pseudomorphs after staurolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  68 (3-4) 389-397 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM68\u002FAM68_389.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":286,"year":280,"html":287,"doi":288},7741754,"Donnay, J. D. H., Donnay, Gabrielle (1983) The staurolite story. \u003Ci>TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen\u003C\u002Fi>, 31 (1). 1-15 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf01084757'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf01084757\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf01084757",{"id":290,"year":291,"html":292,"doi":11},527902,1984,"Hemingway, Bruce S., Robie, Richard A. (1984) Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions for gehlenite and staurolite: with comments on the Schottky anomaly in the heat capacity of staurolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  69 (3-4) 307-318 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM69\u002FAM69_307.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":294,"year":291,"html":295,"doi":11},527930,"Ward, C. M. (1984) Magnesium staurolite and green chromian staurolite from Fiordland. New Zealand. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  69 (5-6) 531-540 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM69\u002FAM69_531.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":297,"year":291,"html":298,"doi":11},527931,"Ward, C. M. (1984) Titanium and the color of staurolite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  69 (5-6) 541-545 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM69\u002FAM69_541.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":300,"year":291,"html":301,"doi":302},161606,"DELOR, C. P., BURG, J. P., LEYRELOUP, A. F. (1984) Staurolite producing reactions and geothermobarometry of a high pressure thermal aureole in the French Massif Central. \u003Ci>Journal of Metamorphic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  2 (1) 55-72 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1525-1314.1984.tb00285.x'>doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1525-1314.1984.tb00285.x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1111\u002Fj.1525-1314.1984.tb00285.x",{"id":304,"year":305,"html":306,"doi":307},75979,1986,"Dutrow, Barbara L., Holdaway, M. J., Hinton, R. W. (1986) Lithium in staurolite and its petrologic significance. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  94 (4) 496-506 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00376341'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00376341\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00376341",{"id":309,"year":310,"html":311,"doi":11},528401,1988,"Holdaway, M. J., Dutrow, B. L., Hinton, R. W. (1988) Devonian and Carboniferous metamorphism in west-central Maine: The muscovite-almandine geobarometer and the staurolite problem revisited. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  73 (1-2) 20-47 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM73\u002FAM73_20.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":313,"year":314,"html":315,"doi":11},528678,1989,"Alexander, Velinda D. (1989) Iron distribution in staurolite at room and low temperatures. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  74 (5-6) 610-619 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM74\u002FAM74_610.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":317,"year":314,"html":318,"doi":319},179523,"DUTROW, B. L., HOLDAWAY, M. J. (1989) Experimental Determination of the Upper Thermal Stability of Fe-Staurolite+Quartz at Medium Pressures. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  30 (1) 229-248 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F30.1.229'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F30.1.229\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F30.1.229",{"id":321,"year":322,"html":323,"doi":324},190023,1990,"Ståhl, K., Legros, J.-P. (1990) On the crystal structure of staurolite. The X-ray crystal structure of staurolite from the Pyrenees and Brittany. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  46 (3) 292-301 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108768189013893'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108768189013893\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108768189013893",{"id":326,"year":327,"html":328,"doi":11},529052,1991,"Ibarguchi, Jose I. Gil, Mendia, Miren, Girardeau, Jacques (1991) Mg- and Cr-rich staurolite and Cr-rich kyanite in high-pressure ultrabasic rocks (Cabo Ortegal, northwestern Spain) \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  76 (3-4) 501-511 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM76\u002FAM76_501.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":330,"year":327,"html":331,"doi":11},529201,"Holdaway, M. J., Dyar, B. Mukhopadhyay. M. D., Dutrow, B. L., Iii, Douglas Rumble, Grambling, J. A. (1991) A new perspective on staurolite crystal chemistry: Use of stoichiometric and chemical end-members for a mole fraction model. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  76 (11-12) 1910-1919 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM76\u002FAM76_1910.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":333,"year":327,"html":334,"doi":335},1702,"Moeen, S. (1991) Staurolite from a metabasite and its paragenesis. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  55 (378) 140-142 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1991.055.378.14'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1991.055.378.14\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_55\u002F55-378-140.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1991.055.378.14",{"id":337,"year":327,"html":338,"doi":339},179341,"GIARAMITA, M. J., DAY, H. W. (1991) The Four-Phase AFM Assemblage Staurolite--Aluminum Silicate--Biotite--Garnet: Extra Components and Implications for Staurolite--Out Isograds. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  32 (6) 1203-1229 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F32.6.1203'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F32.6.1203\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002F32.6.1203",{"id":341,"year":342,"html":343,"doi":11},16124208,1993,"Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Oberti, R., Caucia, F., Callegari, A. (1993) The crystal chemistry of staurolite. I. Crystal structure and site populations. The Canadian Mineralogist: 31: 551-582.",{"id":345,"year":342,"html":346,"doi":11},16124209,"Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Oberti, R., Caucia, F., Callegari, A. (1993) The crystal-chemistry of staurolite II. Order-disorder and the monoclinic → orthorhombic phase transition. Canadian Mineralogist: 31: 583-595.",{"id":348,"year":349,"html":350,"doi":351},152265,1995,"Koch-Müller, Monika, Langer, Klaus, Beran, Anton (1995) Polarized single-crystal FTIR-spectra of natural staurolite. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  22 (2). 108-114 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00202470'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00202470\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00202470",{"id":353,"year":354,"html":355,"doi":11},16124210,1996,"Oberti, R., Hawthorne, F.C., Zanetti, A., Ottolini, L., Soto, J.I. (1996) Crystal-structure refinement of a highly ordered staurolite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 34(5): 1051–1057.",{"id":357,"year":358,"html":359,"doi":360},201,1997,"Henderson, C. M. B., Charnock, J. M., Cressey, G., Griffen, D. T. (1997) An EXAFS study of the local structural environments of Fe, Co, Zn and Mg in natural and synthetic staurolites. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  61 (408) 613-625 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1997.061.408.01'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1997.061.408.01\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_61\u002F61-408-613.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1997.061.408.01",{"id":362,"year":363,"html":364,"doi":11},16967425,2001,"(2001) Staurolite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fstaurolite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":366,"year":367,"html":368,"doi":369},8444804,2007,"Nespolo, Massimo, Ferraris, Giovanni (2007) Overlooked problems in manifold twins: twin misfit in zero-obliquity TLQS twinning and twin index calculation. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography\u003C\u002Fi>, 63 (3). 278-286 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108767307012135'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108767307012135\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108767307012135",{"id":371,"year":367,"html":372,"doi":373},8444159,"Nespolo, M.; Ferraris, G. (2007) Hybrid twinning in staurolite. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (a1). s267-s268 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108767307093919'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108767307093919\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108767307093919",{"id":375,"year":376,"html":377,"doi":378},8458990,2014,"Marzouki, Mohamed Amine, Souvignier, Bernd, Nespolo, Massimo (2014) The staurolite enigma solved. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances\u003C\u002Fi>, 70 (4). 348-353 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs2053273314007335'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs2053273314007335\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs2053273314007335",{"id":380,"year":381,"html":382,"doi":383},65521,2018,"Konzett, Jürgen, Hauzenberger, Christoph, Ludwig, Thomas, Stalder, Roland (2018) Anatectic Granitic Pegmatites from the Eastern Alps: A Case of Variable Rare Metal Enrichment During High-Grade Regional Metamorphism. II: Pegmatite Staurolite As an Indicator of Anatectic Pegmatite Parent Melt Formation – A Field and Experimental Study. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (4) 603-624 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1800011'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1800011\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1800011",{"id":385,"year":386,"html":387,"doi":388},129848,2019,"Nespolo, Massimo, Moëlo, Yves (2019) Structural interpretation of a new twin in staurolite from Coray, Brittany, France. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (4) 785-790 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F2019\u002F0031-2849'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F2019\u002F0031-2849\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F2019\u002F0031-2849",{"id":390,"year":391,"html":392,"doi":393},13531103,2021,"Borisova, E. B., Baltybaev, Sh. K. (2021) Petrochemical Criteria of Staurolite Stability in Metapelites at Medium-Temperature Low- and Medium-Pressure Metamorphism. \u003Ci>Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>, 29 (4) 336-350 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1134\u002Fs0869591121040020'>doi:10.1134\u002Fs0869591121040020\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1134\u002Fs0869591121040020",{"id":395,"year":396,"html":397,"doi":398},15760225,2022,"Borisova, E. B.; Baltybaev, Sh. K.; Connolly, J. A. D. (2022) Staurolite in Metabasites: P–T–X Parameters and the Ratios of Major Components as Criteria of Staurolite Stability. \u003Ci>Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  30 (S1). S53-S71 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1134\u002Fs0869591123010034'>doi:10.1134\u002Fs0869591123010034\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1134\u002Fs0869591123010034",{"id":400,"year":401,"html":402,"doi":11},17611567,2024,"Борисова, Е. Б. (2024) \u003Ci>Ставролит: Р-Т-X условия и закономерности образования (на примере Северного Приладожья и других регионов мира) [link  Staurolite: P-T-X conditions and patterns of formation (using the example of Northern Priladozhye and other regions of the world)]\u003C\u002Fi>. Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университет.  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.geokniga.org\u002Fsites\u002Fgeokniga\u002F..\u002F..\u002Fbookfiles\u002Fgeokniga-stavrolit.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",[404,414,421,429,437,443,451,455,463,468,476,483,492,501,510,517,524,532,541,550,559,564,573,579,586,593,602,608,618,627,634,640],{"id":405,"source_url":406,"license_code":407,"credit_html":408,"title":409,"description":410,"author":411,"original_width":412,"original_height":413},22733,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10122363","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10122363\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite-26463.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pestsovye Keivy, Keivy Mountains, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKola_Peninsula\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kola Peninsula\">Kola Peninsula\u003C\u002Fa>, Murmanskaja Oblast', \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Region\">Northern Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2669.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An aesthetic and showy specimen of sharp, lustrous brown cruciform-twinned and V-twinned staurolite crystals on sparkly muscovite schist from the Kola Peninsula of Russia. An excellent piece with two different crystal habits. You RARELY see both stereotypical crystal forms for the species in close proximity on the same specimen - this is truly exceptional, even if color-challenged I admit. 5.7 x 5.3 x 2.1 cm  This Photo was Mindat.org Photo of the Day - 5th Nov 2008\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",500,498,{"id":415,"source_url":416,"license_code":417,"credit_html":418,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":419,"original_height":420},30738,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127855","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127855\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,818,{"id":422,"source_url":423,"license_code":424,"credit_html":425,"title":426,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":427,"original_height":428},65233,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=284772","Public domain","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=284772\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite.jpg",400,281,{"id":430,"source_url":431,"license_code":407,"credit_html":432,"title":433,"description":434,"author":411,"original_width":435,"original_height":436},22734,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10125872","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10125872\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite-37001.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pestsovye Keivy, Keivy Mountains, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKola_Peninsula\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kola Peninsula\">Kola Peninsula\u003C\u002Fa>, Murmanskaja Oblast', \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Region\">Northern Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2669.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Staurolite classically forms crosses and \"x\"es but this is an unusually fat and dramatic example of the habit, and perched nicely on a well-trimmed matrix no less! 7.5 x 6.5 x 2.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",450,548,{"id":438,"source_url":439,"license_code":440,"credit_html":441,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":419,"original_height":442},30739,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109503","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109503\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":444,"source_url":445,"license_code":407,"credit_html":446,"title":447,"description":448,"author":411,"original_width":449,"original_height":450},22735,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136815","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10136815\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite-65715.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRubelita\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rubelita\">Rubelita\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinas_Gerais\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Minas Gerais\">Minas Gerais\u003C\u002Fa>, Southeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-49677.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This a a large, doubly terminated, lustrous, dark brown, ‘fairy cross”, staurolite specimen. It admittedly has some damage, but it is huge and is well formed. Rarely do you see such a well-formed and 3-dimensional example of the species 4.1 x 3.9 x 3.1 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",704,800,{"id":452,"source_url":453,"license_code":440,"credit_html":454,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":419,"original_height":442},30740,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119278","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119278\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":456,"source_url":457,"license_code":458,"credit_html":459,"title":460,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":461,"original_height":462},65234,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=451576","CC BY-SA 2.0","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=451576\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estaurolita1.jpeg",636,612,{"id":464,"source_url":465,"license_code":417,"credit_html":466,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":419,"original_height":467},30741,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127874","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127874\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",776,{"id":469,"source_url":470,"license_code":417,"credit_html":471,"title":472,"description":473,"author":474,"original_width":450,"original_height":475},22737,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=105359837","384, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=105359837\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite specimen zoomed.jpg","A small piece of staurolite specimen showcasing its characteristic cross shape. The staurolite is an aluminosilicate mineral, with the red color comes from the ferrous ion.","384",600,{"id":477,"source_url":478,"license_code":424,"credit_html":479,"title":480,"description":481,"author":482,"original_width":450,"original_height":475},65237,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5032657","Martin Vavřík, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5032657\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolit2.jpg","Vyrostlice staurolitu ve svoru.","Martin Vavřík",{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":417,"credit_html":486,"title":487,"description":488,"author":489,"original_width":490,"original_height":491},22738,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125981148","Zbynek Burival, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=125981148\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite-ostruzna-czech-republic.jpg","Staurolite crystals in staurolite mica schist from Ostružná, Jesníky Mts., Czech Republic.\nSize 8 x 8 cm.","Zbynek Burival",9517,7138,{"id":493,"source_url":494,"license_code":424,"credit_html":495,"title":496,"description":497,"author":498,"original_width":499,"original_height":500},65238,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8157917","Elade53, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8157917\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolit - Półwysep Kolski. 02.jpg","Staurolit z Półwyspu Kola w Rosji.","Elade53",2000,1500,{"id":502,"source_url":503,"license_code":417,"credit_html":504,"title":505,"description":506,"author":507,"original_width":508,"original_height":509},22739,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157540207","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157540207\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite crystals 2.jpg","Staurolite crystals. Displayed on an upside-down drinking glass (for size). Studio photography in Vibble, Visby, Gotland, Sweden.","W.carter",1151,863,{"id":511,"source_url":512,"license_code":417,"credit_html":513,"title":514,"description":506,"author":507,"original_width":515,"original_height":516},22740,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157540208","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=157540208\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite crystals 1.jpg",1248,936,{"id":518,"source_url":519,"license_code":407,"credit_html":520,"title":521,"description":522,"author":411,"original_width":523,"original_height":427},65239,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10125873","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10125873\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite-37002.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pestsovye Keivy, Keivy Mountains, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKola_Peninsula\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kola Peninsula\">Kola Peninsula\u003C\u002Fa>, Murmanskaja Oblast', \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Region\">Northern Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2669.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Staurolite classically forms crosses and \"x\"es but this is an unusually fat and dramatic example of the habit! 7.8 x 6.1 x 3.3 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",376,{"id":525,"source_url":526,"license_code":407,"credit_html":527,"title":528,"description":529,"author":411,"original_width":530,"original_height":531},65240,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163348","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10163348\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite-228393.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVit%C3%B3ria_da_Conquista\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Vitória da Conquista\">Vitória da Conquista\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBahia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Bahia\">Bahia\u003C\u002Fa>, Northeast Region, Brazil (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-107363.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.0 x 1.5 x 0.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A very sharp, lustrous, chocolate-brown staurolite crystal from an uncommon Brazilian locality and the Fred Pough Collection. This complete all-around and pristine crystal has textbook crystal form. Excellent material for the species and locality, with a fine provenance.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",614,750,{"id":533,"source_url":534,"license_code":407,"credit_html":535,"title":536,"description":537,"author":538,"original_width":539,"original_height":540},65244,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26183355","Insider, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=26183355\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Ставролит из Кейв.JPG","Ставролит из Кейв","Insider",918,945,{"id":542,"source_url":543,"license_code":407,"credit_html":544,"title":545,"description":546,"author":547,"original_width":548,"original_height":549},65245,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=33080927","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=33080927\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurotide, micaschiste 300-4-6314.JPG","crystals of staurotide, crystals of mica schist : Micaschist outcrops, Scaër, , Finistère, Brittany, France","Parent Géry",4429,3008,{"id":551,"source_url":552,"license_code":553,"credit_html":554,"title":555,"description":556,"author":557,"original_width":268,"original_height":558},65248,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129548414","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129548414\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite schist (Keivy Schist; Mt. Ploskaya, Kola Peninsula, Russia) 11.jpg","Staurolite schist from the Kola Peninsula of Russia.\n\u003Cp>Schist is an intermediate- to high-grade, foliated metamorphic rock.  It is highly variable in appearance, depending on the mineral content, which is a function of the precursor rock and specific temperature-pressure conditions.  Garden-variety schists form by metamorphism of phyllites.  Schists typically have medium- to large-sized crystals, unlike the microcrystalline nature of slate & phyllite.  Schist's foliated texture (= crystals aligned into bands or stripes or layers) is often only seen when specimens are viewed on edge.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This staurolite schist sample has prominent dark brown staurolite crystals in a light-colored muscovite matrix.  The mineral staurolite (Fe,Mg,Zn)2Al9(Si,Al)4O22(OH)2 - iron magnesium zinc hydroxy-aluminosilicate) often forms cruciform twins - two intergrown crystals form a cross or X-shape.  This specimen comes from the Keivy Schist at Mt. Ploskaya in Russia's Kola Peninsula.  The original, pre-metamorphism sedimentary rock was late Neoarchean in age (~2.5 to 2.7 billion years).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Ploskaya, western part of the Keivy Terrane, east-central Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Region, far-northwestern Russia","James St. John",1854,{"id":560,"source_url":561,"license_code":424,"credit_html":562,"title":563,"description":481,"author":482,"original_width":450,"original_height":475},65236,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5032653","Martin Vavřík, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5032653\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolit.jpg",{"id":565,"source_url":566,"license_code":417,"credit_html":567,"title":568,"description":569,"author":570,"original_width":571,"original_height":572},65246,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40229868","Lech Darski, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=40229868\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite (Staurolit) - Pestsovye Keivy, Keivy Mountains, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia.jpg","Staurolite (Staurolit) - Pestsovye Keivy, Keivy Mountains, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia","Lech Darski",3547,2363,{"id":574,"source_url":575,"license_code":553,"credit_html":576,"title":577,"description":556,"author":557,"original_width":578,"original_height":558},65249,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129548427","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129548427\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite schist (Keivy Schist; Mt. Ploskaya, Kola Peninsula, Russia) 8.jpg",2613,{"id":580,"source_url":581,"license_code":582,"credit_html":583,"title":584,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":450,"original_height":585},79105,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1577183","CC BY-SA 2.5","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1577183\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite garnet schist 3mm pp 2007.jpg",533,{"id":587,"source_url":588,"license_code":407,"credit_html":589,"title":590,"description":591,"author":411,"original_width":592,"original_height":475},18646,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10135595","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10135595\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kyanite-Staurolite-Paragonite-57338.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKyanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kyanite\">Kyanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FParagonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Paragonite\">Paragonite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Sponda Alp - Pizzo Forno, Chironico Valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLeventina_(district)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Leventina (district)\">Leventina\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTicino\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ticino\">Ticino (Tessin)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3222.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A striking CABINET specimen of lustrous and gemmy, blue kyanite prisms to 5.5 cm with lustrous, chocolate-brown staurolite crystals to 2.5 cm in a matrix of lustrous, pearlescent paragonite schist from the Type Locality, Monte Campione, Faido, Ticino, Switzerland. Paragonite is an uncommon mica group mineral and this is a really good one. Ex Richard Hauck Collection. 10.5 x 8.8 x 2.4 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",517,{"id":594,"source_url":595,"license_code":407,"credit_html":596,"title":597,"description":598,"author":599,"original_width":600,"original_height":601},18652,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147325687","HolDu, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147325687\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolith, Paragonit, Biotit (OM1-228A).JPG","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FParagonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Paragonite\">Paragonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBiotite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Biotite\">Biotite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Monte Campione, Ticino, Switzerland\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Weight: 157.4 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","HolDu",5184,3888,{"id":603,"source_url":604,"license_code":553,"credit_html":605,"title":606,"description":607,"author":557,"original_width":549,"original_height":499},22743,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84543801","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84543801\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite-muscovite schist (Michigamme Formation, Paleoproterozoic; south of the Imperial Mine, near Michigamme, Michigan, USA) (49155783922).jpg","\u003Cp>Staurolite schist from the Precambrian of Michigan, USA. (public display, Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Staurolite is a moderately common metamorphic mineral, usually found in schists & gneisses.  It is an iron aluminum hydroxy-oxy-silicate mineral, ideally Fe2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2.  Staurolite is famous for its tendency to form interpenetrating twins - individual crystals tend to cross each other at acute angles, forming \"X\"s or crosses.  These are called cruciform twins.  Perfect cross-shaped staurolite twins are sometimes called \"fairy crosses\" or \"fairy stones\".  Many fairy crosses offered for sale are fakes (carved & dyed rock).  Staurolite is nonmetallic in luster, typically dark brown in color, quite hard (H=7 to 7.5), and has no cleavage.  Staurolite tends to alter to muscovite mica if potassium (K) is added.  The iron of altered staurolite goes into forming hematite.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Seen here is a staurolite-muscovite schist from northern Michigan.  Schist is a foliated, intermediate- to high-grade, metamorphic rock.  This one is from the Michigamme Formation, an ancient succession of metamorphosed marine sedimentary rocks.  The unit is heterolithic, with slates, phyllites, schists, meta-iron formations, metaquartzites, metadolostones, metaconglomerates, and some metavolcanic rocks.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stratigraphy: Michigamme Formation, upper Baraga Group, uppermost Marquette Range Supergroup, upper Paleoproterozoic, ~1.85-1.86 Ga (another date in the published literature is 1.93 Ga)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed site south of the Imperial Mine, west or southwest of the town of Michigamme, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of staurolite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3753\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3753\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"noreferrer nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3753<\u002Fa>",{"id":609,"source_url":610,"license_code":611,"credit_html":612,"title":613,"description":614,"author":615,"original_width":616,"original_height":617},22745,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=91630734","CC0 1.0","Kent G. Budge, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=91630734\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Vadito Group staurolite.jpg","This image shows muscovite schist of the lower Vadito Group. During metamorphism, large crystals (porphyroblasts) of andalusite formed, which were subsequently altered to staurolite. Individual porphyroblasts were about three centimeters across. The Vadito Group was laid down in the Pilar Basin during the Yavapai Orogeny, 1.69 billlion years ago.","Kent G. Budge",4000,3000,{"id":619,"source_url":620,"license_code":417,"credit_html":621,"title":622,"description":623,"author":624,"original_width":625,"original_height":626},22746,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=176982065","EmanelleGrace9, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=176982065\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Staurolite crystals from metamorphic schist – Yemen (EGP™ Documentatio.jpg","Staurolite crystals showing typical prismatic form and striations, collected from metamorphic schist in Yemen. Photographed and documented by EmanelleGrace9 as part of the EmanelleGrace Gemological Profile (EGP™) – Scientific Reference Ser","EmanelleGrace9",1200,1600,{"id":628,"source_url":629,"license_code":407,"credit_html":630,"title":631,"description":632,"author":411,"original_width":427,"original_height":633},65241,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441875","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441875\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kyanite-Staurolite-mz269b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKyanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kyanite\">Kyanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pizzo del Platteo, Minor Valley, Bernina pass area, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngadin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Engadin\">Engadin\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGraub%C3%BCnden\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Graubünden\">Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-134050.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7.7 x 4.1 x 2.2 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Staurolite with Kyanite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A superb locality piece consisting of a combination of terminated, translucent to transparent, sky blue kyanite crystals to 4.5 cm , accenting deep reddish-brown staurolite crystals to 2.75 cm. They have grown in a matrix of sugary white, massive quartz. The stuarolite is especially fine, for the form and translucency of the crystal. All this, plus, coming from an old European alpine vein! 7.7 x 4.1 x 2.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",300,{"id":635,"source_url":636,"license_code":407,"credit_html":637,"title":638,"description":639,"author":411,"original_width":427,"original_height":633},65242,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10448186","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10448186\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Almandine-Staurolite-es123b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlmandine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Almandine\">Almandine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStaurolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Staurolite\">Staurolite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Keivy Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 11.1 x 9.8 x 3.9 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Staurolite with Almandine Garnet\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Growing out of a matrix of garnet-mica schist is a most unusual specimen: It features lustrous, brown, staurolite crystals, some doubly terminated and up to 6 cm in length. To top it off, there are several purplish-red garnet crystals, up to 2 cm across on the staurolite. This is definitely not a common occurrence and I cannot recall seeing the association, in fact.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":641,"source_url":642,"license_code":417,"credit_html":643,"title":644,"description":645,"author":646,"original_width":647,"original_height":648},72587,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=85095965","Dguendel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=85095965\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Hildesheim, Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum, Paragonit mit Staurolith und Disthen (St. Gotthard-.JPG","Hildesheim, Roemer- and Pelizaeus-Museum, paragonite with staurolite and disthene (St. Gotthard)","Dguendel",3336,4213,[650,657,663,668,673],{"id":651,"url":652,"label":653,"formula":654,"spacegroup":655,"year":656},13037,"\u002Fcif\u002F13037.cif","Comodi 2002","Si1.88 Al4.87 Fe1.72 Li.06 Zn.02 Mn.02 Mg.21 O12","C c m m",2002,{"id":658,"url":659,"label":660,"formula":661,"spacegroup":655,"year":662},13043,"\u002Fcif\u002F13043.cif","Koch-Muller 1998 · Mg.9 Al4.39 Si1.96 O12","Mg.9 Al4.39 Si1.96 O12",1998,{"id":664,"url":665,"label":666,"formula":667,"spacegroup":655,"year":662},13044,"\u002Fcif\u002F13044.cif","Koch-Muller 1998 · Fe.44 Al2.305 Si.95 O6","Fe.44 Al2.305 Si.95 O6",{"id":669,"url":670,"label":671,"formula":672,"spacegroup":655,"year":662},13045,"\u002Fcif\u002F13045.cif","Koch-Muller 1998 · Fe.455 Al2.29 Si.95 O6","Fe.455 Al2.29 Si.95 O6",{"id":674,"url":675,"label":676,"formula":677,"spacegroup":678,"year":354},13046,"\u002Fcif\u002F13046.cif","Oberti 1996","Si4 Fe.69 Zn1.2 Mg.68 Al8.4 Ti.04 O24","C 1 2\u002Fm 1",[680,681,682,683,684],"Baseler Taufstein","Croisette","Fairy Stone","Staurolita","Staurotide",[686,690,694,700,703,707,710,714,718,724,728,731,735,738,741,745,749,753,757,760,763,766,770,773,777,781,785,789,793,796,800,805,808,813,816,819,823,827,830,834,837,840,843],{"lang":687,"names":688},"ca",[689],"estaurolita",{"lang":691,"names":692},"cs",[693],"Staurolit",{"lang":695,"names":696},"de",[697,698,699],"Basler Taufstein","Lusakit","Staurolith",{"lang":701,"names":702},"es",[689],{"lang":704,"names":705},"et",[706],"stauroliit",{"lang":708,"names":709},"eu",[689],{"lang":711,"names":712},"fa",[713],"استورولیت",{"lang":715,"names":716},"fi",[717],"Stauroliitti",{"lang":719,"names":720},"fr",[721,94,722,723,7,684],"Granatite","Pierre de croix","Schorl cruciforme",{"lang":725,"names":726},"he",[727],"סטאורוליט",{"lang":729,"names":730},"hr",[693],{"lang":732,"names":733},"hu",[693,734],"Sztaurolit",{"lang":736,"names":737},"id",[693],{"lang":739,"names":740},"it",[7],{"lang":742,"names":743},"ja",[744],"十字石",{"lang":746,"names":747},"ka",[748],"სტავროლითი",{"lang":750,"names":751},"kk",[752],"Ставролит",{"lang":754,"names":755},"kk-arab",[756],"ستاۆرولىيت",{"lang":758,"names":759},"kk-cn",[756],{"lang":761,"names":762},"kk-cyrl",[752],{"lang":764,"names":765},"kk-kz",[752],{"lang":767,"names":768},"kk-latn",[769],"Stavrolït",{"lang":771,"names":772},"kk-tr",[769],{"lang":774,"names":775},"ko",[776],"십자석",{"lang":778,"names":779},"lt",[780],"Staurolitas",{"lang":782,"names":783},"mk",[784],"ставролит",{"lang":786,"names":787},"nb",[788],"staurolitt",{"lang":790,"names":791},"nl",[792],"stauroliet",{"lang":794,"names":795},"nn",[788],{"lang":797,"names":798},"pl",[799],"staurolit",{"lang":801,"names":802},"pt",[803,804],"Estaurolita","estaurolite",{"lang":806,"names":807},"pt-br",[689,804],{"lang":809,"names":810},"ru",[811,812,784],"люсакит","нордмаркит",{"lang":814,"names":815},"sh",[693],{"lang":817,"names":818},"sk",[693],{"lang":820,"names":821},"sl",[822],"Stavrolit",{"lang":824,"names":825},"sr",[826],"стауролит",{"lang":828,"names":829},"sv",[693],{"lang":831,"names":832},"uk",[833],"ставроліт",{"lang":835,"names":836},"uz",[822],{"lang":838,"names":839},"zh",[744],{"lang":841,"names":842},"zh-hant",[744],{"lang":844,"names":845},"zh-tw",[744],"Q413380",{"history":848,"applications":852},{"markdown":849,"model_version":850,"prompt_version":851,"reviewed_at":11},"Some crystals of staurolite grow as two prisms locked at right angles, making a near-perfect cross. That habit gave the mineral its name. It comes from the Greek *stauros* — cross — joined to *lithos*, stone[1].\n\nThe French naturalist Jean-Claude Delamétherie set the name down in 1792, in a survey of the mineral kingdom[2]. A few years later the crystallographer René Just Haüy tried to rename it *staurotide*, but the older word had priority and stuck[2].\n\nThe crosses are a quirk of how the crystals join, an arrangement mineralogists call cruciform penetration twinning — two crystals interpenetrating to make a cross[3]. The common form crosses at about 60°; the rarer, more prized form makes a square 90° cross[3].\n\nThose right-angled crosses earned a folk name and a folk story. In Patrick County, Virginia, they are called *fairy stones*, and the place where they weather out of the rock is now Fairy Stone State Park[4]. Local legend holds that the crosses are the petrified tears of fairies, wept on hearing of the death of Christ.\n\nThe cross shape gave the stones a long second life as charms. Carried as amulets, they were believed to ward off illness, shipwreck, and rabies[5]. Well-formed twins are still set into pendants, and imitations sold under the same *fairy cross* name circulated alongside the real thing in the early twentieth century[5].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":853,"model_version":850,"prompt_version":851,"reviewed_at":11},"Staurolite has almost no large-scale industry behind it, but it does one industrial job well: it cleans metal. Crushed to a coarse sand, it is fired at a surface through a compressed-air nozzle, so the hard grains cut through paint, rust, and other coatings[1]. The stripped metal is then ready for painting or welding in plant maintenance and construction work[1]. Being a hard, inert mineral with properties close to garnet, it works as a blasting abrasive yet costs far less[1].\n\nThe sand is not mined for its own sake. It is separated out of heavy-mineral concentrate during the processing of mineral sands. There the staurolite comes up alongside the zircon and titanium minerals that are the real targets[1].\n\nFor most people staurolite shows up not as sand but as a cross. The cross-shaped twins are cut into cabochons and set into pendants, sold as collector pieces and good-luck *fairy cross* charms rather than as a serious gemstone[2].\n\nStaurolite earns its keep most reliably in the lab, not the marketplace. It is one of the index minerals geologists use to read a rock's past. Its presence pins the temperature, depth, and pressure at which the rock was reshaped deep in the crust[3]. In the United States it carries one civic honour: it is the state mineral of Georgia[3]."]