[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3912":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":14,"elements":15,"sigelements":18,"key_elements":19,"impurities":11,"cim":20,"ima_status":21,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":24,"strunz10ed1":25,"strunz10ed2":26,"strunz10ed3":27,"strunz10ed4":28,"dana8ed1":25,"dana8ed2":29,"dana8ed3":30,"dana8ed4":31,"csystem":32,"cclass":33,"spacegroup":34,"spacegroupset":35,"a":36,"b":37,"c":38,"alpha":35,"beta":39,"gamma":35,"aerror":33,"berror":33,"cerror":40,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":41,"z":42,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":43,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":44,"tlform":11,"hmin":45,"hmax":45,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":46,"vhnmax":47,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":48,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":49,"dmeas2":49,"dcalc":50,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":51,"commentdense":11,"lustre":52,"lustretype":52,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":53,"streak":54,"colour":55,"commentcolor":11,"colors":56,"streak_colors":60,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":61,"cleavagetype":62,"fracturetype":63,"tenacity":64,"commentbreak":65,"opticaltype":11,"opticalsign":11,"opticalalpha":35,"opticalalpha2":35,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":35,"opticalbeta2":35,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":35,"opticalgamma2":35,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":35,"opticalomega2":35,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":35,"opticalepsilon2":35,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":35,"opticaln2":35,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":35,"optical2vcalc2":35,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":35,"optical2vmeasured2":35,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":11,"rimax":11,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":66,"opticalpleochorismdesc":67,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":68,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":69,"opticalanisotropism":70,"opticalbireflectance":71,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":72,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":73,"type_specimen_store":74,"description_short":11,"aboutname":75,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":76,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":77,"group_members":78,"associates":79,"confused_with":145,"type_localities":146,"occurrence_total":151,"citations":152,"images":252,"structures":459,"synonyms":484,"language_names":500,"wikidata_qid":591,"texts":592},3912,"1:1:3912:9","7332b7ef-740d-4eb6-8728-26770fffdc25","Tenorite","Tnr",0,"mineral",null,5393,false,"CuO",[16,17],"Cu","O",[16,17],[16],"7.3.2",[22,23],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1841","4","A","B","10","2","3","1","Monoclinic",5,10,"0","4.6837","3.4226","5.1288","99.47",6,80.63,4,"1. Common on {011}, producing dovetail reentrants and feather-like forms as seen on {100}; also stellate groups and complex dendritic patterns. 2. On {100} ?","Paper-thin twinned aggregates and laths parallel {100} and elongated [011] (Vesuvius); striated [010] on {100}. Curved plates. Thin shining flexible scales. Stellate groups. Earthy, powdery.",3.5,"190","300",100,"6.45","6.515",2,"Metallic","Opaque","Black","Grey, black",[57,58,59],"gray","black","brown",[58],"In zones [011] and \u003Cmi>[01_1]\u003C\u002Fmi>","Poor\u002FIndistinct","Irregular\u002FUneven,Conchoidal","brittle","Flexible and elastic in thin scales.","Weak","Distinct, light to dark brown.","Light gray with golden tint.","Anisotropic","Strong, blue to grey.","Strong","(22.8,29.6) 400,\r\n(21.9,30.0) 420,\r\n(21.0,30.4) 440,\r\n(20.4,30.6) 460,\r\n(20.1,30.8) 480,\r\n(19.8,30.7) 500,\r\n(19.7,30.4) 520,\r\n(19.6,30.2) 540,\r\n(19.5,29.8) 560,\r\n(19.5,29.6) 580,\r\n(19.4,29.4) 600,\r\n(19.4,29.2) 620,\r\n(19.4,29.1) 640,\r\n(19.4,28.8) 660,\r\n(19.3,28.6) 680,\r\n(19.3,28.2) 700","In the oxidized zone of copper deposits, also as volcanic sublimate.","No designated type material.","Named after Michele Tenore (5 May 1780, Naples, Italy - 19 July 1861, Naples, Italy), Professor of Botany, University of Naples and G. Tenore, President of the Naples Academy (Italy).  The alternate name melaconite was in frequent use before 1962, when the IMA voted unanimously to use tenorite.","2026-02-15 15:56:48",[],[],[80,88,95,102,111,116,124,130,138],{"id":81,"name":82,"entrytype":9,"csystem":83,"ima_formula":84,"mindat_formula":85,"hmin":86,"hmax":86,"dmeas":35,"dcalc":87,"primary_image_id":11},9,"Abswurmbachite","Tetragonal","Cu\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CuMn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,"4.96",{"id":89,"name":90,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":91,"hmin":45,"hmax":42,"dmeas":92,"dcalc":93,"primary_image_id":94},447,"Azurite","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.77","3.834",29186,{"id":96,"name":97,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":98,"mindat_formula":98,"hmin":45,"hmax":42,"dmeas":99,"dcalc":100,"primary_image_id":101},779,"Brochantite","Cu\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.97","4.09",3963,{"id":103,"name":104,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":106,"mindat_formula":107,"hmin":108,"hmax":45,"dmeas":109,"dcalc":35,"primary_image_id":110},1040,"Chrysocolla","Orthorhombic","(Cu\u003Csub>2-x\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>)H\u003Csub>2-x\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Cu\u003Csub>2-x\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>(H\u003Csub>2-x\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O, x \u003C 1",2.5,"1.93",5675,{"id":112,"name":113,"entrytype":9,"csystem":105,"ima_formula":114,"mindat_formula":114,"hmin":51,"hmax":51,"dmeas":115,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},46109,"Flinteite","K\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>ZnCl\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.49",{"id":117,"name":118,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":119,"mindat_formula":120,"hmin":45,"hmax":45,"dmeas":121,"dcalc":122,"primary_image_id":123},2227,"Klyuchevskite","K\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","K\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Al)(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.00","2.98",13447,{"id":125,"name":126,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":127,"mindat_formula":127,"hmin":45,"hmax":42,"dmeas":128,"dcalc":25,"primary_image_id":129},2550,"Malachite","Cu\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.6",30149,{"id":131,"name":132,"entrytype":9,"csystem":133,"ima_formula":16,"mindat_formula":16,"hmin":108,"hmax":134,"dmeas":135,"dcalc":136,"primary_image_id":137},1209,"Native Copper","Isometric",3,"8.94","8.93",17148,{"id":139,"name":140,"entrytype":9,"csystem":32,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":141,"hmin":42,"hmax":142,"dmeas":128,"dcalc":143,"primary_image_id":144},3299,"Pseudomalachite","Cu\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,"3.95",20110,[],[147],{"id":148,"txt":149,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":150},145740,"Mount Vesuvius, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy","Italy",1068,[153,157,161,164,168,171,175,178,182,186,190,195,200,205,209,213,218,223,228,233,238,243,247],{"id":154,"year":155,"html":156,"doi":11},16125336,1789,"Werner (1789) Bergm. Journal (as Kupferschwärze).",{"id":158,"year":159,"html":160,"doi":11},16125337,1841,"Huot (1841) 326 (as Melaconite).",{"id":162,"year":159,"html":163,"doi":11},16125338,"Semmola, G. (1841) Opere minori. Napoli, Batelli et Co.: 45 pgs.",{"id":165,"year":166,"html":167,"doi":11},16125339,1842,"Semmola, M.S. (1842) Du cuivre oxidé natif (ténorite). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France: 13: 206-211.",{"id":169,"year":166,"html":170,"doi":11},16125340,"Scacchi, A. (1842) Distrib. Sist. Min.: 40, Napoli (as Melacosina).",{"id":172,"year":173,"html":174,"doi":11},16125342,1865,"Church, A.H. (1865) On the occurrence of crystallized melaconite in Cornwall. Chemical News: 11: 122-123.",{"id":176,"year":173,"html":177,"doi":11},16125343,"Story-Maskelyne (1865) British Assoc., Rep.: 35: 33.",{"id":179,"year":180,"html":181,"doi":11},16125344,1866,"Story-Maskelyne (1866) Rss. Min. Ges. Vh.: 1: 147.",{"id":183,"year":184,"html":185,"doi":11},1118643,1868,"Dana, James D., Brush, George Jarvis (1868) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (5th ed.). p.882",{"id":187,"year":188,"html":189,"doi":11},16125345,1875,"Scacchi, A. (1875) Contribuzioni mineralogiche per servire alla storia dell’incendio vesuviano del mese di aprile 1872. Parte seconda. Atti della R. Accademia delle scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli: 6(9): 1-69.",{"id":191,"year":192,"html":193,"doi":194},13119895,1910,"Allmand, Arthur John (1910) Affinity relations of cupric oxide and of cupric hydroxide. \u003Ci>J. Chem. Soc., Trans.\u003C\u002Fi>,  97. 603-621 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1039\u002Fct9109700603'>doi:10.1039\u002Fct9109700603\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1039\u002Fct9109700603",{"id":196,"year":197,"html":198,"doi":199},103567,1922,"Niggli, P. (1922) Die Kristallstruktur einiger Oxyde I. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (1). 253-299 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1922.57.1.253'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1922.57.1.253\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1922.57.1.253",{"id":201,"year":202,"html":203,"doi":204},105047,1935,"Tunell, G., Posnjak, Ε., Ksanda, C. J. (1935) Geometrical and Optical Properties, and Crystal Structure of Tenorite. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  90 (1-6). 120-142 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1935.90.1.120'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1935.90.1.120\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1935.90.1.120",{"id":206,"year":207,"html":208,"doi":11},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",{"id":210,"year":211,"html":212,"doi":11},16125348,1953,"Swanson, H.E., Tatge, E. (1953) Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards Circular 539, 95 pgs (49).",{"id":214,"year":215,"html":216,"doi":217},5696,1962,"(1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (258) 260-263 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1962.033.258.09'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1962.033.258.09\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_33\u002F33-258-260.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1962.033.258.09",{"id":219,"year":220,"html":221,"doi":222},217651,1970,"Åsbrink, S., Norrby, L. J. (1970) A refinement of the crystal structure of copper(II) oxide with a discussion of some exceptional e.s.d.'s. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  26 (1) 8-15 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0567740870001838'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0567740870001838\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0567740870001838",{"id":224,"year":225,"html":226,"doi":227},580623,1990,"Brese, N.E., O'Keeffe, M., Ramakrishna, B.L., Von Dreele, R.B. (1990) Low-temperature structures of CuO and AgO and their relationships to those of MgO and PdO. \u003Ci>Journal of Solid State Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  89. 184-190 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90310-t'>doi:10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90310-t\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0022-4596(90)90310-t",{"id":229,"year":230,"html":231,"doi":232},8667315,1991,"Åsbrink, S, Waśkowska, A (1991) CuO: X-ray single-crystal structure determination at 196 K and room temperature. \u003Ci>Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter\u003C\u002Fi>,  3 (42). 8173-8180 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1088\u002F0953-8984\u002F3\u002F42\u002F012'>doi:10.1088\u002F0953-8984\u002F3\u002F42\u002F012\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1088\u002F0953-8984\u002F3\u002F42\u002F012",{"id":234,"year":235,"html":236,"doi":237},12139961,1996,"Karpenko, B.V., Kuznetsov, A.V., Dyakin, V.V. (1996) On the magnetic susceptibility of tenorite. \u003Ci>Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials\u003C\u002Fi>, 152. 116-122 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0304-8853(95)00441-6'>doi:10.1016\u002F0304-8853(95)00441-6\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0304-8853(95)00441-6",{"id":239,"year":240,"html":241,"doi":242},10399344,1997,"Richthofen, A. v., Domnick, R., Cremer, Rainer (1997) Preparation of cuprite (Cu2O), paramelaconite (Cu32+Cu21+O4) and tenorite (CuO) with magnetron sputtering ion plating: characterization by EPMA, XRD, HEED and SEM. \u003Ci>Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  358. 312-315 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs002160050415'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs002160050415\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs002160050415",{"id":244,"year":245,"html":246,"doi":11},16967650,2005,"(2005) Tenorite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Ftenorite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":248,"year":249,"html":250,"doi":251},3908097,2012,"Debbichi, L., Marco de Lucas, M. C., Pierson, J. F., Krüger, P. (2012) Vibrational Properties of CuO and Cu4O3 from First-Principles Calculations, and Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy. \u003Ci>The Journal of Physical Chemistry C\u003C\u002Fi>, 116 (18). 10232-10237 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1021\u002Fjp303096m'>doi:10.1021\u002Fjp303096m\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1021\u002Fjp303096m",[253,260,265,270,279,284,291,299,305,312,319,328,335,344,354,362,372,380,389,397,407,415,423,431,438,448,454],{"id":254,"source_url":255,"license_code":256,"credit_html":257,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":258,"original_height":259},30811,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91501","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91501\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,761,{"id":261,"source_url":262,"license_code":256,"credit_html":263,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":258,"original_height":264},30812,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91866","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91866\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",699,{"id":266,"source_url":267,"license_code":256,"credit_html":268,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":258,"original_height":269},30813,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F90736","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F90736\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",696,{"id":271,"source_url":272,"license_code":256,"credit_html":273,"title":274,"description":275,"author":276,"original_width":277,"original_height":278},23856,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146995269","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146995269\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite from Mount Vesuvius 03.jpg","Tenorite from Mount Vesuvius, Italy","Kritzolina",3866,2577,{"id":280,"source_url":281,"license_code":256,"credit_html":282,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":258,"original_height":283},30814,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91548","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91548\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",649,{"id":285,"source_url":286,"license_code":256,"credit_html":287,"title":288,"description":275,"author":276,"original_width":289,"original_height":290},23857,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146995271","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146995271\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite from Mount Vesuvius 02.jpg",4621,3081,{"id":292,"source_url":293,"license_code":256,"credit_html":294,"title":295,"description":296,"author":276,"original_width":297,"original_height":298},23858,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147006418","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147006418\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite 01.jpg","Tenorite from \"Nischne Tagilskoij, Ural\" (Nizhny Tagil?)",4475,2984,{"id":300,"source_url":301,"license_code":302,"credit_html":303,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":258,"original_height":304},30816,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119053","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119053\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":306,"source_url":307,"license_code":256,"credit_html":308,"title":309,"description":296,"author":276,"original_width":310,"original_height":311},23859,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147006419","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147006419\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite 03.jpg",4229,2820,{"id":313,"source_url":314,"license_code":256,"credit_html":315,"title":316,"description":296,"author":276,"original_width":317,"original_height":318},23860,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147006420","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=147006420\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite 02.jpg",4566,3044,{"id":320,"source_url":321,"license_code":256,"credit_html":322,"title":323,"description":324,"author":325,"original_width":326,"original_height":327},82334,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83008499","Mai Seppel, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=83008499\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 201984 photo (g27 g27-312 1 jpg).jpg","\"tenoriit\". More info \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91866\">about this file\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Fspecimen\u002F201984\">about this specimen\u003C\u002Fa> at \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002F\">geocollections.info\u003C\u002Fa>","Mai Seppel",2756,1929,{"id":329,"source_url":330,"license_code":256,"credit_html":331,"title":332,"description":275,"author":276,"original_width":333,"original_height":334},82339,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146995270","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146995270\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite from Mount Vesuvius 01.jpg",4610,3074,{"id":336,"source_url":337,"license_code":302,"credit_html":338,"title":339,"description":340,"author":341,"original_width":342,"original_height":343},23853,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130438351","Henk Smeets – tomeikminerals.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=130438351\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite cornwallite Clara.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTenorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tenorite\">Tenorite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCornwallite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cornwallite\">cornwallite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Field of view: 6 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Henk Smeets – tomeikminerals.com",1920,1293,{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":347,"credit_html":348,"title":349,"description":350,"author":351,"original_width":352,"original_height":353},82327,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7325529","CC BY-SA 3.0","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7325529\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kupferschwärze (Tenorit) mit Azurit - Nischne Tagilsk, Ural.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTenorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tenorite\">Tenorite\u003C\u002Fa> with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAzurite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Azurite\">Azurite\u003C\u002Fa> - Locality: Nischne Tagilsk, Ural, Russia - Exposed in the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, Germany","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2300,1800,{"id":355,"source_url":356,"license_code":256,"credit_html":357,"title":358,"description":359,"author":276,"original_width":360,"original_height":361},23854,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146989899","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146989899\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite and Malachite 02.jpg","Tenorite and Malachite from Wadi Igla, Egypt",3800,2534,{"id":363,"source_url":364,"license_code":365,"credit_html":366,"title":367,"description":368,"author":369,"original_width":370,"original_height":371},82328,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7637202","Public domain","Andrew Silver, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=7637202\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite - USGS Mineral Specimens 1083.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTenorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tenorite\">Tenorite\u003C\u002Fa> (synonym: \u003Ci>Melaconite\u003C\u002Fi>, Pen for scale) - Mineral collection of Brigham Young University Department of Geology, Provo, Utah. BYU index 4-8056","Andrew Silver",1600,1090,{"id":373,"source_url":374,"license_code":256,"credit_html":375,"title":376,"description":377,"author":276,"original_width":378,"original_height":379},23855,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146989900","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146989900\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite and Malachite 01.jpg","Tenorite and Malachite from Wadi Igla, Egypt. The Eurocent allows size comparison.",4438,2959,{"id":381,"source_url":382,"license_code":347,"credit_html":383,"title":384,"description":385,"author":386,"original_width":387,"original_height":388},82329,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10122326","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10122326\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-Cuprite-Tenorite-26415.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCuprite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cuprite\">Cuprite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTenorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tenorite\">Tenorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Indiana Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWinona\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Winona\">Winona\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOntonagon_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Ontonagon County, Michigan\">Ontonagon County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-11957.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An excellent and very sculpturally-shaped cluster of elongated tetrahexahedron copper crystals with EXCELLENT cuprite and tenorite patinas from the recent finds at the Old Indiana Mine in Ontonagon County, Michigan. Dramatic, 3-dimensional, and better in person! 7.2 x 5.5 x 3.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",488,618,{"id":390,"source_url":391,"license_code":347,"credit_html":392,"title":393,"description":394,"author":386,"original_width":395,"original_height":396},82330,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149504","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10149504\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper-Tenorite-169808.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCopper\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Copper\">Copper\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTenorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tenorite\">Tenorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhoenix_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phoenix Mine\">Phoenix Mine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPhoenix\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Phoenix\">Phoenix\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKeweenaw_County,_Michigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Keweenaw County, Michigan\">Keweenaw County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMichigan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Michigan\">Michigan\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-6847.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 1.7 x 1.1 x 0.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Lustrous, super-sharp, tenorite-coated copper crystals comprise this classic, KILLER, old-time thumbnail from the famous Phoenix Mine of Michigan. Ex. Seaman Museum Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,422,{"id":398,"source_url":399,"license_code":400,"credit_html":401,"title":402,"description":403,"author":404,"original_width":405,"original_height":406},82333,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951085","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=39951085\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Copper and tenorite (Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-1.06 Ga; Keweenaw Peninsula area, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) (17307754805).jpg","\u003Cp>Copper from the Precambrian of Michigan, USA. (SMM LLH 580, Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substrance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms.  At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed).  Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium).  Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts.  Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process.  Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state as minerals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Copper is the only metallic element that has a \"reddish\" color - it’s actually a metallic orange color.  Most metallic elements, apart from gold & copper, are silvery-gray colored.  Copper tends to form sharp-edged, irregular, twisted masses of moderately high density.  It is moderately soft, but is extremely difficult to break.  It has no cleavage and has a distinctive hackly fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The crystalline copper specimen shown above comes from northern Michigan's Portage Lake Volcanic Series, an extremely thick, Precambrian-aged, flood-basalt deposit that fills up an ancient continental rift valley.  This rift valley, analogous to the present-day East African Rift Valley, extends from Kansas to Minnesota to the Lake Superior area to southern Michigan.  Unlike many flood basalts (e.g., Deccan Traps, Siberian Traps, Columbia River), the Portage Lake only filled up the rift valley.  The unit is exposed throughout Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula, in the vicinity of the towns of Houghton & Hancock.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Portage Lake succession thickens northward through the Keweenaw, up to >5.5 km worth of section in places.  The dominant rock type is basalt - vesicular basalts, for the most part.  Most of the original vesicles (gas bubbles) have since been filled up with a wide variety of different minerals.  A vesicular basalt that has had its vesicles filled up with minerals is called an amygdaloidal basalt (try saying that five times quickly).  Keweenaw amygdaloidal basalts have long had significant economic importance because native copper (Cu) is one of the more common vesicle-filling and fracture-filling minerals.  Copper mineralization occurred during the late Mesoproterozoic, at 1.05 to 1.06 billion years ago.  The Portage Lake host rocks are 1.093 to 1.097 billion years old.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The black material covering portions of this copper specimen is the mineral tenorite (CuO - copper oxide).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: unrecorded site in the Keweenaw Peninsula area, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA","James St. John",1767,1549,{"id":408,"source_url":409,"license_code":400,"credit_html":410,"title":411,"description":412,"author":404,"original_width":413,"original_height":414},82335,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97565003","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97565003\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite-chrysocolla (Proterozoic; Algomah Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 2.jpg","Tenorite-chrysosolla from the Precambrian of Michigan, USA. (4.0 centimeters across at its widest; collected ~1960)\n\u003Cp>Black = tenorite\nBlue = chrysocolla\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5600 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The oxide minerals all contain one or more oxide anions (O-2).  The oxide minerals include species that are hydroxy-oxides.  The hydroxide minerals (those with one or more OH-) are usually considered together with the oxides.  Many sulfide minerals are not stable in Earth-surface conditions.  In the presence of oxygen and moisture, sulfide minerals tend to tarnish or alter to oxides and hydroxy-oxides.  All except the most inert elements (such as the platinum-group elements and gold and noble gases) readily form oxides.  Gold oxide forms only under special conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Tenorite is a blackish-colored copper oxide mineral, CuO.  It usually forms coatings from oxidation of native copper (Cu) or copper-bearing sulfide minerals.  The typical weathering\u002Falteration sequence of exposed native copper is: reddish cuprite to black tenorite to greenish malachite.  Tenorite typically is nonmetallic black to metallic dark gray in appearance, and is moderately soft (H = 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs Hardness Scale).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This tenorite sample is from northern Michigan's Algomah Mine.  Unlike most northern Michigan copper mines, where native copper was the principal ore mineral, at the Algomah Mine, the dominant copper ore mineral was supposedly tenorite.  This mine was never in operation for long - mining occurred  in the 1850s, 1910s, and 1950s.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The blue is chrysocolla, a copper hydroxy-silicate mineral, ~Cu4H4Si4O10(OH)8.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Algomah Mine, east of Mass City, Ontonagon County, northwestern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Locality info. at:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8397.html\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of tenorite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3912",1812,1213,{"id":416,"source_url":417,"license_code":400,"credit_html":418,"title":419,"description":420,"author":404,"original_width":421,"original_height":422},82336,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97565004","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=97565004\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite-chrysocolla (Proterozoic; Algomah Mine, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA) 1.jpg","Tenorite-chrysosolla from the Precambrian of Michigan, USA. (collected ~1960)\n\u003Cp>Black = tenorite\nBlue = chrysocolla\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5600 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The oxide minerals all contain one or more oxide anions (O-2).  The oxide minerals include species that are hydroxy-oxides.  The hydroxide minerals (those with one or more OH-) are usually considered together with the oxides.  Many sulfide minerals are not stable in Earth-surface conditions.  In the presence of oxygen and moisture, sulfide minerals tend to tarnish or alter to oxides and hydroxy-oxides.  All except the most inert elements (such as the platinum-group elements and gold and noble gases) readily form oxides.  Gold oxide forms only under special conditions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Tenorite is a blackish-colored copper oxide mineral, CuO.  It usually forms coatings from oxidation of native copper (Cu) or copper-bearing sulfide minerals.  The typical weathering\u002Falteration sequence of exposed native copper is: reddish cuprite to black tenorite to greenish malachite.  Tenorite typically is nonmetallic black to metallic dark gray in appearance, and is moderately soft (H = 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs Hardness Scale).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This tenorite sample is from northern Michigan's Algomah Mine.  Unlike most northern Michigan copper mines, where native copper was the principal ore mineral, at the Algomah Mine, the dominant copper ore mineral was supposedly tenorite.  This mine was never in operation for long - mining occurred  in the 1850s, 1910s, and 1950s.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The blue is chrysocolla, a copper hydroxy-silicate mineral, ~Cu4H4Si4O10(OH)8.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Algomah Mine, east of Mass City, Ontonagon County, northwestern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Locality info. at:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8397.html\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of tenorite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=3912",1599,1190,{"id":424,"source_url":425,"license_code":400,"credit_html":426,"title":427,"description":428,"author":404,"original_width":429,"original_height":430},82337,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677204","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677204\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Azurite-malachite-tenorite in quartz monzonite (Continental Pit, Butte, Montana, USA) 10.jpg","Blue = azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, copper hydroxy-carbonate)\n\u003Cp>Green = malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2, copper hydroxy-carbonate)\nBlack = tenorite (CuO, copper oxide)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5600 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The carbonate minerals all contain one or more carbonate (CO3-2) anions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Malachite and azurite are attractive, richly colored copper hydroxy-carbonate minerals.   Malachite has a nice green color - its formula is Cu2CO3(OH)2.  Azurite has a dark, rich blue color - its formula, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, is very close to malachite.  The blue color of azurite is from Cu+, while the green color of malachite is from Cu+2.  Azurite & malachite almost invariably occur together, and are telling indicators of copper in the field, even in very small quantities.  Blue azurite tends to crystallize first, and can convert to green malachite.  Some azurite-malachite specimens are solid enough to be cut and polished as semi-precious stone.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The sample seen here is on an ore pile at the Continental Mine (= Continental Pit) in Butte, Montana.  The town is known as the “Richest Hill on Earth” and \"The Mining City\".  The Butte Mining District has produced gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and other metals.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The area's bedrock consists of the Butte Quartz Monzonite (a.k.a. Butte Pluton), which is part of the Boulder Batholith.  The Butte Quartz Monzonite (\"BQM\") formed 76.3 million years ago, during the mid-Campanian Stage in the Late Cretaceous.  BQM rocks have been intruded and altered by hydrothermal veins containing valuable metallic minerals - principally sulfides.  The copper mineralization has been dated to 62-66 million years ago, during the latest Maastrichtian Stage (latest Cretaceous) and Danian Stage (Early Paleocene).  In the supergene enrichment zone of the area, the original sulfide mineralogy has been altered.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Continental Mine targets a low-grade copper and molybdenum deposit on the eastern side of the Continental Fault, a major Basin & Range normal fault in the Butte area with about 3500 feet of offset.  The mine's rocks consists of disseminated copper sulfides plus copper- and molybdenum-bearing hydrothermal veins that intrude the BQM.  Minerals at the site include chalcopyrite, molybdenite, malachite, azurite, tenorite, and cuprite.  The latter four minerals are secondary copper minerals, produced by alteration of the primary copper sulfides.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>When I visited in 2010, the Continental Mine was making 50,000 to 52,000 tons of ore each day.  This mine can operate down to an ore grade of 0.1% copper.  Most of the mineralization is disseminated copper, but veins are also present.  Two stages of mineralization occurred in the Butte area - a porphyry copper system and a main stage system with large veins.  The bottom of the porphyry copper system is ~ less than 12,800 feet below the surface.  Veins peter out at 5600 to 5800 feet below the surface.  At the Continental Mine, veins are small - they're veinlets less than 6 inches wide.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of malachite:\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=2550\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of azurite:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=447",3283,3000,{"id":432,"source_url":433,"license_code":400,"credit_html":434,"title":435,"description":428,"author":404,"original_width":436,"original_height":437},82338,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677208","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=99677208\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Azurite-malachite-tenorite in quartz monzonite (Continental Pit, Butte, Montana, USA) 8.jpg",2542,2000,{"id":439,"source_url":440,"license_code":441,"credit_html":442,"title":443,"description":444,"author":445,"original_width":446,"original_height":447},15767,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118199470","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118199470\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite (Melanochalcite) with Azurite, Malachite, and Chrysocolla (48522518536).jpg","\u003Cp>Morenci\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nArizona, USA","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",6000,4000,{"id":449,"source_url":450,"license_code":441,"credit_html":451,"title":452,"description":453,"author":445,"original_width":447,"original_height":446},18685,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202366","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202366\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Paramelaconite with Chrysocolla, Japser, Cuprite, and Tenorite (47911402751).jpg","\u003Cp>Algoma Mine\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nMichigan, USA",{"id":455,"source_url":456,"license_code":441,"credit_html":457,"title":458,"description":453,"author":445,"original_width":447,"original_height":446},18686,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202389","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118202389\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tenorite with Chrysocolla and Paramelaconite (47122079384).jpg",[460,466,471,475,479],{"id":461,"url":462,"label":463,"formula":464,"spacegroup":465,"year":235},13480,"\u002Fcif\u002F13480.cif","Calos 1996","Cu O","C 1 2\u002Fc 1",{"id":467,"url":468,"label":469,"formula":464,"spacegroup":470,"year":230},13488,"\u002Fcif\u002F13488.cif","Asbrink 1991","C 1 c 1",{"id":472,"url":473,"label":474,"formula":464,"spacegroup":465,"year":225},13490,"\u002Fcif\u002F13490.cif","Brese 1990",{"id":476,"url":477,"label":478,"formula":464,"spacegroup":465,"year":220},13491,"\u002Fcif\u002F13491.cif","Asbrink 1970",{"id":480,"url":481,"label":482,"formula":464,"spacegroup":465,"year":483},13492,"\u002Fcif\u002F13492.cif","Wyckoff 1963",1963,[485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499],"Black Copper","Black Oxide of Copper","Cobre negro","Cuivre oxydé noir","Kupferoxyd","Kupferschwärze","Melaconisa","Melaconise","Melaconit","Melaconita","Melaconite","Melakonit","Rame nero","Schwarzkupfer","Schwarzkupfererz",[501,505,509,513,516,520,524,528,531,535,539,542,546,549,552,556,560,564,568,571,574,578,581,584,587],{"lang":502,"names":503},"ar",[504],"تينوريت",{"lang":506,"names":507},"ca",[508],"tenorita",{"lang":510,"names":511},"cs",[512],"Tenorit",{"lang":514,"names":515},"de",[512],{"lang":517,"names":518},"el",[519],"Τενορίτης",{"lang":521,"names":522},"es",[523],"Tenorita",{"lang":525,"names":526},"et",[527],"tenoriit",{"lang":529,"names":530},"eu",[523],{"lang":532,"names":533},"fa",[534],"تنوریت",{"lang":536,"names":537},"fr",[538],"Ténorite",{"lang":540,"names":541},"hu",[512],{"lang":543,"names":544},"hy",[545],"Տենորիտ",{"lang":547,"names":548},"id",[512],{"lang":550,"names":551},"it",[7],{"lang":553,"names":554},"ja",[555],"黒銅鉱",{"lang":557,"names":558},"mk",[559],"Тенорит",{"lang":561,"names":562},"nb",[563],"tenoritt",{"lang":565,"names":566},"nl",[567],"tenoriet",{"lang":569,"names":570},"nn",[563],{"lang":572,"names":573},"oc",[523],{"lang":575,"names":576},"pl",[577],"Tenoryt",{"lang":579,"names":580},"ru",[559],{"lang":582,"names":583},"sk",[512],{"lang":585,"names":586},"uk",[559],{"lang":588,"names":589},"zh",[590],"黑铜矿","Q163577",{"history":11,"applications":11}]