[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3977":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":16,"ima_formula":15,"elements":17,"sigelements":22,"key_elements":23,"impurities":24,"cim":25,"ima_status":26,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":34,"dana8ed2":35,"dana8ed3":36,"dana8ed4":37,"csystem":38,"cclass":39,"spacegroup":40,"spacegroupset":41,"a":42,"b":43,"c":44,"alpha":45,"beta":46,"gamma":45,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":47,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":48,"twinning":49,"tranglide":11,"parting":50,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":51,"tlform":11,"hmin":39,"hmax":52,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":45,"vhnmax":45,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":53,"dmeas2":54,"dcalc":55,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":56,"lustretype":57,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":58,"streak":59,"colour":60,"commentcolor":11,"colors":61,"streak_colors":72,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":74,"cleavagetype":75,"fracturetype":11,"tenacity":76,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":77,"opticalsign":78,"opticalalpha":79,"opticalalpha2":80,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":81,"opticalbeta2":82,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":83,"opticalgamma2":84,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":45,"opticalomega2":45,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":45,"opticalepsilon2":45,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":45,"opticaln2":45,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":85,"optical2vcalc2":86,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":87,"optical2vmeasured2":88,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":89,"rimax":90,"opticaldispersion":91,"opticalpleochroism":92,"opticalpleochorismdesc":93,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":94,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":95,"opticalr":96,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":97,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":98,"aboutname":99,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":100,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":101,"group_members":122,"associates":152,"confused_with":256,"type_localities":278,"occurrence_total":283,"citations":284,"images":454,"structures":769,"synonyms":797,"language_names":814,"wikidata_qid":976,"texts":977},3977,"1:1:3977:8","1d735bb3-83ab-48ca-87d2-4092cdbf88a1","Titanite","Ttn",0,"mineral",null,39493,56371,false,"CaTi(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O","Often contains minor Al, Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup> and F.",[18,19,20,21],"Ca","Si","Ti","O",[18,19,20,21],[20],",Fe,Y,Mn,Al,Ce,Sr,Na,Nb,Ta,Al,Mg,V,F,Zr,Sn,","14.9.6",[27,28],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1795","9","A","G","15","52","4","3","1","Monoclinic",5,14,"P21\u002Fa","7.057","8.707","6.555","0","113.81",4,"May be metamict. Titanite close to end-member composition has space-group symmetry \u003Ci>P\u003C\u002Fi>2\u003Csub>1\u003C\u002Fsub>\u002F\u003Ci>a\u003C\u002Fi>, whereas titanite with significant additional constituents has \u003Ci>A\u003C\u002Fi>2\u002F\u003Ci>a\u003C\u002Fi> symmetry. Smaller unit cells indicate an Al- and F-rich composition.","On {100}, contact and penetration, less commonly lamellar on {221}.","Due to twinning on {221}","Common forms are {111}, {110}, {102}, {100}, {001} and {112}. Crystals equant to wedge-shaped, or flattened with large {001} or {102}, or prismatic by extension along [001], to 65 x 17 x 17 cm, compact, massive.\r\nNOTE: The morphological data is based on a choice of unit-cell parameters that differs from the one that is given in Mindat. This 'old' unit cell has a = 6.56, b = 8.72, c = 7.44 Å and β = 119.54° (see the introduction in http:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Frruff_1.0\u002Fuploads\u002FAM61_238.pdf). The 3D drawings of titanite are also based on this old cell.",5.5,"3.48","3.6","3.53","Adamantine to resinous","Adamantine,Resinous","Transparent,Translucent","White","Brown, green, yellow, orange, rose-red, black, beige, grey, colourless, grey-blue, bluish",[62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71],"brown","green","yellow","orange","red","black","gray","colorless","blue","pink",[73],"white","Good on {110}","Distinct\u002FGood","brittle","Biaxial","+","1.843","1.95","1.87","2.034","1.943","2.11","68","82","17","40",1.843,2.11,"r > v extreme","Visible","X= nearly colorless\r\nY= yellow to green\r\nZ= red to yellow orange","Anisotropic","Z ∧ c = 51°.","(10.7,12.6,1.5,2.47) 400,\r\n(10.4,12.4,1.46,2.33) 420,\r\n(10.1,12.1,1.43,2.27) 440,\r\n(9.98,11.9,1.39,2.18) 460,\r\n(9.90,11.8,1.37,2.15) 470,\r\n(9.84,11.7,1.36,2.11) 480,\r\n(9.71,11.5,1.34,2.06) 500,\r\n(9.61,11.3,1.32,2.01) 520,\r\n(9.50,11.2,1.30,1.97) 540,\r\n(9.48,11.1,1.29,1.96) 546,\r\n(9.46,11.1,1.29,1.94) 560,\r\n(9.45,11.0,1.28,1.92) 580,\r\n(9.43,11.0,1.28,1.91) 589,\r\n(9.44,11.0,1.28,1.91) 600,\r\n(9.44,11.0,1.28,1.91) 620,\r\n(9.44,11.0,1.29,1.91) 640,\r\n(9.43,10.9,1.29,1.89) 650,\r\n(9.44,11.0,1.29,1.89) 660,\r\n(9.44,10.9,1.29,1.88) 680,\r\n(9.44,10.9,1.29,1.87) 700","Common accessory mineral in intermediate and felsic plutonic rocks, pegmatites, alpine veins. Also in some gneisses, schists, and skarns.","Titanite Group. The titanium analogue of Malayaite and Vanadomalayaite. It also seems to be the Ti analogue of UM1999-35-SiO:Ca.\r\n\r\nForms a series with Malayaite. \r\nTitanite close to end-member composition has space-group symmetry P21\u002Fa, whereas titani...","First recognized as \"nouveau substance minérale\" in 1787 by Marc August Pictet, but only described and named in 1795 by Martin Klaproth for its titanium content. A common synonym, sphene (from the Greek sphenos (σφηνώ), meaning wedge, for its common wedge-shaped crystals), was introduced in 1801 by Rene Just Haüy.","2026-04-10 12:02:09",[102,107,111,114,118],{"id":103,"name":104,"entrytype":105,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":106,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},39738,"Chromium-bearing Titanite",2,"Ca(Ti,Cr)[SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>](O,OH)",{"id":108,"name":109,"entrytype":105,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":110,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":11},11154,"Greenovite","(Ca,Mn)Ti(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O",{"id":112,"name":113,"entrytype":105,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":15,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},11017,"Grothite",{"id":115,"name":116,"entrytype":105,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":117,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":11},8069,"Keilhauite","(Ca,Y\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)(Ti,Al,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)[SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]O",{"id":119,"name":120,"entrytype":105,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":121,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":11},8058,"Yttrium-bearing Titanite","(Ca,Y)TiSiO\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",[123,132,138,146],{"id":124,"name":125,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":126,"mindat_formula":127,"hmin":128,"hmax":47,"dmeas":129,"dcalc":130,"primary_image_id":131},2552,"Malayaite","CaSnO(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CaSn(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O",3.5,"4.3","4.55",15214,{"id":133,"name":134,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":135,"mindat_formula":136,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":137,"primary_image_id":11},42452,"Natrotitanite","(Na\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>Y\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)TiO(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","(Na\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>Y\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)Ti(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O","3.833",{"id":139,"name":140,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":142,"hmin":143,"hmax":143,"dmeas":144,"dcalc":145,"primary_image_id":11},7349,"Vanadomalayaite","CaVO(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CaV\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O",6,"3.60","3.61",{"id":147,"name":148,"entrytype":9,"csystem":149,"ima_formula":150,"mindat_formula":150,"hmin":39,"hmax":39,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":151,"primary_image_id":11},46703,"Żabińskiite","Triclinic","Ca[Al\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Ta,Nb)\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)](SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)O","3.897",[153,161,168,175,182,189,196,205,212,218,226,233,242,249],{"id":154,"name":155,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":157,"mindat_formula":157,"hmin":39,"hmax":143,"dmeas":158,"dcalc":159,"primary_image_id":160},37,"Aeschynite-(Ce)","Orthorhombic","Ce(TiNb)O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","5.19","5.617",17723,{"id":162,"name":163,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":164,"mindat_formula":164,"hmin":39,"hmax":143,"dmeas":165,"dcalc":166,"primary_image_id":167},39,"Aeschynite-(Y)","Y(TiNb)O\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.82","5.5",296,{"id":169,"name":170,"entrytype":9,"csystem":171,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":172,"hmin":173,"hmax":47,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":174,"primary_image_id":11},470833,"Alfredcasparite","Tetragonal","Sr\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>TiO(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>)",3,"3.950",{"id":176,"name":177,"entrytype":9,"csystem":171,"ima_formula":178,"mindat_formula":178,"hmin":52,"hmax":143,"dmeas":179,"dcalc":180,"primary_image_id":181},213,"Anatase","TiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.79","3.89",1314,{"id":183,"name":184,"entrytype":9,"csystem":185,"ima_formula":186,"mindat_formula":186,"hmin":39,"hmax":39,"dmeas":187,"dcalc":187,"primary_image_id":188},1013,"Chlorapatite","Hexagonal","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl","3.17",5433,{"id":190,"name":191,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":192,"mindat_formula":192,"hmin":52,"hmax":52,"dmeas":193,"dcalc":194,"primary_image_id":195},1093,"Cobaltite","CoAsS","6.33","6.335",5990,{"id":197,"name":198,"entrytype":9,"csystem":156,"ima_formula":199,"mindat_formula":199,"hmin":200,"hmax":201,"dmeas":202,"dcalc":203,"primary_image_id":204},1218,"Danburite","CaB\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>",7,7.5,"2.93","2.99",6828,{"id":206,"name":207,"entrytype":9,"csystem":185,"ima_formula":208,"mindat_formula":208,"hmin":39,"hmax":39,"dmeas":209,"dcalc":210,"primary_image_id":211},1572,"Fluorapatite","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>F","3.1","3.18",29724,{"id":213,"name":214,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":215,"mindat_formula":216,"hmin":39,"hmax":52,"dmeas":217,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":11},1926,"Homilite","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>B\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>","Ca\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mg)B\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.34",{"id":219,"name":220,"entrytype":9,"csystem":185,"ima_formula":221,"mindat_formula":222,"hmin":39,"hmax":39,"dmeas":223,"dcalc":224,"primary_image_id":225},1992,"Hydroxylapatite","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)","3.10","3.16",60353,{"id":227,"name":228,"entrytype":9,"csystem":171,"ima_formula":229,"mindat_formula":229,"hmin":52,"hmax":143,"dmeas":230,"dcalc":231,"primary_image_id":232},2575,"Marialite","Na\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl","2.5","2.54",15463,{"id":234,"name":235,"entrytype":9,"csystem":236,"ima_formula":237,"mindat_formula":238,"hmin":52,"hmax":52,"dmeas":239,"dcalc":240,"primary_image_id":241},2936,"Nosean","Isometric","Na\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Na\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>24\u003C\u002Fsub>)(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.3","2.21",17893,{"id":243,"name":244,"entrytype":9,"csystem":245,"ima_formula":246,"mindat_formula":247,"hmin":201,"hmax":201,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":248,"primary_image_id":11},42725,"Oxy-chromium-dravite","Trigonal","NaCr\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cr\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O","NaCr\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cr\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)(Si\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>18\u003C\u002Fsub>)(BO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O ","3.299",{"id":250,"name":251,"entrytype":9,"csystem":236,"ima_formula":252,"mindat_formula":252,"hmin":200,"hmax":201,"dmeas":253,"dcalc":254,"primary_image_id":255},3321,"Pyrope","Mg\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.582","3.563",20279,[257,264,271],{"id":258,"name":259,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":260,"mindat_formula":260,"hmin":52,"hmax":52,"dmeas":261,"dcalc":262,"primary_image_id":263},1332,"Durangite","NaAl(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F","3.94","3.616",7500,{"id":265,"name":266,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":267,"mindat_formula":267,"hmin":39,"hmax":52,"dmeas":268,"dcalc":269,"primary_image_id":270},2605,"Maxwellite","NaFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F","3.90","3.95",15674,{"id":272,"name":273,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":274,"mindat_formula":274,"hmin":39,"hmax":11,"dmeas":275,"dcalc":276,"primary_image_id":277},3962,"Tilasite","CaMg(AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F","3.77","3.80",24199,[279],{"id":280,"txt":281,"latitude":11,"longitude":11,"country":282},192154,"Titanite occurrence, Hauzenberg, Passau District, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany","Germany",5835,[285,288,292,297,301,306,310,314,319,323,328,333,337,341,346,350,354,358,362,366,371,375,379,383,388,392,397,402,407,412,416,421,425,430,435,440,445,449],{"id":286,"year":11,"html":287,"doi":11},16038494,"Szełęg, E. (2003): The crystal chemistry of tin in titanite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, 22, 218-220.",{"id":289,"year":290,"html":291,"doi":11},18260384,1795,"Klaproth, M. H. (1795) XV. Untersuchung eines neuen Fossils as dem Passauischen. In \u003Ci>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 1. Rottmann. p.245-252.",{"id":293,"year":294,"html":295,"doi":296},105403,1937,"Strunz, Hugo (1937) Titanit und Tilasit. Über die Verwandtschaft der Silikate mit den Phosphaten und Arsenaten. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (1). 7-14 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.7'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.7\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1937.96.1.7",{"id":298,"year":299,"html":300,"doi":11},521728,1947,"Jaffe, Howard W. (1947) Reexamination of sphene (titanite) \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  32 (11-12) 637-642 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM32\u002FAM32_637.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":302,"year":303,"html":304,"doi":305},18448138,1972,"Černý, P.; Povondra, P. (1972) An Al,F-rich metamict titanite from Czechoslovakia. \u003Ci>Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte\u003C\u002Fi>,  1972 (9). 400-406 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fnjmm\u002F1972\u002F1972\u002F400'>doi:10.1127\u002Fnjmm\u002F1972\u002F1972\u002F400\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fnjmm\u002F1972\u002F1972\u002F400",{"id":307,"year":308,"html":309,"doi":11},526624,1976,"Speer, J. Alexander, Gibbs, G. V. (1976) The crystal structure of synthetic titanite, CaTiOSiO4, and the domain textures of natural titanites. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  61 (3-4) 238-247 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM61\u002FAM61_238.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":311,"year":312,"html":313,"doi":11},16125817,1979,"Mottana, A., Griffen, W.L. (1979) Pink titanite (greenovite) from St. Marcel, Valle D'Aosta, Italy. Rendiconti Societa Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 35(1), 135-143.",{"id":315,"year":316,"html":317,"doi":318},3533,1983,"Birch, W. D. (1983) Babingtonite, fluorapophyllite and sphene from Harcourt, Victoria, Australia. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  47 (344) 377-380 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1983.047.344.14'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1983.047.344.14\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_47\u002F47-344-377.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1983.047.344.14",{"id":320,"year":321,"html":322,"doi":11},16125819,1984,"Mrázek, Z., Vrána, S. (1984): Highly aluminian titanite from plagioclase-fluorite pegmatite in skarn at Vlastějovice, Czechoslovakia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1984 (6), 251-256.",{"id":324,"year":325,"html":326,"doi":327},283777,1985,"Franz, Gerhard, Spear, Frank S. (1985) Aluminous titanite (sphene) from the Eclogite Zone, south-central Tauern Window, Austria. \u003Ci>Chemical Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (1) 33-46 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0009-2541(85)90110-x'>doi:10.1016\u002F0009-2541(85)90110-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002F0009-2541(85)90110-x",{"id":329,"year":330,"html":331,"doi":332},151719,1988,"Vassilikou-Dova, A. B., Lehmann, G. (1988) EPR of V4+ and Fe3+ in titanites. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (6) 559-563 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00311026'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00311026\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00311026",{"id":334,"year":219,"html":335,"doi":336},126926,"Janeczek, Janusz, Sachanbinski, Michael (1992) Babingtonite, Y-Al-rich titanite, and zoned epidote from the Strzegom pegmatites, Poland. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  4 (2) 307-320 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F4\u002F2\u002F0307'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F4\u002F2\u002F0307\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F4\u002F2\u002F0307",{"id":338,"year":339,"html":340,"doi":11},16125820,1995,"Urusov, V.S., Eremin, N.N., Yakubovich, O.V. (1995) Electron-density distribution in Ca{TiO[SiO4]} titanite. Crystallogr. Reports, 40, 442-448.",{"id":342,"year":343,"html":344,"doi":345},127409,1996,"Hammer, Vera M.F., Beran, Anton, Endisch, Denis, Rauch, Friedrich (1996) OH concentrations in natural titanites determined by FTIR spectroscopy and nuclear reaction analysis. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  8 (2) 281-288 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F8\u002F2\u002F0281'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F8\u002F2\u002F0281\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F8\u002F2\u002F0281",{"id":347,"year":348,"html":349,"doi":11},16720574,1998,"Niedermayr, Gerhard (1998) Titanit und seine Einschlüsse [Titanite and its inclusions]. \u003Ci>Mineralien-Welt\u003C\u002Fi>,  9 (1). 15-16",{"id":351,"year":352,"html":353,"doi":11},1265,1999,"Della Ventura, G., Bellatreccia, F., Williams, C. T. (1999) Zr- and LREE-rich titanite from Tre Croci, Vico Volcanic complex (Latium, Italy) \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  63 (1) 123-130 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_63\u002F63-1-123.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":355,"year":352,"html":356,"doi":357},393848,"Markl, Gregor, Piazolo, Sandra (1999) Stability of high-Al titanite from low-pressure calcsilicates in light of fluid and host-rock composition. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  84 (1) 37-47 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-1999-1-204'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-1999-1-204\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-1999-1-204",{"id":359,"year":352,"html":360,"doi":361},394030,"Troitzsch, Ulrike, Ellis, David J. (1999) The synthesis and crystal structure of CaAlFSiO4, the Al-F analog of titanite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  84 (7) 1162-1169 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-1999-7-819'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-1999-7-819\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol84\u002FAM84_1162.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-1999-7-819",{"id":363,"year":352,"html":364,"doi":365},127804,"Troitzsch, Ulrike, Ellis, David J., Thompson, John, Fitz-Gerald, John (1999) Crystal structural changes in titanite along the join TiO-AlF. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  11 (6) 955-966 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F11\u002F6\u002F0955'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F11\u002F6\u002F0955\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F11\u002F6\u002F0955",{"id":367,"year":368,"html":369,"doi":370},394109,2000,"Kunz, Martin, Arlt, Thilo, Stolz, Jano (2000) In situ powder diffraction study of titanite (CaTiOSiO4) at high pressure and high temperature. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  85 (10) 1465-1473 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2000-1016'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2000-1016\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol85\u002FAM85_1465.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2000-1016",{"id":372,"year":368,"html":373,"doi":374},394143,"Jonckheere, Raymond C., Wagner, Günther A. (2000) On the occurrence of anomalous fission tracks in apatite and titanite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  85 (11) 1744-1753 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2000-11-1218'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2000-11-1218\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2000-11-1218",{"id":376,"year":377,"html":378,"doi":11},16967734,2001,"(2001) Titanite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Ftitanite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":380,"year":377,"html":381,"doi":382},78105,"Castelli, Daniele; Rubatto, Daniela (2001) Stability of Al- and F-rich titanite in metacarbonate: petrologic and isotopic constraints from a polymetamorphic eclogitic marble of the internal Sesia Zone (Western Alps). \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  142 (6). 627-639 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0317-6'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0317-6\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0317-6",{"id":384,"year":385,"html":386,"doi":387},78097,2002,"Troitzsch, U.; Ellis, D. (2002) Thermodynamic properties and stability of AlF-bearing titanite CaTiOSiO4–CaAlFSiO4. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  142 (5). 626 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0345-2'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0345-2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00410-001-0345-2",{"id":389,"year":385,"html":390,"doi":391},78100,"Troitzsch, Ulrike, Ellis, David J. (2002) Thermodynamic properties and stability of AlF-bearing titanite CaTiOSiO4–CaAlFSiO4. \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  142 (5) 543-563 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs004100100309'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs004100100309\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs004100100309",{"id":393,"year":394,"html":395,"doi":396},78817,2008,"Hayden, Leslie A., Watson, E. Bruce, Wark, David A. (2008) A thermobarometer for sphene (titanite) \u003Ci>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  155 (4) 529-540 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00410-007-0256-y'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00410-007-0256-y\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00410-007-0256-y",{"id":398,"year":399,"html":400,"doi":401},13255740,2009,"Colombo, Fernando; Miner, Elisa V. Pannunzio (2009) Synthesis and crystal structure refinement by the Rietveld method of antimony-bearing titanite Ca(Ti\u003Csub>0.6\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>0.2\u003C\u002Fsub>Sb\u003Csub>0.2\u003C\u002Fsub>)OSiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>. \u003Ci>Powder Diffraction\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (3). 221-227 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1154\u002F1.3194249'>doi:10.1154\u002F1.3194249\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1154\u002F1.3194249",{"id":403,"year":404,"html":405,"doi":406},19679,2012,"Vakh, A. S., Avchenko, O. V., Karabtsov, A. A., Stepanov, V. A. (2012) High-alumina titanite in mineral assemblages of the Berezitovy gold-base-metal deposit, Upper Amur Region. \u003Ci>Geology of Ore Deposits\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (7) 580-588 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1134\u002Fs1075701511080162'>doi:10.1134\u002Fs1075701511080162\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1134\u002Fs1075701511080162",{"id":408,"year":409,"html":410,"doi":411},17301,2015,"Krüger, Hannes, Többens, Daniel M., Tropper, Peter, Haefeker, Udo, Kahlenberg, Volker, Fuchs, Martin R., Olieric, Vincent, Troitzsch, Ulrike (2015) Single-crystal structure and Raman spectroscopy of synthetic titanite analog CaAlSiO4F. \u003Ci>Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  109 (5) 631-641 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00710-015-0393-3'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00710-015-0393-3\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00710-015-0393-3",{"id":413,"year":409,"html":414,"doi":415},298524,"Lenz, Christoph, Nasdala, Lutz, Talla, Dominik, Hauzenberger, Christoph, Seitz, Roland, Kolitsch, Uwe (2015) Laser-induced REE3+ photoluminescence of selected accessory minerals — An “advantageous artefact” in Raman spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Chemical Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  415. 1-16 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2015.09.001'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2015.09.001\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.chemgeo.2015.09.001",{"id":417,"year":418,"html":419,"doi":420},6703183,2017,"Kohn, Matthew J. (2017) Titanite Petrochronology. \u003Ci>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  83 (1). 419-441 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Frmg.2017.83.13'>doi:10.2138\u002Frmg.2017.83.13\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Frmg.2017.83.13",{"id":422,"year":418,"html":423,"doi":424},176726,"Garber, J. M., Hacker, B. R., Kylander-Clark, A. R. C., Stearns, M., Seward, G. (2017) Controls on Trace Element Uptake in Metamorphic Titanite: Implications for Petrochronology. \u003Ci>Journal of Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  58 (6) 1031-1057 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002Fegx046'>doi:10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002Fegx046\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1093\u002Fpetrology\u002Fegx046",{"id":426,"year":427,"html":428,"doi":429},154319,2019,"Tolentino, E. L., Dias, C. H., Chaves, M. L. S. C., Krambrock, K., Pinheiro, M. V. B. (2019) On the greenish-yellow color of natural Brazilian titanite. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  46 (3) 203-213 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-018-0998-2'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-018-0998-2\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-018-0998-2",{"id":431,"year":432,"html":433,"doi":434},529775,2020,"Bonamici, Chloë E., Blum, Tyler B. (2020) Reconsidering initial Pb in titanite in the context of in situ dating. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  105 (11) 1672-1685 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7274'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7274\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2020-7274",{"id":436,"year":437,"html":438,"doi":439},12167368,2021,"Gordon, Stacia M.; Kirkland, Christopher L.; Reddy, Steven M.; Blatchford, Hannah J.; Whitney, Donna L.; Teyssier, Christian; Evans, Noreen J.; McDonald, Bradley J. (2021) Deformation-enhanced recrystallization of titanite drives decoupling between U-Pb and trace elements. \u003Ci>Earth and Planetary Science Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  560. 116810 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.epsl.2021.116810'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.epsl.2021.116810\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.epsl.2021.116810",{"id":441,"year":442,"html":443,"doi":444},17033094,2023,"Roy Choudhury, Sirina, Dey, Anindita, Mukherjee, Subham, Sanyal, Sanjoy, Karmakar, Subrata, Sengupta, Pulak (2023) On the factors controlling the incorporation of aluminium within titanites: a case study from medium pressure calc-silicate granulites in parts of the East Indian shield. \u003Ci>Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  117 (4) 729-744 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00710-023-00826-1'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00710-023-00826-1\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00710-023-00826-1",{"id":446,"year":442,"html":447,"doi":448},16773158,"Urueña, Cindy L., Möller, Charlotte, Plan, Anders (2023) Metamorphic titanite–zircon pseudomorphs after igneous zirconolite. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (5) 773-788 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-35-773-2023'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-35-773-2023\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fejm.copernicus.org\u002Farticles\u002F35\u002F773\u002F2023\u002Fejm-35-773-2023.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-35-773-2023",{"id":450,"year":451,"html":452,"doi":453},17110507,2024,"Yuan, Yu, Miao, Zhuang, Zhao, Yi, Xu, Bo, Gu, Jialu, Yuan, Pengyu (2024) Gemological and Chemical Characterization of Gem-Quality Titanite from Morocco. \u003Ci>Crystals\u003C\u002Fi>,  14 (1) 80 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fcryst14010080'>doi:10.3390\u002Fcryst14010080\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fcryst14010080",[455,462,467,475,480,490,499,505,515,524,532,540,549,558,565,570,577,586,594,603,609,618,627,636,644,653,660,667,674,681,688,695,703,712,720,727,733,739,748,754,760],{"id":456,"source_url":457,"license_code":458,"credit_html":459,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":460,"original_height":461},30848,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F130980","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F130980\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,837,{"id":463,"source_url":464,"license_code":458,"credit_html":465,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":460,"original_height":466},30849,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127865","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F127865\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",877,{"id":468,"source_url":469,"license_code":470,"credit_html":471,"title":472,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":473,"original_height":474},83113,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=451693","CC BY-SA 2.0","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=451693\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanita2.jpeg",478,599,{"id":476,"source_url":477,"license_code":458,"credit_html":478,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":460,"original_height":479},30850,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65458","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65458\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",933,{"id":481,"source_url":482,"license_code":483,"credit_html":484,"title":485,"description":486,"author":487,"original_width":488,"original_height":489},83114,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=742614","CC BY-SA 3.0","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=742614\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tytanit,sfen,Madagaskar S Spirifer.jpg","tytanit, Sfen, pochodzenie Madagaskar; autor zdjecia Stowarzyszenie Spirifer","No machine-readable author provided. Kluka assumed (based on copyright claims).",800,600,{"id":491,"source_url":492,"license_code":458,"credit_html":493,"title":494,"description":495,"author":496,"original_width":497,"original_height":498},24278,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75818260","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75818260\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-sphene.jpg","Titanite-sphene : Tormiq valley (Tormic ; Tormik ; Tormig ; Turmiq), Haramosh Mountains, Skardu District, Baltistan, Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas), Pakistan","Géry PARENT",1970,1523,{"id":500,"source_url":501,"license_code":502,"credit_html":503,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":460,"original_height":504},30851,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109519","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109519\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":506,"source_url":507,"license_code":508,"credit_html":509,"title":510,"description":511,"author":512,"original_width":513,"original_height":514},83116,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9475522","CC BY 3.0","Carles Millan, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9475522\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite - Tormiq valley, Haramosh Mts, Pakistan.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa> - Locality: Tormiq valley (Tormic; Tormik; Tormig; Turmiq), Haramosh Mountains, Skardu District, Baltistan, Northern Areas, Pakistan - Size: 75 mm x 50 mm x 28 mm overall. Main crystal: 18 mm long, 6 mm thick.","Carles Millan",1010,1024,{"id":516,"source_url":517,"license_code":483,"credit_html":518,"title":519,"description":520,"author":521,"original_width":522,"original_height":523},83118,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10135742","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10135742\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-59669.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTujetsch\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tujetsch\">Tujetsch (Tavetsch)\u003C\u002Fa>, Vorderrhein Valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGraub%C3%BCnden\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Graubünden\">Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3215.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This specimen is close to 100 years old. Titanite from the Alps is one of the most treasured and highly sought after of all Alpine species, especially in Italy, Austria and Switzerland. This piece is a very unique, incredibly flattened, gemmy, rich green color twinned crystal. There is some damage around the edges, but this is a very historic specimen with a great old label. The label states that this piece originated in \"Dissentis\" which is actually a small town near the Tavetsch Valley (Val Tavetsch). I\u003Ci>ve seen many old labels stating that the locality for many old Alpine specimens is \"Dissentis\", when in reality, they were more than likely purchased there from a strahler who lived in the town. Much the same as many specimens from Pakistan are labeled as coming from \"Peshawar\" when there is no mineralization in the area, only a mineral market to purchase specimens. 4.2 x 3.5 x 0.5cm\u003C\u002Fi>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",590,576,{"id":525,"source_url":526,"license_code":483,"credit_html":527,"title":528,"description":529,"author":521,"original_width":530,"original_height":531},83119,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10152334","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10152334\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-178945.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTujetsch\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tujetsch\">Tujetsch (Tavetsch)\u003C\u002Fa>, Vorderrhein Valley, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGraub%C3%BCnden\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Graubünden\">Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)\u003C\u002Fa>, Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3215.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.8 x 4.7 x 3.6 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This piece features a unique, unusually flattened, gemmy, rich golden-amber color crystal with a smaller crystal on matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",694,432,{"id":533,"source_url":534,"license_code":483,"credit_html":535,"title":536,"description":537,"author":521,"original_width":538,"original_height":539},83121,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10448253","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10448253\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-es23c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Dodo Mine, Tyumenskaya Oblast', Polar Urals, Western-Siberian Region, Russia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2787.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.2 x 3.4 x 2.6 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Titanite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Beautifully perched on matrix, is a splendid, lustrous, twinned titanite crystal almost 3 cm in length. The color is a rich brown, similar to the clove brown of axinite, also from this locality. Flanking the titanite on both sides are rosettes of crystallized calcite, grayish- white in color. At the base is a crust of mm size metallic, black crystals, possibly either chalcopyrite, or goethite. Great locality miniature for this important alpine species!.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,300,{"id":541,"source_url":542,"license_code":483,"credit_html":543,"title":544,"description":545,"author":546,"original_width":547,"original_height":548},83122,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19448557","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=19448557\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite 2.jpg","cristaux de titanite (syn. : sphère) : Tormiq valley (Tormic ; Tormik ; Tormig ; Turmiq), Haramosh Mountains, Skardu District, Baltistan, Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas), Pakistan - cristal : 22 mm","Parent Géry",4288,2707,{"id":550,"source_url":551,"license_code":458,"credit_html":552,"title":553,"description":554,"author":555,"original_width":556,"original_height":557},83124,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747253","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747253\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 430 - Titanite (Saint-Nazaire, France).jpg","Titanite, en provenance de Saint-Nazaire (France), au Muséum de Nantes","Koreller",3196,2452,{"id":559,"source_url":560,"license_code":458,"credit_html":561,"title":562,"description":554,"author":555,"original_width":563,"original_height":564},83125,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747256","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747256\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 431 - Titanite (Saint-Nazaire, France).jpg",4272,2848,{"id":566,"source_url":567,"license_code":458,"credit_html":568,"title":569,"description":554,"author":555,"original_width":563,"original_height":564},83126,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747260","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747260\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 432 - Titanite (Saint-Nazaire, France).jpg",{"id":571,"source_url":572,"license_code":458,"credit_html":573,"title":574,"description":554,"author":555,"original_width":575,"original_height":576},83127,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747261","Koreller, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113747261\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Muséum de Nantes - 433 - Titanite (Saint-Nazaire, France).jpg",3388,2760,{"id":578,"source_url":579,"license_code":483,"credit_html":580,"title":581,"description":582,"author":583,"original_width":584,"original_height":585},73295,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61927173","Tiia Monto, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=61927173\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Paragenesis.jpg","Paragenesis with periclin, chlorite, sphene, apatite. Augsburg Naturmuseum.","Tiia Monto",1497,1068,{"id":587,"source_url":588,"license_code":589,"credit_html":590,"title":591,"description":592,"author":593,"original_width":488,"original_height":488},22332,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956273","Public domain","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956273\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite - SPHENE in pyroxene Calcium titanium silicate Kragero Telemark Norway 1602.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",{"id":595,"source_url":596,"license_code":483,"credit_html":597,"title":598,"description":599,"author":600,"original_width":601,"original_height":602},83112,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=355324","No machine-readable author provided. Alberto Salguero assumed (based on copyright claims)., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=355324\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanita epidota.jpg","Fotografía de Pablo Alberto Salguero Quiles","No machine-readable author provided. Alberto Salguero assumed (based on copyright claims).",388,424,{"id":604,"source_url":605,"license_code":589,"credit_html":606,"title":607,"description":592,"author":593,"original_width":608,"original_height":608},22333,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956274","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956274\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite - SPHENE in pyroxene Calcium titanium silicate Minas Gerais 1606.jpg",640,{"id":610,"source_url":611,"license_code":483,"credit_html":612,"title":613,"description":614,"author":615,"original_width":616,"original_height":617},1290,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9578149","Fred Kruijen, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9578149\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite crystals on Amphibole - Ochtendung, Eifel, Germany.jpg","Several \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa> on amphibole (image width 2 mm) - Locality: Wannenköpfe, Ochtendung, Eifel region, Germany","Fred Kruijen",727,545,{"id":619,"source_url":620,"license_code":458,"credit_html":621,"title":622,"description":623,"author":624,"original_width":625,"original_height":626},94,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129563173","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129563173\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite, Albite, Epidote, Minas Gerais, Brazil-8799.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Albite\">Albite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEpidote\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Epidote\">Epidote\u003C\u002Fa>, Place of discovery: Minas Gerais, Brazil","Raimond Spekking",6441,3623,{"id":628,"source_url":629,"license_code":502,"credit_html":630,"title":631,"description":632,"author":633,"original_width":634,"original_height":635},148,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146468907","Slashme, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146468907\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanit Albit Aktinolith Laumontit.jpg","Titanit Albit Aktinolith Laumontit aus Binnthal, Wallis, Schweiz","Slashme",3877,2539,{"id":637,"source_url":638,"license_code":589,"credit_html":639,"title":640,"description":641,"author":642,"original_width":514,"original_height":643},83117,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9476411","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9476411\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite and Apatite-(CaF) - Poudrette quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa> (Sphen) and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FApatite-(CaF)\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Apatite-(CaF)\">Apatite-(CaF)\u003C\u002Fa> (Fluorapatite) - Locality: Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada - FOV 3.2 x 2.5 mm - Nice gemmy \"sphene\" with a very complex water clear apatite xl. The little black prisms are very sharply formed and beautifully terminated. They are very common in the igneous breccia. But after all these years I haven't even figured out if they are amphibole or pyroxene.","Modris Baum",808,{"id":645,"source_url":646,"license_code":458,"credit_html":647,"title":648,"description":649,"author":650,"original_width":651,"original_height":652},149,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146538894","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146538894\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite - Albite - Actinolite - Laumontite 02.jpg","Titanite - Albite - Actinolite - Laumontite from Binn Valley, Switzerland","Kritzolina",3765,2510,{"id":654,"source_url":655,"license_code":458,"credit_html":656,"title":657,"description":649,"author":650,"original_width":658,"original_height":659},150,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146538895","Kritzolina, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146538895\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite - Albite - Actinolite - Laumontite 01.jpg",4292,2861,{"id":661,"source_url":662,"license_code":483,"credit_html":663,"title":664,"description":665,"author":521,"original_width":666,"original_height":489},40042,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126567","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126567\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-Diopside-38290.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDiopside\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Diopside\">Diopside\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-23725.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An extraordinary, and extraordinarily pretty, thumbnail specimen featuring disk-like crystals of sphene stacked along the side of a gemmy, terminated chrome diopside crystal! 2.9 x 1.4 x 1.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",406,{"id":668,"source_url":669,"license_code":483,"credit_html":670,"title":671,"description":672,"author":521,"original_width":489,"original_height":673},31284,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176282","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176282\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Adularia-Titanite-Chlorite-Group-172296.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorite_group\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chlorite group\">Chlorite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Switzerland (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7103.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.0 x 4.4 x 3.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Adularia is classic from the Swiss Alps, and it is often included or coated with green chlorite microcrystals, as this specimen is. But, you do NOT often have these fine little sphene (titanite) crystals intergrown with the adularia! They are GEMMY, too! The sphenes measure to one centimeter in length, the adularia rhombs to just over one centimeter along the edge.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",581,{"id":675,"source_url":676,"license_code":483,"credit_html":677,"title":678,"description":679,"author":521,"original_width":680,"original_height":531},31285,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176736","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10176736\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-Actinolite-Adularia-210676.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActinolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Actinolite\">Actinolite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActinolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Actinolite\">Byssolite\u003C\u002Fa>), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Arondu (Arundu; Arandu), Basha Valley (Basha Nala; Basna), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu district\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-8263.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3.0 x 2.1 x 2.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Pakistan has produced a great variety of Titanite specimens, in a great range of colors and habits. Some of the varying finds include disc-like, tabular pinkish crystals and steep, honey colored wedge shaped crystals, but the most popular and attractive of all the habits of Titanite from this locality would have to be the green crystals with Orthoclase (var: Adularia). These are \"Alpine-type\" Titanite crystals. In fact, these specimens are so indicative of true Alpine pieces, one can sometimes have a great deal of difficulty trying to discern which pieces are from Pakistan and which are from the Alps. This specimen features a few sharp, highly lustrous, green color, flattened crystal of Titanite associated with sharp, lustrous Orthoclase (var: Adularia) crystals and acicular \"Byssolite\" matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",450,{"id":682,"source_url":683,"license_code":483,"credit_html":684,"title":685,"description":686,"author":521,"original_width":687,"original_height":531},83120,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177713","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10177713\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-Adularia-Clinochlore-275128.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAdularia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Adularia\">Adularia\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FClinochlore\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Clinochlore\">Clinochlore\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Tormiq valley (Tormic; Tormik; Tormig; Turmiq), Haramosh Mts., \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-5734.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 4.7 x 4.7 x 3.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Tormiq is one of the classic Titanite localities in Pakistan, and this area has produced some superb crystals of the species, especially some outstanding twins. These are \"Alpine-type\" Titanite crystals. This specimen features a very pronounced, sharp, lustrous, bright green, twinned crystal of Titanite with Adularia and minor Clinochlore on matrix. This specimen is a very attractive miniature and these pieces are some of the most difficult to obtain from Pakistan.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",476,{"id":689,"source_url":690,"license_code":483,"credit_html":691,"title":692,"description":693,"author":521,"original_width":538,"original_height":694},31842,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10467330","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10467330\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Albite-Rutile-Titanite-tuc09101d.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Albite\">Albite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRutile\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rutile\">Rutile\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Alchuri (Alchori; Aschudi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FShigar_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Shigar Valley\">Shigar Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2528.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 9.8 x 8.7 x 3.1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>RUTILE with Sphene and Albite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a bizarre Pakistani specimen, quite different from any rutile I have seen before from this region. It is a very aesthetic piece with a crosshatched cluster of pipelike (for lack of a better word) rutile crystals that runs along the plate of albite and green sphenes, like irrigation pipes with a few outlets sticking up here and there. I believe this to be a fairly significant rutile for this famous alpine-type deposit, as it is large, interesting, and of display quality. Ex. Richard Kosnar collection (he specialized in minerals of the world's alpine type deposits).\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",384,{"id":696,"source_url":697,"license_code":458,"credit_html":698,"title":699,"description":700,"author":496,"original_width":701,"original_height":702},1107,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=124145262","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=124145262\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Amesite, titanite.jpg","amesite var. two-tone chromoamesite, titanite : Saranovskii Mine (Saranovskoe), Saranovskaya Village (Sarany), Gornoazavodskii area, Permskaya Oblast’, Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia",1975,1317,{"id":704,"source_url":705,"license_code":508,"credit_html":706,"title":707,"description":708,"author":709,"original_width":710,"original_height":711},9169,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=68679183","Pedro Alves, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=68679183\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Fluornatropyrochlore, Titanite-863880.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluornatropyrochlore\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Fluornatropyrochlore\">Fluornatropyrochlore\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa> (Field of view 2.53 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Água de Pau Volcano (Fogo Volcano), Água de Pau Massif, São Miguel Island, Azores District, Portugal\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Two fluornatropyrochlore on sanidine with honey brown titanite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Pedro Alves",4156,3199,{"id":713,"source_url":714,"license_code":483,"credit_html":715,"title":716,"description":717,"author":521,"original_width":718,"original_height":719},22335,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443346","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443346\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-4aa35b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Bø, Tromøysund, Arendal, Aust-Agder, Norway\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 2.3 x 2 x 1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Keilhauite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An extremely rare crystal of Keilhauite , an oddball Calcium Titanium Aluminum Iron Yttrium Silicate\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",350,325,{"id":721,"source_url":722,"license_code":589,"credit_html":723,"title":724,"description":725,"author":642,"original_width":726,"original_height":488},28173,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32656582","Modris Baum, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=32656582\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wöhlerite, Titanite-192197.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FW%C3%B6hlerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wöhlerite\">Wöhlerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa> (FOV 2.0 x 2.8 mm)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> Lemon yellow wöhlerite (partly enclosed by transparent analcime) with very sharp orange titanite from a miarolitic cavity.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",579,{"id":728,"source_url":729,"license_code":483,"credit_html":730,"title":731,"description":732,"author":521,"original_width":602,"original_height":489},40041,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126263","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10126263\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-Diopside-37976.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDiopside\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Diopside\">Diopside\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: Chromian Diopside)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Alchuri (Alchori; Aschudi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FShigar_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Shigar Valley\">Shigar Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2528.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Check out the green chrome diopside crystal sticking right out of the side of this titanite cluster! These strange amber-colored titanites came out of Pakistan recently, with the appearance of stacked disks. With the diopside on it, this one is certainly remarkable! 2.8 x 1.4 x 1.3 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":734,"source_url":735,"license_code":483,"credit_html":736,"title":737,"description":738,"author":521,"original_width":666,"original_height":489},49774,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127546","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127546\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite-Clinozoisite-40316.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FClinozoisite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Clinozoisite\">Clinozoisite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Alchuri (Alchori; Aschudi), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FShigar_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Shigar Valley\">Shigar Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2528.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A KILLER combo specimen from Pakistan - featuring a stack of bright green, platy, flashy titanite crystals with a ridge of gemmy olive-colored clinozoisite crystals sticking right out of the side! (Actually, they are attached on back.) This beautiful specimen is a floater. A really special piece! 3.3 x 1.9 x 1.7 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":740,"source_url":741,"license_code":483,"credit_html":742,"title":743,"description":744,"author":745,"original_width":746,"original_height":747},73287,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5213224","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5213224\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite and Chlorite on Pericline (Albite) - Langer Kopf, Habachtal, Austria1.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Titanite\">Titanite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Chlorite\">Chlorite\u003C\u002Fa> on Pericline (variety of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Albite\">Albite\u003C\u002Fa>) - picture taken on a mineral exchange\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Langer Kopf, Habachtal, Austria\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2816,2112,{"id":749,"source_url":750,"license_code":483,"credit_html":751,"title":752,"description":744,"author":745,"original_width":753,"original_height":753},73288,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5213265","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5213265\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite and Chlorite on Pericline (Albite) - Langer Kopf, Habachtal, Austria2.jpg",2100,{"id":755,"source_url":756,"license_code":483,"credit_html":757,"title":758,"description":744,"author":745,"original_width":759,"original_height":368},73289,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5213283","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5213283\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanite and Chlorite on Pericline (Albite) - Langer Kopf, Habachtal, Austria3.jpg",2600,{"id":761,"source_url":762,"license_code":483,"credit_html":763,"title":764,"description":765,"author":766,"original_width":767,"original_height":768},73304,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153448076","Elena Ternovaja, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=153448076\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Titanit Periklin Quarz Chlorit, Schweiz.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTitanit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Titanit\">Titanit\u003C\u002Fa> (senkrechte Linie bildende Kristallgruppe), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeriklin\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Periklin\">Periklin\u003C\u002Fa> (milchweiße, plattige Kristalle), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuarz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Quarz\">Quarz\u003C\u002Fa> (farblose Kriställchen zwischen Periklin), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChlorit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Chlorit\">Chlorit\u003C\u002Fa> (grünliche Krusten)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Fundort: Ofenhorn, Binntal, Kanton Wallis, Schweiz\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Beschreibung: RGB-Sammlung Geipel; Gewicht 286,0 g\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Elena Ternovaja",4117,3192,[770,777,782,787,792],{"id":771,"url":772,"label":773,"formula":774,"spacegroup":775,"year":776},13624,"\u002Fcif\u002F13624.cif","Liferovich 2006 · (Ca.9 Na.1) (Ti.9 Nb.1) Si O5","(Ca.9 Na.1) (Ti.9 Nb.1) Si O5","A 1 2\u002Fa 1",2006,{"id":778,"url":779,"label":780,"formula":781,"spacegroup":775,"year":776},13625,"\u002Fcif\u002F13625.cif","Liferovich 2006 · (Ca.8 Na.2) (Ti.8 Nb.2) Si O5","(Ca.8 Na.2) (Ti.8 Nb.2) Si O5",{"id":783,"url":784,"label":785,"formula":786,"spacegroup":775,"year":776},13626,"\u002Fcif\u002F13626.cif","Liferovich 2006 · Ca (Ti.8 Al.1 Nb.1) Si O5","Ca (Ti.8 Al.1 Nb.1) Si O5",{"id":788,"url":789,"label":790,"formula":791,"spacegroup":775,"year":776},13627,"\u002Fcif\u002F13627.cif","Liferovich 2006 · Ca (Ti.6 Al.2 Nb.2) Si O5","Ca (Ti.6 Al.2 Nb.2) Si O5",{"id":793,"url":794,"label":795,"formula":796,"spacegroup":775,"year":776},13628,"\u002Fcif\u002F13628.cif","Liferovich 2006 · (Ca.9 Na.1) (Ti.9 Ta.1) Si O5","(Ca.9 Na.1) (Ti.9 Ta.1) Si O5",[798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813],"Aspidelit","Aspidelita","Aspidelite","Braunmenakerz","Castellit","Castellite","Gelbmenakerz","Ligurit","Ligurita","Ligurite","Menakerz","Semelin","Sphen","Sphene","Spinellin","Titanite (of Klaproth)",[815,820,825,829,835,840,843,847,850,855,859,863,867,871,876,880,884,888,893,900,904,908,911,915,919,923,926,930,935,940,943,946,949,952,955,959,962,966,969,972],{"lang":816,"names":817},"ar",[818,819],"التيتانيت","تيتانيت",{"lang":821,"names":822},"be",[823,824],"Сфен","Тытаніт",{"lang":826,"names":827},"bn",[828],"টাইটানাইট",{"lang":830,"names":831},"ca",[832,833,834],"esfè","esfena","titanita",{"lang":836,"names":837},"cs",[838,839],"Sfén","Titanit",{"lang":841,"names":842},"de",[810,839],{"lang":844,"names":845},"el",[846],"Τιτανίτης",{"lang":848,"names":849},"es",[833,834],{"lang":851,"names":852},"et",[853,854],"sfeen","titaniit",{"lang":856,"names":857},"eu",[858],"Titanita",{"lang":860,"names":861},"fa",[862],"تیتانیت",{"lang":864,"names":865},"fi",[866],"titaniitti",{"lang":868,"names":869},"fr",[870,7],"sphène",{"lang":872,"names":873},"he",[874,875],"טיטניט","ספן",{"lang":877,"names":878},"hr",[879,839],"Sfen",{"lang":881,"names":882},"hu",[883],"titanit",{"lang":885,"names":886},"hy",[887],"Տիտանիտ",{"lang":889,"names":890},"it",[891,892],"ligurite","titanite",{"lang":894,"names":895},"ja",[896,897,898,899],"くさび石","スフェーン","チタナイト","チタン石",{"lang":901,"names":902},"ka",[903],"ტიტანიტი",{"lang":905,"names":906},"kk",[823,907],"Титанит",{"lang":909,"names":910},"ky",[907],{"lang":912,"names":913},"mk",[914,907],"MKD",{"lang":916,"names":917},"nb",[918],"titanitt",{"lang":920,"names":921},"nl",[853,922],"titaniet",{"lang":924,"names":925},"nn",[918],{"lang":927,"names":928},"no",[929],"Titanitt",{"lang":931,"names":932},"pl",[933,934],"sfen","tytanit",{"lang":936,"names":937},"pt",[938,939,834,7],"Esfena","Esfeno",{"lang":941,"names":942},"ro",[879,883],{"lang":944,"names":945},"ru",[823,907],{"lang":947,"names":948},"sh",[879,839],{"lang":950,"names":951},"sk",[839],{"lang":953,"names":954},"sl",[933,883],{"lang":956,"names":957},"sr",[958],"титанит",{"lang":960,"names":961},"sv",[839],{"lang":963,"names":964},"uk",[823,965],"Титаніт",{"lang":967,"names":968},"uz",[839],{"lang":970,"names":971},"vi",[839],{"lang":973,"names":974},"zh",[975],"榍石","Q377280",{"history":978,"applications":982},{"markdown":979,"model_version":980,"prompt_version":981,"reviewed_at":11},"Titanite is the modern, internationally agreed name for a mineral the world knew for nearly two centuries as **sphene**.\n\nThe first sighting belongs to the Swiss naturalist Marc-Auguste Pictet, who in 1787 noted a \"nouveau substance minérale\" without giving it a full description or a name[1]. The story then waits eight years for the Berlin chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. In 1795 Klaproth confirmed a new element in the ore rutile and named it titanium, after the Titans of Greek mythology[2]. Recognising that Pictet's mystery mineral was rich in the same element, he named it **titanite** for its titanium content[3].\n\nA second name arrived in 1801. The French crystallographer René Just Haüy proposed **sphene**, from the Greek *sphenos* — wedge — for the mineral's characteristic wedge-shaped crystals[4]. Both names then coexisted in the literature for almost two centuries, with *sphene* dominating in gemmology and *titanite* in formal mineralogy.\n\nThe International Mineralogical Association settled the matter in 1982: it adopted *titanite* as the official species name and discredited *sphene*[5]. Sphene survives in the gem trade as an informal name for transparent, fire-bright cut stones, but every modern technical publication now uses titanite.","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":983,"model_version":980,"prompt_version":981,"reviewed_at":11},"Titanite has almost no bulk-industrial life. It contains roughly 40 % titanium dioxide by weight, but the world's titanium supply is drawn overwhelmingly from ilmenite and rutile. Ilmenite alone covers about 91 % of demand, so titanite is rarely mined as a titanium ore in its own right[1].\n\nThe mineral's real value is scientific. Titanite is one of the workhorse minerals of **U–Pb geochronology**, the technique that dates rocks by measuring how much radioactive uranium has decayed into lead inside a crystal. Titanite traps uranium when it grows and holds the resulting lead up to about 700 °C. It is also widespread as an accessory mineral, a minor but reliable component of many igneous and metamorphic rocks[2].\\\nThat high closure temperature is the point. Most mineral clocks only register cooling; titanite can record the formation event itself, letting geologists date deep-crustal metamorphism, magmatism, and ore-forming fluids[3].\n\nIn gemmology the older name survives. Cut **sphene** — transparent titanite, usually a vivid yellow-green to brown — is prized for a dispersion of 0.051. That figure exceeds the dispersion of diamond, the optical property that splits white light into spectral colours[4]. The trade is small. Gem-quality crystals are uncommon, and at a hardness of 5.5 the stone is too soft for daily wear. Faceted sphene mostly ends up in collector pieces and pendants[5]."]