[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3988":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":15,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":28,"key_elements":11,"impurities":29,"cim":30,"ima_status":31,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":34,"discovery_year":35,"strunz10ed1":36,"strunz10ed2":37,"strunz10ed3":26,"strunz10ed4":38,"dana8ed1":39,"dana8ed2":40,"dana8ed3":41,"dana8ed4":41,"csystem":42,"cclass":43,"spacegroup":44,"spacegroupset":45,"a":46,"b":47,"c":48,"alpha":45,"beta":49,"gamma":45,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":50,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":51,"twinning":52,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":53,"tlform":54,"hmin":55,"hmax":55,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":45,"vhnmax":45,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":56,"dmeas2":56,"dcalc":57,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":58,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":59,"streak":60,"colour":61,"commentcolor":11,"colors":62,"streak_colors":66,"luminescence":11,"uv":67,"cleavage":68,"cleavagetype":69,"fracturetype":70,"tenacity":71,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":72,"opticalsign":73,"opticalalpha":74,"opticalalpha2":45,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":75,"opticalbeta2":45,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":45,"opticalgamma2":45,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":45,"opticalomega2":45,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":45,"opticalepsilon2":45,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":45,"opticaln2":45,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":45,"optical2vcalc2":45,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":45,"optical2vmeasured2":45,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":76,"rimax":77,"opticaldispersion":11,"opticalpleochroism":78,"opticalpleochorismdesc":79,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":80,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":81,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":82,"aboutname":83,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":84,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":85,"group_members":86,"associates":87,"confused_with":243,"type_localities":244,"occurrence_total":251,"citations":252,"images":325,"structures":418,"synonyms":440,"language_names":443,"wikidata_qid":492,"texts":493},3988,"1:1:3988:4","e5b69aeb-8273-4d88-875b-0efebd764fc2","Todorokite","Tdr",0,"mineral",null,3167,false,"(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn,Mg,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>·3-4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Also given as (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>.3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O.","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)\u003Csub>1-x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn,Mg,Al)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3-4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",[18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27],"Al","Ba","Ca","Mg","Mn","Na","Sr","O","K","H",[22,23,25,27],",Ba,K,Na,,","7.4.19",[32,33],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED",1934,"1934","4","D","10","7","8","1","Monoclinic",5,13,"0","9.75","2.84","9.59","90",1,"β may be variable; formerly given as orthorhombic or tetragonal","Contact twins with c ^ ć about 60°.","Spongy banded and\u002For reniform aggregates composed of minute lathlike to fibrous crystals. Crystals flattened {010} and elongated [001] with terminal edges inclined about 60° and 70° to [001].","Very fine fibrous flakes, \u003C 0.05 mm in length. The flakes are arranged in lamellar layers, in which the lamellae are vertical to the surface of the layer.",1.5,"3.67","3.65","Sub-Vitreous,Resinous,Greasy,Sub-Metallic","Opaque","Brown, black, lead-gray","Purplish gray, brown to black; brown in transmitted light",[63,64,65],"gray","brown","black",[64,65,63],"Not fluorescent in ultraviolet","{100} and {010} perfect.","Perfect","Splintery","brittle","Biaxial","-","2.31","2.35",2.31,2.35,"Visible","Pleochroic in brown.","Y=b, Z>X","Common in ocean floor manganese nodules; found in manganese oxide deposits; late stage coating in granite pegmatite","A relatively common Mn oxide that occurs in a variety of aggregate forms. Usually fibrous, either compact or isolated. Micaceous aggregates may be confused with ranciéite, fibrous forms with pyrolusite. Compare woodruffite.\r\n\r\nAs with birnessite, it ma...","Named in 1934 by Toyofumi Yoshimura after its discovery locality, the Todoroki Mine, Hokkaido, Japan.","2026-01-09 10:25:46",[],[],[88,98,104,112,120,129,138,147,155,163,171,180,187,194,201,209,216,224,231,236],{"id":89,"name":90,"entrytype":9,"csystem":91,"ima_formula":92,"mindat_formula":92,"hmin":93,"hmax":94,"dmeas":95,"dcalc":96,"primary_image_id":97},96,"Albite","Triclinic","Na(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>)",6,6.5,"2.6","2.615",549,{"id":99,"name":100,"entrytype":101,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":102,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":103},198,"Amethyst",2,"SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",32560,{"id":97,"name":105,"entrytype":9,"csystem":106,"ima_formula":107,"mindat_formula":108,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":110,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":111},"Baryte","Orthorhombic","Ba(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","BaSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",3,"4.50",2758,{"id":113,"name":114,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":115,"mindat_formula":116,"hmin":55,"hmax":55,"dmeas":117,"dcalc":118,"primary_image_id":119},680,"Birnessite","(Na,Ca,K)\u003Csub>0.6\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub> · 1.5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·1.5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3","3.4",2153,{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":123,"ima_formula":124,"mindat_formula":125,"hmin":109,"hmax":109,"dmeas":126,"dcalc":127,"primary_image_id":128},859,"Calcite","Trigonal","Ca(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CaCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.7102","2.711",4401,{"id":130,"name":131,"entrytype":9,"csystem":123,"ima_formula":132,"mindat_formula":133,"hmin":134,"hmax":134,"dmeas":135,"dcalc":136,"primary_image_id":137},947,"Chalcophanite","ZnMn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","ZnMn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",2.5,"3.907","3.85",29422,{"id":139,"name":140,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":142,"hmin":143,"hmax":143,"dmeas":144,"dcalc":145,"primary_image_id":146},1108,"Colemanite","CaB\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub> · H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ca[B\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>]·H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",4.5,"2.423","2.422",29510,{"id":148,"name":149,"entrytype":9,"csystem":150,"ima_formula":151,"mindat_formula":151,"hmin":43,"hmax":43,"dmeas":152,"dcalc":153,"primary_image_id":154},1572,"Fluorapatite","Hexagonal","Ca\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>F","3.1","3.18",29724,{"id":156,"name":157,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":158,"mindat_formula":159,"hmin":101,"hmax":101,"dmeas":160,"dcalc":161,"primary_image_id":162},1784,"Gypsum","Ca(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CaSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.312","2.308",10652,{"id":164,"name":165,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":166,"mindat_formula":166,"hmin":167,"hmax":93,"dmeas":168,"dcalc":169,"primary_image_id":170},1921,"Hollandite","Ba(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>",4,"4.95","4.93",29875,{"id":172,"name":173,"entrytype":9,"csystem":123,"ima_formula":174,"mindat_formula":175,"hmin":176,"hmax":143,"dmeas":177,"dcalc":178,"primary_image_id":179},2482,"Magnesite","Mg(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","MgCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,"2.98","3.01",15120,{"id":181,"name":182,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":183,"mindat_formula":183,"hmin":167,"hmax":167,"dmeas":184,"dcalc":185,"primary_image_id":186},2519,"Manganite","Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>O(OH)","4.29","4.38",15298,{"id":188,"name":189,"entrytype":9,"csystem":190,"ima_formula":191,"mindat_formula":191,"hmin":109,"hmax":176,"dmeas":184,"dcalc":192,"primary_image_id":193},2566,"Manjiroite","Tetragonal","Na(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>7\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)O\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.23",15402,{"id":195,"name":196,"entrytype":9,"csystem":91,"ima_formula":197,"mindat_formula":197,"hmin":93,"hmax":94,"dmeas":198,"dcalc":199,"primary_image_id":200},2704,"Microcline","K(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>)","2.54","2.56",16209,{"id":202,"name":203,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":204,"mindat_formula":205,"hmin":134,"hmax":134,"dmeas":206,"dcalc":207,"primary_image_id":208},2815,"Muscovite","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al)O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","KAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.77","2.83",30243,{"id":210,"name":211,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":212,"mindat_formula":213,"hmin":55,"hmax":101,"dmeas":214,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":215},2924,"Nontronite","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.2",30357,{"id":217,"name":218,"entrytype":9,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":219,"mindat_formula":220,"hmin":221,"hmax":94,"dmeas":222,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":223},3004,"Opal","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",5.5,"1.9",18161,{"id":225,"name":226,"entrytype":9,"csystem":123,"ima_formula":102,"mindat_formula":102,"hmin":227,"hmax":227,"dmeas":228,"dcalc":229,"primary_image_id":230},3337,"Quartz",7,"2.65","2.66",30579,{"id":232,"name":233,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":234,"mindat_formula":234,"hmin":43,"hmax":93,"dmeas":45,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":235},3441,"Romanèchite","(Ba,H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>",30630,{"id":237,"name":238,"entrytype":9,"csystem":42,"ima_formula":239,"mindat_formula":240,"hmin":101,"hmax":101,"dmeas":241,"dcalc":45,"primary_image_id":242},4171,"Vernadite","(Mn,Fe,Ca,Na)(O,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Ca,Na)(O,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.9",22138,[],[245],{"id":246,"txt":247,"latitude":248,"longitude":249,"country":250},64854,"Todoroki mine, Yoichi District, Shiribeshi Subprefecture, Hokkaidō Prefecture, Japan",43.0083333,140.925,"Japan",448,[253,256,260,264,267,272,276,280,285,290,294,299,303,307,311,316,321],{"id":254,"year":34,"html":255,"doi":11},16226417,"Yoshimura, T. (1934) Todorokite, a new manganese mineral from the Todoroki Mine, Hokkaido, Japan. \u003Ci>Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  2 (4). 289-297",{"id":257,"year":258,"html":259,"doi":11},16125874,1935,"Foshag, W.F. (1935) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 20: 678-678.",{"id":261,"year":262,"html":263,"doi":11},523406,1960,"Levinson, A. A. (1960) Second occurrence of todorokite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  45 (7-8) 802-807 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM45\u002FAM45_802.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":265,"year":262,"html":266,"doi":11},523456,"Frondel, C., Marvin, U. B., Ito, J. (1960) New occurrences of todorokite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  45 (11-12) 1167-1173 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM45\u002FAM45_1167.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":271},231531,1967,"Radtke, Arthur S., Taylor, Charles M., Hewett, D. F. (1967) Aurorite, argentian todorokite, and hydrous silver-bearing lead manganese oxide. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  62 (2) 186-206 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.62.2.186'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.62.2.186\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.62.2.186",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":11},527356,1979,"Fleischer, Michael, Burns, Roger G., Cabri, Louis J., Chao, George Y., Hogarth, D. D., Pabst, Adolf (1979) New Mineral Names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (11-12) 1329-1334 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM64\u002FAM64_1329.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},527819,1983,"Burns, Roger G., Burns, Virginia Mee, Stockman, Harlan W. (1983) A review of the todorokite-buserite problem: implications to the mineralogy of marine manganese nodules. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  68 (9-10) 972-980 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM68\u002FAM68_972.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":284},162439,1984,"MIURA, Hiroyuki, HARIYA, Yu (1984) Todorokite with Long Spacing and Structure of Manganese Dioxide Minerals. \u003Ci>Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan\u003C\u002Fi>,  16 (4) 301-308 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2465\u002Fgkk1952.16.301'>doi:10.2465\u002Fgkk1952.16.301\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp\u002Farticle\u002Fgkk1952\u002F16\u002F4\u002F16_4_301\u002F_pdf\u002F-char\u002Fja\u002F' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2465\u002Fgkk1952.16.301",{"id":286,"year":287,"html":288,"doi":289},146310,1987,"Golden, D. C. (1987) Transformation of Birnessite to Buserite, Todorokite, and Manganite under Mild Hydrothermal Treatment. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (4) 271-280 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350404",{"id":291,"year":292,"html":293,"doi":11},528505,1988,"Post, Jeffrey E., Bish, David L. (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  73 (7-8) 861-869 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM73\u002FAM73_861.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":295,"year":296,"html":297,"doi":298},394683,2003,"Post, Jeffrey E., Heaney, Peter J., Hanson, Jonathan (2003) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of todorokite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  88 (1) 142-150 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2003-0117'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2003-0117\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol88\u002FAM88_142.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2003-0117",{"id":300,"year":296,"html":301,"doi":302},6702483,"Frankel, R. B. (2003) Biologically Induced Mineralization by Bacteria. \u003Ci>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (1). 95-114 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002F0540095'>doi:10.2113\u002F0540095\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002F0540095",{"id":304,"year":296,"html":305,"doi":306},16109136,"BURFORD, EUAN P., KIERANS, MARTIN, GADD, GEOFFREY M. (2003) Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata. \u003Ci>Mycologist\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (3). 98-107 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fs0269915x03003112'>doi:10.1017\u002Fs0269915x03003112\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1017\u002Fs0269915x03003112",{"id":308,"year":309,"html":310,"doi":11},16967745,2005,"(2005) Todorokite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Ftodorokite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":312,"year":313,"html":314,"doi":315},65483,2018,"Vafeas, Nicholas Andrew, Viljoen, K.S., Blignaut, Lauren Cher (2018) Characterization of Fibrous Cryptomelane From the Todorokite-Cryptomelane Mineral Assemblage At the Sebilo Mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (1) 65-76 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1700043'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1700043\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.1700043",{"id":317,"year":318,"html":319,"doi":320},16884400,2023,"Chubarov, Victor M. (2023) New Approach for Direct Determination of Manganese Valence State in Ferromanganese Nodules by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (10). 1329 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13101329'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13101329\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13101329",{"id":322,"year":318,"html":323,"doi":324},16949674,"Vermeersch, Eva, Košek, Filip, De Grave, Johan, Jehlička, Jan, Vandenabeele, Peter, Rousaki, Anastasia (2023) Identification of tunnel structures in manganese oxide minerals using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Journal of Raman Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (11) 1201-1212 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536'>doi:10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fjrs.6536",[326,336,344,354,364,369,376,383,391,397,404,413],{"id":327,"source_url":328,"license_code":329,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":332,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},24311,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168884","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10168884\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Todorokite-258974.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTodorokite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Todorokite\">Todorokite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRancho_Pe%C3%B1asquitos,_San_Diego,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, California\">Rancho Penasquitos\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSan_Diego_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:San Diego County, California\">San Diego County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-211023.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 16.9 x 12.0 x 8.0 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A truly bizarre specimen featuring a todorokite crystal, crude and ugly though it is, perched on matrix. Extremely rare and unusual. This crystal may be a replacement of a previous mineral, but we do not know of what. Self collected by Chuck on a grading project in Penasquitos in the late 1980's. Ex. Chuck Houser Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",384,400,{"id":337,"source_url":338,"license_code":329,"credit_html":339,"title":340,"description":341,"author":333,"original_width":342,"original_height":343},24314,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453472","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453472\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Todorokite-mrz290a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTodorokite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Todorokite\">Todorokite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Kent, Kazakhstan\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.7 x 3.9 x 2.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Todorokite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An unusual, organic-looking , stalactiticgrowth of this complex manganese oxide which has the kitchen sink thrown into its chemistry. It is likely that this is the same locality reported on mindat as Ushkatan, mis-transliterated. In any case,a very good example of this complex oxide.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,561,{"id":345,"source_url":346,"license_code":347,"credit_html":348,"title":349,"description":350,"author":351,"original_width":352,"original_height":353},83312,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=52419126","CC BY-SA 4.0","Phoebe, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=52419126\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Harvard Museum of Natural History. Todorokite.jpg","Sample of the mineral Todorokite, held in the Harvard Museum of Natural History. From Hozatel, Northern Cape, South Africa.","Phoebe",5344,3006,{"id":355,"source_url":356,"license_code":357,"credit_html":358,"title":359,"description":360,"author":361,"original_width":362,"original_height":363},83316,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118205306","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118205306\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Todorokite (47975569513).jpg","Oriente Province, Cuba","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",4000,6000,{"id":365,"source_url":366,"license_code":357,"credit_html":367,"title":368,"description":360,"author":361,"original_width":362,"original_height":363},83317,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118205308","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118205308\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Todorokite (47975569768).jpg",{"id":193,"source_url":370,"license_code":329,"credit_html":371,"title":372,"description":373,"author":333,"original_width":374,"original_height":375},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145368","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10145368\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manjiroite-Todorokite-Calcite-146989.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManjiroite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manjiroite\">Manjiroite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTodorokite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Todorokite\">Todorokite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Wessels Mine (Wessel's Mine), Hotazel, Kalahari manganese fields, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Cape\">Northern Cape Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3071.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 9.2 x 8.8 x 6.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Manjiroite and todorokite are RARE to uncommon hydrated manganese oxides. This exceptionally rich and showy specimen consists of bedded, dark gray, lamellar manjiroite altering to todorokite with really neat-looking vugs lined with glassy calcite crystals. Some of the lamellar manganese oxides are chatoyant! A nifty and unusual specimen from the Willy Israel Collection, who purchased this excellent piece from well-known dealer Clive Queit in 1986.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",598,567,{"id":377,"source_url":378,"license_code":329,"credit_html":379,"title":380,"description":381,"author":333,"original_width":342,"original_height":382},15403,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150724","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10150724\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Manjiroite-Todorokite-Calcite-174093.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FManjiroite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Manjiroite\">Manjiroite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTodorokite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Todorokite\">Todorokite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Smartt Mine, Kalahari manganese fields, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthern_Cape\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northern Cape\">Northern Cape Province\u003C\u002Fa>, South Africa (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-23136.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 10.7 x 9.1 x 8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An unusual specimen consisting of a mass of foliated manjiroite crystals, altering to todorokite. The cavities are filled with bright glistening calcite crystals! Pretty and unusual! Ex. Willy Israel Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",589,{"id":384,"source_url":385,"license_code":329,"credit_html":386,"title":387,"description":388,"author":333,"original_width":389,"original_height":390},24310,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161838","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161838\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Colemanite-Inyoite-Todorokite-217430.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FColemanite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Colemanite\">Colemanite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInyoite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Inyoite\">Inyoite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTodorokite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Todorokite\">Todorokite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Corkscrew Canyon Mine (Corkscrew Mine), Corkscrew Canyon, Black Mts, Furnace Creek District (Furnace Creek Borate District), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDeath_Valley_National_Park\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Death Valley National Park\">Death Valley National Park\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDeath_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Death Valley\">Death Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInyo_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Inyo County, California\">Inyo County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-464.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.4 x 4.0 x 3.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A classic, old-time and rare pseudomorph and combination specimen from the Corkscrew Mine of Death Valley, California. This superb, two-sided specimen consists of colemanite after sharp, blocky, parallel-growth, inyoite crystals. The fine pseudomorphs, front and back, are completely covered with two colors of brown and tan, sparkly todorokite microcrystals. Todorokite is a very complex manganese hydroxide. This is older material from the 1960s-70s and comes from the Jamie Bird Collection, a California collector from the 1960s-1980s. The blue ink on the accompanying label is characteristic of the 1960s.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,606,{"id":392,"source_url":393,"license_code":329,"credit_html":394,"title":395,"description":396,"author":333,"original_width":334,"original_height":335},24312,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10429122","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10429122\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gypsum-Todorokite-ch26b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGypsum\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gypsum\">Gypsum\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTodorokite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Todorokite\">Todorokite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRancho_Pe%C3%B1asquitos,_San_Diego,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, California\">Rancho Penasquitos\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSan_Diego_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:San Diego County, California\">San Diego County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-211023.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: cabinet, 16.9 x 12.0 x 8.0 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Todorokite on Gypsum\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A truly bizarre specimen featuring a todorokite crystal, crude and ugly though it is, perched on matrix. Extremely rare and unusual. This crystal may be a replacement of a previous mineral, but we do not know of what. Self collected by Chuck on a grading project in Penasquitos in the late 1980's. Ex. Chuck Houser Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":398,"source_url":399,"license_code":329,"credit_html":400,"title":401,"description":396,"author":333,"original_width":402,"original_height":403},24313,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10429124","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10429124\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Gypsum-Todorokite-ch26a.jpg",800,574,{"id":405,"source_url":406,"license_code":347,"credit_html":407,"title":408,"description":409,"author":410,"original_width":411,"original_height":412},83313,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=54913222","Darth vader 92, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=54913222\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Piroxmangita, rodonita i todorokita, mina Serrana, Priorat (Catalunya).jpg","Piroxmangite+rodonite (pale pink) and todorokite (black),  Serrana mine, Priorat (Catalonia)","Darth vader 92",4752,3168,{"id":414,"source_url":415,"license_code":347,"credit_html":416,"title":417,"description":409,"author":410,"original_width":411,"original_height":412},83314,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=54913227","Darth vader 92, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=54913227\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Piroxmangita, rodonita i todorokita, mina Serrana, Priorat (Catalunya).2.jpg",[419,425,430,435],{"id":420,"url":421,"label":422,"formula":423,"spacegroup":424,"year":296},13761,"\u002Fcif\u002F13761.cif","Post 2003","Mn6 O16.9 Mg.47 H9.8","P 1 2\u002Fm 1",{"id":426,"url":427,"label":428,"formula":429,"spacegroup":424,"year":292},13762,"\u002Fcif\u002F13762.cif","Post 1988 · Mn6 O15.16 H3.16","Mn6 O15.16 H3.16",{"id":431,"url":432,"label":433,"formula":434,"spacegroup":424,"year":292},13763,"\u002Fcif\u002F13763.cif","Post 1988 · Mn6 O16.16 H4.16","Mn6 O16.16 H4.16",{"id":436,"url":437,"label":438,"formula":439,"spacegroup":424,"year":292},13764,"\u002Fcif\u002F13764.cif","Post 1988 · Mn O2","Mn O2",[441,442],"Delatorreite","Todorokiet",[444,448,452,456,459,463,467,471,475,478,481,485,489],{"lang":445,"names":446},"ca",[447],"todorokita",{"lang":449,"names":450},"de",[451],"Todorokit",{"lang":453,"names":454},"es",[455],"Todorokita",{"lang":457,"names":458},"eu",[455],{"lang":460,"names":461},"it",[462],"todorokite",{"lang":464,"names":465},"ja",[466],"轟石",{"lang":468,"names":469},"mk",[470],"Тодорокит",{"lang":472,"names":473},"nb",[474],"todorokitt",{"lang":476,"names":477},"nn",[474],{"lang":479,"names":480},"ru",[470],{"lang":482,"names":483},"sv",[484],"todorokit",{"lang":486,"names":487},"uk",[488],"Тодорокіт",{"lang":490,"names":491},"uz",[451],"Q1061608",{"history":11,"applications":11}]