[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:3996":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":11,"weighting":12,"nolocadd":13,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":14,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":15,"elements":16,"sigelements":22,"key_elements":11,"impurities":11,"cim":23,"ima_status":24,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":27,"strunz10ed1":28,"strunz10ed2":29,"strunz10ed3":20,"strunz10ed4":30,"dana8ed1":31,"dana8ed2":32,"dana8ed3":33,"dana8ed4":33,"csystem":34,"cclass":35,"spacegroup":11,"spacegroupset":36,"a":37,"b":38,"c":39,"alpha":36,"beta":36,"gamma":36,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":11,"csmetamict":13,"commentcrystal":40,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":41,"tlform":11,"hmin":35,"hmax":35,"hardtype":42,"vhnmin":36,"vhnmax":36,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":43,"dmeas2":44,"dcalc":36,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":45,"lustretype":45,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":46,"streak":47,"colour":48,"commentcolor":49,"colors":50,"streak_colors":60,"luminescence":61,"uv":62,"cleavage":63,"cleavagetype":64,"fracturetype":65,"tenacity":66,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":67,"opticalsign":68,"opticalalpha":69,"opticalalpha2":70,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":71,"opticalbeta2":72,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":73,"opticalgamma2":74,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":36,"opticalomega2":36,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":36,"opticalepsilon2":36,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":36,"opticaln2":36,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":75,"optical2vcalc2":76,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":77,"optical2vmeasured2":76,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":78,"rimax":79,"opticaldispersion":80,"opticalpleochroism":81,"opticalpleochorismdesc":82,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":83,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":84,"occurrence":85,"otheroccurrence":86,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":87,"aboutname":88,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":89,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":90,"group_members":100,"associates":101,"confused_with":207,"type_localities":214,"occurrence_total":215,"citations":216,"images":428,"structures":694,"synonyms":721,"language_names":730,"wikidata_qid":1121,"texts":1122},3996,"1:1:3996:9","2891fd70-c1e7-4edc-a162-8ac88912424c","Topaz","Tpz",0,"mineral",null,54047,false,"Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(F,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>F\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",[17,18,19,20,21],"Al","Si","O","F","H",[17,18,19,20],"17.2.1",[25,26],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1737","9","A","35","52","3","1","Orthorhombic",8,"0","4.65","8.8","8.4","Crystallography (orthorhombic or triclinic) depends upon the ratio of F and OH in the mineral.","Long to short prismatic.",4,"3.4","3.6","Vitreous","Transparent,Translucent","White","Colourless, white, pale blue, light green, yellow, yellowish brown, or red","Predominantly colorless in natural crystals. Hence, the trade relies almost entirely on irradiated blue topaz with an unstable color center, which has been shown to fade over time. The cobalt (Co) diffusion treatment is a stable alternative process for converting colorless topaz to blue by a solid-state diffusion mechanism. [[1]]",[51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59],"colorless","white","blue","green","yellow","brown","red","pink","purple",[52],"Fluorescent, Short UV=golden yellow, Long UV=cream.","Rarely yellow, white, orange, greenish-yellow","(001)","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven,Sub-Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","+","1.606","1.629","1.609","1.631","1.616","1.638","58","68","48",1.606,1.638,"noticable r > v","Weak","In thick sections:\r\nX = yellow\r\nY = yellow, violet, reddish\r\nZ = violet, bluish, yellow, pink","X = a; Y = b; Z = c.","Gemstone","Saxony","As a rock-forming mineral in igneous rocks, pegmatites, and rhyolites, hydrothermal veins, metamorphic rocks, and greisens.","Occurs in pegmatites and high-temperature quartz veins, also in cavities in granites and rhyolites.\r\n\r\nA maximum of ~30 % of the F site is occupied by OH in natural topaz, although in some very rare cases OH-dominant members have been described in high...","Named after Topazios Island (currently called Zabargad Island or St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. In antique times, the name was probably used for the gemstone that is now known as \u003Cm>peridot\u003C\u002Fm>.","2026-04-18 20:12:58",[91,96],{"id":92,"name":93,"entrytype":94,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":11,"primary_image_id":95},8110,"Imperial Topaz",2,60682,{"id":97,"name":98,"entrytype":94,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":14,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":36,"primary_image_id":99},11121,"Pyknite",89107,[],[102,110,120,128,137,146,155,163,169,176,185,193,199],{"id":103,"name":104,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":105,"mindat_formula":105,"hmin":106,"hmax":42,"dmeas":107,"dcalc":108,"primary_image_id":109},148,"Althausite","Mg\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,O)(F,◻)",3.5,"2.97","2.91",919,{"id":111,"name":112,"entrytype":9,"csystem":113,"ima_formula":114,"mindat_formula":114,"hmin":115,"hmax":116,"dmeas":117,"dcalc":118,"primary_image_id":119},189,"Amblygonite","Triclinic","LiAl(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F",5.5,6,"3.04","3.11",29073,{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":123,"hmin":124,"hmax":124,"dmeas":125,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":127},1039,"Chrysoberyl","BeAl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",8.5,"3.75","3.69",29467,{"id":129,"name":130,"entrytype":9,"csystem":131,"ima_formula":132,"mindat_formula":132,"hmin":133,"hmax":133,"dmeas":134,"dcalc":135,"primary_image_id":136},1147,"Crandallite","Trigonal","CaAl\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(PO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH)(OH)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",5,"2.78","3.00",6403,{"id":138,"name":139,"entrytype":9,"csystem":140,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":141,"hmin":142,"hmax":106,"dmeas":143,"dcalc":144,"primary_image_id":145},1161,"Cryolite","Monoclinic","Na\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>NaAlF\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>",3,"2.96","2.973",29557,{"id":147,"name":148,"entrytype":9,"csystem":140,"ima_formula":149,"mindat_formula":150,"hmin":42,"hmax":151,"dmeas":152,"dcalc":153,"primary_image_id":154},1476,"Ferberite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","FeWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,"7.58","7.6",8464,{"id":156,"name":157,"entrytype":9,"csystem":140,"ima_formula":158,"mindat_formula":159,"hmin":42,"hmax":151,"dmeas":160,"dcalc":161,"primary_image_id":162},1940,"Hübnerite","Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","MnWO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","7.12","7.234",29892,{"id":164,"name":165,"entrytype":9,"csystem":140,"ima_formula":166,"mindat_formula":166,"hmin":133,"hmax":115,"dmeas":167,"dcalc":135,"primary_image_id":168},1962,"Hydroxylherderite","CaBe(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","2.95",12013,{"id":170,"name":171,"entrytype":9,"csystem":113,"ima_formula":172,"mindat_formula":172,"hmin":115,"hmax":116,"dmeas":173,"dcalc":174,"primary_image_id":175},2763,"Montebrasite","LiAl(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)","2.98","3.03",30215,{"id":177,"name":178,"entrytype":9,"csystem":140,"ima_formula":179,"mindat_formula":180,"hmin":181,"hmax":181,"dmeas":182,"dcalc":183,"primary_image_id":184},3171,"Petalite","LiAlSi\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>","LiAl(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)",6.5,"2.412","2.4",19139,{"id":186,"name":187,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":188,"mindat_formula":189,"hmin":116,"hmax":116,"dmeas":190,"dcalc":191,"primary_image_id":192},3302,"Pseudobrookite","(Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti)O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Ti\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.33","4.39",20077,{"id":194,"name":195,"entrytype":94,"csystem":196,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":11,"hmin":197,"hmax":35,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":36,"primary_image_id":198},690,"Red Beryl","Hexagonal",7.5,76498,{"id":200,"name":201,"entrytype":9,"csystem":202,"ima_formula":203,"mindat_formula":203,"hmin":151,"hmax":133,"dmeas":204,"dcalc":205,"primary_image_id":206},3560,"Scheelite","Tetragonal","Ca(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","6.1","6.09",21729,[208],{"id":209,"name":210,"entrytype":9,"csystem":34,"ima_formula":211,"mindat_formula":211,"hmin":115,"hmax":181,"dmeas":36,"dcalc":212,"primary_image_id":213},27545,"Krieselite","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(GeO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)F\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.069",13662,[],1407,[217,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,247,251,255,259,264,268,272,276,280,283,287,291,295,300,304,308,312,317,321,325,329,334,338,342,347,352,357,361,365,369,374,378,382,387,392,396,401,405,409,414,419,423],{"id":218,"year":11,"html":219,"doi":11},16165189,"Gaius Plinius Secundus (77–79) Naturalis Historiae.",{"id":221,"year":222,"html":223,"doi":11},16104246,1565,"Gesner, C. (1565) Gemmis, quae erant in veste Aaronis, Liber Graecus, & e regione Latinus, Iola Hierotarantino interprete: cum Corollario Conradi Gesneri. in Sancti Patris Epiphanii Episcopi Cypri ad Diodorum Tyri episcopum, De XII, 1-29.",{"id":225,"year":226,"html":227,"doi":11},16125909,1737,"Henkel, J.F. (1737) De topasio vera Saxonum, orientali non inferiore. Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum: 4, 316-320.",{"id":229,"year":230,"html":231,"doi":11},16772132,1810,"Klaproth, M. H. (1810) CLXXX. Chemische Untersuchung des Pycnits. In \u003Ci>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 5. Rottmann. p.50-57.",{"id":233,"year":234,"html":235,"doi":11},520681,1937,"Pardee, J. T., Glass, Jewell J., Stevens, R. E. (1937) Massive low-fluorine topaz from the Brewer Mine, South Carolina. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  22 (10) 1058-1064 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM22\u002FAM22_1058.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":237,"year":238,"html":239,"doi":11},524844,1967,"Rosenberg, T. E. (1967) Variations in the unit-cell dimensions of topaz and their significance. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  52 (11-12) 1890-1894 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM52\u002FAM52_1890.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":241,"year":242,"html":243,"doi":11},525543,1971,"Ribbe, P. H., Gibbs, G. V. (1971) The crystal structure of topaz and its relation to physical properties. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (1-2) 24-30 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM56\u002FAM56_24.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":245,"year":242,"html":246,"doi":11},525726,"Ribbe, P. H., Rosenberg, P. E. (1971) Optical and X-ray determinative methods for fluorine in topaz. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (9-10) 1812-1821 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM56\u002FAM56_1812.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":248,"year":249,"html":250,"doi":11},525787,1972,"Rosenberg, Philip E. (1972) Compositional variations in synthetic topaz. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  57 (1-2) 169-187 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM57\u002FAM57_169.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":252,"year":253,"html":254,"doi":11},16125914,1980,"Parise, J.B., Cuff, C., Moore, F.H. (1980) A neutron diffraction study of topaz: evidence for lower symmetry. Mineralogical Magazine: 43: 943.",{"id":256,"year":257,"html":258,"doi":11},16125915,1981,"Carman, M.F. (1981) A spindle stage study of the optical properties of a topaz. Boletín de Mineralogía: 104: 742-749.",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":263},151661,1987,"Beny, J. M., Piriou, B. (1987) Vibrational spectra of single-crystal topaz. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (2) 148-159 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00308777'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00308777\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00308777",{"id":265,"year":266,"html":267,"doi":11},16011164,1988,"Soom, M., Armbruster, Th., Stalder, H. A. (1988): OH-rich topaz from alpine fissures in Triassic dolomites near Lugnez, Graubünden (Mesozoic cover of Gotthard Massif, Swiss Alps). Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen 68, 141-155.",{"id":269,"year":270,"html":271,"doi":11},529440,1993,"Wunder, B., Rubie, D. C., Ii, C. R. Ross, Medenbach, O., Seifert, F., Schreyer, W. (1993) Synthesis, stability, and properties of Al2SiO4(OH)2: A fully hydrated analogue of topaz. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  78 (3-4) 285-297 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM78\u002FAM78_285.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":11},529608,1994,"Northrup, Paul A., Leinenweber, Kurt, Parise, John B. (1994) The location of H in the high-pressure synthetic Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>SiO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> topaz analogue. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  79 (3-4) 401-404 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM79\u002FAM79_401.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},12908763,1995,"Menzies, Michael A. (1995) The Mineralogy, Geology and Occurrence of Topaz. \u003Ci>The Mineralogical Record\u003C\u002Fi>, 26 (1) 5-53",{"id":281,"year":278,"html":282,"doi":11},12908765,"(1995) FM-TGMS-MSA Symposium on Topaz (Abstracts) \u003Ci>The Mineralogical Record\u003C\u002Fi>, 26 (1) 63-71",{"id":284,"year":285,"html":286,"doi":11},16125921,1996,"Holfert, J., Mroch, W., Fuller, J. (1996) A Field Guide to Topaz and Associated Minerals of the Thomas Range, Utah (Topaz Mountain) 1. HM Publishing, Cypress, California.",{"id":288,"year":289,"html":290,"doi":11},16125922,1997,"Extra Lapis No. 13 (1997).",{"id":292,"year":289,"html":293,"doi":294},152492,"Shinoda, Keiji, Aikawa, Nobuyuki (1997) IR active orientation of OH bending mode in topaz. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (8) 551-554 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs002690050071'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs002690050071\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs002690050071",{"id":296,"year":297,"html":298,"doi":299},188822,1998,"Ivanov, Yu. V., Belokoneva, E. L., Protas, J., Hansen, N. K., Tsirelson, V. G. (1998) Multipole Analysis of the Electron Density in Topaz Using X-ray Diffraction Data. \u003Ci>Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  54 (6) 774-781 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1107\u002Fs0108768198004108'>doi:10.1107\u002Fs0108768198004108\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1107\u002Fs0108768198004108",{"id":301,"year":302,"html":303,"doi":11},16125925,2000,"Wang, B., Tu, J. (2000) The spectroscopic study of topaz. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis: 20: 40-43. https:\u002F\u002Fcaod.oriprobe.com\u002Farticles\u002F2574308\u002FThe_Spectroscopic_Study_of_Topaz.htm",{"id":305,"year":302,"html":306,"doi":307},16385930,"Kloprogge, J.Theo, Frost, Ray L. (2000) Raman microscopic study at 300 and 77 K of some pegmatite minerals from the Iveland–Evje area, Aust-Agder, Southern Norway. \u003Ci>Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>, 56 (3) 501-513 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs1386-1425(99)00141-9'>doi:10.1016\u002Fs1386-1425(99)00141-9\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fs1386-1425(99)00141-9",{"id":309,"year":310,"html":311,"doi":11},16967758,2001,"(2001) Topaz. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Ftopaz.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":313,"year":314,"html":315,"doi":316},14160488,2002,"Pinheiro, M. V. B.; Fantini, C.; Krambrock, K.; Persiano, A. I. C.; Dantas, M. S. S.; Pimenta, M. A. (2002) OH\u002FF substitution in topaz studied by Raman spectroscopy. \u003Ci>Physical Review B\u003C\u002Fi>,  65 (10). 104301 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.65.104301'>doi:10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.65.104301\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1103\u002Fphysrevb.65.104301",{"id":318,"year":314,"html":319,"doi":320},394568,"Zhang, Ru Y., Liou, Juhn G., Shu, Jin F. (2002) Hydroxyl-rich topaz in high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure kyanite quartzites, with retrograde woodhouseite, from the Sulu terrane, eastern China. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  87 (4) 445-453 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2002-0408'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2002-0408\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2002-0408",{"id":322,"year":314,"html":323,"doi":324},5623294,"Souza, Divanizia N., Fernandes de Lima, José, Valerio, Mário Ernesto G., Fantini, Cristiano, Pimenta, Marcos A., Moreira, Roberto L., Caldas, Linda V.E. (2002) Influence of thermal treatment on the Raman, infrared and TL responses of natural topaz. \u003Ci>Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms\u003C\u002Fi>, 191 (1). 230-235 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0168-583x(02)00566-9'>doi:10.1016\u002Fs0168-583x(02)00566-9\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fs0168-583x(02)00566-9",{"id":326,"year":314,"html":327,"doi":328},10559820,"Shannon, Robert D., Shannon, Ruth C., Medenbach, Olaf, Fischer, Reinhard X. (2002) Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides. \u003Ci>Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data\u003C\u002Fi>,  31 (4) 931-970 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.1497384'>doi:10.1063\u002F1.1497384\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1063\u002F1.1497384",{"id":330,"year":331,"html":332,"doi":333},90062,2003,"KOMATSU, Kazuki, KURIBAYASHI, Takahiro, KUDOH, Yasuhiro (2003) Effect of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of topaz, Al2SiO4(OH,F)2. \u003Ci>Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences\u003C\u002Fi>,  98 (5) 167-180 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2465\u002Fjmps.98.167'>doi:10.2465\u002Fjmps.98.167\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp\u002Farticle\u002Fjmps\u002F98\u002F5\u002F98_5_167\u002F_pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2465\u002Fjmps.98.167",{"id":335,"year":331,"html":336,"doi":337},16847084,"Gaft, M, Nagli, L, Reisfeld, R, Panczer, G, Brestel, M (2003) Time-resolved luminescence of Cr3+ in topaz Al2SiO4(OH,F)2. \u003Ci>Journal of Luminescence\u003C\u002Fi>,  102. 349-356 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0022-2313(02)00532-x'>doi:10.1016\u002Fs0022-2313(02)00532-x\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fs0022-2313(02)00532-x",{"id":339,"year":331,"html":340,"doi":341},128280,"Alberico, Augusta, Ferrando, Simona, Ivaldi, Gabriella, Ferraris, Giovanni (2003) X-ray single-crystal structure refinement of an OH-rich topaz from Sulu UHP terrane (Eastern China) Structural foundation of the correlation between cell parameters and fluorine content. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (5) 875-881 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2003\u002F0015-0875'>doi:10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2003\u002F0015-0875\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002F0935-1221\u002F2003\u002F0015-0875",{"id":343,"year":344,"html":345,"doi":346},16634,2004,"Kronz, A.; Breiter, K. (2004) Phosphorus-rich topaz from fractionated granites (Podlesí, Czech Republic). \u003Ci>Mineralogy and Petrology\u003C\u002Fi>,  81 (3-4). 235-247 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00710-004-0036-6'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00710-004-0036-6\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00710-004-0036-6",{"id":348,"year":349,"html":350,"doi":351},395144,2005,"Komatsu, K., Kagi, H., Okada, T., Kuribayashi, T., Parise, J.B., Kudoh, Y. (2005) Pressure dependence of the OH-stretching mode in F-rich natural topaz and topaz-OH. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  90 (1) 266-270 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1652'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1652\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol90\u002FAM90_266.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2005.1652",{"id":353,"year":354,"html":355,"doi":356},395548,2006,"Xue, X.; Kanzaki, M.; Fukui, H.; Ito, E.; Hashimoto, T. (2006) Cation order and hydrogen bonding of high-pressure phases in the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system: An NMR and Raman study. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  91 (5-6). 850-861 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2064'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2064\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2064",{"id":358,"year":354,"html":359,"doi":360},153256,"Gatta, G. Diego, Nestola, F., Ballaran, T. Boffa (2006) Elastic behaviour and structural evolution of topaz at high pressure. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (4) 235-242 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-006-0075-0'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-006-0075-0\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-006-0075-0",{"id":362,"year":354,"html":363,"doi":364},395445,"Gatta, G. D., Nestola, F., Bromiley, G.D., Loose, A. (2006) New insight into crystal chemistry of topaz: A multi-methodological study. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  91 (11) 1839-1846 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2223'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2223\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol91\u002FAM91_1839.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2006.2223",{"id":366,"year":367,"html":368,"doi":11},16125935,2008,"Komatsu, K., Kagi, H., Marshall, W.G., Kuribayashi, T., Parise, J.B., Kudoh, Y. (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction. American Mineralogist: 93: 217-227.",{"id":370,"year":371,"html":372,"doi":373},396575,2010,"Xue, X., Kanzaki, M., Fukui, H. (2010) Unique crystal chemistry of two polymorphs of topaz-OH: A multi-nuclear NMR and Raman study. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  95 (8) 1276-1293 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3471'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3471\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3471",{"id":375,"year":371,"html":376,"doi":377},396584,"Kanzaki, M. (2010) Crystal structure of a new high-pressure polymorph of topaz-OH. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  95 (8) 1349-1352 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3555'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3555\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fam\u002Fvol95\u002FAM95_1349.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2010.3555",{"id":379,"year":380,"html":381,"doi":11},12988733,2011,"(2011) Topaz - Perfect Cleavage. \u003Ci>Mineral Monograph\u003C\u002Fi> 14. Lithographie, LLC",{"id":383,"year":384,"html":385,"doi":386},398304,2017,"Ulian, Gianfranco, Valdrè, Giovanni (2017) Effects of fluorine content on the elastic behavior of topaz [Al2SiO4(F,OH)2]. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  102 (2) 347-356 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2017-5668'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2017-5668\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2017-5668",{"id":388,"year":389,"html":390,"doi":391},16125940,2022,"Loges, Anselm; Scholz, Gudrun; de Sousa Amadeu, Nader; Shao, Jingjing; Schultze, Dina; Fuller, Jeremy; Paulus, Beate; Emmerling, Franziska; Braun, Thomas; John, Timm (2022) Studies on the local structure of the F ∕ OH site in topaz by magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  34 (5). 507-521 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fejm-34-507-2022'>doi:10.5194\u002Fejm-34-507-2022\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5194\u002Fejm-34-507-2022",{"id":393,"year":389,"html":394,"doi":395},15490001,"Aradachi, Kako, Hamada, Morihisa, Tsuge, Kiyoshi, Watanabe, Tohru (2022) The influence of OH content on elastic constants of topaz [Al2SiO4(F,OH)2]. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>, 107 (11) 2075-2083 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8159'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8159\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8159",{"id":397,"year":398,"html":399,"doi":400},15800827,2023,"Zhao, Mingsheng; Cai, Nao; Wang, Duojun; Liu, Qiong (2023) Thermal expansivity and high-pressure sound velocities of natural topaz and implications for seismic velocities and H2O and fluorine recycling in subduction zones. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (2). 14 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00269-023-01238-5'>doi:10.1007\u002Fs00269-023-01238-5\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fs00269-023-01238-5",{"id":402,"year":398,"html":403,"doi":404},16853567,"Filosa, Raffaele, Elettivo, Giuseppe S., Ferraro, Mario, Procopio, Salvatore, Nicolino, Antonella, Crocco, Maria C., Beltrano, Joseph J., Barberi, Riccardo C., Formoso, Vincenzo, Guzzi, Rita, De Luca, Antonio, Agrosì, Giovanna, Tempesta, Gioacchino, Agostino, Raffaele G. (2023) Nonlinear optical effects in natural topaz. \u003Ci>Journal of Luminescence\u003C\u002Fi>,  263. 120076 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jlumin.2023.120076'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jlumin.2023.120076\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.jlumin.2023.120076",{"id":406,"year":398,"html":407,"doi":408},16968765,"Schaub, D.R., Northrup, Paul, Nekvasil, Hanna, Catalano, Tristan, Tappero, Ryan (2023) Gas-mediated trace element incorporation into rhyolite-hosted topaz: A synchrotron microbeam XAS study. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  108 (12) 2153-2163 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8417'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8417\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8417",{"id":410,"year":411,"html":412,"doi":413},17331815,2024,"Setkova, Tatiana V., Balitsky, Vladimir S., Spivak, Anna V., Kuzmin, Alexey V., Borovikova, Elena Yu., Kvas, Pavel S., Balitskaya, Lyudmila V., Nekrasov, Alexey N., Zakharchenko, Egor S., Pushcharovsky, Dmitry Yu. (2024) Crystal Growth, composition, structure, and Raman spectroscopy of novel Ga,Ge-rich topaz. \u003Ci>Journal of Crystal Growth\u003C\u002Fi>,  637. 127723 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jcrysgro.2024.127723'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jcrysgro.2024.127723\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.jcrysgro.2024.127723",{"id":415,"year":416,"html":417,"doi":418},18492378,2025,"Zhang, Xin; Wang, Nai; Gong, Yifan (2025) A comprehensive study on the gemological and mineralogical characteristics and coloration mechanisms of four color varieties of natural topaz. \u003Ci>RSC Advances\u003C\u002Fi>,  15 (22). 17675-17684 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1039\u002Fd5ra02029h'>doi:10.1039\u002Fd5ra02029h\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1039\u002Fd5ra02029h",{"id":420,"year":416,"html":421,"doi":422},18866405,"Elettivo, G.S.; Ferraro, M.; Filosa, R.; Nicolino, A.; Marmiroli, B.; Turchet, A.; Agostino, R.G. (2025) On the role of secondary electrons in the color change of high-dose X-ray irradiated topaz. \u003Ci>Physica B: Condensed Matter\u003C\u002Fi>,  716.  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.physb.2025.417717'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.physb.2025.417717\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.physb.2025.417717",{"id":424,"year":425,"html":426,"doi":427},19494948,2026,"Yan, Xiaoxu; Yue, Suwei; Tong, Zida; Zhang, Yuzhi; Wu, Yun (2026) Cobalt Diffusion Treatment in Topaz: Process and Mechanism of Color Modification. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  16 (1).  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin16010094'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin16010094\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin16010094",[429,439,447,457,464,469,479,484,491,496,503,511,516,522,531,539,547,556,565,573,582,590,599,607,614,620,630,638,646,655,663,670,678,686],{"id":430,"source_url":431,"license_code":432,"credit_html":433,"title":434,"description":435,"author":436,"original_width":437,"original_height":438},24365,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5623653","Public domain","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=5623653\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz 21.jpg","topaz var. blue topaz : Virgem da Lapa, Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil","Géry PARENT",4288,2848,{"id":440,"source_url":441,"license_code":442,"credit_html":443,"title":7,"description":11,"author":444,"original_width":445,"original_height":446},30852,"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esbirky.cz\u002Fdetail\u002F194500","CC BY 4.0","Photo: #PredmetAutorFoto:194500 — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esbirky.cz\u002Fdetail\u002F194500\" rel=\"noopener\">National Museum - Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana","#PredmetAutorFoto:194500",650,488,{"id":448,"source_url":449,"license_code":450,"credit_html":451,"title":452,"description":453,"author":454,"original_width":455,"original_height":456},24366,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9735169","CC BY 3.0","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9735169\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","TopazeRose2.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Pink topaz\u003C\u002Fa> -  Shigar Valley, Skardu District, Baltistan, Northern Areas, Pakistan - (3x1.6cm)","Didier Descouens",2819,3615,{"id":458,"source_url":459,"license_code":460,"credit_html":461,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":462,"original_height":463},30853,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128839","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128839\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,921,{"id":465,"source_url":466,"license_code":460,"credit_html":467,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":462,"original_height":468},30854,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128852","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128852\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",885,{"id":470,"source_url":471,"license_code":472,"credit_html":473,"title":474,"description":475,"author":476,"original_width":477,"original_height":478},75709,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450654","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10450654\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz-k312b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Maynard's Claim (Pismire Knolls), Thomas Range, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJuab_County,_Utah\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Juab County, Utah\">Juab County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FUtah\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Utah\">Utah\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4136.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 3.7 x 2.8 x 2.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Topaz\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>What a gem! This gem-clear, absolutely gorgeous crystal is the perfect thumbnail ....a fat gem perched on a natural display pedestal. The crystal is perfect and complete all around save for a TINY ding on the back of the termination (see lower-right photo). Its there, but in context, it isn't distracting except on VERY close inspection and I think the piece is still in the top calibre level. These crystals Charlie had put away back in the 1960s after a good trade with dealer A.L. McGuiness GLOW with color and are, for combination of color and clarity, the finest I have seen for sale.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",668,800,{"id":480,"source_url":481,"license_code":460,"credit_html":482,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":483,"original_height":462},30855,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128841","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F128841\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Tartu, Natural History Museum\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",718,{"id":485,"source_url":486,"license_code":472,"credit_html":487,"title":488,"description":489,"author":476,"original_width":490,"original_height":478},75710,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10455990","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10455990\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz-palasd-09c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Little Three Mine (Little 3), Ramona District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSan_Diego_County,_California\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:San Diego County, California\">San Diego County\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalifornia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:California\">California\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3561.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.9 x 3.9 x 3.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Topaz\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is quite simply one of the finest blue topaz miniatures we have seen from San Diego. There are a few this quality and larger, but not many. This crystal has cvolor, lustre, gemminess , transparency, and a sharp form that is almost impossible to find in a Little Three topaz. Most of them simply do not have such a well developed termination with all faces intact, and nicely bevelled as you see here. And when they do, so often the color is pale. So for the locality, its great - but also this is a good blue topaz even by worldwide standards, and of entirely different habit (and so distinct) from the productive Brazilian topaz finds. IN fact, it looks like the historic 1800s-era Russian topazes which are shown in old books and a few museums, but with more color.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",742,{"id":492,"source_url":493,"license_code":460,"credit_html":494,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":462,"original_height":495},30856,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65623","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65623\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",764,{"id":497,"source_url":498,"license_code":472,"credit_html":499,"title":500,"description":501,"author":476,"original_width":502,"original_height":478},75711,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10476770","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10476770\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz-tuc8-132b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatlang\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katlang\">Katlang\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMardan_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Mardan District\">Mardan District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorth-West_Frontier_Province\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:North-West Frontier Province\">North-West Frontier Province\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-2537.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.5 x 3.5 x 3.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Topaz\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This quite literal \"gem\" has the \"imperial\" style elongation and termination we more often see from Brazil, but it is from the classic pegmatite in Katlang. It features a 3 x 2 x 1.5 cm gem crystal of totally limpid clarity and of high quality in every manner (color, termination, form, condition). It is fully terminated and perched floating in an albite matrix, overall 4.5 x 3.5 x 3.5 cm. You can look through the crystal at all points. It is complete on the other side, too. the photo is a little fuzzy because it had some sticker adhesive still on it - sorry, i only just noticed and removed it! Photo B is more accurate for clarity and lustre - it looks lik epolished glass in person! I left the smudged hoto in to emphasize how dramatically pure and bright the piece is, tha tyou can see even such a small smudge put on the surface, against the background of clarity. It is a superior miniature of this style and shape of topaz from the region, i feel, for the clarity, and the aesthetic perch on matrix. Old piece, probably came out 10 years ago, which I only recently bought as a big clunker and was able to trim down to this well-exposed, better size.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",732,{"id":504,"source_url":505,"license_code":442,"credit_html":506,"title":507,"description":508,"author":509,"original_width":253,"original_height":510},24370,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=55996793","Cape Minerals, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=55996793\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","0000294 topaz-blue.jpg","Blue Topaz. St Anns Mine, Zimbabwe.","Cape Minerals",1690,{"id":512,"source_url":513,"license_code":460,"credit_html":514,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":462,"original_height":515},30857,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65531","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65531\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",750,{"id":517,"source_url":518,"license_code":472,"credit_html":519,"title":520,"description":501,"author":476,"original_width":521,"original_height":478},75712,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10476771","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10476771\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz-tuc8-132a.jpg",574,{"id":523,"source_url":524,"license_code":442,"credit_html":525,"title":526,"description":527,"author":528,"original_width":529,"original_height":530},24371,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86726527","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=86726527\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz Minas Gerais MNHN Minéralogie.jpg","Topaz from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris.","Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart",2667,4000,{"id":532,"source_url":533,"license_code":432,"credit_html":534,"title":535,"description":536,"author":436,"original_width":537,"original_height":538},75713,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10728021","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10728021\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz 22.jpg","topaz var. colorless topaz : Teófilo Otoni, Mucuri Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil",3138,2657,{"id":540,"source_url":541,"license_code":460,"credit_html":542,"title":543,"description":544,"author":545,"original_width":546,"original_height":546},24372,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129537829","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=129537829\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz, Virgem de Lapa, Minas Gerais, Brazil-8781.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa> - Place of discovery: Virgem da Lapa, Minas Gerais, Brazil","Raimond Spekking",3240,{"id":548,"source_url":549,"license_code":460,"credit_html":550,"title":551,"description":552,"author":553,"original_width":554,"original_height":555},75716,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113517900","Downtowngal, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=113517900\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Blue topaz damaged gemstone.jpg","Cut blue topaz gemstone 8mm x 10mm from a ring c. 1940s. This closeup photograph shows that the gemstone is abraded and chipped from wear.","Downtowngal",1486,1480,{"id":557,"source_url":558,"license_code":460,"credit_html":559,"title":560,"description":561,"author":562,"original_width":563,"original_height":564},75717,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132781299","Eric Polk, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132781299\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz NHMLA.png","Sample of Topaz collected from Little Three Mine, Ramona, USA. On display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.","Eric Polk",1728,1848,{"id":566,"source_url":567,"license_code":460,"credit_html":568,"title":569,"description":570,"author":562,"original_width":571,"original_height":572},75719,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132854859","Eric Polk, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132854859\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Blue topaz from chita NHMLA.png","Sample of blue topaz collected from Adun-Chelon Mountains, Chita, Russia.  On display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.",1823,2135,{"id":574,"source_url":575,"license_code":460,"credit_html":576,"title":577,"description":578,"author":579,"original_width":580,"original_height":581},75720,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=138621323","Geolina163, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=138621323\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Joanneum Naturkundemuseum Topas Schneckenstein.jpg","Universalmuseum Joanneum Naturkundemuseum: Topas  \u002F Schneckenstein","Geolina163",4403,3384,{"id":583,"source_url":584,"license_code":585,"credit_html":586,"title":587,"description":588,"author":589,"original_width":302,"original_height":226},75721,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146279489","CC BY-SA 2.0","Tim Evanson, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=146279489\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz with irradiated fragment - Smithsonian Museum of Natural History - 2012-05-17.jpg","A large block of topaz and a small sample of irradiated topaz (in bright blue) on display in the Hall of Gems and Minerals at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.\n\u003Cp>Topaz is a mineral of composed of two aluminum atoms, a silicon atom, and four oxygen atoms, with two fluorine hydroxide atoms chaining off them.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pure topaz is colorless and transparent.  But when there are other elements present, they impart color and tend to make the gemstone translucent.  Topaz can come in a range of colors:  dark red, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, blue brown, white, pale green, blue, gold, pink, or reddish-yellow.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Many ancient texts (like the Bible) mention topaz.  That's because a yellowish clear crystal was mined on the island Τοpáziοn (now St. John's Island in the Red Sea).  People called it topaz, but in fact it was really yellowish chrysolite.  In the Middle Ages, topaz meant \"yellow crystal\" and did not mean real topaz. What modern people call topaz was not discovered until probably 1400 or 1500 AD.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Exposing topaz to gamma radiation can produce a brownish or brownish-green color. If the stone is then heated, the heat breaks down the molecules that reflect yellow light, thus leaving only a light or medium-light blue color.  Many topaz stones are treated with gamma rays to see how much blue is in them.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Topaz that is exposed to a high-energy electron beam both generates radiation and high heat.  The stone is then cooled with water, and then heated again to remove the yellow-causing impurities.  Stones treated this way are of a deeper blue.  They also are radioactive for a couple of weeks, and must be allowed to discharge their radiation first!\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Topaz that is exposed to fast neutrons, like those generated in a nuclear reactor, produced a dark deep blue.  Heat treatment again occurs, to remove any smokiness.  These stones are highly radioactive for many months or even years.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nA combination of electron beam, nuclear reactor, and heating produce a vibrant, sparking electric blue.  Again, they are highly radioactive for some time.","Tim Evanson",{"id":591,"source_url":592,"license_code":432,"credit_html":593,"title":594,"description":595,"author":596,"original_width":597,"original_height":598},60699,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10957386","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10957386\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaze rose (Brésil).jpg","Cristal de topaze impériale\u002Fpourpre (Ouro Preto, Minas-Gerais - Brazil)","Parent Géry",2412,2687,{"id":600,"source_url":601,"license_code":602,"credit_html":603,"title":604,"description":605,"author":436,"original_width":270,"original_height":606},60704,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=184337790","CC0 1.0","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=184337790\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz, limonite.jpg","Ouro Preto, iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais, Brazil",1238,{"id":608,"source_url":609,"license_code":432,"credit_html":610,"title":611,"description":612,"author":596,"original_width":613,"original_height":438},85062,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9429619","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9429619\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Tourmaline verte sur topaze champagne (Pakistan) .jpg","Cristal de tourmaline var. verdélite sur \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaze\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Topaze\">topaze\u003C\u002Fa> champagne",3989,{"id":615,"source_url":616,"license_code":472,"credit_html":617,"title":618,"description":619,"author":596,"original_width":437,"original_height":438},75714,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=18237709","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=18237709\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaze, quartz fumé 1.jpg","cristal de topaze sur cristaux de quartz fumé - Chamachhu, Haramosh Mounts, Skardu, Baltistan, Pakistan",{"id":621,"source_url":622,"license_code":623,"credit_html":624,"title":625,"description":626,"author":627,"original_width":628,"original_height":629},8302,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=145272204","CC BY 2.0","lwolfartist, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=145272204\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","False turkey tail patuxent research refuge north tract 10.8.23 DSC 4328-topaz-denoiseraw.jpg","Fungus","lwolfartist",5018,4014,{"id":631,"source_url":632,"license_code":450,"credit_html":633,"title":634,"description":635,"author":636,"original_width":483,"original_height":637},10147,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=51287987","Observer31 (talk) (Uploads), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=51287987\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Americantopaz.jpg","The American Golden Topaz at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History","Observer31 (talk) (Uploads)",946,{"id":639,"source_url":640,"license_code":460,"credit_html":641,"title":642,"description":643,"author":545,"original_width":644,"original_height":645},11545,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=65524047","Raimond Spekking, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=65524047\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaz, Hematite, Holfertite-1612.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHolfertite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Holfertite\">Holfertite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FH%C3%A4matite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Hämatite\">Hämatite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions over all: 2.2 cm × 2.5 cm × 1.2 cm; Width of Hematite and Holfertite about 1 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Description: Tiny, yellow Holfertite crystal with also small, black Hematite crystals on unknown white crust, which surrounds the Topaz crystal. From the collection of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBenutzerin:Ra%27ike\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Benutzerin:Ra'ike\">Ra'ike\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",2829,3772,{"id":647,"source_url":648,"license_code":450,"credit_html":649,"title":650,"description":651,"author":652,"original_width":653,"original_height":654},16916,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9725342","Michelle Jo, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=9725342\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Large Topaz Gemstones.jpg","Genuine topaz gemstones in various colours. mystic and azotic topaz is also seen.","Michelle Jo",538,353,{"id":656,"source_url":657,"license_code":472,"credit_html":658,"title":659,"description":660,"author":476,"original_width":661,"original_height":662},19991,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10467192","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10467192\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Prosopite-Topaz-tr525a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FProsopite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Prosopite\">Prosopite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Santa Rosa Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNoche_Buena\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Noche Buena\">Noche Buena\u003C\u002Fa>, Municipio de Mazapil, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZacatecas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Zacatecas\">Zacatecas\u003C\u002Fa>, Mexico (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-21510.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 7.1 x 4.7 x 3.4 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Prosopite (pseudo. after topaz?)\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>I admit to having had no idea what this was until i looked it up. I got it from Evan Jones who had the same problem, getting it for his Mexican collection only because he'd a)never heard of it either and b) it was pretty. Prosopite can form as an alteration product of Topaz in Topaz-rich greissens , according to Mindat (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fshow.php?id=3287\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fshow.php?id=3287\u003C\u002Fa>). One imagines this is what happenned here.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",400,312,{"id":664,"source_url":665,"license_code":472,"credit_html":666,"title":667,"description":668,"author":596,"original_width":669,"original_height":438},23930,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22204358","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=22204358\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaze, phlogopite, cleavelandite.jpeg","crystals of topaz, crystals of mica var. phlogopite, crystals of albite var. cleavelandite : Ghundao hill, Katlang, Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province), Pakistan",3825,{"id":671,"source_url":672,"license_code":432,"credit_html":673,"title":674,"description":675,"author":676,"original_width":677,"original_height":515},28466,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50616614","Samuel Wanderley, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=50616614\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Yanomamite, Scorodite, Topaz, Cassiterite, Quartz-529124.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FYanomamite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Yanomamite\">Yanomamite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FScorodite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Scorodite\">Scorodite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCassiterite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cassiterite\">Cassiterite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQuartz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Quartz\">Quartz\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Dimensions: 24 mm x 14 mm x 15 mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Locality: Mangabeira deposit, Monte Alegre de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Yanomamite crystals covered with thin layer clear green Scorodite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Cassiterite: dark brown\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Matrix: Quartz and Topaz\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Total Size: 24x14x15mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Matrix length in visual field: 20mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Arrows are used to indicate Yanomamite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Samuel Wanderley",734,{"id":679,"source_url":680,"license_code":460,"credit_html":681,"title":682,"description":683,"author":436,"original_width":684,"original_height":685},36080,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46668956","Géry PARENT, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=46668956\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Topaze, rhyolite, bixbyite 7100.5252.jpg","topaz, rhyolite, bixbyite : Topaz Mountain, Thomas Range, Juab Co., Utah, USA",1976,1372,{"id":687,"source_url":688,"license_code":472,"credit_html":689,"title":690,"description":691,"author":476,"original_width":692,"original_height":693},53452,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170791","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170791\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Eosphorite-Topaz-Albite-270340.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEosphorite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Eosphorite\">Eosphorite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTopaz\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Topaz\">Topaz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Albite\">Albite\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPlagioclase\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Plagioclase\">Cleavelandite\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Chamachhu, Haramosh Mts., \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSkardu_District\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Skardu District\">Skardu District\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Baltistan\">Baltistan\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGilgit-Baltistan\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Gilgit-Baltistan\">Northern Areas\u003C\u002Fa>, Pakistan (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-29860.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.3 x 4.7 x 2.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a fine specimen from this very isolated yet exciting discovery. It features a few alluring euhedral crystals of bright orange Eosphorite measuring up to 8 mm long which are associated with a complete, gem\u002Fgemmy, sharp, lustrous, slightly smoky colored Topaz crystal (plus a smaller one at the base) along with a few pale pinkish-purple crystal aggregates of Lepidolite on white Albite (var: \"Cleavelandite\") matrix. The specimen is simply one of the most attractive association specimens I have seen of this material, and it seems to be impossible to find on the market now. A superb and aesthetic small cabinet size specimen featuring the brightest color Eosphorite that I have seen from any pegmatite locality. Ex. Brian Kosnar Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",478,432,[695,701,706,711,716],{"id":696,"url":697,"label":698,"formula":699,"spacegroup":700,"year":367},13776,"\u002Fcif\u002F13776.cif","Komatsu 2008 · Al2 Si O6 D1.456 H.544","Al2 Si O6 D1.456 H.544","P b n m",{"id":702,"url":703,"label":704,"formula":705,"spacegroup":700,"year":367},13777,"\u002Fcif\u002F13777.cif","Komatsu 2008 · Al2 Si O6 D2","Al2 Si O6 D2",{"id":707,"url":708,"label":709,"formula":710,"spacegroup":700,"year":354},13784,"\u002Fcif\u002F13784.cif","Diego 2006 · Al2 Si O4 F2","Al2 Si O4 F2",{"id":712,"url":713,"label":714,"formula":715,"spacegroup":700,"year":354},13785,"\u002Fcif\u002F13785.cif","Diego 2006 · Al2 Si O4.44 F1.56 H.44","Al2 Si O4.44 F1.56 H.44",{"id":717,"url":718,"label":719,"formula":720,"spacegroup":700,"year":354},13786,"\u002Fcif\u002F13786.cif","Diego 2006 · Al2 Si O4.42 F1.58 H.42","Al2 Si O4.42 F1.58 H.42",[722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729],"Chrysolithos","Colorado Topaz","Gouttes d'eau","Physalite","Pyrofysalit","Pyrophysalite","Silver Topaz","White Topaz",[731,737,741,745,748,752,755,759,763,767,770,774,778,781,785,789,792,796,802,806,810,814,818,822,827,831,839,843,846,850,855,858,862,866,869,873,877,883,886,890,894,897,900,903,906,909,912,915,919,923,927,930,934,938,942,946,949,953,957,960,963,967,970,973,977,981,985,989,992,997,1000,1005,1008,1013,1017,1021,1025,1028,1031,1035,1039,1042,1045,1048,1051,1054,1058,1062,1066,1070,1074,1078,1081,1084,1087,1090,1094,1100,1103,1106,1109,1112,1115,1118],{"lang":732,"names":733},"an",[734,735,736],"Estopacio","Stopacio","Topacio",{"lang":738,"names":739},"ang",[740],"baswa stán",{"lang":742,"names":743},"ar",[744],"توباز",{"lang":746,"names":747},"arz",[744],{"lang":749,"names":750},"ast",[751],"Topaciu",{"lang":753,"names":754},"az",[7],{"lang":756,"names":757},"bcl",[758],"Topasyo",{"lang":760,"names":761},"be",[762],"Тапаз",{"lang":764,"names":765},"be-tarask",[766],"тапаз",{"lang":768,"names":769},"be-x-old",[762],{"lang":771,"names":772},"bg",[773],"Топаз",{"lang":775,"names":776},"bn",[777],"পোখরাজ",{"lang":779,"names":780},"bs",[7],{"lang":782,"names":783},"ca",[784],"topazi",{"lang":786,"names":787},"cs",[788,7],"Topas",{"lang":790,"names":791},"csb",[7],{"lang":793,"names":794},"da",[795],"topas",{"lang":797,"names":798},"de",[799,800,801,788],"Pyknit","Sächsischer Diamant","Schneckentopas",{"lang":803,"names":804},"el",[805],"τοπάζιο",{"lang":807,"names":808},"eo",[809],"topazo",{"lang":811,"names":812},"es",[813],"topacio",{"lang":815,"names":816},"et",[817],"topaas",{"lang":819,"names":820},"eu",[821],"Topazio",{"lang":823,"names":824},"fa",[825,826],"توپاز","زبرجد هندی",{"lang":828,"names":829},"fi",[830],"Topaasi",{"lang":832,"names":833},"fr",[834,835,836,837,838],"12305-55-4","1302-59-6","67479-89-4","Al2SiO4(F,OH)2","topaze",{"lang":840,"names":841},"ga",[842],"tópás",{"lang":844,"names":845},"gl",[736],{"lang":847,"names":848},"he",[849],"טופז",{"lang":851,"names":852},"hi",[853,854],"पुखराज","पुष्पराग",{"lang":856,"names":857},"hr",[7],{"lang":859,"names":860},"hu",[861],"topáz",{"lang":863,"names":864},"hy",[865],"Տոպազ",{"lang":867,"names":868},"id",[788,7],{"lang":870,"names":871},"io",[872],"Topazo",{"lang":874,"names":875},"it",[876],"topazio",{"lang":878,"names":879},"ja",[880,881,882],"トパーズ","トパズ","黄玉",{"lang":884,"names":885},"jv",[7],{"lang":887,"names":888},"ka",[889],"ტოპაზი",{"lang":891,"names":892},"kbp",[893],"Topaazɩ",{"lang":895,"names":896},"kk",[773],{"lang":898,"names":899},"kk-arab",[825],{"lang":901,"names":902},"kk-cn",[825],{"lang":904,"names":905},"kk-cyrl",[773],{"lang":907,"names":908},"kk-kz",[773],{"lang":910,"names":911},"kk-latn",[7],{"lang":913,"names":914},"kk-tr",[7],{"lang":916,"names":917},"km",[918],"ផុស្សរាគ",{"lang":920,"names":921},"kn",[922],"ಪುಷ್ಯರಾಗ",{"lang":924,"names":925},"ko",[926],"황옥",{"lang":928,"names":929},"ky",[773],{"lang":931,"names":932},"la",[933],"Topazium",{"lang":935,"names":936},"lt",[937],"Topazas",{"lang":939,"names":940},"lv",[941],"topāzs",{"lang":943,"names":944},"mg",[945],"Tôpazy",{"lang":947,"names":948},"mk",[773],{"lang":950,"names":951},"ml",[952],"ടോപാസ്",{"lang":954,"names":955},"my",[956],"ဥဿဖယား",{"lang":958,"names":959},"nb",[795],{"lang":961,"names":962},"nds",[788],{"lang":964,"names":965},"nl",[817,966],"Topaze",{"lang":968,"names":969},"nn",[795],{"lang":971,"names":972},"no",[788],{"lang":974,"names":975},"oc",[976],"Topazi",{"lang":978,"names":979},"os",[980],"мыцъа",{"lang":982,"names":983},"pl",[984],"topaz",{"lang":986,"names":987},"pnb",[988],"پکھراج",{"lang":990,"names":991},"ps",[825],{"lang":993,"names":994},"pt",[995,996],"Al2SiO4(F, OH)2","topázio",{"lang":998,"names":999},"pt-br",[995,996],{"lang":1001,"names":1002},"qu",[1003,736,7,1004],"Q'illu umiña","Tupasyu",{"lang":1006,"names":1007},"ro",[984],{"lang":1009,"names":1010},"ru",[1011,1012],"топаз","Топазы",{"lang":1014,"names":1015},"sah",[1016,773],"Топааз",{"lang":1018,"names":1019},"sat",[1020],"ᱴᱳᱯᱟᱡᱽ",{"lang":1022,"names":1023},"scn",[1024],"tupazziu",{"lang":1026,"names":1027},"sco",[984],{"lang":1029,"names":1030},"sh",[7],{"lang":1032,"names":1033},"si",[1034],"පඩියං",{"lang":1036,"names":1037},"sk",[1038],"Topás",{"lang":1040,"names":1041},"sl",[7],{"lang":1043,"names":1044},"sq",[976],{"lang":1046,"names":1047},"sr",[1011],{"lang":1049,"names":1050},"sv",[795],{"lang":1052,"names":1053},"sw",[976],{"lang":1055,"names":1056},"ta",[1057],"புட்பராகம்",{"lang":1059,"names":1060},"te",[1061],"పుష్యరాగం",{"lang":1063,"names":1064},"th",[1065],"โทแพซ",{"lang":1067,"names":1068},"tr",[7,1069],"Zebercet",{"lang":1071,"names":1072},"ug",[1073],"سېرىق قاشتېشى",{"lang":1075,"names":1076},"uk",[1077,1011],"Al₂SiO₄F₂",{"lang":1079,"names":1080},"ur",[988],{"lang":1082,"names":1083},"uz",[7],{"lang":1085,"names":1086},"vi",[7],{"lang":1088,"names":1089},"wuu",[882],{"lang":1091,"names":1092},"yue",[1093],"黃玉",{"lang":1095,"names":1096},"zh",[1097,1098,1099,882],"托帕石","黃寶石","黄宝石",{"lang":1101,"names":1102},"zh-cn",[882],{"lang":1104,"names":1105},"zh-hans",[882],{"lang":1107,"names":1108},"zh-hant",[1093],{"lang":1110,"names":1111},"zh-hk",[1093],{"lang":1113,"names":1114},"zh-sg",[882],{"lang":1116,"names":1117},"zh-tw",[1093],{"lang":1119,"names":1120},"zh-yue",[1093],"Q134985",{"history":1123,"applications":1127},{"markdown":1124,"model_version":1125,"prompt_version":1126,"reviewed_at":11},"For most of its history, *topaz* was not the mineral we now call by that name. Pliny the Elder used the word for a yellow stone from an island in the Red Sea. That stone almost certainly was not the aluminium fluorosilicate sold today.\n\nThe name comes through Latin *Topazius* and Old French *Topace* from the Greek *Topázios*[1]. Pliny placed the source on **Topazos**, a hard-to-find island in the Red Sea from which a yellow gemstone was mined in antiquity[2]. That island is known today as Zabargad, or St. John's Island. The stone Pliny described was almost certainly **chrysolite** — the gem-quality yellowish form of olivine now sold as peridot[3]. The Romans gave the gem protective powers; travellers wore it as a charm against danger on the road[4].\n\nThe confusion deepened in the Septuagint Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. There the word *topazi[os]* names a yellow stone — again likely chrysolite, not what we now call topaz[5]. Through the Middle Ages, the name settled into a generic label: any yellow gemstone could be called *topaz*[6].\n\nThe modern definition arrived in **1737**, when the name was first applied to the silicate mineral Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂[7]. Eighteenth-century mineralogy was sorting through the bag of yellow stones one by one, separating species by hardness, crystal form and chemistry. *Topaz* was given to the silicate; everything else kept its own name.\n\nOne of the most famous early specimens has a confused identity of its own. The **Braganza** stone of Portugal — a very large jewel long described as a diamond — is now thought to be a topaz instead[8].","claude-opus-4-7","1.7.0",{"markdown":1128,"model_version":1125,"prompt_version":1126,"reviewed_at":11},"Topaz is a gemstone first and almost nothing else. Cut and polished, it ranks among the second tier of gemstones — semiprecious, accompanying aquamarine, morganite and tourmaline[1]. That single use absorbs nearly all the commercial demand for the mineral.\n\nThe gem trade sorts topaz by colour, and the most prized colours have their own names. **Imperial topaz** is yellow, pink-orange, or — more rarely — pink or violet. The Brazilian material can run from a bright yellow to a deep golden brown[2]. **Blue topaz** is almost entirely a manufactured colour. Naturally blue stones are rare. Most of what reaches jewellery shops starts as colourless, grey or pale yellow rough, then is heat-treated and irradiated to a darker blue[3]. **Mystic topaz** is colourless topaz coated by vapor deposition — a thin film that gives the stone a rainbow effect on its surface[4].\n\nTwo American states have made topaz their official gemstone. Orange topaz — also called precious topaz — is the **November birthstone** and a symbol of friendship. It is the state gemstone of Utah; blue topaz is the state gemstone of Texas[5]. The Texas designation rests on colourless and light-blue crystals found in the Precambrian granite of Mason County, within the Llano Uplift[6].\n\nIndustrial use of topaz is modest. Lower-quality rough — the material that does not meet gem standards — is used as an abrasive on account of its hardness. The same material also feeds into refractory products for high-temperature environments[7]."]