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Other cell data reported: 7.025, 20.63 A.","Rare on {110}.","Parallel growths with autunite are common. Parallel growths with uranospinite, zeunerite and bassetite are documented.","Crystals thin to thick tabular, square or octagonal, with prominent {001}, {011}, {110}; rarely pyramidal {111}. Commonly forms subparallel aggregates, foliated, micaceous, scaly.",2.5,"3.22","Vitreous","Sub-Adamantine,Vitreous,Waxy,Pearly","Pearly on cleavages, dull when dehydrated.","Transparent,Translucent","Pale green","Emerald-green, grass-green. leek green, siskin green, apple green",[61,62,63],"green","blue","colorless",[61],"Not fluorescent. (Epitaxial intergrowths with other uranyl mica may fluoresce, however.)","Perfect on {001} micaceous, indistinct on {100}","Perfect","brittle","Uniaxial","-","1.590","1.592","1.581","1.582",1.581,1.592,"Visible","O = Dark green to sky blue\r\nE = Green","0.010","Parallel","Radioactive. H2O content varies with relative humidity. Soluble in acids.","Uncommon mineral in the secondary zone of copper bearing uranium deposits.","Autunite Group.\r\n\r\nA secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of some uraniferous copper deposits.\r\nOften dehydrated to metatorbernite (note that transparent crystals can already be metatorbernite).","Named in 1793 by Abraham Gottlob Werner in honor of Torbern Olof Bergmann [March 20, 1735, Katharinberg, Sweden – July 8, 1784, Medevi, Sweden], Professor of Chemistry and Physics, University of Uppsala (Sweden). Bergmann succeeded Johan Gottschalk Wallerius at Uppsala. Bergmann was one of the most important chemists and mineralogists of the eighteenth century. He published on mineralogical classification, \u003Cem>Sciagraphia Regni Mineralis\u003C\u002Fem>, and studied nickel and bismuth. He researched and published on quantitative chemical analysis and the chemical affinity of the elements, the latter which led to more sophisticated theories. Bergmann was honored as a Knight of the Royal Order of Vasa and the Lunar crater \u003Cem>Bergmann\u003C\u002Fem> was named for him. His students included Karl Wilhelm Scheele, Juan José de Elhuyar (co-discoverer of tungsten), and Johan Gadolin.","2026-03-13 12:17:50",[],[88,97,106,112,119,124,131,137,145,153,160,168],{"id":89,"name":90,"entrytype":9,"csystem":91,"ima_formula":92,"mindat_formula":93,"hmin":46,"hmax":52,"dmeas":94,"dcalc":95,"primary_image_id":96},433,"Autunite","Orthorhombic","Ca(UO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 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Germany",50.4358333,12.7069444,"Germany",984,[239,243,247,251,254,258,262,266,270,274,278,282,285,289,292,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,333,337,340,344,349,354,358,362,366,370,374,379,383,388,392,396,400,405,410,414,419,423],{"id":240,"year":241,"html":242,"doi":11},16125942,1772,"Born, Ignatz Edler von (1772) Index Fossilium, quae collegit, et in Classes ac Ordines disposuit Ignatius Eques a Born (Lithophylacium Bornianum).- Prag, Wolfgang Gerle, p. 42 (as viridis cryst.).",{"id":244,"year":245,"html":246,"doi":11},16137184,1780,"Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1780) \u003Ci>Axel von Kronstedts Versuch einer Mineralogie. Aufs neue aus dem Schwedischen übersetzt und nächst verschiedenen Anmerkungen vorzüglich mit äussern Beschreibungen der Fossilien vermehrt.\u003C\u002Fi>. Siegfried Leberecht Crusius, Leiåzig.",{"id":248,"year":249,"html":250,"doi":11},16101419,1789,"Hoffmann, C.A.S.  (1789) Mineralsystem des Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben von C.A.S. Hoffmann. \u003Ci> Bergmännisches Journal\u003C\u002Fi>,  2 (1) 369-398",{"id":252,"year":249,"html":253,"doi":11},16125944,"Klaproth (1789) Schrift. Ges. Nat. Berlin: 9: 273 (as Urankalk durch Kupfer gefärbt).",{"id":255,"year":256,"html":257,"doi":11},16125946,1793,"Karsten, D.L.G. (1793) Über Herrn Werners Verbesserungen in der Mineralogie auf veranlassung der freimüthigen Gedanken, etc., des Herrn Abbé Estner. 80pp., Berlin: 43 (as Torberit).",{"id":259,"year":260,"html":261,"doi":11},16771989,1797,"Klaproth, M. H. (1797) LVII. Chemische Untersuchung des Uranerzes. In \u003Ci>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2. Rottmann. p.197-221.",{"id":263,"year":264,"html":265,"doi":11},16125948,1800,"Werner (1800) (as Uranglimmer).",{"id":267,"year":268,"html":269,"doi":11},12960851,1801,"Haüy, René Just (1801) \u003Ci>Traité de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi> (1st ed.) Vol. 4. Chez Louis, Paris. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Ftraitdeminralog01goog\u002Ftraitdeminralog01goog.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":271,"year":272,"html":273,"doi":11},16125950,1803,"Ludwig, C.F. (1803) Handbuch der Mineralogie nach A.G. Werner. 2 volumes, Leipzig: 1: 55 (as Uranglimmer), 308 (as Torbernit).",{"id":275,"year":276,"html":277,"doi":11},16125951,1814,"Aikin, A. (1814) Manual of Mineralogy, 8 volumes, London, first edition (as Uranite).",{"id":279,"year":280,"html":281,"doi":11},16125952,1820,"Breithaupt, A. (1820) Kurze Charakteristik des Mineral-System’s. 8vo, Freiberg (as Uranphyllit).",{"id":283,"year":280,"html":284,"doi":11},16125953,"Jameson, R. (1820) A System of Mineralogy, third edition, 3 volumes (as Uran-Mica).",{"id":286,"year":287,"html":288,"doi":11},16125954,1823,"Berzelius (1823) Jahresber. (as Phosphate of Uranium and Copper).",{"id":290,"year":287,"html":291,"doi":11},16125955,"Phillips, R. (1823) Annals of Philosophy, London: 5: 57 (as Phosphate of Uranium containing Phosphate of Copper).",{"id":293,"year":294,"html":295,"doi":11},12911330,1852,"Brooke, Henry J., Phillips, William (1852) \u003Ci>An Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.) \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fbub_gb_mxsIAAAAIAAJ\u002Fbub_gb_mxsIAAAAIAAJ.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":297,"year":298,"html":299,"doi":11},16125957,1865,"Breithaupt (1865) Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig (merged into Glückauf): 24: 302 (as Cuprouranit).",{"id":301,"year":302,"html":303,"doi":11},16125958,1872,"Schrauf (1872) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 181.",{"id":305,"year":306,"html":307,"doi":11},16125959,1873,"Winkler (1873) Journal für praktische Chemie, Leipzig: 7: 10.",{"id":309,"year":310,"html":311,"doi":11},1118647,1892,"Dana, Edward Salisbury; Dana, James Dwight (1892) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",{"id":313,"year":314,"html":315,"doi":11},16125961,1898,"Walker, T.L. (1898) The crystalline symmetry of torbernite. \u003Ci>American Journal Of Science\u003C\u002Fi>,  S. 4 Vol. 6. 41-44",{"id":317,"year":318,"html":319,"doi":11},16125962,1901,"Rinne (1901) Kupferuranit und seine Entwässerungsprodukte. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 618.",{"id":321,"year":322,"html":323,"doi":11},16125963,1903,"Buchholz, Y. (1903) Der Wassergehalt des Kupferuranite. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 362-365.",{"id":325,"year":326,"html":327,"doi":11},16125964,1912,"Millosevich (1912) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Rend.: 21: 594.",{"id":329,"year":330,"html":331,"doi":332},4945,1916,"Hallimond, Arthur Francis (1916) The crystallography and dehydration of Torbernite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  17 (82). 326-339 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1916.017.82.08'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1916.017.82.08\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_17\u002F17-82-326.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1916.017.82.08",{"id":334,"year":335,"html":336,"doi":11},16125966,1917,"Pereira-Forjaz, A. (1917) Étude specrtographiques des minéraux portugais d'uranium et de zirconium. Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 164: 102-103.",{"id":338,"year":335,"html":339,"doi":11},16125967,"Heinrich, F. (1917) Über radioaktive Mineralien in Bayern;. Zweite Mitteilung. II. Über den Kupferuranit (Kupferuranglimmer, (Chalkolith, Tobernit) vom Steinbruch Fuchsbau bei Leupoldsdorf im Fichtelgebirge. Journal für praktische Chemie, Leipzig: 96: 77-85.",{"id":341,"year":342,"html":343,"doi":11},4468627,1918,"(1918) \u003Ci>Atlas Der Krystallformen\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 5 - Text - Band V - Kainit-Margarosanit. Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg.",{"id":345,"year":346,"html":347,"doi":348},5006,1920,"Hallimond, A. F. (1920) Meta-torbernite I, its physical properties and relation to Torbernite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  19 (89) 43-47 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1920.019.89.04'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1920.019.89.04\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_19\u002F19-89-43.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1920.019.89.04",{"id":350,"year":351,"html":352,"doi":353},647767,1921,"Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 679. US Geological Survey \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb679'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb679\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F0679\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb679",{"id":355,"year":356,"html":357,"doi":11},18533217,1923,"(1923) \u003Ci>Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 32. Sociétés Chimiques Belges",{"id":359,"year":360,"html":361,"doi":11},16125973,1931,"Hintze, Carl (1931) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [4B]: 993.",{"id":363,"year":364,"html":365,"doi":11},16125974,1932,"Goldsztaub (1932) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 55: 7.",{"id":367,"year":368,"html":369,"doi":11},16101773,1940,"Meixner (1940) Chemie der Erde, Jena: 12: 433.",{"id":371,"year":372,"html":373,"doi":11},1118652,1951,"Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.",{"id":375,"year":376,"html":377,"doi":378},595359,1956,"Frondel, C.; Riska, D.; Frondel, J.D. (1956) X-ray powder data for uranium and thorium minerals. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 1036g. US Geological Survey \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb1036g'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb1036g\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F1036g\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb1036g",{"id":380,"year":381,"html":382,"doi":11},522991,1957,"Berman, Robert M. (1957) Studies of uranium minerals (XXIII): Torbernite, zeunerite and uranospherite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  42 (11-12) 905-908 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM42\u002FAM42_905.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":384,"year":385,"html":386,"doi":387},595495,1958,"Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. \u003Ci>Bulletin\u003C\u002Fi> 1064. US Geological Survey \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3133\u002Fb1064'>doi:10.3133\u002Fb1064\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.usgs.gov\u002Fbul\u002F1064\u002Freport.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3133\u002Fb1064",{"id":389,"year":390,"html":391,"doi":11},524162,1964,"Ross, Malcolm, Evans, Howard T. (1964) Studies of the torbernite minerals (I) : The crystal structure of abernathyite and the structurally related compounds NH\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(UO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O and K(H\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O)(UO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>AsO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·6H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  49 (11-12) 1578-1602 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM49\u002FAM49_1578.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":393,"year":394,"html":395,"doi":11},524187,1965,"Ross, Malcolm, Evans, H. T. (1965) Studies of the torbernite minerals (III): Role of the interlayer oxonium, potassium, and ammonium ions, and water molecules. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (1-2) 1-12 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM50\u002FAM50_1.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":397,"year":398,"html":399,"doi":11},16771790,2000,"Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2000) \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 4 - Arsenates, phosphates, vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.",{"id":401,"year":402,"html":403,"doi":404},63795,2003,"Locock, A. J., Burns, P. C. (2003) Crystal Structures and Synthesis of the Copper-Dominant Members of the Autunite and Meta-Autunite Groups: Torbernite, Zeunerite, Metatorbernite and Metazeunerite. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  41 (2) 489-502 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.41.2.489'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.41.2.489\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol41\u002FCM41_489.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.41.2.489",{"id":406,"year":407,"html":408,"doi":409},16387836,2005,"Frost, Ray L., Erickson, Kristy L., Carmody, Onuma, Weier, Matt L. (2005) Near-infrared spectroscopy of torbernites and metatorbernites. \u003Ci>Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fi>, 61 (4) 749-754 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.saa.2004.05.027'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.saa.2004.05.027\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.saa.2004.05.027",{"id":411,"year":407,"html":412,"doi":413},64215,"Burns, Peter C. (2005) U\u003Csup>6+\u003C\u002Fsup> minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (6) 1839-1894 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.43.6.1839'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.43.6.1839\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fcm\u002Fvol43\u002FCM43_1839.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgscanmin.43.6.1839",{"id":415,"year":416,"html":417,"doi":418},944495,2010,"Dill, H.G.; Gerdes, A.; Weber, B. (2010) Age and mineralogy of supergene uranium minerals — Tools to unravel geomorphological and palaeohydrological processes in granitic terrains (Bohemian Massif, SE Germany). \u003Ci>Geomorphology\u003C\u002Fi>,  117 (1-2). 44-65 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2009.11.005'>doi:10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2009.11.005\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2009.11.005",{"id":420,"year":421,"html":422,"doi":11},16967760,2021,"(2021) Torbernite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002FTorbernite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":424,"year":425,"html":426,"doi":427},16968762,2023,"Spano, Tyler L., Olds, Travis A., McDonnell, Marshall, Smith, Robert, Niedziela, Jennifer L., Miskowiec, Andrew, Kapsimalis, Roger, Shields, Ashley E. (2023) CURIES: Compendium of uranium Raman and infrared experimental spectra. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  108 (12) 2219-2233 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8738'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8738\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam-2022-8738",[429,439,446,451,460,469,478,487,497,506,514,522,528,537,546,552,562,570,576,583,589,595,600,605,613],{"id":430,"source_url":431,"license_code":432,"credit_html":433,"title":434,"description":435,"author":436,"original_width":437,"original_height":438},24374,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4038006","CC BY 3.0","P. Fernandes (Trebaruna), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=4038006\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite (PT).jpg","\u003Ca href=\"\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" title=\"Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>, oriunda de Portugal","P. Fernandes (Trebaruna)",2029,1628,{"id":440,"source_url":441,"license_code":442,"credit_html":443,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":444,"original_height":445},30858,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61668","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F61668\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":447,"source_url":448,"license_code":449,"credit_html":450,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":444,"original_height":445},30859,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116339","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F116339\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":452,"source_url":453,"license_code":442,"credit_html":454,"title":455,"description":456,"author":457,"original_width":458,"original_height":459},24377,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11141508","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=11141508\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite Aveyron HD.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa> \n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality : Margabal Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEntraygues-sur-Truy%C3%A8re\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Entraygues-sur-Truyère\">Entraygues-sur-Truyère\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAveyron\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Aveyron\">Aveyron\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMidi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Midi-Pyrénées\">Midi-Pyrénées\u003C\u002Fa>, France\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size : 15.3 x 9.6 x 5.6 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",6601,4944,{"id":461,"source_url":462,"license_code":442,"credit_html":463,"title":464,"description":465,"author":466,"original_width":467,"original_height":468},24378,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=43448940","Weirdmeister, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=43448940\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite boxed.JPG","Torbernite, Musonoi Mine, Kolwezi, Congo, specimen size: 5 cm","Weirdmeister",3264,2176,{"id":470,"source_url":471,"license_code":442,"credit_html":472,"title":473,"description":474,"author":475,"original_width":476,"original_height":477},24380,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=112158502","Klaproth, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=112158502\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite Margabal.jpg","Torbernite crystals from Margabal, France (field of view about 20 mm)","Klaproth",1787,1414,{"id":479,"source_url":480,"license_code":442,"credit_html":481,"title":482,"description":483,"author":484,"original_width":485,"original_height":486},24381,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132855496","Eric Polk, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=132855496\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite NHMLA.png","Sample of torbernite collected from Musonoi Mine, Haut-Katanage Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.  On display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.","Eric Polk",2753,1504,{"id":488,"source_url":489,"license_code":490,"credit_html":491,"title":492,"description":493,"author":494,"original_width":495,"original_height":496},67227,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28398928","CC BY-SA 3.0","Parent Géry, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=28398928\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite, quartz.JPG","metatorbernite, quartz var. smoky quartz : Margabal Mine, Entraygues-sur-Truyère, Aveyron, Midi-Pyrénées, France","Parent Géry",3726,2848,{"id":498,"source_url":499,"license_code":490,"credit_html":500,"title":501,"description":502,"author":503,"original_width":504,"original_height":505},24375,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10148710","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10148710\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kasolite-Torbernite-Malachite-165791.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKasolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kasolite\">Kasolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMalachite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Malachite\">Malachite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Musonoi Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4322.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.5 x 4.9 x 4.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A STRIKING and very rich kasolite and torbernite specimen from the famous Musonoi Mine of Zaire. Kasolite is RARE oxidation product of uraninite and this VERY SHOWY specimen is richly sprinkled with discrete crystals and clusters of radial, yellow-orange kasolite crystals with GEMMY, dayglow-green, torbernite plates on a sharply contrasting malachite-rich matrix. Indeed, a colorful and striking visual specimen. These are classic for the species, hard to obtain today. Ex. Bob Byers collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",477,638,{"id":507,"source_url":508,"license_code":490,"credit_html":509,"title":510,"description":511,"author":503,"original_width":512,"original_height":513},24376,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161237","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161237\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wulfenite-Kasolite-Torbernite-214957.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWulfenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wulfenite\">Wulfenite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKasolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kasolite\">Kasolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuilleminite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Guilleminite\">Guilleminite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMalachite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Malachite\">Malachite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Musonoi Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4322.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.0 x 4.4 x 4.1 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a great combination piece containing 5 minerals. The most surprisingly spectacular are the blood red Wulfenite crystals in a prismatic habit, up to 1 mm in size sitting on a carpet of green velvet Malachite. Wulfenite is rare in Katanga (only 2 valid localities for this huge province) and in Musonoi they are at their best. They are associated with well terminated and bright yellow Kasolite crystals reaching 2 mm in size. Some are showing phantom growth. Also present are green, transparent platy Torbernite crystals reaching 4 mm on edge. The edges of the Torbernite are worth a closer look - some of them are the matrix for very small Guilleminite crystal clusters. This specimen was recovered during the removal of the U-dump in the early 1990’s. Musonoi has ceased producing minerals since then. Musonoi is the Type Locality for Guilleminite. Nothing has come out of Katanga for more than 15 years, except for Malachite and Chrysocolla.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,600,{"id":515,"source_url":516,"license_code":449,"credit_html":517,"title":518,"description":519,"author":520,"original_width":521,"original_height":521},24379,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79359775","Boris Lobastov, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79359775\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite on quartz SEM image.png","False-colored SEM image of small leaf-like crystals of torbernite-zeunerite mineral group on fine-grained quartz,Khakassia. Minerals were identified by SEM EDS.","Boris Lobastov",1280,{"id":523,"source_url":524,"license_code":490,"credit_html":525,"title":526,"description":527,"author":503,"original_width":512,"original_height":513},6716,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159027","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159027\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite-Metatorbernite-Curite-201043.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMetatorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Metatorbernite\">Metatorbernite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCurite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Curite\">Curite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHeterogenite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Heterogenite\">Heterogenite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Shinkolobwe Mine (Kasolo Mine), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FShinkolobwe\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Shinkolobwe\">Shinkolobwe\u003C\u002Fa>, Central area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4328.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.5 x 6 x 4.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This Torbernite specimen is from the Shinkolobwe uranium mine and shows two generations. The dark green crystals of torbernite are growing on lighter metatorbernite crystals. The Torbernite are transparent dark green crystals because the water is still present in the crystal structure. The Metatorbernite appears as light green, opaque crystals because most of the water is gone. The top crystals are covered with a very thin layer of Heterogenite what gives them a black appearance, most unusual: What is noticeable here is that the Torbernite is coated with Heterogenite that prevented its dehydration. The Metatorbernite was a first generation and had all the time to dehydrate. Also present on this specimen is a cluster of Curite crystals also covered with the Heterogenite. Shinkolobwe is the type locality for Curite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":529,"source_url":530,"license_code":490,"credit_html":531,"title":532,"description":533,"author":534,"original_width":535,"original_height":536},7135,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6964542","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6964542\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dewindtit, Curit, Torbernit - Shinkolobwe, Katanga.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDewindtite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dewindtite\">Dewindtite\u003C\u002Fa> (yellow), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCurite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Curite\">Curite\u003C\u002Fa> (orange-red), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa> (green) - Locality: Shinkolobwe, Katanga - Exposed in the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, Germany","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2100,1700,{"id":538,"source_url":539,"license_code":490,"credit_html":540,"title":541,"description":542,"author":543,"original_width":544,"original_height":545},7138,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=38968832","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=38968832\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Dewindtite, Torbernite-569874.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDewindtite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Dewindtite\">Dewindtite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Medvědín, Špindlerův Mlýn, Krkonoše Mtn, Hradec Králové Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Yellow tabular dewindtite crystals associated with green torbernite crystals. Field of view 5 mm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Leon Hupperichs",937,876,{"id":547,"source_url":548,"license_code":490,"credit_html":549,"title":550,"description":551,"author":503,"original_width":512,"original_height":513},13022,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159062","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159062\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kasolite-Torbernite-201133.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKasolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kasolite\">Kasolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Musonoi Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4322.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 3 x 2 x 2.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Here is a specimen of very fine, orange, well crystallized Kasolite associated with green Torbernite tablets. The crystals are gathered together in bunches and are very aesthetically dispersed over the matrix. These specimens where recovered during the removal of the uranium dump in the early 90’s. The Kasolite crystals reaches more than 1 mm (large for this species).\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",{"id":553,"source_url":554,"license_code":555,"credit_html":556,"title":557,"description":558,"author":559,"original_width":560,"original_height":561},17908,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118191448","CC BY-SA 2.0","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=118191448\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite with Novacekite (48139989371).jpg","\u003Cp>Valencia County\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nNew Mexico, USA","Pacific Museum of Earth from Canada",4000,6000,{"id":563,"source_url":564,"license_code":490,"credit_html":565,"title":566,"description":567,"author":543,"original_width":568,"original_height":569},18834,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866116","Leon Hupperichs, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14866116\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Parsonsite-Torbernite-90912.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FParsonsite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Parsonsite\">Parsonsite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pinhal do Souto mine, Tragos, Chãs de Tavares, Mangualde, Viseu District, Portugal\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Yellow-brown xls of Parsonsite together with Torbernite xls. Field of view 4 mm.  Depth of field is achieved with CombineZM. Specimen and photo Leon Hupperichs.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",729,536,{"id":571,"source_url":572,"license_code":490,"credit_html":573,"title":574,"description":527,"author":503,"original_width":512,"original_height":575},51471,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159028","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159028\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite-Metatorbernite-Curite-201046.jpg",671,{"id":577,"source_url":578,"license_code":490,"credit_html":579,"title":580,"description":527,"author":503,"original_width":581,"original_height":582},51472,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159029","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159029\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite-Metatorbernite-Curite-201047.jpg",400,258,{"id":584,"source_url":585,"license_code":490,"credit_html":586,"title":587,"description":527,"author":503,"original_width":581,"original_height":588},51473,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159030","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159030\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Torbernite-Metatorbernite-Curite-201048.jpg",300,{"id":590,"source_url":591,"license_code":490,"credit_html":592,"title":593,"description":511,"author":503,"original_width":594,"original_height":581},57676,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161234","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161234\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wulfenite-Kasolite-Torbernite-214956.jpg",533,{"id":596,"source_url":597,"license_code":490,"credit_html":598,"title":599,"description":511,"author":503,"original_width":581,"original_height":588},57677,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161238","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161238\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wulfenite-Kasolite-Torbernite-214958.jpg",{"id":601,"source_url":602,"license_code":490,"credit_html":603,"title":604,"description":511,"author":503,"original_width":581,"original_height":588},57678,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161239","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161239\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wulfenite-Kasolite-Torbernite-214959.jpg",{"id":606,"source_url":607,"license_code":490,"credit_html":608,"title":609,"description":610,"author":503,"original_width":611,"original_height":612},62243,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151129","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10151129\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kasolite-Torbernite-Malachite-176298.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKasolite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kasolite\">Kasolite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTorbernite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Torbernite\">Torbernite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMalachite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Malachite\">Malachite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Musonoi Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKolwezi\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Kolwezi\">Kolwezi\u003C\u002Fa>, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKatanga\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Katanga\">Katanga (Shaba)\u003C\u002Fa>, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-4322.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 8.0 x 5.0 x 4.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A fine kasolite and torbernite specimen from the famous Musonoi Mine of Zaire. This specimen is richly sprinkled with discrete crystals and clusters of radial, yellow-orange kasolite crystals with a couple of day-glow green, torbernite plates on a sharply contrasting malachite-rich matrix. Ex. Bob Byers collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",431,362,{"id":614,"source_url":615,"license_code":490,"credit_html":616,"title":617,"description":551,"author":503,"original_width":512,"original_height":513},62244,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159063","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159063\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kasolite-Torbernite-201134.jpg",[619],{"id":620,"url":621,"label":622,"formula":623,"spacegroup":624,"year":402},13796,"\u002Fcif\u002F13796.cif","Locock 2003","U2 P2 Cu O24 H24","P 4\u002Fn n c",[626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650],"Chalcolite","Chalkolite","Chalkolith","Copper Uranite","Cuprouranit","Cuprouranite","Grüner Glimmer","Kupfer-Uranit","Kupferautunit","Kupferphosphoruranit","Mica viridis cryst.","Orthotorbernit","Orthotorbernita","Orthotorbernite","Phosphate of Uranium and Copper","Phosphate of Uranium containing Phosphate of Copper","Tobairnít","Torberit","Torberite","Uran-mica","Urane oxydé","Uranites spathosus","Urankalk durch Kupfer gefärbt","Uranphyllit","Uranphyllite",[652,656,661,665,669,673,677,681,685,688,692,697,700,703,707,711,715,718,721,724,728,731,735,739,743,747,750,754,757,760,765,768,773,776,780,783,788,791,794],{"lang":653,"names":654},"ar",[655],"توربرنيت",{"lang":657,"names":658},"ca",[659,660],"chalcolita","torbernita",{"lang":662,"names":663},"cs",[664],"Torbernit",{"lang":666,"names":667},"de",[634,635,668,637,664],"Kupferuranglimmer",{"lang":670,"names":671},"el",[672],"Τορμπερνίτης",{"lang":674,"names":675},"eo",[676],"Torbernito",{"lang":678,"names":679},"es",[680],"Torbernita",{"lang":682,"names":683},"et",[684],"torberniit",{"lang":686,"names":687},"eu",[680],{"lang":689,"names":690},"fa",[691],"توربرنیت",{"lang":693,"names":694},"fr",[695,626,627,631,639,644,696,645,646],"Calcholite","torbernite",{"lang":698,"names":699},"hu",[664],{"lang":701,"names":702},"it",[696],{"lang":704,"names":705},"ja",[706],"燐銅ウラン石",{"lang":708,"names":709},"kk",[710],"Торбернит",{"lang":712,"names":713},"kk-arab",[714],"توربەرنىيت",{"lang":716,"names":717},"kk-cn",[714],{"lang":719,"names":720},"kk-cyrl",[710],{"lang":722,"names":723},"kk-kz",[710],{"lang":725,"names":726},"kk-latn",[727],"Torbernït",{"lang":729,"names":730},"kk-tr",[727],{"lang":732,"names":733},"kn",[734],"ಟಾರ್ಬರ್ನೈಟ್",{"lang":736,"names":737},"mk",[738],"торбернит",{"lang":740,"names":741},"nb",[742],"torbernitt",{"lang":744,"names":745},"nl",[746],"torberniet",{"lang":748,"names":749},"nn",[742],{"lang":751,"names":752},"pl",[753,664],"Meta-torbernit",{"lang":755,"names":756},"pt",[680,696],{"lang":758,"names":759},"pt-br",[660,696],{"lang":761,"names":762},"ru",[763,764,710],"Медноурановая слюдка","Медный уранит",{"lang":766,"names":767},"sk",[664],{"lang":769,"names":770},"sl",[771,772],"halkolit","tobernit",{"lang":774,"names":775},"sv",[664],{"lang":777,"names":778},"uk",[779],"Торберніт",{"lang":781,"names":782},"uz",[664],{"lang":784,"names":785},"zh",[786,787],"銅鈾雲母","铜铀云母",{"lang":789,"names":790},"zh-cn",[787],{"lang":792,"names":793},"zh-hans",[787],{"lang":795,"names":796},"zh-hant",[786],"Q409918",{"history":799,"applications":803},{"markdown":800,"model_version":801,"prompt_version":802,"reviewed_at":11},"The mineral was found and named twice. It was first picked up in 1772 by the Bohemian mineralogist Ignaz von Born. He listed it in his catalogue *Lythophylacium Bornianum* as *mica viridis crystallina* — green crystalline mica from Johanngeorgenstadt, in the Saxon Ore Mountains[1]. The name was a placeholder. Green tabular crystals do look superficially like green mica, and 18th-century mineralogy had not yet sorted the uranium phosphates from anything else that flaked.\n\nEight years later, in 1780, the German mineralogist Abraham Gottlob Werner returned to the same material. He described it more carefully but still called it *grüner Glimmer* — green mica[2]. Werner settled on a proper name in 1793, christening it **torbernite** in honour of the Swedish chemist Torbern Olof Bergman (1735–1784)[3].\n\nBergman held the chair of chemistry and physics at the University of Uppsala. He was one of the leading chemists and mineralogists of the eighteenth century[4]. He published on mineralogical classification, most notably the *Sciagraphia Regni Mineralis*, and worked on quantitative chemical analysis and the chemical affinity of the elements[4]. The affinity work was an early step toward the modern table of reactivity. His students included Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Johan Gadolin, the chemist after whom gadolinium was later named[4]. Another student was Juan José de Elhuyar, co-discoverer of tungsten[4]. Bergman died nine years before the mineral got his name.\n\nThe type material came from the Georg Wagsfort Mine near Johanngeorgenstadt, in the Ore Mountains of Saxony[1].","claude-opus-4-7","1.0.0",{"markdown":804,"model_version":801,"prompt_version":802,"reviewed_at":11},"Torbernite is not a uranium ore. The mineral is too rare and too hydrated to be worked at scale. Primary uranium production runs through uraninite and its concentrates, not through these emerald-green plates.\n\nWhere torbernite earns its keep is in prospecting. Its uranium content sits at around 48 % by mass, which makes a fresh crust strongly radioactive[1]. The bright apple- to emerald-green colour is hard to miss on a weathered rock face[1]. Geologists treat it as an **indicator mineral** — a surface clue that a uranium body sits below — alongside its sister phosphates autunite and metatorbernite[2]. A patch of green on an outcrop tells the prospector to bring out the gamma-ray spectrometer. The spectrometer tells them whether to keep digging.\n\nThe other steady demand comes from collectors and museums. Sharp tabular crystals change hands as specimens of one of the few minerals whose colour rivals dioptase. Uranium decay makes the mineral measurably radioactive, with a specific activity of about 86 kilobecquerels per gram according to its formula[1]. For that reason, well-curated specimens live in air-tight glass jars rather than open trays[3]. The same dehydration that turns torbernite into the slightly drier metatorbernite happens slowly at room temperature, and faster above 75 °C[3]. Collectors lose crystals to the change if they keep them warm and dry."]