[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:4060":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":23,"key_elements":24,"impurities":25,"cim":26,"ima_status":27,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":11,"discovery_year":30,"strunz10ed1":31,"strunz10ed2":32,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":34,"dana8ed2":35,"dana8ed3":36,"dana8ed4":37,"csystem":38,"cclass":39,"spacegroup":39,"spacegroupset":40,"a":41,"b":42,"c":43,"alpha":44,"beta":45,"gamma":46,"aerror":47,"berror":47,"cerror":39,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":48,"z":47,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":11,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":49,"tlform":11,"hmin":50,"hmax":51,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":40,"vhnmax":40,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":52,"dmeas2":53,"dcalc":54,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":55,"commentluster":56,"diapheny":57,"streak":58,"colour":59,"commentcolor":60,"colors":61,"streak_colors":67,"luminescence":11,"uv":68,"cleavage":69,"cleavagetype":70,"fracturetype":71,"tenacity":72,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":73,"opticalsign":74,"opticalalpha":75,"opticalalpha2":40,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":76,"opticalbeta2":40,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":77,"opticalgamma2":40,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":40,"opticalomega2":40,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":40,"opticalepsilon2":40,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":40,"opticaln2":40,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":78,"optical2vcalc2":40,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":79,"optical2vmeasured2":40,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":80,"rimax":81,"opticaldispersion":82,"opticalpleochroism":83,"opticalpleochorismdesc":84,"opticalbirefringence":85,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":86,"industrial":87,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":88,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":89,"aboutname":90,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":91,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":92,"group_members":98,"associates":132,"confused_with":207,"type_localities":212,"occurrence_total":213,"citations":214,"images":434,"structures":625,"synonyms":637,"language_names":671,"wikidata_qid":1057,"texts":1058},4060,"1:1:4060:6","620499e2-37b8-44f1-b03e-ff0489cd0deb","Turquoise","Tqu",0,"mineral",null,29340,14075,false,"CuAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CuAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",[18,19,20,21,22],"Al","Cu","O","P","H",[18,19,20,21,22],[19],",Fe,Ca,","19.2.8",[28,29],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED","1678","8","D","15","42","9","3","1","Triclinic",2,"0","7.409","7.635","9.914","111.356","114.973","69.532",1,449.39,"Crystals rare. Steep pinacoidal crystals exhibiting {010}, \u003Cmi>{1_10}\u003C\u002Fmi> and {001}. Fine granular, globular crusts, veinlets, massive.",5,6,"2.6","2.8","2.91","Sub-Vitreous,Resinous,Waxy,Dull,Earthy","Dull to waxy in massive varieties, subvitreous in crystals.","Transparent,Translucent,Opaque","Pale greenish blue to white","Bright blue, sky-blue, pale green, blue-green, turquoise-blue, apple-green, green-gray","Ferric iron substitution may cause the color to be green.",[62,63,64,65,66],"blue","green","colorless","white","gray",[63,62,65],"Not fluorescent in UV","on {001}, good on {010}","Perfect","Irregular\u002FUneven,Sub-Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","+","1.610","1.615","1.650","44","40",1.61,1.65,"r \u003C v strong","Weak","X= colorless\r\nZ= pale blue or pale green","0.040","Soluble with difficulty in HCl.\r\n\r\nOften found as pseudomorphs after orthoclase; also after apatite, bone, and teeth.","Jewelry stone.","Secondary mineral in potassic alteration zone of porphyry copper deposits. Vein fillings in volcanic rocks and phosphate-rich sediments.","Turquoise Group. Chalcosiderite-Turquoise Series. Planerite-Turquoise Series. The copper analogue of Faustite.\r\n\r\nA secondary mineral occurring in the potassic alteration zone of hydrothermal porphyry copper deposits. Also formed by the action of meteo...","Named from French \"turques\" or \"turquois\" meaning \"Turkish\"; the original material found on the south slopes of the Al-Mirsah-Kuh Mountains (Iran) found its way to Europe via Turkey. The name was known at least as early as the 17th century C.E. Turquoise and members of its group were redefined by Foord and Taggert in 1998, with turquoise reserved for an end-member composition. Foord and Taggert (1998) also noted that most of the gem material labelled \"turquoise\" is inhomogeneous, and that \u003Cm>planerite\u003C\u002Fm> is the most common constituent in commercial \"turquoise\".","2026-02-28 17:32:05",[93],{"id":94,"name":95,"entrytype":39,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":11,"hmax":11,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":97},3367,"Rashleighite","Cu(Al,Fe)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",76358,[99,108,116,124],{"id":100,"name":101,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":102,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":50,"hmax":104,"dmeas":105,"dcalc":106,"primary_image_id":107},60,"Aheylite","Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Zn)Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",5.5,"3.22","3.26",418,{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":111,"mindat_formula":112,"hmin":113,"hmax":113,"dmeas":105,"dcalc":114,"primary_image_id":115},945,"Chalcosiderite","CuFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CuFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",4.5,"3.28",5242,{"id":117,"name":118,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":119,"mindat_formula":120,"hmin":104,"hmax":104,"dmeas":121,"dcalc":122,"primary_image_id":123},1623,"Faustite","ZnAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","ZnAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.92","2.99",8359,{"id":125,"name":126,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":127,"mindat_formula":128,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":129,"dcalc":130,"primary_image_id":131},3234,"Planerite","Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Al\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.68","2.71",19575,[133,142,149,157,164,173,180,190,198],{"id":134,"name":135,"entrytype":9,"csystem":136,"ima_formula":137,"mindat_formula":138,"hmin":139,"hmax":139,"dmeas":140,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":141},139,"Allophane","Amorphous","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>1.3-2.0\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2.5-3.0H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>1.3-2\u003C\u002Fsub>·2.5-3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",3,"2.75",29037,{"id":143,"name":144,"entrytype":39,"csystem":11,"ima_formula":11,"mindat_formula":145,"hmin":146,"hmax":147,"dmeas":52,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":148},960,"Chalcedony","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,7,87926,{"id":150,"name":151,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":152,"mindat_formula":153,"hmin":39,"hmax":154,"dmeas":129,"dcalc":155,"primary_image_id":156},2156,"Kaolinite","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"2.63",30007,{"id":158,"name":159,"entrytype":9,"csystem":160,"ima_formula":161,"mindat_formula":162,"hmin":139,"hmax":139,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":163,"primary_image_id":11},35911,"Kunatite","Monoclinic","CuFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","CuFe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","3.063",{"id":165,"name":166,"entrytype":9,"csystem":167,"ima_formula":168,"mindat_formula":169,"hmin":104,"hmax":104,"dmeas":170,"dcalc":171,"primary_image_id":172},2712,"Millisite","Tetragonal","NaCaAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,K)CaAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>9\u003C\u002Fsub>·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.83","2.87",16278,{"id":174,"name":175,"entrytype":9,"csystem":160,"ima_formula":176,"mindat_formula":177,"hmin":47,"hmax":39,"dmeas":178,"dcalc":40,"primary_image_id":179},2821,"Montmorillonite","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.33\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2",16678,{"id":181,"name":182,"entrytype":9,"csystem":160,"ima_formula":183,"mindat_formula":184,"hmin":185,"hmax":186,"dmeas":187,"dcalc":188,"primary_image_id":189},3187,"Phosphosiderite","Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>) · 2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","FePO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·2H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",3.5,4,"2.74","2.72",19357,{"id":191,"name":192,"entrytype":9,"csystem":193,"ima_formula":194,"mindat_formula":194,"hmin":51,"hmax":146,"dmeas":195,"dcalc":196,"primary_image_id":197},3314,"Pyrite","Isometric","FeS\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.8","5.01",20239,{"id":199,"name":200,"entrytype":9,"csystem":201,"ima_formula":202,"mindat_formula":203,"hmin":185,"hmax":186,"dmeas":204,"dcalc":205,"primary_image_id":206},4250,"Wavellite","Orthorhombic","Al\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub> · 5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Al\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>·5H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.36","2.37",27861,[208,209,210,211],{"id":100,"name":101,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":102,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":50,"hmax":104,"dmeas":105,"dcalc":106,"primary_image_id":107},{"id":109,"name":110,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":111,"mindat_formula":112,"hmin":113,"hmax":113,"dmeas":105,"dcalc":114,"primary_image_id":115},{"id":117,"name":118,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":119,"mindat_formula":120,"hmin":104,"hmax":104,"dmeas":121,"dcalc":122,"primary_image_id":123},{"id":125,"name":126,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":127,"mindat_formula":128,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":129,"dcalc":130,"primary_image_id":131},[],482,[215,218,222,226,230,234,237,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343,347,351,355,359,363,368,373,377,382,386,390,394,398,403,407,412,416,420,424,429],{"id":216,"year":11,"html":217,"doi":11},16126552,"Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 121: 87-113.",{"id":219,"year":220,"html":221,"doi":11},16126519,1678,"Tavernier (1678) Voy. en Turquie, en Persie, etc., Paris.",{"id":223,"year":224,"html":225,"doi":11},16126520,1697,"Bocconi (1697) Museo di Fisica, etc.: 278 (as Turchine).",{"id":227,"year":228,"html":229,"doi":11},16126521,1746,"Mortimer, C. (1746) XVII. Some remarks on the precious stone called the turquoise. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: 44(482): 429-432.",{"id":231,"year":232,"html":233,"doi":11},16126522,1806,"Fischer (1806) Mem. Soc. nat. Moscou: 1 (as Turquois orientale).",{"id":235,"year":232,"html":236,"doi":11},16126523,"John (1806) Mem. soc. nat. Moscou: 1 (as Johnite).",{"id":238,"year":232,"html":239,"doi":11},16126524,"Lagrange, M.B. (1806) XXXVII. Analysis of the substance known by the name of turquoise. The Philosophical Magazine: 26(103): 220-229.",{"id":241,"year":242,"html":243,"doi":11},16126525,1807,"John (1807) Journal für Chemie und Physik, Nuremberg: 3: 93 (as Johnite).",{"id":245,"year":246,"html":247,"doi":11},16126526,1811,"Onomasticon Min. Mus. Imp. Moscou (1811) (as Calaite).",{"id":249,"year":250,"html":251,"doi":11},17557205,1813,"Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1813) \u003Ci>Handbuch der Mineralogie\u003C\u002Fi> (1st ed.). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fhandbuchdermine01hausgoog\u002Fhandbuchdermine01hausgoog.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":253,"year":254,"html":255,"doi":11},16126528,1881,"Silliman, B. (1881) Turquoise of New Mexico. American Journal of Science: 3(127): 67-71.",{"id":257,"year":258,"html":259,"doi":11},16126529,1883,"Blake (1883) American Journal of Science: 25: 197 (as Chalchuite).",{"id":261,"year":262,"html":263,"doi":11},16126530,1886,"Clarke, F.W., Diller, J.S. (1886) Turquoise from New Mexico. American Journal of Science: 3(189): 211-217.",{"id":265,"year":266,"html":267,"doi":11},1118647,1892,"Dana, Edward Salisbury; Dana, James Dwight (1892) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",{"id":269,"year":270,"html":271,"doi":11},16126532,1893,"Hidden, W.E. (1893) Two new localities for turquoise. American Journal of Science: 46: 400-402.",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":11},16954871,1894,"Carnot, Adolphe (1894) Sur la composition chimique des wavellites et des turquoises. \u003Ci>Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris\u003C\u002Fi>,  118 (14-26) 995-998 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org\u002Fitempdf\u002F23481' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},16954866,1895,"Carnot, Adolphe (1895) Sur la composition chimique des turquoises. \u003Ci>Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (4) 119-123",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":11},16126534,1900,"Penfield, S.L. (1900) On the chemical composition of turquois. American Journal of Science: 10: 346-350.",{"id":285,"year":282,"html":286,"doi":287},102554,"Penfleld, S. L. (1900) Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung des Türkis. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  33 (1-6). 542-547 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1900.33.1.542'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1900.33.1.542\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1900.33.1.542",{"id":289,"year":290,"html":291,"doi":11},16126535,1911,"Schaller, W.T. (1911). Crystallized turquoise from Virginia. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences: 1(3): 58-59.",{"id":293,"year":294,"html":295,"doi":11},16105127,1912,"Schaller, W.T. (1912) Crystallized turquoise from Virginia. American Journal of Science, 33, 35-40.",{"id":297,"year":294,"html":298,"doi":11},16105128,"Schaller (1912) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig, 50, 120.",{"id":300,"year":294,"html":301,"doi":302},235524,"Paige, Sidney (1912) The origin of turquoise in the Burro Mountains, New Mexico. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  7 (4) 382-392 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.7.4.382'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.7.4.382\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.7.4.382",{"id":304,"year":294,"html":305,"doi":306},103249,"Schaller, W. T. (1912) Krystallisierter Türkis von Virginia. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  50 (1-6). 120-125 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1912.50.1.120'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1912.50.1.120\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1912.50.1.120",{"id":308,"year":309,"html":310,"doi":11},16126539,1914,"Evans, O.H., Southward, J. (1914) 21. A Further Note on the Occurrence of Turquoise at Indio Muerto, Northern Chile. Man: 14: 37-39.",{"id":312,"year":313,"html":314,"doi":11},16126540,1915,"Pogue, J.E. (1915) The Turquois, a study of its history, mineralogy, geology, ethnology, archaeology, mythology, folklore, and technology. National Academy of Science Mem. 12, part 2, 207 pp.",{"id":316,"year":317,"html":318,"doi":11},16126541,1929,"Davy (1929) Transactions of the Royal Geology Society of Cornwall: 16: 43.",{"id":320,"year":321,"html":322,"doi":11},16126542,1931,"Hintze, C. (1931) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3B]: 941.",{"id":324,"year":325,"html":326,"doi":11},16126543,1937,"Crawford, W.P., Johnson, F. (1937) Turquoise deposits of Courtland, Arizona. Economic Geology: 32(4): 511-523.",{"id":328,"year":329,"html":330,"doi":11},16126544,1941,"Ball (1941) Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, no. 128 (Uses of turquoise in N. & S. America).",{"id":332,"year":329,"html":333,"doi":334},233665,"Pearl, Richard Maxwell (1941) Turquois deposits of Colorado. \u003Ci>Economic Geology\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (3) 335-344 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.36.3.335'>doi:10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.36.3.335\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2113\u002Fgsecongeo.36.3.335",{"id":336,"year":337,"html":338,"doi":11},16126546,1942,"Northrop (1942) University of New Mexico Bulletin no. 379: 313.",{"id":340,"year":341,"html":342,"doi":11},16126547,1945,"Pearl (1945) Gemmologist, London: 14: 62.",{"id":344,"year":345,"html":346,"doi":11},16126548,1947,"Graham, R. (1947) X-ray study of chalcosiderite and turquoise. University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series: 52: 39–53.",{"id":348,"year":349,"html":350,"doi":11},16126549,1949,"Wade, F.B., Geisler, W.C. (1949) The cause of color in turquoise. Journal of Chemical Education: 26(8): 436.",{"id":352,"year":353,"html":354,"doi":11},1118652,1951,"Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.",{"id":356,"year":357,"html":358,"doi":11},522420,1953,"Erd, Richard C., Foster, Margaret D., Proctor, and Paul D. (1953) Faustite, a new mineral, the zinc analogue of turquois. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  38 (11-12) 964-972 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM38\u002FAM38_964.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":360,"year":361,"html":362,"doi":11},523639,1961,"Fleischer, M. (1961) New mineral names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  46 (11-12). 1513-1520 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM46\u002FAM46_1513.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":364,"year":365,"html":366,"doi":367},107182,1965,"Cid-Dresdner, Hilda (1965) Determination and refinement of the crystal structure of turquois, CuAl\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials\u003C\u002Fi>,  121 (2) 87-113 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1965.121.2-4.87'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1965.121.2-4.87\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002Fzk\u002Fvol121\u002FZK121_87.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1965.121.2-4.87",{"id":369,"year":370,"html":371,"doi":372},6046,1967,"IMA (1967) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society\u003C\u002Fi>,  36 (277) 131-136 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.277.20'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.277.20\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_36\u002F36-277-131.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.1967.036.277.20",{"id":374,"year":375,"html":376,"doi":11},16126553,1991,"Guthrie, G.D., Jr., D.L. Bish (1991) Refinement of the turquoise structure and determination of the hydrogen positions. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting Abstracts with Program, 23(5), 158A (abs.).",{"id":378,"year":379,"html":380,"doi":381},250,1998,"Foord, Eugene E., Taggart, Joseph E. (1998) A reexamination of the turquoise group: the mineral aheylite, planerite (redefined), turquoise and coeruleolactite. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  62 (1) 93-111 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002F002646198547495'>doi:10.1180\u002F002646198547495\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Frruff.info\u002Fdoclib\u002FMinMag\u002FVolume_62\u002F62-1-93.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002F002646198547495",{"id":383,"year":384,"html":385,"doi":11},16126555,1999,"Extra Lapis No. 16 (1999).",{"id":387,"year":388,"html":389,"doi":11},16771790,2000,"Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2000) \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 4 - Arsenates, phosphates, vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.",{"id":391,"year":388,"html":392,"doi":393},243208,"Kolitsch, U., Giester, G. (2000) The crystal structure of faustite and its copper analogue turquoise. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (5) 905-913 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002F002646100549733'>doi:10.1180\u002F002646100549733\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002F002646100549733",{"id":395,"year":396,"html":397,"doi":11},16967848,2005,"(2005) Turquoise. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fturquoise.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":399,"year":400,"html":401,"doi":402},532010,2007,"Moe, Kyaw Soe, Moses, Thomas M., Johnson, Paul (2007) Polymer-Impregnated Turquoise. \u003Ci>Gems & Gemology\u003C\u002Fi>,  43 (2) 149-151 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5741\u002Fgems.43.2.149'>doi:10.5741\u002Fgems.43.2.149\u003C\u002Fa>","10.5741\u002Fgems.43.2.149",{"id":404,"year":405,"html":406,"doi":11},16126560,2008,"www.turquoiseguide.com (n.d.) \u003Ca target='_blank' rel='nofollow' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.turquoiseguide.com\u002Findex.htm'>http:\u002F\u002Fwww.turquoiseguide.com\u002Findex.htm\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":408,"year":409,"html":410,"doi":411},396619,2011,"Abdu, Y. A., Hull, S. K., Fayek, M., Hawthorne, F. C. (2011) The turquoise-chalcosiderite Cu(Al,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>8\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O solid-solution series: A Mössbauer spectroscopy, XRD, EMPA, and FTIR study. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  96 (10) 1433-1442 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2138\u002Fam.2011.3658'>doi:10.2138\u002Fam.2011.3658\u003C\u002Fa>","10.2138\u002Fam.2011.3658",{"id":413,"year":414,"html":415,"doi":11},16126561,2017,"Qiu, Jun-Ting, Hui Qi, and Ji-Lin Duan. (2017) \"Reflectance Spectroscopy Characteristics of Turquoise\" Minerals 7, no. 1: 3. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin7010003",{"id":417,"year":414,"html":418,"doi":419},244965,"Rossi, Manuela, Rizzi, Rosanna, Vergara, Alessandro, Capitelli, Francesco, Altomare, Angela, Bellatreccia, Fabio, Saviano, Michele, Ghiara, Rosaria M. (2017) Compositional variation of turquoise-group minerals from the historical collection of the Real Museo Mineralogico of the University of Naples. \u003Ci>Mineralogical Magazine\u003C\u002Fi>,  81 (6) 1405-1429 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1180\u002Fminmag.2017.081.055'>doi:10.1180\u002Fminmag.2017.081.055\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1180\u002Fminmag.2017.081.055",{"id":421,"year":422,"html":423,"doi":11},16126562,2020,"Laney, S. (2020) Turquoise in the Ouachita Mountains, Mineral News: 36(9).",{"id":425,"year":426,"html":427,"doi":428},15718241,2022,"Eastman, Kyle A., Gammons, Christopher H., Goemann, Karsten, Griffith, Amanda (2022) Supergene Turquoise and Associated Phosphate Minerals of the Porphyry-Lode System at Butte, Montana, USA. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>, 60 (6) 1013-1026 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3749\u002Fcanmin.2100068'>doi:10.3749\u002Fcanmin.2100068\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3749\u002Fcanmin.2100068",{"id":430,"year":431,"html":432,"doi":433},16891861,2023,"Tong, Shuoyun, Chen, Guodong, Hu, Weikang, Pan, Shiyang, Zhu, Dan, Liu, Shuang, Lu, Li, Zhou, Shunchao, Zhou, Wanfeng (2023) Determination of Geographic Origin of Turquoise by Combining Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Chemometrics. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (10)  \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13101338'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13101338\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13101338",[435,442,452,461,465,474,483,491,498,503,511,521,529,537,545,552,560,566,573,580,588,596,605,613,619],{"id":436,"source_url":437,"license_code":438,"credit_html":439,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":440,"original_height":441},30885,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112627","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112627\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,666,{"id":443,"source_url":444,"license_code":445,"credit_html":446,"title":447,"description":448,"author":449,"original_width":450,"original_height":451},39297,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75924399","CC BY-SA 4.0","Maatpublishing, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=75924399\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Kingmanturquoise.jpg","Raw and cabochon turquoise from the Kingman Mine, K8ngman, Arizona","Maatpublishing",4032,3024,{"id":453,"source_url":454,"license_code":445,"credit_html":455,"title":456,"description":457,"author":458,"original_width":459,"original_height":460},24790,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=112411606","Lê Phạm Gia Hy, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=112411606\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Raw-hubei-turquoise.jpg","raw hubei turquoise in hand","Lê Phạm Gia Hy",1080,805,{"id":462,"source_url":463,"license_code":438,"credit_html":464,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":440,"original_height":441},30886,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112445","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112445\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":466,"source_url":467,"license_code":438,"credit_html":468,"title":469,"description":470,"author":471,"original_width":472,"original_height":473},39298,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79366531","Алексей Четверухин и Дарья Филатова, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=79366531\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","С прожилками бирюзы.jpg","with turquoise veins","Алексей Четверухин и Дарья Филатова",4592,2576,{"id":475,"source_url":476,"license_code":445,"credit_html":477,"title":478,"description":479,"author":480,"original_width":481,"original_height":482},5247,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158420734","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=158420734\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Rough turquoise from Arizona.jpg","Rough turquoise from Arizona, US. Studio photography in Visby, Gotland, Sweden.","W.carter",3746,2498,{"id":484,"source_url":485,"license_code":438,"credit_html":486,"title":487,"description":488,"author":480,"original_width":489,"original_height":490},39308,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985026","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985026\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Raw turquoise from Arizona 1.jpg","Raw turquoise gemstone from Arizona. Studio photography in Tuntorp, Brastad, Lysekil Municipality, Sweden.",3146,2098,{"id":492,"source_url":493,"license_code":438,"credit_html":494,"title":495,"description":488,"author":480,"original_width":496,"original_height":497},39309,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985034","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985034\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Raw turquoise from Arizona 3.jpg",3828,2552,{"id":499,"source_url":500,"license_code":438,"credit_html":501,"title":502,"description":488,"author":480,"original_width":496,"original_height":497},39310,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985035","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169985035\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Raw turquoise from Arizona 2.jpg",{"id":504,"source_url":505,"license_code":506,"credit_html":507,"title":508,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":509,"original_height":510},53076,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169138","CC BY-SA 2.1","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=169138\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Jacinto-de-Compostela.jpg",588,596,{"id":512,"source_url":513,"license_code":514,"credit_html":515,"title":516,"description":517,"author":518,"original_width":519,"original_height":520},63991,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161599","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161599\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Turquoise-216415.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTurquoise\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Turquoise\">Turquoise\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Bishop Mine, Lynch Station, James River-Roanoke River Manganese District, Campbell County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVirginia\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Virginia\">Virginia\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-7981.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 1.7 x 1.3 x 0.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Superlative, sparkly, best color, sky-blue turquoise microcrystals richly cover matrix on this stunning thumbnail specimen from the locality with the best turquoise crystals in the world - the Bishop Mine at Lynch Station, Virginia. Discrete, well-formed turquoise crystals are very rare in nature. Classic for the old locality, and seldom seen today. Ex. Irv Brown Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",700,577,{"id":522,"source_url":523,"license_code":524,"credit_html":525,"title":526,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":527,"original_height":528},5240,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=577842","Public domain","Unknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=577842\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Turquoise with quartz.jpg",833,503,{"id":530,"source_url":531,"license_code":514,"credit_html":532,"title":533,"description":534,"author":518,"original_width":535,"original_height":536},19581,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27931979","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27931979\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Planerite, Turquoise-322943.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPlanerite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Planerite\">Planerite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTurquoise\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Turquoise\">Turquoise\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: General Trimble's Mine, East Whiteland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, USA\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 3.6 x 2.4 x 2.3 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An interesting and rarely seen specimen of Planerite with Turquoise from the classic General Trimble's Mine in Pennsylvania. The piece originally comes from the collection of Allen Heyl and was part of Richard Kosnar's collection. According the Allen Heyl's label, the Turquoise on the specimen is cation deficient, although, according to mindat.org, Turquoise is not reported from the locality. The entire specimen could possibly be Planerite.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",465,400,{"id":538,"source_url":539,"license_code":514,"credit_html":540,"title":541,"description":542,"author":518,"original_width":543,"original_height":544},22080,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154330","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154330\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Senegalite-Turquoise-186522.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSenegalite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Senegalite\">Senegalite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTurquoise\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Turquoise\">Turquoise\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mount Kourou Diakouma (Kouroudiako), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSaraya\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Saraya\">Saraya\u003C\u002Fa>, Falémé River basin, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTambacounda_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tambacounda Region\">Tambacounda Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Senegal (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-23098.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.3 x 4.0 x 2.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Senegalite is a rare aluminum phosphate found in only two localities worldwide and this piece is from the Type Locality in Senegal. This super-rich and showy specimen is from a very recent rediscovery of this rare species and features a well-placed, 4.0 cm vug richly covered with glassy and gemmy, pastel-green senegalite microcrystals on a superbly complimentary turquoise microcrystal-lined limonite gossan matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",600,290,{"id":546,"source_url":547,"license_code":514,"credit_html":548,"title":549,"description":542,"author":518,"original_width":550,"original_height":551},22081,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154331","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10154331\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Senegalite-Turquoise-186523.jpg",599,420,{"id":553,"source_url":554,"license_code":514,"credit_html":555,"title":556,"description":557,"author":518,"original_width":558,"original_height":559},22082,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162618","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162618\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Senegalite-Turquoise-224117.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSenegalite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Senegalite\">Senegalite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTurquoise\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Turquoise\">Turquoise\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mount Kourou Diakouma (Kouroudiako), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSaraya\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Saraya\">Saraya\u003C\u002Fa>, Falémé River basin, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTambacounda_Region\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tambacounda Region\">Tambacounda Region\u003C\u002Fa>, Senegal (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-23098.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 7.1 x 4.8 x 4.7 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Senegalite is a very rare aluminum phosphate found in only two localities worldwide and this piece is from the Type Locality in Senegal. This very rich and fine specimen is from a very recent rediscovery of this rare species and features large box-work-like cavities lined with senegalite and various phosphates species in a limonite gossan matrix.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",750,541,{"id":561,"source_url":562,"license_code":514,"credit_html":563,"title":564,"description":557,"author":518,"original_width":543,"original_height":565},22083,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162619","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162619\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Senegalite-Turquoise-224118.jpg",570,{"id":567,"source_url":568,"license_code":514,"credit_html":569,"title":570,"description":571,"author":518,"original_width":558,"original_height":572},32496,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162221","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10162221\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Microcline-221151.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMicrocline\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Microcline\">Microcline\u003C\u002Fa> (Var.: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmazonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Amazonite\">Amazonite\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKonso\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Konso\">Konso\u003C\u002Fa>, Sidamo-Borana Province, Ethiopia (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-56134.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.4 x 6.2 x 5.2 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>These contemporary Ethiopian amazonites are easily comparable to Colorado specimens, formerly the \"kings\" of the species. The color, of this large, sharp, compound crystal is a lovely, light turquoise-blue. The form is beautifully complex, architectural and sharp and the crystal may be twinned. The \"cave\" on the side is fascinating. Highly representative.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",722,{"id":574,"source_url":575,"license_code":438,"credit_html":576,"title":577,"description":578,"author":480,"original_width":579,"original_height":579},35641,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=170311546","W.carter, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=170311546\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pale turquoise beryl crystal 2.jpg","Pale turquoise beryl crystal. Studio photography in Tuntorp, Brastad, Lysekil Municipality, Sweden.",2189,{"id":581,"source_url":582,"license_code":445,"credit_html":583,"title":584,"description":585,"author":586,"original_width":587,"original_height":165},53078,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6528349","Didier Descouens, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6528349\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Compostelle.jpg","Quartz Jacinto de Compostela\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Provincia de Guadalajara - Spain\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size xx1, 6x0.6cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Didier Descouens",2893,{"id":589,"source_url":590,"license_code":445,"credit_html":591,"title":592,"description":593,"author":594,"original_width":459,"original_height":595},53082,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=101413958","Francisco Ruiz Contreras, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=101413958\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Jacinto de compostela.jpg","Jacinto de compostela","Francisco Ruiz Contreras",903,{"id":597,"source_url":598,"license_code":445,"credit_html":599,"title":600,"description":601,"author":602,"original_width":603,"original_height":604},53098,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=121421885","Fernando Losada Rodríguez, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=121421885\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Jacinto de Compostela.001 - Musée de Minéralogie.jpg","Musée de Minéralogie, en París (Francia)","Fernando Losada Rodríguez",3864,5152,{"id":606,"source_url":607,"license_code":445,"credit_html":608,"title":609,"description":610,"author":602,"original_width":611,"original_height":612},61303,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128919523","Fernando Losada Rodríguez, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128919523\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Xacinto de Compostela.001 - Museo Xeolóxico (Quiroga).jpg","Jacinto de Compostela (cuarzo) en el Museo Xeolóxico Municipal de Quiroga (Lugo, Galicia, España).",2673,1722,{"id":614,"source_url":615,"license_code":514,"credit_html":616,"title":617,"description":534,"author":518,"original_width":535,"original_height":618},74475,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27931978","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27931978\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Planerite, Turquoise-322942.jpg",402,{"id":620,"source_url":621,"license_code":514,"credit_html":622,"title":623,"description":534,"author":518,"original_width":535,"original_height":624},74476,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27931981","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=27931981\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Planerite, Turquoise-322944.jpg",409,[626,632],{"id":627,"url":628,"label":629,"formula":630,"spacegroup":631,"year":388},13987,"\u002Fcif\u002F13987.cif","Kolitsch 2000","Cu.452 Al3 P2 O14 H8","P -1",{"id":633,"url":634,"label":635,"formula":636,"spacegroup":631,"year":365},13988,"\u002Fcif\u002F13988.cif","Cid-Dresdner 1965","Cu P4 Al6 O28 H16",[638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670],"Calait","Calaita","Calaite","Callaica","Callais (of Pliny)","Chalchihuitl (of Blake)","Chalchit","Chalchita","Chalchite","Chalchuit","Chalchuita","Chalchuite","Dootłʼizhii","Firuzegi","Forizego","Henwoodit","Henwoodita","Hydrargillite (of Hausmann)","Johnit","Johnita","Johnite","Kalait","Kallait","Oriental Turquoise","Orientalischer Türkis","Turchesa","Turchesia","Turchine","Turcica","Turques","Turquois","Turquois orientale","Turquoise de vieille roche",[672,676,680,686,689,694,698,702,707,711,715,719,723,727,731,735,739,743,747,751,755,758,762,766,770,774,778,783,787,790,794,798,802,806,810,814,819,823,827,832,836,839,843,847,850,853,856,860,863,867,872,875,881,885,889,893,897,901,905,909,913,916,919,923,927,931,934,937,941,946,950,954,957,960,967,971,975,978,982,986,989,992,996,1000,1003,1007,1011,1015,1019,1024,1028,1032,1036,1040,1044,1047,1050,1053],{"lang":673,"names":674},"af",[675],"Turkoois",{"lang":677,"names":678},"an",[679],"Turquesa",{"lang":681,"names":682},"ar",[683,684,685],"الفيروز","تراكواز","فيروز",{"lang":687,"names":688},"arz",[685],{"lang":690,"names":691},"az",[692,693],"Firuzə","Firuzə (mineral)",{"lang":695,"names":696},"azb",[697],"فیروزه",{"lang":699,"names":700},"ba",[701],"Фирүзә",{"lang":703,"names":704},"be",[705,706],"Біруза","Бірузовы колер",{"lang":708,"names":709},"be-tarask",[710],"біруза",{"lang":712,"names":713},"bg",[714],"Тюркоаз",{"lang":716,"names":717},"bn",[718],"ফিরোজা",{"lang":720,"names":721},"bo",[722],"གཡུ་",{"lang":724,"names":725},"ca",[726],"turquesa",{"lang":728,"names":729},"chy",[730],"Hoxo'ôhtséveotá'tavo'honáá'e",{"lang":732,"names":733},"cs",[734],"tyrkys",{"lang":736,"names":737},"cv",[738],"Бирюза",{"lang":740,"names":741},"da",[742],"turkis",{"lang":744,"names":745},"de",[660,746],"Türkis",{"lang":748,"names":749},"el",[750],"Τιρκουάζ",{"lang":752,"names":753},"eo",[754],"turkiso",{"lang":756,"names":757},"es",[726],{"lang":759,"names":760},"et",[761],"türkiis",{"lang":763,"names":764},"eu",[765],"Turkesa",{"lang":767,"names":768},"fa",[769,697],"پیروزه",{"lang":771,"names":772},"fi",[773],"Turkoosi",{"lang":775,"names":776},"fr",[777],"turquoise",{"lang":779,"names":780},"frr",[781,782],"Türkiis","Türkiis (mineraal)",{"lang":784,"names":785},"ga",[786],"turcaid",{"lang":788,"names":789},"gl",[726],{"lang":791,"names":792},"gu",[793],"પીરોજ",{"lang":795,"names":796},"he",[797],"טורקיז",{"lang":799,"names":800},"hi",[801],"फीरोजा़",{"lang":803,"names":804},"hr",[805],"Tirkiz",{"lang":807,"names":808},"hu",[809],"türkiz",{"lang":811,"names":812},"hy",[813],"փիրուզ",{"lang":815,"names":816},"id",[817,818],"Pirus","Toska",{"lang":820,"names":821},"io",[822],"Turkezo",{"lang":824,"names":825},"it",[826],"turchese",{"lang":828,"names":829},"ja",[830,831],"ターコイズ","トルコ石",{"lang":833,"names":834},"ka",[835],"ფირუზი",{"lang":837,"names":838},"kge",[817],{"lang":840,"names":841},"kk",[738,842],"Көгілдір ақық",{"lang":844,"names":845},"kk-arab",[846],"بىيريۋزا",{"lang":848,"names":849},"kk-cn",[846],{"lang":851,"names":852},"kk-cyrl",[738],{"lang":854,"names":855},"kk-kz",[738],{"lang":857,"names":858},"kk-latn",[859],"Bïryuza",{"lang":861,"names":862},"kk-tr",[859],{"lang":864,"names":865},"kn",[866],"ವೈಡೂರ್ಯ",{"lang":868,"names":869},"ko",[870,871],"터키석","터키옥",{"lang":873,"names":874},"ky",[738],{"lang":876,"names":877},"la",[878,879,664,666,880],"Callaina","Lapis Turcicus","Turcosa",{"lang":882,"names":883},"lt",[884],"Turkis",{"lang":886,"names":887},"lv",[888],"tirkīzs",{"lang":890,"names":891},"mk",[892],"тиркиз",{"lang":894,"names":895},"ml",[7,896],"ടർക്കോയ്സ്",{"lang":898,"names":899},"mn",[900],"Оюу",{"lang":902,"names":903},"mnc",[904],"ᡠᠶᡠ",{"lang":906,"names":907},"ms",[908],"Firus",{"lang":910,"names":911},"nah",[912],"Xippālli",{"lang":914,"names":915},"nb",[742],{"lang":917,"names":918},"nds",[746],{"lang":920,"names":921},"ne",[922],"युँ",{"lang":924,"names":925},"nl",[926],"turkoois",{"lang":928,"names":929},"nn",[930,742],"Mineralet turkis",{"lang":932,"names":933},"no",[884],{"lang":935,"names":936},"oc",[679],{"lang":938,"names":939},"pa",[940],"ਫ਼ਿਰੋਜ਼ਾ",{"lang":942,"names":943},"pl",[944,945],"kalait","turkus",{"lang":947,"names":948},"pnb",[949],"فیروزہ",{"lang":951,"names":952},"ps",[953],"پېروزه",{"lang":955,"names":956},"pt",[726],{"lang":958,"names":959},"pt-br",[726],{"lang":961,"names":962},"qu",[963,964,965,966,679],"Anqas umiña","Hasintu","Jacinto","Turkisa",{"lang":968,"names":969},"ro",[970],"turcoaz",{"lang":972,"names":973},"ru",[974],"бирюза",{"lang":976,"names":977},"sah",[738],{"lang":979,"names":980},"scn",[981],"turchisi",{"lang":983,"names":984},"sd",[985],"فيروزا",{"lang":987,"names":988},"sh",[805],{"lang":990,"names":991},"sk",[734],{"lang":993,"names":994},"sl",[995],"turkiz",{"lang":997,"names":998},"so",[999],"Mifkit",{"lang":1001,"names":1002},"sr",[892],{"lang":1004,"names":1005},"sv",[1006],"turkos",{"lang":1008,"names":1009},"tg",[1010],"Фирӯза",{"lang":1012,"names":1013},"th",[1014],"เทอร์คอยส์",{"lang":1016,"names":1017},"tr",[1018],"turkuaz",{"lang":1020,"names":1021},"ug",[1022,1023],"بىريۇزا","بىريۇزا(ياقۇت)",{"lang":1025,"names":1026},"uk",[1027],"Бірюза",{"lang":1029,"names":1030},"ur",[7,1031,949],"فیروز",{"lang":1033,"names":1034},"uz",[1035],"Feruza",{"lang":1037,"names":1038},"vi",[1039],"Ngọc lam",{"lang":1041,"names":1042},"wuu",[1043],"绿松石",{"lang":1045,"names":1046},"yi",[797],{"lang":1048,"names":1049},"zh",[1043],{"lang":1051,"names":1052},"zh-hans",[1043],{"lang":1054,"names":1055},"zh-hant",[1056],"緑松石","Q165254",{"history":1059,"applications":1063},{"markdown":1060,"model_version":1061,"prompt_version":1062,"reviewed_at":11},"The name hides a wrong turn. **Turquoise** comes from the Old French *turquois* — \"Turkish\" — yet no turquoise was ever mined in Turkey[1]. The stone reached Europe along trade routes that ran through Turkish lands, and the name stuck to the road rather than the source. The original material came from Persia, in what is now Iran[1].\n\nPeople prized the stone for thousands of years before anyone gave it a mineral name. The Romans knew it through Pliny the Elder, who called it *callais*[2]. Far across the Atlantic, the Aztecs called it *chalchihuitl*[2]. Each culture met the same blue-green stone and named it in its own tongue.\n\n### Ancient Egypt and Persia\n\nThe oldest documented use runs back to ancient Egypt. From at least the First Dynasty, around 3000 BCE, the Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai Peninsula[3]. The two most important workings — Serabit el-Khadim and Wadi Maghareh — are among the oldest known mines anywhere[3]. The goddess Hathor was tied to the stone so closely that one of her titles was \"Lady of Turquoise\"[4]. The most famous Egyptian piece is the gold burial mask of the pharaoh Tutankhamun, inlaid with turquoise alongside lapis lazuli and carnelian[5].\n\nPersia worked the stone for at least two thousand years[6]. The Iranians called it *pērōzah* — \"victory\" — and Persian craftsmen used it to face buildings, including the Shah Mosque of Isfahan[6]. For Persia it was, in effect, a national stone for millennia[6]. Most of that turquoise came from a mine-riddled region near Nishapur, below the peak of Ali-mersai[6].\n\n### The Americas, China, and the West\n\nIn the Americas the story is just as deep. Pre-Columbian peoples mined turquoise in New Mexico at Los Cerrillos, thought to hold the oldest mines on the continent[7]. The Ancestral Puebloans of Chaco Canyon — also called the Anasazi — are believed to have prospered greatly from producing and trading turquoise objects[8]. The Aztecs saw the stone as an embodiment of fire and set it, with gold, into mosaic masks such as that of Xiuhtecuhtli, their fire god[9].\n\nChina has worked turquoise for three thousand years or more, mostly from the silicified limestone of Hubei province[10]. In the West, by contrast, the stone arrived late. Though one of the oldest gems, it did not become an important ornamental material in Europe until the 14th century[11].\n\nA precise mineral definition came only in the modern era. The species was redefined by Foord and Taggart in 1998, who reserved the name turquoise for a single end-member composition[12]. They also found that most gem material sold as \"turquoise\" is not pure. A related mineral, planerite, is the most common constituent in commercial stone[12].","claude-opus-4-8","1.7.0",{"markdown":1064,"model_version":1061,"prompt_version":1062,"reviewed_at":11},"Turquoise has one job today, and it has held it for thousands of years: it is a jewellery stone[1]. There is no real industrial use — no metal smelted from it, no chemical drawn out of it. The whole market is ornamental. In contemporary Western wear it most often appears cut *en cabochon* — shaped into a smooth, rounded dome rather than faceted. The stones are set in silver rings and bracelets, frequently in the Native American style[2].\n\nTwo quirks set the trade apart. Turquoise is opaque, so it is priced by its physical size in millimetres rather than by weight, the way coral is[3]. And because it is often porous, much of what sells has been treated to harden it and fix its colour[4].\n\n### Stabilizing and reconstituting\n\nMost chalky American material would be unsaleable raw. To rescue it, dealers force epoxy and plastics into the stone under pressure — a process called bonding or stabilization[5]. The epoxy binding technique dates to the 1950s and is attributed to Colbaugh Processing of Arizona[5]. A separate proprietary method, developed by the electrical engineer and turquoise dealer James E. Zachery in the 1980s, improves the stability of medium- to high-grade stone[6].\n\nThe most extreme treatment is reconstitution: fragments too small to use alone are powdered and bonded with resin into a solid mass[7]. Untreated turquoise always commands a higher price; bonded and reconstituted material is worth considerably less[8].\n\n### Imitations\n\nWhere a real gem is valuable, fakes follow. The most common imitation is dyed howlite or magnesite, both naturally white stones coloured to pass as turquoise[9]. A near-synthetic was introduced by Pierre Gilson in 1972, made in both a uniform colour and with the black \"spiderweb matrix\" veining collectors prize[10]."]